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Tang ZS, Liu YR, Lv Y, Duan JA, Chen SZ, Sun J, Song ZX, Wu XM, Liu L. Quality markers of animal medicinal materials: Correlative analysis of musk reveals distinct metabolic changes induced by multiple factors. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 44:258-269. [PMID: 29551642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common farming environmental elements, such as longitude, latitude, and altitude, and physiological conditions, such as age and body weight, are thought to influence medicinal animal homeostasis and material quality by altering endocrine functions for primary and secondary metabolite formation. However, the currently available methods for evaluating complex components of traditional Chinese animal medicines have insufficient sensitivity and specificity. PURPOSE Characterizing the primary/secondary metabolomes of medicinal animals is essential for understanding their material basis, controlling product quality, and reflecting on distribution interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to screen ecological- and physiological-related metabolites in captive Moschus berezovskii throughout the collection period based on the quality marker (Q-marker) concept. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-one musk deer samples from 12 different distribution farms ranging in age from 2 to 11 years were enrolled. Differentially expressed musk metabolites were assessed via chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technologies. A metabolome that mapped connections among these factors was established using chemometric and topological calculations. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that muscone, cis-9-hexadecenal, antioxidant 2264, prasterone-3-sulfate, androstan-17-one, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid showed significantly altered expression. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis of qualified data for these 6 secondary metabolites (active components) demonstrated that age is the most important factor underlying the varying levels of muscone, androstan-17-one and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Furthermore, weight was the most important factor for cis-9-hexadecenal, longitude was important for antioxidant 2264, latitude was important for prasterone-3-sulfate, and altitude was important for antioxidant 2264, androstan-17-one and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic. Metabolite analysis within the MetaboAnalyst (MetPA) suite showed that 18 candidate biomarker metabolites were screened, including allantoin, glycine, serine, creatine, alanine, taurine, lactate, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), fumarate, proline, xanthine, cytosine, carnitine, arginine, threonine, aspartate, and urea. Metabolic network analysis showed 4 important pathways that were involved: arginine and proline metabolism, the urea cycle, aspartate metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. CONCLUSION Using this combined metabolomic and chemometric approach, this study was successful in screening Q-markers for musk quality control and provided new insights into correlations among "ecological & physiological factors→Q-markers→metabolites", which potentially provides crucial information for musk breeding and material quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shu Tang
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China
| | - Yan-Ru Liu
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China
| | - Yang Lv
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China
| | - Zhong-Xing Song
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Northwest Institute of Endangered Zoological Species, 710032 Xi'an, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Shaanxi Research Centre on Discovery & Innovation of New Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083 Xianyang, PR China.
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Liu YR, Huang RQ, Xiao BK, Yang JY, Dong JX. (1)H NMR metabolic profiling analysis offers evaluation of Nilestriol treatment in ovariectomised rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 387:19-34. [PMID: 24565896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nilestriol (NIL) has been applied to treat menopausal dysfunctions, yet its mechanism has remained unknown. To understand the relationship between the changes in homeostatic metabolites and ovarian oestrogen deficiency syndromes after NIL treatment, proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H NMR)-based metabonomic technologies were used to analyse a rat model of oestrogen deficiency. An orthogonal partial least-squares regression (OPLS) differentiation model was used on 12-week metabolic analyses of ovariectomised (OVX) rats treated or mock treated with NIL. Furthermore, data analysis using Chenomx software quantified results to identify the most significantly altered metabolite concentrations, allowing for metabolic explanations of the effects of NIL therapies. In this study, PLS results revealed that there are considerably distinct differences between treatment groups. Additionally, a total of 45 metabolites shown to have a high variation between groups were selected for target quantification. Using a one-way LSD ANOVA analysis, 32 metabolite