1
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Barata IS, Rueff J, Kranendonk M, Esteves F. Pleiotropy of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 in Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:575-603. [PMID: 38804287 PMCID: PMC11130977 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological compounds. Modulation of CYP activity impacts the detoxification of xenobiotics as well as endogenous pathways such as steroid and fatty acid metabolism, thus playing a central role in homeostasis. This review is focused on nine main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current PGRMC1 research, focusing on its role in CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Firstly, a general overview of the main aspects of xenobiotic metabolism is presented (I), followed by an overview of the role of the CYP enzymatic complex (IIa), a section on human disorders associated with defects in CYP enzyme complex activity (IIb), and a brief account of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5)'s effect on CYP activity (IIc). Subsequently, we present a background overview of the history of the molecular characterization of PGRMC1 (III), regarding its structure, expression, and intracellular location (IIIa), and its heme-binding capability and dimerization (IIIb). The next section reflects the different effects PGRMC1 may have on CYP activity (IV), presenting a description of studies on the direct effects on CYP activity (IVa), and a summary of pathways in which PGRMC1's involvement may indirectly affect CYP activity (IVb). The last section of the review is focused on the current challenges of research on the effect of PGRMC1 on CYP activity (V), presenting some future perspectives of research in the field (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Barata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
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2
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Wang C, Tian Q. Diagnostic challenges and management advances in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency, a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with 46, XX karyotype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1226387. [PMID: 37635957 PMCID: PMC10453803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1226387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia that can manifest with skeletal malformations, ambiguous genitalia, and menstrual disorders caused by cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) mutations affecting electron transfer to all microsomal cytochrome P450 and some non-P450 enzymes involved in cholesterol, sterol, and drug metabolism. With the advancement of molecular biology and medical genetics, increasing numbers of PORD cases were reported, and the clinical spectrum of PORD was extended with studies on underlying mechanisms of phenotype-genotype correlations and optimum treatment. However, diagnostic challenges and management dilemma still exists because of unawareness of the condition, the overlapping manifestations with other disorders, and no clear guidelines for treatment. Delayed diagnosis and management may result in improper sex assignment, loss of reproductive capacity because of surgical removal of ruptured ovarian macro-cysts, and life-threatening conditions such as airway obstruction and adrenal crisis. The clinical outcomes and prognosis, which are influenced by specific POR mutations, the presence of additional genetic or environmental factors, and management, include early death due to developmental malformations or adrenal crisis, bilateral oophorectomies after spontaneous rupture of ovarian macro-cysts, genital ambiguity, abnormal pubertal development, and nearly normal phenotype with successful pregnancy outcomes by assisted reproduction. Thus, timely diagnosis including prenatal diagnosis with invasive and non-invasive techniques and appropriate management is essential to improve patients' outcomes. However, even in cases with conclusive diagnosis, comprehensive assessment is needed to avoid severe complications, such as chromosomal test to help sex assignment and evaluation of adrenal function to detect partial adrenal insufficiency. In recent years, it has been noted that proper hormone replacement therapy can lead to decrease or resolve of ovarian macro-cysts, and healthy babies can be delivered by in vitro fertilization and frozen embryo transfer following adequate control of multiple hormonal imbalances. Treatment may be complicated with adverse effects on drug metabolism caused by POR mutations. Unique challenges occur in female PORD patients such as ovarian macro-cysts prone to spontaneous rupture, masculinized genitalia without progression after birth, more frequently affected pubertal development, and impaired fertility. Thus, this review focuses only on 46, XX PORD patients to summarize the potential molecular pathogenesis, differential diagnosis of classic and non-classic PORD, and tailoring therapy to maintain health, avoid severe complications, and promote fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Esteves F, Almeida CMM, Silva S, Saldanha I, Urban P, Rueff J, Pompon D, Truan G, Kranendonk M. Single Mutations in Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Can Alter the Specificity of Human Cytochrome P450 1A2-Mediated Caffeine Metabolism. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1083. [PMID: 37509119 PMCID: PMC10377444 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique cytochrome P450 (CYP) oxidoreductase (CPR) sustains activities of human microsomal CYPs. Its function requires toggling between a closed conformation enabling electron transfers from NADPH to FAD and then FMN cofactors and open conformations forming complexes and transferring electrons to CYPs. We previously demonstrated that distinct features of the hinge region linking the FAD and FMN domain (FD) modulate conformer poses and their interactions with CYPs. Specific FD residues contribute in a CYP isoform-dependent manner to the recognition and electron transfer mechanisms that are additionally modulated by the structure of CYP-bound substrate. To obtain insights into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed how hinge region and FD mutations influence CYP1A2-mediated caffeine metabolism. Activities, metabolite profiles, regiospecificity and coupling efficiencies were evaluated in regard to the structural features and molecular dynamics of complexes bearing alternate substrate poses at the CYP active site. Studies reveal that FD variants not only modulate CYP activities but surprisingly the regiospecificity of reactions. Computational approaches evidenced that the considered mutations are generally in close contact with residues at the FD-CYP interface, exhibiting induced fits during complexation and modified dynamics depending on caffeine presence and orientation. It was concluded that dynamic coupling between FD mutations, the complex interface and CYP active site exist consistently with the observed regiospecific alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M M Almeida
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Portugal), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Water Quality, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Silva
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Water Quality, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Saldanha
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philippe Urban
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Denis Pompon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - Gilles Truan
