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Hammid A, Honkakoski P. Ocular Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Focus on Esterases. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38888291 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2368247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Sakai Y, Fukami T, Tokumitsu S, Nakano M, Nakashima S, Higuchi Y, Uehara S, Yoneda N, Suemizu H, Nakajima M. Impact of miR-222-3p-mediated downregulation of arylacetamide deacetylase on drug hydrolysis and lipid accumulation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 56:101007. [PMID: 38797091 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. In 23 human liver samples, no significant correlation was observed between AADAC mRNA (19.7-fold variation) and protein levels (137.6-fold variation), suggesting a significant contribution of post-transcriptional regulation to AADAC expression. The present study investigated whether AADAC is regulated by microRNA in the human liver and elucidate its biological significance. Computational analysis predicted two potential miR-222-3p recognition elements in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of AADAC. Luciferase assay revealed that the miR-222-3p recognition element was functional in downregulating AADAC expression. In HEK293 cells transfected with an AADAC expression plasmid containing 3'-UTR, miR-222-3p overexpression decreased AADAC protein level and activity, whereas miR-222-3p inhibition increased them. Similar results were observed in human hepatoma-derived Huh-1 cells endogenously expressing AADAC and HepaSH cells that are hepatocytes from chimeric mice with humanized livers. In individual human liver samples, AADAC protein levels inversely correlated with miR-222-3p levels. Overexpression of miR-222-3p resulted in increased lipid accumulation in Huh-1 cells, which was reversed by AADAC overexpression. In contrast, miR-222-3p inhibition decreased lipid accumulation, which was reversed by AADAC knockdown. In conclusion, we found that hepatic AADAC was downregulated by miR-222-3p, resulting in decreased drug hydrolysis and increased lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Shinsaku Tokumitsu
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shimon Nakashima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Rendic SP, Guengerich FP. Formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs in reactions catalyzed by human drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1581-1628. [PMID: 38520539 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Data are presented on the formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs that are substrates of human drug metabolizing enzymes. The tabular data lists the formation of potentially toxic/reactive products. The data were obtained from in vitro experiments and showed that the oxidative reactions predominate (with 96% of the total potential toxication reactions). Reductive reactions (e.g., reduction of nitro to amino group and reductive dehalogenation) participate to the extent of 4%. Of the enzymes, cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes catalyzed 72% of the reactions, myeloperoxidase (MPO) 7%, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3%, aldehyde oxidase (AOX) 4%, sulfotransferase (SULT) 5%, and a group of minor participating enzymes to the extent of 9%. Within the P450 Superfamily, P450 Subfamily 3A (P450 3A4 and 3A5) participates to the extent of 27% and the Subfamily 2C (P450 2C9 and P450 2C19) to the extent of 16%, together catalyzing 43% of the reactions, followed by P450 Subfamily 1A (P450 1A1 and P450 1A2) with 15%. The P450 2D6 enzyme participated in an extent of 8%, P450 2E1 in 10%, and P450 2B6 in 6% of the reactions. All other enzymes participate to the extent of 14%. The data show that, of the human enzymes analyzed, P450 enzymes were dominant in catalyzing potential toxication reactions of drugs and their metabolites, with the major role assigned to the P450 Subfamily 3A and significant participation of the P450 Subfamilies 2C and 1A, plus the 2D6, 2E1 and 2B6 enzymes contributing. Selected examples of drugs that are activated or proposed to form toxic species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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5
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Huang Z, Li Y, Konishi K, Sakai Y, Tashiro K, Fukami T, Borjigin J. In vitro deacetylation of N-acetylserotonin by arylacetamide deacetylase. J Pineal Res 2023:e12870. [PMID: 37002641 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a deacetylation enzyme present in the mammalian liver, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. During our search for mammalian enzymes capable of metabolizing N-acetylserotonin (NAS), AADAC was identified as having the ability to convert NAS to serotonin. Both human and rodent recombinant AADAC proteins can deacetylate NAS in vitro, although the human AADAC shows markedly higher activity compared with rodent enzyme. The AADAC-mediated deacetylation reaction can be potently inhibited by eserine in vitro. In addition to NAS, recombinant hAADAC can deacetylate melatonin (to form 5-methoxytryptamine) and N-acetyltryptamine (NAT) (to form tryptamine). In addition to the in vitro deacetylation of NAS by the recombinant AADAC proteins, liver (mouse and human) and brain (human) extracts were able to deacetylate NAS; these activities were sensitive to eserine. Taken together, these results demonstrate a new role for AADAC and suggest a novel pathway for the AADAC-mediated metabolism of pineal indoles in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheping Huang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacteriologic Laboratory, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Keigo Konishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Kiyomichi Tashiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Jimo Borjigin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Zhu T, Wu Y, Li XM, Jia YM, Zhou H, Jiang LP, Tai T, Mi QY, Ji JZ, Xie HG. Vicagrel is hydrolyzed by Raf kinase inhibitor protein in human intestine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:247-254. [PMID: 36519186 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As an analog of clopidogrel and prasugrel, vicagrel is completely hydrolyzed to intermediate thiolactone metabolite 2-oxo-clopidogrel (also the precursor of active thiol metabolite H4) in human intestine, predominantly by AADAC and CES2; however, other unknown vicagrel hydrolases remain to be identified. In this study, recombinant human Raf kinase inhibitor protein (rhRKIP) and pooled human intestinal S9 (HIS9) fractions and microsome (HIM) preparations were used as the different enzyme sources; prasugrel as a probe drug for RKIP (a positive control), vicagrel as a substrate drug of interest, and the rate of the formation of thiolactone metabolites 2-oxo-clopidogrel and R95913 as metrics of hydrolase activity examined, respectively. In addition, an IC50 value of inhibition of rhRKIP-catalyzed vicagrel hydrolysis by locostatin was measured, and five classical esterase inhibitors with distinct esterase selectivity were used to dissect the involvement of multiple hydrolases in vicagrel hydrolysis. The results showed that rhRKIP hydrolyzed vicagrel in vitro, with the values of Km , Vmax , and CLint measured as 20.04 ± 1.99 μM, 434.60 ± 12.46 nM/min/mg protein, and 21.69 ± 0.28 ml/min/mg protein, respectively, and that an IC50 value of locostatin was estimated as 1.24 ± 0.04 mM for rhRKIP. In addition to locostatin, eserine and vinblastine strongly suppressed vicagrel hydrolysis in HIM. It is concluded that RKIP can catalyze the hydrolysis of vicagrel in the human intestine, and that vicagrel can be hydrolyzed by multiple hydrolases, such as RKIP, AADAC, and CES2, concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Meng Jia