concentrations were significantly altered in the OVX group. A total of 21 metabolites were altered significantly in the NIL-treatment group but later returned to normal. According to the OPLS VIP calculation, the metabolites most affected by NIL treatment were mostly involved in insulin resistance. In addition, abnormal concentration changes in lactate in the NIL-treatment group and 3-indoxylsulfate in the OVX group were observed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to address the molecular mechanism of NIL from a metabonomic perspective, and, more specifically, to establish a catalogue of endo-molecular changes effected by NIL in the regulation of oestrogen deficiency disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Rd, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Rong-Qing Huang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Bing-Kun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jian-Yun Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jun-Xing Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Rd, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Fong MY, McDunn J, Kakar SS. Identification of metabolites in the normal ovary and their transformation in primary and metastatic ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19963. [PMID: 21625518 PMCID: PMC3098284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the metabolome of the human ovary and identified metabolic alternations that coincide with primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and metastatic tumors resulting from primary ovarian cancer (MOC) using three analytical platforms: gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using buffer systems and instrument settings to catalog positive or negative ions. The human ovarian metabolome was found to contain 364 biochemicals and upon transformation of the ovary caused changes in energy utilization, altering metabolites associated with glycolysis and β-oxidation of fatty acids--such as carnitine (1.79 fold in EOC, p<0.001; 1.88 fold in MOC, p<0.001), acetylcarnitine (1.75 fold in EOC, p<0.001; 2.39 fold in MOC, p<0.001), and butyrylcarnitine (3.62 fold, p<0.0094 in EOC; 7.88 fold, p<0.001 in MOC). There were also significant changes in phenylalanine catabolism marked by increases in phenylpyruvate (4.21 fold; p = 0.0098) and phenyllactate (195.45 fold; p<0.0023) in EOC. Ovarian cancer also displayed an enhanced oxidative stress response as indicated by increases in 2-aminobutyrate in EOC (1.46 fold, p = 0.0316) and in MOC (2.25 fold, p<0.001) and several isoforms of tocopherols. We have also identified novel metabolites in the ovary, specifically N-acetylasparate and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate, whose role in ovarian physiology has yet to be determined. These data enhance our understanding of the diverse biochemistry of the human ovary and demonstrate metabolic alterations upon transformation. Furthermore, metabolites with significant changes between groups provide insight into biochemical consequences of transformation and are candidate biomarkers of ovarian oncogenesis. Validation studies are warranted to determine whether these compounds have clinical utility in the diagnosis or clinical management of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Y. Fong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan McDunn
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Groebner AE, Rubio-Aliaga I, Schulke K, Reichenbach HD, Daniel H, Wolf E, Meyer HHD, Ulbrich SE. Increase of essential amino acids in the bovine uterine lumen during preimplantation development. Reproduction 2011; 141:685-95. [PMID: 21383026 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are crucial for the developing conceptus prior to implantation. To provide insights into the requirements of the bovine embryo, we determined the AA composition of the uterine fluid. At days 12, 15, and 18 post-estrus, the uteri of synchronized pregnant and non-pregnant Simmental heifers were flushed for the analysis of 41 AAs and their derivatives by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The ipsilateral endometrium was sampled for quantitative PCR. In addition to a pregnancy-dependent increase of the essential AAs (P<0.01), we detected elevated concentrations for most non-essential proteinogenic AAs. Histidine (His) and the expression of the His/peptide transporter solute carrier 15A3 (SLC15A3) were significantly increased at day 18 of pregnancy in vivo. In addition, SLC15A3 was predominantly stimulated by trophoblast-derived interferon-τ in stroma cells of an in vitro co-culture model of endometrial cells. Our results show an increased concentration of AAs most likely to optimally provide the elongating pre-attachment conceptus with nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Groebner
