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Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
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2
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Kozlov M, Bolshakov KM, Kolotyrkina NG, Zavarzin IV. Synthesis of Benzothiazole‐ and Benzoxazole‐2‐carboxamides by 2‐Chloracetamides and 2‐Amino(thio)phenols Cyclocondensation with Elemental Sulfur in Water. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kozlov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN 22 Leninsky Ave, 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Konstantin M. Bolshakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN 22 RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Natalia G. Kolotyrkina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN 30 RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor V. Zavarzin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN 22 RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Zhu Y, Zhang H, Ma S, Miao L, Jin G, Li J, Nuerkaman T, Sun Q, Liu Y, Yin S. Stereoselective quantitative analysis of ranolazine in plasma and tissue samples: application in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase mode high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of ranolazine enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Lizhi Miao
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang SYRICI Testing Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Ge Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tohutanguli Nuerkaman
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiruo Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
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Darnell M, Breitholtz K, Isin EM, Jurva U, Weidolf L. Significantly Different Covalent Binding of Oxidative Metabolites, Acyl Glucuronides, and S-Acyl CoA Conjugates Formed from Xenobiotic Carboxylic Acids in Human Liver Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:886-96. [PMID: 25803559 DOI: 10.1021/tx500514z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic carboxylic acids may be metabolized to oxidative metabolites, acyl glucuronides, and/or S-acyl-CoA thioesters (CoA conjugates) in vitro, e.g., in hepatocytes, and in vivo. These metabolites can potentially be reactive species and bind covalently to tissue proteins and are generally considered to mediate adverse drug reactions in humans. Acyl glucuronide metabolites have been the focus of reactive metabolite research for decades, whereas drug-CoA conjugates, which have been shown to be up to 40-70 times more reactive, have been given much less attention. In an attempt to dissect the contribution of different pathways to covalent binding, we utilized human liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH, uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), or CoA to evaluate the reactivity of each metabolite separately. Seven carboxylic acid drugs were included in this study. While ibuprofen and tolmetin are still on the market, ibufenac, fenclozic acid, tienilic acid, suprofen, and zomepirac were stopped before their launch or withdrawn. The reactivities of the CoA conjugates of ibuprofen, ibufenac, fenclozic acid, and tolmetin were higher compared to those of their corresponding oxidative metabolites and acyl glucuronides, as measured by the level of covalent binding to human liver microsomal proteins. The highest covalent binding was observed for ibuprofenyl-CoA and ibufenacyl-CoA, to levels of 1000 and 8600 pmol drug eq/mg protein, respectively. In contrast and in agreement with the proposed P450-mediated toxicity for these drug molecules, the reactivities of oxidative metabolites of suprofen and tienilic acid were higher compared to the reactivities of their conjugated metabolites, with NADPH-dependent covalent binding of 250 pmol drug eq/mg protein for both drugs. The seven drugs all formed UDPGA-dependent acyl glucuronides, but none of these resulted in covalent binding. This study shows that, unlike studies with hepatocytes or in vivo, human liver microsomes provide an opportunity to investigate the reactivity of individual metabolites.
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Determination of Pharmacokinetics Differences of Ammuxetine Isomers in Rat Plasma Using On-Line Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Horng H, Benet LZ. The nonenzymatic reactivity of the acyl-linked metabolites of mefenamic acid toward amino and thiol functional group bionucleophiles. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1923-33. [PMID: 23975029 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mefenamic acid (MFA), a carboxylic acid-containing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is metabolized into the chemically-reactive MFA-1-O-acyl-glucuronide (MFA-1-O-G), MFA-acyl-adenylate (MFA-AMP), and the MFA-S-acyl-coenzyme A (MFA-CoA), all of which are electrophilic and capable of acylating nucleophilic sites on biomolecules. In this study, we investigate the nonenzymatic ability of each MFA acyl-linked metabolite to transacylate amino and thiol functional groups on the acceptor biomolecules Gly, Tau, l-glutathione (GSH), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In vitro incubations with each of the MFA acyl-linked metabolites (1 μM) in buffer under physiologic conditions with Gly, Tau, GSH, or NAC (10 mM) revealed that MFA-CoA was 11.5- and 19.5-fold more reactive than MFA-AMP toward the acylation of cysteine-sulfhydryl groups of GSH and NAC, respectively. However, MFA-AMP was more reactive toward both Gly and Tau, 17.5-fold more reactive toward the N-acyl-amidation