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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Involvement of esterases in the pulmonary metabolism of beclomethasone dipropionate and the potential influence of cannabis use. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang Y, Fang T, Wang Y, Yin X, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang H, Xue Y. Impact of AADAC gene expression on prognosis in patients with Borrmann type III advanced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:635. [PMID: 35681154 PMCID: PMC9178847 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of Borrmann type III advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is known to vary significantly among patients. This study aimed to determine which differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are directly related to the survival time of Borrmann type III AGC patients and to construct a prognostic model. Methods We selected 25 patients with Borrmann type III AGC who underwent radical gastrectomy. According to the difference in overall survival (OS), the patients were divided into group A (OS<1 year, n=11) and group B (OS>3 years, n=14). DEGs related to survival time in patients with Borrmann type III AGC were determined by mRNA sequencing. The prognosis and functional differences of DEGs in different populations were determined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public databases. The expression of mRNA and protein in cell lines was detected by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to detect protein expression in the paraffin-embedded tissues of 152 patients with Borrmann type III AGC who underwent radical gastrectomy. After survival analysis, nomograms were constructed to predict the prognosis of patients with Borrmann type III AGC. Results Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a survival-related DEG in patients with Borrmann type III AGC. The higher the expression level of its mRNA and protein is, the better the prognosis of patients. Bioinformatics analysis found that AADAC showed significant differences in prognosis and function in European and American populations and Asian populations. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of AADAC were high in differentiated gastric cancer (GC) cells. We also found that AADAC was an independent prognostic factor for patients with Borrmann type III AGC, and its high expression was significantly correlated with better OS and disease-free survival (DFS). Nomogram models of AADAC expression level combined with clinicopathological features can be used to predict the OS and DFS of Borrmann type III AGC. Conclusion AADAC can be used as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of Borrmann type III AGC and has the potential to become a new therapeutic target for GC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09594-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianyi Fang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Daoxu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xibo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Wagner C, Hois V, Taschler U, Schupp M, Lass A. KIAA1363-A Multifunctional Enzyme in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Lipid Ester Hydrolysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:516. [PMID: 35736449 PMCID: PMC9229287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1363, annotated as neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1), is a member of the arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) protein family. The name-giving enzyme, AADAC, is known to hydrolyze amide and ester bonds of a number of xenobiotic substances, as well as clinical drugs and of endogenous lipid substrates such as diglycerides, respectively. Similarly, KIAA1363, annotated as the first AADAC-like protein, exhibits enzymatic activities for a diverse substrate range including the xenobiotic insecticide chlorpyrifos oxon and endogenous substrates, acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether, cholesterol ester, and retinyl ester. Two independent knockout mouse models have been generated and characterized. However, apart from reduced acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether and cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in specific tissues and cell types, no gross-phenotype has been reported. This raises the question of its physiological role and whether it functions as drug detoxifying enzyme and/or as hydrolase/lipase of endogenous substrates. This review delineates the current knowledge about the structure, function and of the physiological role of KIAA1363, as evident from the phenotypical changes inflicted by pharmacological inhibition or by silencing as well as knockout of KIAA1363 gene expression in cells, as well as mouse models, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Victoria Hois
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Michael Schupp
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)—Research Center, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Morikawa T, Fukami T, Gotoh-Saito S, Nakano M, Nakajima M. PPARα regulates the expression of human arylacetamide deacetylase involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sakai Y, Fukami T, Nagaoka M, Hirosawa K, Ichida H, Sato R, Suzuki K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide deacetylase as a determinant of the hydrolysis and activation of abiraterone acetate in mice and humans. Life Sci 2021; 284:119896. [PMID: 34450168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Abiraterone acetate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is an acetylated prodrug to be hydrolyzed to abiraterone. Abiraterone acetate is known to be hydrolyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase secreted into the intestinal lumen. This study aimed to investigate the possibility that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) expressed in enterocytes contributes to the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate based on its substrate preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity was measured using human intestinal (HIM) and liver microsomes (HLM) as well as recombinant AADAC. Correlation analysis between activity and AADAC expression was performed in 14 individual HIMs. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of abiraterone acetate was examined using wild-type and Aadac knockout mice administered abiraterone acetate with or without orlistat, a pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitor. KEY FINDINGS Recombinant AADAC showed abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity with similar Km value to HIM and HLM. The positive correlation between activity and AADAC levels in individual HIMs supported the responsibility of AADAC for abiraterone acetate hydrolysis. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of abiraterone after oral administration of abiraterone acetate in Aadac knockout mice was 38% lower than that in wild-type mice. The involvement of pancreatic cholesterol esterase in abiraterone formation was revealed by the decreased AUC of abiraterone by coadministration of orlistat. Orlistat potently inhibited AADAC, implying its potential as a perpetrator of drug-drug interactions. SIGNIFICANCE AADAC is responsible for the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate in the intestine and liver, suggesting that concomitant use of abiraterone acetate and drugs potently inhibiting AADAC should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rei Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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13