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Z I E L Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Lobo MV, Alonso FJ, Latorre A, del Río RM. Immunohistochemical localization of taurine in the rat ovary, oviduct, and uterus. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1133-42. [PMID: 11511682 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the amino acid taurine in the female reproductive organs has not been previously analyzed in detail. The aim of this study was to determine taurine localization in the rat ovary, oviduct, and uterus by immunohistochemical methods. Taurine was localized in the ovarian surface epithelium. The granulosa cells and oocytes of primordial follicles were immunonegative. In primary and antral follicles, taurine was found mainly in theca cells and oocytes, whereas the zona pellucida, antrum, and most granulosa cells were unstained. However, taurine immunoreactivity in theca cells and oocytes decreased during follicular atresia. During corpora lutea development, the number of immunopositive theca lutein cells increased as these cells invaded the granulosa-derived region. Therefore, most luteal cells from the mature corpora lutea were stained. In the regressing corpora lutea, however, taurine staining in luteal cells decreased. In the fimbriae, infundibulum, and uterotubal junction, taurine was localized in most epithelial cells. In the ampullar and isthmic segments, taurine was found in the cilia of most ciliated cells and in the apical cytoplasm of some non-ciliated cells. In the uterus, most epithelial cells were immunopositive during diestrus and metestrus, whereas most of them were immunonegative during estrus and proestrus. Moreover, taurine immunoreactivity in the oviduct and uterus decreased with pregnancy. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1133-1142, 2001)
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lobo
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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Miller TJ, Hanson RD, Yancey PH. Developmental changes in organic osmolytes in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 125:45-56. [PMID: 10779730 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At high osmotic pressures, mammalian kidney medulla, heart, lens, and brain utilize organic osmolytes to regulate cell volume. However the types and proportions of these solutes vary among tissues in patterns and for non-osmotic roles not fully elucidated. To clarify these, we analyzed osmolyte-type solute contents in rat tissues at 7 and 2 days prenatal and at 0, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 35 (juvenile) and 77 (adult) days postnatal. Placentas were dominated by betaine, taurine, and creatine, which decreased between the prenatal times. Fetuses were dominated by glutamate and taurine, which increased between the times. In cerebrum, hindbrain and diencephalon, taurine dominated at early stages, but dropped after postnatal day 7, while myo-inositol, glutamine, creatine and glutamate increased after birth, with the latter two dominating in adults. In olfactory bulb, taurine content declined gradually with age and was equal to glutamate in adults. In all brain regions, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) reached a peak in juveniles. In postnatal renal medulla, urea, sodium, GPC, betaine, and taurine increased sharply at day 21. Thereafter, most increased, but taurine decreased. In heart, taurine dominated, and increased with age along with creatine and glutamine, while glutamate decreased after postnatal day 7. In lens, taurine dominated and declined in adults. These patterns are discussed in light of hypotheses on non-osmotic and pathological roles of these solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Miller
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
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Pulkkinen MO, Hämäläinen MM, Nyman S, Pihlaja K, Mattinen J. Tissue phospholipids during human pregnancy by 31P NMR: myometrium, decidua, placenta and fetal membranes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 1996; 9:53-58. [PMID: 8887368 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(199604)9:2<53::aid-nbm398>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical environment formed by phospholipids, rather than the amount of functional proteins, can be rate limiting for factors controlling myometrial contractility and pregnancy maintenance. We therefore studied myometrial, decidual, placental and fetal membrane phospholipids using the 31P NMR spectrum. This enabled us to identify bulk phospholipids over 0.05 mmol/kg. The method was checked for reliability for the reproductive tissues studied. The chemical shift of phospholipid standards was slightly different according to whether a single compound or a mixture was analyzed. The bulk phospholipids found were phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylinositol. The ratio PC/SM decreased during pregnancy in the decidua, placenta and fetal membranes, but not in the myometrium. Pregnancy did not induce significant changes in the total myometrial phospholipids. Their composition was stable even during clinical labor. The fetal tissues, placenta and fetal membranes contained about twice as much phospholipid as the maternal tissues, myometrium and decidua. There was no sign of lysocompounds, cardiolipin or phosphatidic acid. This supports the view that the extraction and analyzing techniques used earlier probably created artefacts. The increased fluidity of the myometrial and placental phospholipids during pregnancy may depend on factors other than the composition of phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Pulkkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Finland
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