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Parker PC, Daniels LM, Mosewich AD. Collegiate Athletes' Cognitive Beliefs Related to Setback Anxiety and Rumination in Sport. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:712-721. [PMID: 38329500 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2298740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Setbacks are common occurrences in sport. Recently, setbacks such as injuries and deselection have been accompanied, and confounded, by setbacks related to COVID-19. How students manage a setback may depend on the interaction of two control beliefs: primary control (PC) to directly influence the setback and secondary control (SC) to adjust to it. Purpose: This study investigates the relationships between athletes' PC and SC and two important sport setback-related outcomes-anxiety and rumination. Method: We employed a cross-sectional design examining collegiate athletes in the USA and Canada (N = 200; Mage = 20.9 years, 143 women, 52 men, 3 non-binary, 2 did not disclose). Using regression tests controlling for setback severity, we examined the interaction effects of athletes' PC and SC beliefs relative to setbacks, on the anxiety and rumination variables. Results: We found SC beliefs were beneficial to setback-related anxiety and rumination. A significant interaction indicated that particularly when PC was low, SC had negative associations with setback-related anxieties about letting others down (β = -.45, p < .001) and experiencing pain (β = -.37, p < .001). Conclusion: The findings suggest SC beliefs are important for managing setbacks-specifically for attenuating harmful rumination, and specific setback anxieties. We discuss the possibility of enhancing SC beliefs for combatting sport setbacks through control-enhancing interventions as a direction for future research.
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Tranaeus U, Gledhill A, Johnson U, Podlog L, Wadey R, Wiese Bjornstal D, Ivarsson A. 50 Years of Research on the Psychology of Sport Injury: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2024; 54:1733-1748. [PMID: 38862845 PMCID: PMC11258162 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Factors influencing sport injury risk, rehabilitation outcomes, and return to sport processes have been the focus in various research disciplines (sports medicine, psychology and sociology). One discipline, with over 50 years of scholarship, is the psychology of sport injury. Despite the research in this field, there is no evidence-based consensus to inform professional practice. The aim of this original and timely consensus statement is to summarise psychological sport injury research and provide consensus recommendations for sport practitioners seeking to implement psychological principles into clinical practice. A total of seven experts with extensive experience outlined the consensus objectives and identified three psychology of sport injury sub-domains: risk, rehabilitation and return to sport. The researchers, grouped in pairs, prepared initial drafts of assigned sub-domains. The group met in Stockholm, and the three texts were merged into a draft and revised in an iterative process. Stress responses are the strongest psychological risk factor for acute injuries. Intra- and interpersonal factors, as well as sociocultural factors, are demonstrated psychosocial risk factors for overuse injuries. Stress management and mindfulness interventions to prevent injuries have been successfully implemented. The rehabilitation process may influence athlete's cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Social support, mindfulness, acceptance-based practices, and cognitive-behavioural based intervention programs reduce negative reactions. Return to sport includes various stages and different trajectories. Returning athletes typically experience concerns regarding competence, autonomy, and relatedness. It is recommended that athletes focus on the physical, technical, and psychological demands of their sport as they progress to increasingly intense activities. Interdisciplinary collaboration (e.g., sports medicine and psychology) would be beneficial in enhancing clinical practice and improving athlete outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Tranaeus
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Box 5626, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition, Biomechanics, Sport Performance and Exercise Research and Innovation Centre-Stockholm, SPERIC-S, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adam Gledhill
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Urban Johnson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Leslie Podlog
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, CHU-Saint Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ross Wadey
- St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | | | - Andreas Ivarsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Herring SA, Putukian M, Kibler WB, LeClere L, Boyajian-O'Neill L, Day MA, Franks RR, Indelicato P, Matuszak J, Miller TL, O'Connor F, Poddar S, Svoboda SJ, Zaremski JL. Team Physician Consensus Statement: Return to Sport/Return to Play and the Team Physician: A Team Physician Consensus Statement-2023 Update. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:183-191. [PMID: 38709944 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Herring
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - W Ben Kibler
- Shoulder Center of Kentucky, Lexington Clinic, Lexington KY
| | - Lance LeClere
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Peter Indelicato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Timothy L Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Fran O'Connor
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sourav Poddar