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Honda S, Fukami T, Hirosawa K, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Uehara S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H, Nakajima M. Differences in Hydrolase Activities in the Liver and Small Intestine between Marmosets and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:718-728. [PMID: 34135089 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For drug development, species differences in drug-metabolism reactions present obstacles for predicting pharmacokinetics in humans. We characterized the species differences in hydrolases among humans and mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, to expand the series of such studies, we attempted to characterize marmoset hydrolases. We measured hydrolase activities for 24 compounds using marmoset liver and intestinal microsomes, as well as recombinant marmoset carboxylesterase (CES) 1, CES2, and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC). The contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC to hydrolysis in marmoset liver microsomes were estimated by correcting the activities by using the ratios of hydrolase protein levels in the liver microsomes and those in recombinant systems. For six out of eight human CES1 substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were lower than those in human liver microsomes. For two human CES2 substrates and three out of seven human AADAC substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were higher than those in human liver microsomes. Notably, among the three rifamycins, only rifabutin was hydrolyzed by marmoset tissue microsomes and recombinant AADAC. The activities for all substrates in marmoset intestinal microsomes tended to be lower than those in liver microsomes, which suggests that the first-pass effects of the CES and AADAC substrates are due to hepatic hydrolysis. In most cases, the sums of the values of the contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC were below 100%, which indicated the involvement of other hydrolases in marmosets. In conclusion, we clarified the substrate preferences of hydrolases in marmosets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study confirmed that there are large differences in hydrolase activities between humans and marmosets by characterizing marmoset hydrolase activities for compounds that are substrates of human CES1, CES2, or arylacetamide deacetylase. The data obtained in this study may be useful for considering whether marmosets are appropriate for examining the pharmacokinetics and efficacies of new chemical entities in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
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14
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Honda S, Fukami T, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant CES1, CES2, and AADAC. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105807. [PMID: 33722734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is a nonhuman primate that is often used for pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities. Species differences in drug metabolism are obstacles for the extrapolation of animal data to humans. This study aimed to characterize hydrolase activities for typical compounds by cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant monkey carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) compared with the activities in humans. To estimate the contribution of each hydrolase, the ratios of the expression level of each hydrolase in the liver microsomes and recombinant systems were used. For almost all of the tested human CES1 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes tended to be lower than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant cynomolgus monkey CES1 showed catalytic activity, but not for all substrates. For human CES2 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver were higher than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant monkey CES2 was responsible for their hydrolysis. Among human AADAC substrates, phenacetin was mainly hydrolyzed by monkey AADAC, whereas indiplon and ketoconazole were hydrolyzed by AADAC and other unknown enzymes. Flutamide was hydrolyzed by monkey CES2, not by AADAC. Rifamycins were hardly hydrolyzed in monkey liver microsomes. In conclusion, this study characterized the hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkeys compared with those in humans. The findings would be helpful for pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities whose main metabolic pathway is hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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15
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Yasuda K, Watanabe K, Fukami T, Nakashima S, Ikushiro SI, Nakajima M, Sakaki T. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate are potent inhibitors of human arylacetamide deacetylase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100397. [PMID: 34171773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, in addition to carboxylesterases (CESs), we found that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) plays an important role in the metabolism of some clinical drugs. In this study, we screened for food-related natural compounds that could specifically inhibit human AADAC, CES1, or CES2. AADAC, CES1, and CES2 activities in human liver microsomes were measured using phenacetin, fenofibrate, and procaine as specific substrates, respectively. In total, 43 natural compounds were screened for their inhibitory effects on each of these enzymes. Curcumin and quercetin showed strong inhibitory effects against all three enzymes, whereas epicatechin, epicatechin gallate (ECg), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) specifically inhibited AADAC. In particular, ECg and EGCg showed strong inhibitory effects on AADAC (IC50 values: 3.0 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively). ECg and EGCg also strongly inhibited AADAC-mediated rifampicin hydrolase activity in human liver microsomes with IC50 values of 2.2 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.4 μM, respectively, whereas it weakly inhibited p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolase activity, which is catalyzed by AADAC, CES1, and CES2. Our results indicate that ECg and EGCg are potent inhibitors of AADAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shimon Nakashima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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16
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Gabriele M, Puccini P, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Carboxylesterases and arylacetamide deacetylase comparison in human A549, H460, and H727 pulmonary cells. Life Sci 2021; 277:119486. [PMID: 33864822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Human carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) are serine-esterase enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of many compounds containing esters, amides, thioesters, or acetyl groups. This study aimed to investigate the presence, kinetic parameters, and inhibition of CES1, CES2, and AADAC in A549, H460, and H727 pulmonary cells in both living cells and S9 fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate (4-MUA) were used as non-selective esterase substrates, whereas phenacetin as selective AADAC substrate. CESs activities were also investigated in living cells by cellular bioimaging using selective fluorescent probes. KEY FINDINGS AADAC gene was detected in A549 and H460 cells; nevertheless, arylesterase activity was not found in relative S9 fractions. Besides, CES1 and CES2 were expressed to a different extent by all lung cells, and enzymatic activities were quite overlapping each other. All enzymes exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten saturation curve and, regarding 4-MUA, similar Km values were found in both living cells and S9 fractions. Conversely, kinetic parameters relative to the pNPA hydrolysis by S9 fractions were significantly lower than those detected in living cells. Inhibition studies revealed that 4-MUA hydrolysis was inhibited by bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride more than loperamide; on the contrary, pNPA hydrolysis inhibition was limited with similar inhibition profiles being obtained in both living cells and S9 fractions. The presence of carboxylesterases was definitely confirmed by cellular bioimaging. SIGNIFICANCE These findings add information to esterase knowledge in pulmonary cells that could be used as in vitro models for toxicological and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Gabriele
