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Denton ML, Clark CD, Noojin GD, West H, Stadick A, Khan T. Unified modeling of photothermal and photochemical damage. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1408869. [PMID: 39224466 PMCID: PMC11366703 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1408869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Correlating damage outcomes to a retinal laser exposure is critical for diagnosis and choosing appropriate treatment modalities. Therefore, it is important to understand the causal relationships between laser parameters, such as wavelength, power density, and length of exposure, and any resulting injury. Differentiating photothermal from photochemical processes in an in vitro retinal model using cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells would be a first step in achieving this goal. The first-order rate constant of Arrhenius has been used for decades to approximate cellular thermal damage. A modification of this equation, called the damage integral (Ω), has been used extensively to predict the accumulation of laser damage from photothermal inactivation of critical cellular proteins. Damage from photochemical processes is less well studied and most models have not been verified because they require quantification of one or more uncharacterized chemical species. Additionally, few reports on photochemical damage report temperature history, measured or simulated. We used simulated threshold temperatures from a previous in vitro study to distinguish between photothermal and photochemical processes. Assuming purely photochemical processes also inactivate critical cellular proteins, we report the use of a photothermal Ω and a photochemical Ω that work in tandem to indicate overall damage accumulation. The combined damage integral (ΩCDI) applies a mathematical switch designed to describe photochemical damage relative to wavelength and rate of photon delivery. Although only tested in an in vitro model, this approach may transition to predict damage at the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Denton
- Bioeffects Division, Air Force Research Lab, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Clifton D. Clark
- Department of Physics, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS, United States
- Biosciences Department, Science Applications International Corporation, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gary D. Noojin
- Bioeffects Division, Air Force Research Lab, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haleigh West
- Biosciences Department, Science Applications International Corporation, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Allison Stadick
- Biosciences Department, Science Applications International Corporation, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Taufiquar Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Pope NJ, Denton ML. Differential effects of 808-nm light on electron transport chain enzymes in isolated mitochondria: Implications for photobiomodulation initiation. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:15-24. [PMID: 36371074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a term for using low-power red to near-infrared light to stimulate a variety of positive biological effects. Though the scientific and clinical acceptance of PBM as a therapeutic intervention has increased dramatically in recent years, the molecular underpinnings of the effect remain poorly understood. The putative chromophore for PBM effects is cytochrome c oxidase. It is postulated that light absorption at cytochrome c oxidase initiates a signaling cascade involving ATP and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently results in improved cellular robustness. However, this hypothesis is largely based on inference and indirect evidence, and the precise molecular mechanisms that govern how photon absorption leads to these downstream effects remain poorly understood. We conducted low-power PBM-type light exposures of isolated mitochondria to 808 nm NIR light, at a number of irradiances. NIR exposure was found to enhance the activity of complex IV, depress the activity of complex III, and had no effect on the activity of complex II. Further, examining the dose-response of complex IV we found NIR enhancement did not exhibit irradiance reciprocity, indicating the effect on complex IV may not have direct photochemical basis. In summary, this research presents a novel method to interrogate the earliest stages of PBM in the mitochondria, and a unique window into the corresponding molecular mechanism(s) of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Denton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
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Commiskey PW, Heisel CJ, Paulus YM. Non-Therapeutic Laser Retinal Injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIC RESEARCH 2019; 5:321-335. [PMID: 32923732 PMCID: PMC7486027 DOI: 10.17554/j.issn.2409-5680.2019.05.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As lasers have become an increasingly important component of commercial, industrial, military, and medical applications, reported incidents of non-therapeutic laser eye injuries have increased. The retina is particularly vulnerable due to the focusing power and optical transparency of the eye. Continued innovations in laser technology will likely mean that lasers will play an increasingly important and ubiquitous role throughout the world. Critical evaluation should thus be paid to ensure that non-therapeutic injuries are minimized, recognized, and treated appropriately. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review on the PubMed database was conducted to present case reports and case series representative of the variety of laser eye injuries in different injury circumstances, tissue types, and biological damage mechanisms. RESULTS: A general summary of non-therapeutic laser retina injuries is presented, including information about growth of the industry, increasingly accessible online markets, inconsistent international regulation, laser classifications, laser wavelengths, and laser power, mechanisms of tissue injury, and a demonstration of the variety of settings in which injury may occur. Finally, 68 cases found in the literature are summarized to illustrate the presentations and outcomes of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: As non-therapeutic laser eye injuries increase in frequency, there is a greater need for public health, policy, diagnosis, and treatment of these types of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Commiskey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, the United State