- Primary Sports Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | | | - Jason L Zaremski
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
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Herring SA, Putukian M, Kibler WB, Leclere L, Boyajian-O'Neill L, Day MA, Franks RR, Indelicato P, Matuszak J, Miller TL, O'Connor F, Poddar S, Svoboda SJ, Zaremski JL. Team Physician Consensus Statement: Return to Sport/Return to Play and the Team Physician: A Team Physician Consensus Statement-2023 Update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:767-775. [PMID: 38616326 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Herring
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - W Ben Kibler
- Shoulder Center of Kentucky, Lexington Clinic, Lexington KY
| | - Lance Leclere
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Peter Indelicato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Timothy L Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Fran O'Connor
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sourav Poddar
- Primary Sports Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | | | - Jason L Zaremski
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
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Werner T, Michel-Kröhler A, Berti S, Wessa M. Not All Injuries Are the Same: Different Patterns in Sports Injuries and Their Psychosocial Correlates. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:237. [PMID: 38133104 PMCID: PMC10747018 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports injuries are ubiquitous and can have far-reaching consequences for athletes (e.g., health, performance). Previous studies have examined various psychosocial influencing factors (e.g., stress), but have mostly focused on only one or two injury characteristics (e.g., frequency), neglecting the broader injury pattern. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain a more differentiated picture of potentially different injury patterns and related profiles of psychosocial factors. We investigated a sample of 213 athletes from a cross-sectional online study. Current injury status, frequency, severity, chronicity, medical treatment, and rehabilitation measures were subjected to cluster analysis indicating a 3-cluster solution with predominantly chronically injured athletes (n = 54), athletes not seeking treatment (n = 62), and athletes utilizing medical treatment and rehabilitation (n = 97). Building on the Model of Stress and Athletic Injury, we subsequently conducted three multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) to examine whether the obtained clusters differed in terms of personality factors (e.g., athletic identity), history of stressors (e.g., life events), and coping resources (e.g., self-compassion). We observed significant differences in all three categories of psychosocial variables implying different intervention possibilities for different injury patterns in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Werner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Alena Michel-Kröhler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefan Berti
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
- Research Group Wessa, Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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Dunlop G, Ivarsson A, Andersen TE, Brown S, O'Driscoll G, Lewin C, Dupont G, Ardern CL, Delecroix B, Podlog L, McCall A. Examination of the validity of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale in male professional football players: A worldwide study of 29 professional teams. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1906-1914. [PMID: 38269550 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Perceived confidence is an important dimension of an athlete's psychological readiness to return-to-play. However, there is no established and validated tool to evaluate confidence in professional football. This study aimed to provide preliminary evaluation of the internal structure of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return-to-Sport scale (I-PRRS) in a cohort of injured male professional footballers. Over an 18-month period, 29 teams from 17 leagues participated. Players sustaining injuries eliciting ≥ 3 weeks' time-loss were recruited. Cross culturally adapted to 4 further languages, the I-PRRS was administered on two occasions: 1) day before returning-to-training and 2) day before returning-to-match-play. In total, 113 injuries were recorded with 96 completed I-PRRS data sets collected. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the I-PRRS was a unidimensional scale, with all items measuring the same construct. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (ω = .88). When examining longitudinal invariance of the I-PRRS across administration time-points, indices of model fit supported scalar invariance. There was preliminary evidence of good internal structure for the I-PRRS in professional male footballers. However, before further research involving the I-PRRS can be endorsed, efforts to confirm or refute empirical developments pertaining to psychological readiness are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dunlop
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London Colney, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan Brown
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gary O'Driscoll
- Medical Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Sport & Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Leslie Podlog
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan McCall
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London Colney, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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