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Palermo 26/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Gervasi
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Salluce G, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Sauer A, Urtti A, Honkakoski P. Carboxylesterase Activities and Protein Expression in Rabbit and Pig Ocular Tissues. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1305-1316. [PMID: 33595329 PMCID: PMC8023712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions constitute an important pathway of drug metabolism and a significant route of prodrug activation. Many ophthalmic drugs and prodrugs contain ester groups that greatly enhance their permeation across several hydrophobic barriers in the eye before the drugs are either metabolized or released, respectively, via hydrolysis. Thus, the development of ophthalmic drug therapy requires the thorough profiling of substrate specificities, activities, and expression levels of ocular esterases. However, such information is scant in the literature, especially for preclinical species often used in ophthalmology such as rabbits and pigs. Therefore, our aim was to generate systematic information on the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in seven ocular tissue homogenates from these two species. The hydrolytic activities were measured using a generic esterase substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and, in the absence of validated substrates for rabbit and pig enzymes, with selective substrates established for human CES1, CES2, and AADAC (d-luciferin methyl ester, fluorescein diacetate, procaine, and phenacetin). Kinetics and inhibition studies were conducted using these substrates and, again due to a lack of validated rabbit and pig CES inhibitors, with known inhibitors for the human enzymes. Protein expression levels were measured using quantitative targeted proteomics. Rabbit ocular tissues showed significant variability in the expression of CES1 (higher in cornea, lower in conjunctiva) and CES2 (higher in conjunctiva, lower in cornea) and a poor correlation of CES expression with hydrolytic activities. In contrast, pig tissues appear to express only CES1, and CES3 and AADAC seem to be either low or absent, respectively, in both species. The current study revealed remarkable species and tissue differences in ocular hydrolytic enzymes that can be taken into account in the design of esterase-dependent prodrugs and drug conjugates, the evaluation of ocular effects of systemic drugs, and in translational and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | | | - Giulia Salluce
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope
Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department
of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198584 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Division
of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, United States
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18
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Weiner M, Gelfond J, Johnson-Pais TL, Engle M, Johnson JL, Whitworth WC, Bliven-Sizemore E, Nsubuga P, Dorman SE, Savic R. Decreased plasma rifapentine concentrations associated with AADAC single nucleotide polymorphism in adults with tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:582-586. [PMID: 33374006 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rifapentine exposure is associated with bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but high interindividual variation in plasma concentrations is encountered. OBJECTIVES To investigate a genomic association with interindividual variation of rifapentine exposure, SNPs of six human genes involving rifamycin metabolism (AADAC, CES2), drug transport (SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3) and gene regulation (HNF4A, PXR) were evaluated. METHODS We characterized these genes in 173 adult participants in treatment trials of the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Participants were stratified by self-identified race (black or non-black), and rifapentine AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was adjusted by analysis of covariance for SNPs, rifapentine dose, sex, food and HIV coinfection. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01043575. RESULTS The effect on rifapentine least squares mean AUC0-24 in black participants overall decreased by -10.2% for AADAC rs1803155 G versus A allele (Wald test: P = 0.03; false discovery rate, 0.10). Black participants with one G allele in AADAC rs1803155 were three times as likely to have below target bactericidal rifapentine exposure than black participants with the A allele (OR, 2.97; 95% CI: 1.16, 7.58). With two G alleles, the OR was greater. In non-black participants, AADAC rs1803155 SNP was not associated with rifapentine exposure. In both black and non-black participants, other evaluated genes were not associated with rifapentine exposure (P > 0.05; false discovery rate > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Rifapentine exposure in black participants varied with AADAC rs1803155 genotype and the G allele was more likely to be associated with below bactericidal target rifapentine exposure. Further pharmacogenomic study is needed to characterize the association of the AADAC rs1803155 with inadequate rifapentine exposure in different patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Weiner
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jon Gelfond
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Melissa Engle
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John L Johnson
- Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William C Whitworth
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin Bliven-Sizemore
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pheona Nsubuga
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Susan E Dorman
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rada Savic
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hirosawa K, Fukami T, Tashiro K, Sakai Y, Kisui F, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Role of Human Arylacetamide Deacetylase (AADAC) on Hydrolysis of Eslicarbazepine Acetate and Effects of AADAC Genetic Polymorphisms on Hydrolase Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:322-329. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Akimoto M. Role of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 5 in the metabolism of nabumetone: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the activation of the intermediate metabolite, 3-hydroxy nabumetone, to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid in vitro. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:155-166. [PMID: 33146575 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NAB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used clinically, and its biotransformation includes the major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). One of the key intermediates between NAB and 6-MNA may be 3-hydroxy nabumetone (3-OH-NAB). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 5 in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB. To elucidate the biotransformation of 3-OH-NAB to 6-MNA, an authentic standard of 3-OH-NAB was synthesised and used as a substrate in an incubation with human liver samples or recombinant enzymes. The formation of 3-OH-NAB was observed after the incubation of NAB with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, 6-MNA itself was rarely detected from NAB and 3-OH-NAB. Further experiments revealed a 6-MNA peak derived from 3-OH-NAB in human hepatocytes. 6-MNA was also detected in the extract obtained from 3-OH-NAB by a combined incubation of recombinant human FMO5 and human liver S9. We herein demonstrated that the reaction involves carbon-carbon cleavage catalyzed by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) of a carbonyl compound, the BVO substrate, such as a ketol, by FMO5. Further in vitro inhibition experiments showed that multiple non-CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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21