| | - Curtis J Heisel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, the United State
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, the United State.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, the United State
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Vall-Sagarra A, McMicken B, Nonell S, Brancaleon L. Effects of Visible-Light Irradiation of Protoporphyrin IX on the Self-Assembly of Tubulin Heterodimers. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3269-3282. [PMID: 27490308 PMCID: PMC5177992 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The formation and the effects of laser irradiation of the complex formed by protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and tubulin was investigated. We have used tubulin as a model protein to investigate whether docked photoactive ligands can affect the structure and function of polypeptides upon exposure to visible light. We observed that laser irradiation in the Soret band prompts bleaching of the PPIX, which is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the intensity and average fluorescence lifetime of the protein (dominated by the four tryptophan residues of the tubulin monomer). The kinetics indicate non-trivial effects and suggest that the photosensitization of the PPIX bound to tubulin prompts structural alterations of the protein. These modifications were also observed through changes in the energy transfer between Trp residues and PPIX. The results suggest that laser irradiation produces localized partial unfolding of tubulin and that the changes prompt modification of the formation of microtubules in vitro. Measurements of singlet oxygen formation were inconclusive in determining whether the changes are prompted by reactive oxygen species or other excited state mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vall-Sagarra
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brady McMicken
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Bucharskaya A, Maslyakova G, Terentyuk G, Yakunin A, Avetisyan Y, Bibikova O, Tuchina E, Khlebtsov B, Khlebtsov N, Tuchin V. Towards Effective Photothermal/Photodynamic Treatment Using Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1295. [PMID: 27517913 PMCID: PMC5000692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different size and shape are widely used as photosensitizers for cancer diagnostics and plasmonic photothermal (PPT)/photodynamic (PDT) therapy, as nanocarriers for drug delivery and laser-mediated pathogen killing, even the underlying mechanisms of treatment effects remain poorly understood. There is a need in analyzing and improving the ways to increase accumulation of AuNP in tumors and other crucial steps in interaction of AuNPs with laser light and tissues. In this review, we summarize our recent theoretical, experimental, and pre-clinical results on light activated interaction of AuNPs with tissues and cells. Specifically, we discuss a combined PPT/PDT treatment of tumors and killing of pathogen bacteria with gold-based nanocomposites and atomic clusters, cell optoporation, and theoretical simulations of nanoparticle-mediated laser heating of tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Bucharskaya
- Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology, Saratov State Medical University, n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Galina Maslyakova
- Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology, Saratov State Medical University, n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Georgy Terentyuk
- Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology, Saratov State Medical University, n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
- Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Alexander Yakunin
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, RAS, 410028 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Yuri Avetisyan
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, RAS, 410028 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
- Artphotonics GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Elena Tuchina
- Department of Biology, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Boris Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, RAS, 410049 Saratov, Russia.
- Department of Nano- and Biomedical Technologies, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Nikolai Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, RAS, 410049 Saratov, Russia.
- Department of Nano- and Biomedical Technologies, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, RAS, 410028 Saratov, Russia.
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia.
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Combined use of optical spectroscopy and computational methods to study the binding and the photoinduced conformational modification of proteins when NMR and X-ray structural determinations are not an option. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 24018324 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416596-0.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The functions of proteins depend on their interactions with various ligands and these interactions are controlled by the structure of the polypeptides. If one can manipulate the structure of proteins, their functions can in principle be modulated. The issue of protein structure-function relationship is not only a central problem in biophysics, but is becoming clear that the ability to "artificially" modify the structure of proteins could be relevant in fields beyond the biomedical area to provide, for instance, light responses in proteins which would not possess such properties in their native state. This chapter presents an overview of the combination of optical electronic and vibrational spectroscopy with various computational methods to investigate the binding between photoactive ligands and proteins.