of taurine than its corresponding CoA thioester, while MFA-CoA displayed little reactivity toward glycine. Additionally, mefenamic acid-S-acyl-glutathione (MFA-GSH) was 5.6- and 108-fold more reactive toward NAC than MFA-CoA and MFA-AMP, respectively. In comparison with MFA-AMP and MFA-CoA, MFA-1-O-G was not significantly reactive toward all four bionucleophiles. MFA-AMP, MFA-CoA, MFA-1-O-G, MFA-GSH, and mefenamic acid-taurine were also detected in rat in vitro hepatocyte MFA (100 μM) incubations, while mefenamic acid-glycine was not. These results demonstrate that MFA-AMP selectively reacts with the amino functional groups of glycine and lysine nonenzymatically, MFA-CoA selectively reacts nonenzymatically with the thiol functional groups of GSH and NAC, and MFA-GSH reacts with the thiol functional group of GSH nonenzymatically, all of which may potentially elicit an idiosyncratic toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Horng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Darnell M, Weidolf L. Metabolism of xenobiotic carboxylic acids: focus on coenzyme A conjugation, reactivity, and interference with lipid metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1139-55. [PMID: 23790050 DOI: 10.1021/tx400183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While xenobiotic carboxylic acids (XCAs) have been studied extensively with respect to their enzymatic conversion to potentially reactive acyl glucuronides with implications to drug induced hepatotoxicity, the formation of xenobiotic-S-acyl-CoA thioesters (xenobiotic-CoAs) have been much less studied in spite of data indicating that such conjugates may be equally or more reactive than the corresponding acyl glucuronides. This review addresses enzymes and cell organelles involved in the formation of xenobiotic-CoAs, the reactivity of such conjugates toward biological macromolecules, and in vitro and in vivo methodology to assess consequences of such reactivity. Further, the propensity of xenobiotic-CoAs to interfere with endogenous lipid metabolism, e.g., inhibition of β-oxidation or depletion of the CoA or carnitine pools, adds to the complexity of the potential contribution of XCAs to hepatotoxicity by a number of mechanisms in addition to those in common with the corresponding acyl glucuronides. On the basis of our review of the literature on xenobiotic-CoA conjugates, there appear to be a number of gaps in our understanding of the bioactivation of XCA both with respect to the mechanisms involved and the experimental approaches to distinguish between the role of acyl glucuronides and xenobiotic-CoA conjugates. These aspects are focused upon and described in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Darnell
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölnda l, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Horng H, Benet LZ. Characterization of the acyl-adenylate linked metabolite of mefenamic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:465-76. [PMID: 23402341 DOI: 10.1021/tx300520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mefenamic acid, (MFA), a carboxylic acid-containing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is metabolized into the chemically reactive conjugates MFA-1-O-acyl-glucuronide (MFA-1-O-G) and MFA-S-acyl-CoA (MFA-CoA), which are both implicated in the formation of MFA-S-acyl-glutathione (MFA-GSH) conjugates, protein-adduct formation, and thus the potential toxicity of the drug. However, current studies suggest that an additional acyl-linked metabolite may be implicated in the formation of MFA-GSH. In the present study, we investigated the ability of MFA to become bioactivated into the acyl-linked metabolite, mefenamyl-adenylate (MFA-AMP). In vitro incubations in rat hepatocytes with MFA (100 μM), followed by LC-MS/MS analyses of extracts, led to the detection of MFA-AMP. In these incubations, the initial rate of MFA-AMP formation was rapid, leveling off at a maximum concentration of 90.1 nM (20 s), while MFA-GSH formation increased linearly, reaching a concentration of 1.7 μM after 60 min of incubation. In comparison, MFA-CoA was undetectable in incubation extracts until the 4 min time point, achieving a concentration of 45.6 nM at the 60 min time point, and MFA-1-O-G formation was linear, attaining a concentration of 42.2 μM after 60 min of incubation. In vitro incubation in buffer with the model nucleophile glutathione (GSH) under physiological conditions showed MFA-AMP to be reactive toward GSH, but 11-fold less reactive than MFA-CoA, while MFA-1-O-G exhibited little reactivity. However, in the presence of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), MFA-AMP mediated formation of MFA-GSH increased 6-fold, while MFA-CoA mediated formation of MFA-GSH only increased 1.4-fold. Collectively, in addition to the MFA-1-O-G, these results demonstrate that mefenamic acid does become bioactivated by acyl-CoA synthetase enzyme(s) in vitro in rat hepatocytes into the reactive transacylating derivatives MFA-AMP and MFA-CoA, both of which contribute to the transacylation of GSH and may be involved in the formation of protein adducts and potentially elicit an idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Horng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, CA, USA
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Grillo MP, Tadano Lohr M, Wait JCM. Metabolic Activation of Mefenamic Acid Leading to Mefenamyl-S-Acyl-Glutathione Adduct Formation In Vitro and In Vivo in Rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1515-26. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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