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Hashizume H, Fukami T, Mishima K, Arakawa H, Mishiro K, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Identification of an isoform catalyzing the CoA conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the evaluation of the expression levels of acyl-CoA synthetases in the human liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114303. [PMID: 33121928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) containing carboxylic acid are conjugated with coenzyme A (CoA) or glucuronic acid in the body. It has been suggested that these conjugates are associated with toxicities, such as liver injury and anaphylaxis, through their binding via trans-acylation to cellular proteins. Although studies on glucuronidation have progressed, studies on CoA conjugation of drugs catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) enzymes are still in the early stages. This study aimed to clarify the human ACS isoforms responsible for CoA-conjugation of NSAIDs through consideration of the hepatic expression levels of ACS isoforms. We found that among 10 types of NSAIDs, propionic acid-class NSAIDs, namely, alminoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and loxoprofen, were conjugated with CoA in the human liver, whereas NSAIDs in the other classes, including diclofenac and mefenamic acid, were not. qRT-PCR revealed that among the 26 ACS isoforms, ACSL1 was the most highly expressed in the human liver, followed by ACSM2B. The propionic acid-class NSAIDs were conjugated with CoA by recombinant human ACSL1. The protein binding abilities of the CoA conjugates and the glucuronide forms of propionic acid-class NSAIDs were compared as an index of toxicity. The CoA conjugates had stronger adduct formation with liver microsomal proteins than glucuronides for all 5 propionic acid-class NSAIDs. In conclusion, we found that propionic acid-class NSAIDs could be conjugated to CoA by ACSL1 in the human liver to form CoA conjugates, which likely cause toxicity by protein adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hashizume
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Kanji Mishima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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Sharma RP, Kumar V, Schuhmacher M, Kolodkin A, Westerhoff HV. Development and evaluation of a harmonized whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for flutamide in rats and its extrapolation to humans. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108948. [PMID: 31841869 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By their definition, inadvertent exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) intervenes with the endocrine signalling system, even at low dose. On the one hand, some EDCs are used as important pharmaceutical drugs that one would not want to dismiss. On the other hand, these pharmaceutical drugs are having off-target effects and increasingly significant exposure to the general population with unwanted health implications. Flutamide, one of the top pharmaceutical products marketed all over the world for the treatment of prostate cancer, is also a pollutant. Its therapeutic action mainly depends on targeting the androgen receptors and inhibiting the androgen action that is essential for growth and survival of prostate tissue. Currently flutamide is of concern with respect to its categorization as an endocrine disruptor. In this work we have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of flutamide that could serve as a standard tool for its human risk assessment. First we built the model for rat (where many parameters have been measured). The rat PBPK model was extrapolated to human where the re-parameterization involved human-specific physiology, metabolic kinetics derived from in-vitro studies, and the partition coefficient same as the rat model. We have harmonized the model by integrating different sets of in-vitro, in-vivo and physiological data into a PBPK model. Then the model was used to simulate different exposure scenarios and the results were compared against the observed data. Both uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was done. Since this new whole-body PBPK model can predict flutamide concentrations not only in plasma but also in various organs, the model may have clinical applications in efficacy and safety assessment of flutamide. The model can also be used for reverse dosimetry in the context of interpreting the available biomonitoring data to estimate the degree to which the population is currently being exposed, and a tool for the pharmaceutical companies to validate the estimated Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) for flutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Prasad Sharma
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Europe
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexey Kolodkin
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Europe; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Europe; Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, UK.
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23
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Strain and sex differences in drug hydrolase activities in rodent livers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Takei C, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Takahashi T, Akimoto M. A metabolic pathway for the prodrug nabumetone to the pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA) by non-cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:783-792. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1704097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tamiko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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25
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Takahashi M, Takani D, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Investigation of the chiral recognition ability of human carboxylesterase 1 using indomethacin esters. Chirality 2019; 32:73-80. [PMID: 31693270 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Takani
- Faculty of PhramacyChiba Institute of Science Chiba Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of PhramacyChiba Institute of Science Chiba Japan
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26
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Kono K, Fukuchi Y, Okawa H, Nunoya KI, Imawaka H, Watanabe H, Maruyama T. Unique Hydrolysis of an Ester-Type Prodrug of Levodopa in Human Plasma: Relay-Type Role Sharing between Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein and Human Serum Albumin. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4131-4138. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kono
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukina Fukuchi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hoshimi Okawa
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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27