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Clark CD, Buffington GD. On the probability summation model for laser-damage thresholds. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:15006. [PMID: 26780222 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.1.015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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McMicken B, Parker JE, Thomas RJ, Brancaleon L. Resonance Raman and vibrational mode analysis used to predict ligand geometry for docking simulations of a water soluble porphyrin and tubulin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1998-2010. [PMID: 26431467 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modify the conformation of a protein by controlled partial unfolding may have practical applications such as inhibiting its function or providing non-native photosensitive properties. A water-soluble porphyrin, meso-tetrakis (p-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP), non-covalently bound to tubulin can be used as a photosensitizer, which upon irradiation can lead to conformational changes of the protein. To fully understand the mechanism responsible for this partial unfolding and determine the amino acid residues and atoms involved, it is essential to find the most likely binding location and the configuration of the ligand and protein. Techniques typically used to analyze atomic position details, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography, require large concentrations, which are incompatible with the dilute conditions required in experiments for photoinduced mechanisms. Instead, we develop an atomistic description of the TSPP-tubulin complex using vibrational mode analysis from density functional theory calculations correlated to resonance Raman spectra of the porphyrin paired with docking simulations. Changes in the Raman peaks of the porphyrin molecule correlate with changes in its structural vibrational modes when bound to tubulin. The data allow us to construct the relative geometry of the porphyrin when bound to protein, which are then used with docking simulations to find the most likely configuration of the TSPP-tubulin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady McMicken
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX 78249 , USA.,c Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing , Air Force Research Laboratory , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 , USA
| | - James E Parker
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX 78249 , USA.,b General Dynamics Information Technology , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 , USA
| | - Robert J Thomas
- c Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing , Air Force Research Laboratory , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 , USA
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX 78249 , USA
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McMicken B, Thomas RJ, Brancaleon L. Photoinduced partial unfolding of tubulin bound to meso-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin leads to inhibition of microtubule formation in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:874-888. [PMID: 23893937 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The irradiation of the complex formed by meso-tetrakis (sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP) and tubulin was investigated as well as its effects on the structure and function of the protein. We have used tubulin as a model target to investigate whether photoactive ligands docked to the protein can affect the structure and function of the protein upon exposure to visible light. We observed that laser irradiation prompts bleaching of the porphyrin which is accompanied by a sharp decrease (∼2 ns) in the average fluorescence lifetime of the protein and a change in the dichroic spectrum consistent with a decrease of helical structure. The result indicated the photoinduced partial unfolding of tubulin. We also observed that such partial conformational change inhibits the formation of microtubules in vitro. We investigated whether photosensitization of reactive oxygen species was responsible for these effects. Even upon removal of O2 the protein still undergoes conformational changes indicating that irradiation of the bound porphyrin does not require the presence of O2 to prompt conformational and functional effects opening the possibility that other mechanisms (e.g., charge transfer) are responsible for the photoinduced mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady McMicken
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Physics and Astronomy, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas, 78249 USA; Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA
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High-resolution in vivo imaging of regimes of laser damage to the primate retina. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:516854. [PMID: 24891943 PMCID: PMC4033483 DOI: 10.1155/2014/516854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate fundamental mechanisms of regimes of laser induced damage to the retina and the morphological changes associated with the damage response. Methods. Varying grades of photothermal, photochemical, and photomechanical retinal laser damage were produced in eyes of eight cynomolgus monkeys. An adaptive optics confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain optical coherence tomographer were combined to simultaneously collect complementary in vivo images of retinal laser damage during and following exposure. Baseline color fundus photography was performed to complement high-resolution imaging. Monkeys were perfused with 10% buffered formalin and eyes were enucleated for histological analysis. Results. Laser energies for visible retinal damage in this study were consistent with previously reported damage thresholds. Lesions were identified in OCT images that were not visible in direct ophthalmoscopic examination or fundus photos. Unique diagnostic characteristics, specific to each damage regime, were identified and associated with shape and localization of lesions to specific retinal layers. Previously undocumented retinal healing response to blue continuous wave laser exposure was recorded through a novel experimental methodology. Conclusion. This study revealed increased sensitivity of lesion detection and improved specificity to the laser of origin utilizing high-resolution imaging when compared to traditional ophthalmic imaging techniques in the retina.
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