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Gabriele M, Puccini P, Lucchi M, Aprile V, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Arylacetamide Deacetylase Enzyme: Presence and Interindividual Variability in Human Lungs. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:961-965. [PMID: 31235486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a single microsomal serine esterase involved in the hydrolysis of many acetyl-containing drugs. To date, the presence and activity of the AADAC enzyme in human lungs has been scarcely examined. We investigated its gene and protein expression as well as interindividual variations in AADAC activities in a large number of human lungs (n = 25) using phenacetin as a selective substrate. The kinetic parameters K m and V max were determined. Our findings highlighted a high interindividual variability in both AADAC mRNA levels and hydrolysis activities. Furthermore, for the first time we demonstrated the presence of the AADAC protein in various lung samples by means of immunoblot analysis. As a comparison, phenacetin hydrolysis was detected in pooled human liver microsomes. Lung activities were much lower than those found in the liver. However, similar K m values were found, which suggests that this hydrolysis could be due to the same enzyme. Pulmonary phenacetin hydrolysis proved to be positively correlated with AADAC mRNA (*P < 0.05) and protein (*P < 0.05) levels. Moreover, the average values of AADAC activity in smokers was significantly higher than in nonsmoker subjects (*P < 0.05), and this might have an important role in the administration of some drugs. These findings add more information to our knowledge of pulmonary enzymes and could be particularly useful in the design and preclinical development of inhaled drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study investigated the presence and activity of the AADAC enzyme in several human lungs. Our results highlight high interindividual variability in both AADAC gene and protein expression as well as in phenacetin hydrolysis activity. These findings add more information to our knowledge of pulmonary enzymes and could be particularly useful in the design and preclinical development of inhaled drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Gabriele
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Paola Puccini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Marco Lucchi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Vittorio Aprile
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Gervasi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
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28
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Mizoi K, Takahashi M, Sakai S, Ogihara T, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Structure-activity relationship of atorvastatin derivatives for metabolic activation by hydrolases. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:261-269. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1625083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Li X, Sun J, Guo Z, Zhong D, Chen X. Carboxylesterase 2 and Intestine Transporters Contribute to the Low Bioavailability of Allisartan, a Prodrug of Exp3174 for Hypertension Treatment in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:843-853. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Ding L, Wang L, Zou K, Li B, Song Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Ge G, Zhao B, Zhu W. Discovery of dihydrooxazolo[2,3-a]isoquinoliniums as highly specific inhibitors of hCE2. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35904-35912. [PMID: 35528066 PMCID: PMC9074662 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07457k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) is one of the most abundant esterases distributed in human small intestine and colon, which participates in the hydrolysis of a variety of ester-bearing drugs and thereby affects the efficacy of these drugs. Herein, a new compound (23o) with a novel skeleton of dihydrooxazolo[2,3-a]isoquinolinium has been discovered with strong inhibition on hCE2 (IC50 = 1.19 μM, Ki = 0.84 μM) and more than 83.89 fold selectivity over hCE1 (IC50 > 100 μM). Furthermore, 23o can inhibit hCE2 activity in living HepG2 cells with the IC50 value of 2.29 μM, indicating that this compound has remarkable cell-membrane permeability and is capable for inhibiting intracellular hCE2. The SAR (structure–activity relationship) analysis and molecular docking results demonstrate that the novel skeleton of oxazolinium is essential for hCEs inhibitory activity and the benzyloxy moiety mainly contributes to the selectivity of hCE2 over hCE1. Novel oxazoliniums are highly specific inhibitors of hCE2 over hCE1 and have good cell-membrane permeability for inhibiting intracellular hCE2.![]()
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31
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Konishi K, Fukami T, Ogiso T, Nakajima M. In vitro approach to elucidate the relevance of carboxylesterase 2 and N-acetyltransferase 2 to flupirtine-induced liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:242-251. [PMID: 30028988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of flupirtine, an analgesic, has been restricted in European countries because it causes liver injury in rare cases. Flupirtine is primarily metabolized to D-13223, an acetylamino form. In the process of D-13223 formation, it has been hypothesized that a reactive metabolite is formed which may be involved in flupirtine hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential reactive metabolite and the responsible enzymes in the human liver to get a clue to the mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Using recombinant enzymes, we found that D-13223 was formed from flupirtine via hydrolysis by carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) and subsequent acetylation by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 2. A conjugate of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a nucleophile, was detected by incubation of flupirtine with CES2, and the conjugate formation in human liver microsomes was inhibited by CES2 inhibitors, indicating that a reactive metabolite, which may be a quinone diimine, was produced in the process of CES2-mediated hydrolysis of flupirtine. The formation of the NAC conjugate in liver S9 samples from NAT2 slow acetylators was significantly higher than that from NAT2 rapid/intermediate acetylators, indicating that NAT2 could function as a detoxification enzyme for flupirtine. CES2-overexpressing HepG2 cells showed remarkable lactate dehydrogenase leakage under flupirtine treatment, while no cytotoxicity was observed in control cells, suggesting that the reactive metabolite formed by CES2-mediated hydrolysis of flupirtine would be a trigger of hepatotoxicity. NAT2 slow acetylators with high CES2 activity could be highly susceptible to flupirtine-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Konishi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takuo Ogiso
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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32
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Jiang J, Chen X, Zhong D. Arylacetamide Deacetylase Is Involved in Vicagrel Bioactivation in Humans. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:846. [PMID: 29209217 PMCID: PMC5701912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicagrel, a structural analog of clopidogrel, is now being developed as a thienopyridine antiplatelet agent in a phase II clinical trial in China. Some studies have shown that vicagrel undergoes complete first-pass metabolism in human intestine, generating the hydrolytic metabolite 2-oxo-clopidogrel via carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) and subsequently the active metabolite H4 via CYP450s. This study aimed to identify hydrolases other than CES2 that are involved in the bioactivation of vicagrel in human intestine. This study is the first to determine that human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is involved in 2-oxo-clopidogrel production from vicagrel in human intestine. In vitro hydrolytic kinetics were determined in human intestine microsomes and recombinant human CES and AADAC. The calculated contribution of CES2 and AADAC to vicagrel hydrolysis was 44.2 and 53.1% in human intestine, respectively. The AADAC-selective inhibitors vinblastine and eserine effectively inhibited vicagrel hydrolysis in vitro. In addition to CES2, human intestine AADAC was involved in vicagrel hydrolytic activation before it entered systemic circulation. In addition, simvastatin efficiently inhibited the production of both 2-oxo-clopidogrel and active H4; further clinical trials are needed to determine whether the hydrolytic activation of vicagrel is influenced by coadministration with simvastatin. This study deepens the understanding of the bioactivation and metabolism properties of vicagrel in humans, which can help further understand the bioactivation mechanism of vicagrel and the variations in the treatment responses to vicagrel and clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Kodani SD, Barthélemy M, Kamita SG, Hammock B, Morisseau C. Development of amide-based fluorescent probes for selective measurement of carboxylesterase 1 activity in tissue extracts. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:81-89. [PMID: 29054529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are well known for their role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. However, recent studies have also implicated carboxylesterases in regulating a number of physiological processes including metabolic homeostasis and macrophage development, underlying the need to quantify them individually. Unfortunately, current methods for selectively measuring the catalytic activity of individual carboxylesterases are not sufficiently sensitive to support many biological studies. In order to develop a more sensitive and selective method to measure the activity of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1), we generated and tested novel substrates with a fluorescent aminopyridine leaving group. hCE1 showed at least a 10-fold higher preference for the optimized substrate 4-MOMMP than the 13 other esterases tested. Because of the high stability of 4-MOMMP and its hydrolysis product, this substrate can be used to measure esterase activity over extended incubation periods yielding a low picogram (femtomol) limit of detection. This sensitivity is comparable to current ELISA methods; however, the new assay quantifies only the catalytically active enzyme facilitating direct correlation to biological processes. The method described herein may allow hCE1 activity to be used as a biomarker for predicting drug pharmacokinetics, early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, and other disease states where the activity of hCE1 is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Morgane Barthélemy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shizuo G Kamita
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Yoshida T, Fukami T, Kurokawa T, Gotoh S, Oda A, Nakajima M. Difference in substrate specificity of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase between dogs and humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:167-176. [PMID: 28966098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) are the major enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of various clinical drugs. Our recent study demonstrated that the identity of the responsible hydrolase can be roughly surmised based on the chemical structures of compounds in humans. Dogs are used for preclinical studies in drug development, but the substrate specificities of dog CES and AADAC remain to be clarified. The purpose of this study is to characterize their substrate specificities. We prepared recombinant dog CES1, CES2, and AADAC. p-Nitrophenyl acetate, a general substrate for esterases, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1 and AADAC, while it was not hydrolyzed by CES2. CES2 protein was not substantially detected in the recombinant system or in the dog liver and intestinal microsomes by Western blot using anti-human CES2 antibodies. In silico analyses demonstrated slight differences in the three-dimensional structures of dog CES2 and human CES2, indicating that dog CES2 might be unstable or inactive. By evaluating the hydrolase activities of 22 compounds, which are known to be substrates of human CES and/or AADAC, we found that the activities of dog recombinant CES1 and AADAC as well as dog tissue preparations for nearly all compounds were lower than those of human enzymes. The dog enzymes that were responsible for the hydrolysis of most compounds corresponded to the human enzymes, but the following differences were observed: oseltamivir, irinotecan, and rifampicin were not hydrolyzed in the dog liver or by any of the recombinant esterases and procaine, a human CES2 substrate, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1. In conclusion, the present study could provide new finding to facilitate our understanding of species differences in drug hydrolysis, which can facilitate drug development and drug safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Takaya Kurokawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Gotoh
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Jiang J, Chen X, Zhong D. Predominant contributions of carboxylesterase 1 and 2 in hydrolysis of anordrin in humans. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:533-540. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1333658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Since more than 70% of clinically used drugs are excreted from the body through metabolic processes, drug metabolism is a key determinant of pharmacokinetics, drug response and drug toxicity. Much progress has been made in understanding drug-drug interactions via the inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450s (P450, CYP), as well as the effects of genetic polymorphisms of P450s on pharmacokinetics, and this has facilitated the progress of optimized pharmacotherapy in the clinic. Now, similar information is needed for non-CYP enzymes, especially concerning Phase I enzymes, based on advanced basic and clinical studies. Recently, it was revealed that post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs or RNA editing plays a significant role in regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, thus conferring variability in the detoxification and metabolic activation of drugs or chemicals. Changes in the expression profile of microRNAs in tissues or body fluids can be a biomarker of drug response and toxicity; therefore, such studies could also be useful for drug repositioning. In addition, microRNAs are involved in pharmacogenetics, because single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA binding sites of mRNAs, or microRNAs themselves, may cause changes in gene expression. Some microRNA-related polymorphisms could be biomarkers of the clinical outcome of pharmacotherapy. In this review article, recent progress and future directions for drug metabolism studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Kabeya T, Matsumura W, Iwao T, Hosokawa M, Matsunaga T. Functional analysis of carboxylesterase in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived enterocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fukami T, Iida A, Konishi K, Nakajima M. Human arylacetamide deacetylase hydrolyzes ketoconazole to trigger hepatocellular toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:153-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Relationships of human α/β hydrolase fold proteins and other organophosphate-interacting proteins. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:343-351. [PMID: 27109753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are either found in nature or synthetized for use as pesticides, flame retardants, neurotoxic warfare agents or drugs (cholinergic enhancers in Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, or inhibitors of lipases in metabolic diseases). Because of the central role of acetylcholinesterase cholinergic neurotransmission in humans, one of the main purposes for using OPs is inactivation of the enzyme by phosphorylation of the nucleophilic serine residue in the active center. However, hundreds of serine hydrolases are expressed in the human proteome, and many of them are potential targets for OP adduction. In this review, we first situate the α/β hydrolase fold proteins among the distinctively folded proteins known to interact with OPs, in particular the different lipases, peptidases, and enzymes hydrolyzing OPs. Second, we compile the human α/β hydrolases and review those that have been experimentally shown to interact with OPs. Among the 120 human α/β hydrolase fold proteins, 102 have a serine in the consensus GXSXG pentapeptide compatible with an active site, 6 have an aspartate or a cysteine as the active site nucleophile residue, and 12 evidently lack an active site. 76 of the 120 have been experimentally shown to bind an OP.
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Lu D, Dong D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wu B. Metabolism elucidation of BJ-B11 (a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor) by human liver microsomes: identification of main contributing enzymes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 11:1029-40. [PMID: 26073578 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1042858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to elucidate the metabolic pathways of BJ-B11, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, in human liver microsomes (HLM) and determine the main enzymes responsible for formation of each metabolite. METHODS Metabolites of BJ-B11 were identified using the ultra performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method. Esterase contributing to the hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was identified by chemical inhibition and activity correlation assays. Reaction phenotyping and kinetic studies using expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were performed to determine the contributions of CYP isozymes to BJ-B11 metabolism. RESULTS BJ-B11 was rapidly hydrolyzed to generate a deacetylated product M1-1. M1-1 was subsequently metabolized to form eight metabolites. Hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was markedly inhibited by vinblastine (a dual inhibitor of arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterase 2). By contrast, digitonin and telmisartan (the specific inhibitors for carboxylesterase 1 and carboxylesterase 2, respectively) did not inhibit BJ-B11 hydrolysis at all. Further, BJ-B11 hydrolysis was significantly correlated with hydrolysis of phenacetin (an activity marker of arylacetamide deacetylase). Moreover, reaction phenotyping revealed that metabolism of M1-1 in HLM was attributable to several CYP enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1B1, 3A4 and 3A5. CONCLUSION BJ-B11 was subjected to efficient metabolism in the liver, generating nine metabolites. BJ-B11 metabolism was contributed mainly by arylacetamide deacetylase and multiple CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Lu
- Jinan University, Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632 , China
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41
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Kurokawa T, Fukami T, Yoshida T, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide Deacetylase is Responsible for Activation of Prasugrel in Human and Dog. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:409-16. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Muta K, Fukami T, Nakajima M. A proposed mechanism for the adverse effects of acebutolol: CES2 and CYP2C19-mediated metabolism and antinuclear antibody production. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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44
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Comparison of substrate specificity among human arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:47-53. [PMID: 26164127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is an esterase responsible for the hydrolysis of some drugs, including flutamide, indiplon, phenacetin, and rifamycins. AADAC is highly expressed in the human liver, where carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes, namely, CES1 and CES2, are also expressed. It is generally recognized that CES1 prefers compounds with a large acyl moiety and a small alcohol or amine moiety as substrates, whereas CES2 prefers compounds with a small acyl moiety and a large alcohol or amine moiety. In a comparison of the chemical structures of known AADAC substrates, AADAC most likely prefers compounds with the same characteristics as does CES2. However, the substrate specificity of human AADAC has not been fully clarified. To expand the knowledge of substrates of human AADAC, we measured its hydrolase activities toward 13 compounds, including known human CES1 and CES2 substrates, using recombinant enzymes expressed in Sf21 cells. Recombinant AADAC catalyzed the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate, N-monoacetyldapsone, and propanil, which possess notably small acyl moieties, and these substrates were also hydrolyzed by CES2. However, AADAC could not hydrolyze another CES2 substrate, procaine, which possesses a moderately small acyl moiety. In addition, AADAC did not hydrolyze several known CES1 substrates, including clopidogrel and oseltamivir, which have large acyl moieties and small alcohol moieties. Collectively, these results suggest that AADAC prefers compounds with smaller acyl moieties than does CES2. The role of AADAC in the hydrolysis of drugs has been clarified. For this reason, AADAC should receive attention in ADMET studies during drug development.
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45
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Uno Y, Hosokawa M, Imai T. Isolation and characterization of arylacetamide deacetylase in cynomolgus macaques. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:721-4. [PMID: 25715734 PMCID: PMC4488411 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), a microsomal serine esterase, hydrolyzes drugs, such as flutamide, phenacetin and rifampicin. Because AADAC has not been fully investigated at molecular levels in cynomolgus macaques, the non-human primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies, cynomolgus AADAC cDNA was isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence, highly homologous (92%) to human AADAC, was more closely clustered with human AADAC than the dog, rat or mouse ortholog in a phylogenetic tree. AADAC was flanked by AADACL2 and SUCNR1 in the cynomolgus and human genomes. Moreover, relatively abundant expression of AADAC mRNA was found in liver and jejunum, the drug-metabolizing organs, in cynomolgus macaques, similar to humans. The results suggest molecular similarities of AADAC between cynomolgus macaques and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
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46
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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47
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Thomsen R, Nielsen LM, Holm NB, Rasmussen HB, Linnet K. Synthetic cannabimimetic agents metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:565-76. [PMID: 25346527 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabimimetic agents are a large group of diverse compounds which act as agonists at cannabinoid receptors. Since 2004, synthetic cannabinoids have been used recreationally, although several of the compounds have been shown to cause severe toxicity in humans. In this study, the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA, was investigated by using human liver microsomes (HLM). For both compounds, a major metabolic pathway was the enzymatic hydrolysis of the primary amide, resulting in the major metabolites AB-PINACA-COOH and AB-FUBINACA-COOH. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-PINACA and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-FUBINACA. To identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the amide hydrolysis, incubations with recombinant carboxylesterases and human serum, as well as inhibition studies in HLM and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM) were performed. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was identified as the major human hepatic and pulmonary enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis.We employed similar studies to identify the esterase(s) involved in the previously described hydrolytic metabolism of two quinolineindole synthetic cannabinoids, PB-22 and 5F-PB-22, as well as the closely related compound, BB-22. Our investigations again revealed CES1 to be the key enzyme catalyzing these reactions. The identified major metabolites of AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA are likely to be useful in documenting drug usage in forensic and clinical screening. Additionally, the identification of CES1 as the main enzyme hydrolyzing these compounds improves our knowledge in the emerging field of xenobiotic metabolism by esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line M Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels B Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Screening of Specific Inhibitors for Human Carboxylesterases or Arylacetamide Deacetylase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Zhang C, Xu Y, Zhong Q, Li X, Gao P, Feng C, Chu Q, Chen Y, Liu D. In vitro evaluation of the inhibitory potential of pharmaceutical excipients on human carboxylesterase 1A and 2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93819. [PMID: 24699684 PMCID: PMC3974814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major forms of human carboxylesterase (CES), CES1A and CES2, dominate the pharmacokinetics of most prodrugs such as imidapril and irinotecan (CPT-11). Excipients, largely used as insert vehicles in formulation, have been recently reported to affect drug enzyme activity. The influence of excipients on the activity of CES remains undefined. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 25 excipients on the activities of CES1A1 and CES2 were evaluated. Imidapril and CPT-11 were used as substrates and cultured with liver microsomes in vitro. Imidapril hydrolase activities of recombinant CES1A1 and human liver microsomes (HLM) were strongly inhibited by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (RH40) [Inhibition constant (Ki) = 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/ml and 0.20 ± 0.09 μg/ml for CES1A1, and 0.12 ± 0.03 μg/ml and 0.76 ± 0.33 μg/ml, respectively, for HLM]. The enzyme hydrolase activity of recombinant CES2 was substantially inhibited by Tween 20 and polyoxyl 35 castor oil (EL35) (K(i) = 0.93 ± 0.36 μg/ml and 4.4 ± 1.24 μg/ml, respectively). Thus, these results demonstrate that surfactants such as SLS, RH40, Tween 20 and EL35 may attenuate the CES activity; such inhibition should be taken into consideration during drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanjiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaoni Zhong
- Hubei Pharmaceutical Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyang Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Ito Y, Kurokawa T, Kariya M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Indiplon Is Hydrolyzed by Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:751-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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