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Mishin V, Heck DE, Jan YH, Richardson JR, Laskin JD. Distinct effects of form selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors on cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenase and hydrogen peroxide generating NADPH oxidase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 455:116258. [PMID: 36174671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is their ability to generate H2O2, either directly or indirectly via superoxide anion, a reaction referred to as "NADPH oxidase" activity. H2O2 production by CYPs can lead to the accumulation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species which can compromise cellular functioning and contribute to tissue injury. Herein we determined if form selective CYP inhibitors could distinguish between the activities of the monooxygenase and NADPH oxidase activities of rat recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 and CYP1A1/2-enriched β-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver microsomes, CYP2E1-enriched isoniazide-induced rat liver microsomes and CYP3A subfamily-enriched dexamethasone-induced rat liver microsomes. In the presence of 7,8-benzoflavone (2.0 μM) for CYP1A2 and 4-methylpyrazole (32 μM) or DMSO (16 mM) for CYP2E1, monooxygenase activity was blocked without affecting NADPH oxidase activity for both the recombinant enzymes and microsomal preparations. Ketoconazole (1.0 μM), a form selective inhibitor for CYP3A subfamily enzymes, completely inhibited monooxygenase activity of rat recombinant CYP3A1/3A2 and CYP3A subfamily in rat liver microsomes; it also partially inhibited NADPH oxidase activity. 7,8-benzoflavone is a type I ligand, which competes with substrate binding, while 4-methylpyrazole and DMSO are type II heme binding ligands. Interactions of heme with these type II ligands was not sufficient to interfere with oxygen activation, which is required for NADPH oxidase activity. Ketoconazole, a type II ligand known to bind multiple sites on CYP3A subfamily enzymes in close proximity to heme, also interfered, at least in part, with oxygen activation. These data indicate that form specific inhibitors can be used to distinguish between monooxygenase reactions and H2O2 generating NADPH oxidase of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1. Mechanisms by which ketoconazole inhibits CYP3A NADPH oxidase remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Reed JR, Guidry JJ, Backes WL. Proteomic and bioinformatics analysis of membrane lipid domains after Brij 98 solubilization of uninduced and phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes: Defining the membrane localization of the P450 enzyme system. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:374-385. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Esteves F, Urban P, Rueff J, Truan G, Kranendonk M. Interaction Modes of Microsomal Cytochrome P450s with Its Reductase and the Role of Substrate Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6669. [PMID: 32933097 PMCID: PMC7555755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of microsomal cytochromes P450 (CYP) is strictly dependent on the supply of electrons provided by NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). The variant nature of the isoform-specific proximal interface of microsomal CYPs implies that the interacting interface between the two proteins is degenerated. Recently, we demonstrated that specific CPR mutations in the FMN-domain (FD) may induce a gain in activity for a specific CYP isoform. In the current report, we confirm the CYP isoform dependence of CPR's degenerated binding by demonstrating that the effect of four of the formerly studied FD mutants are indeed exclusive of a specific CYP isoform, as verified by cytochrome c inhibition studies. Moreover, the nature of CYP's substrate seems to have a modulating role in the CPR:CYP interaction. In silico molecular dynamics simulations of the FD evidence that mutations induces very subtle structural alterations, influencing the characteristics of residues formerly implicated in the CPR:CYP interaction or in positioning of the FMN moiety. CPR seems therefore to be able to form effective interaction complexes with its structural diverse partners via a combination of specific structural features of the FD, which are functional in a CYP isoform dependent manner, and dependent on the substrate bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteves
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Philippe Urban
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, CEDEX 04, 31077 Toulouse, France; (P.U.); (G.T.)
| | - José Rueff
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Gilles Truan
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, CEDEX 04, 31077 Toulouse, France; (P.U.); (G.T.)
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
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7
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Esteves F, Campelo D, Gomes BC, Urban P, Bozonnet S, Lautier T, Rueff J, Truan G, Kranendonk M. The Role of the FMN-Domain of Human Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase in Its Promiscuous Interactions With Structurally Diverse Redox Partners. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:299. [PMID: 32256365 PMCID: PMC7094780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) is the obligatory electron supplier that sustains the activity of microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The variant nature of the isoform-specific proximal interface of microsomal CYPs indicates that CPR is capable of multiple degenerated interactions with CYPs for electron transfer, through different binding mechanisms, and which are still not well-understood. Recently, we showed that CPR dynamics allows formation of open conformations that can be sampled by its structurally diverse redox partners in a CYP-isoform dependent manner. To further investigate the role of the CPR FMN-domain in effective binding of CPR to its diverse acceptors and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms, five different CPR-FMN-domain random mutant libraries were created. These libraries were screened for mutants with increased activity when combined with specific CYP-isoforms. Seven CPR-FMN-domain mutants were identified, supporting a gain in activity for CYP1A2 (P117H, G144C, A229T), 2A6 (P117L/L125V, G175D, H183Y), or 3A4 (N151D). Effects were evaluated using extended enzyme kinetic analysis, cytochrome b 5 competition, ionic strength effect on CYP activity, and structural analysis. Mutated residues were located either in or adjacent to several acidic amino acid stretches - formerly indicated to be involved in CPR:CYP interactions - or close to two tyrosine residues suggested to be involved in FMN binding. Several of the identified positions co-localize with mutations found in naturally occurring CPR variants that were previously shown to cause CYP-isoform-dependent effects. The mutations do not seem to significantly alter the geometry of the FMN-domain but are likely to cause very subtle alterations leading to improved interaction with a specific CYP. Overall, these data suggest that CYPs interact with CPR using an isoform specific combination of several binding motifs of the FMN-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteves
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Huma Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Campelo
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Huma Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa Gomes
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Huma Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philippe Urban
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliqu es de Toulouse, Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Universit de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliqu es de Toulouse, Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Universit de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Lautier
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliqu es de Toulouse, Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Universit de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - José Rueff
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Huma Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gilles Truan
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliqu es de Toulouse, Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Universit de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Huma Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rueff J, Rodrigues AS, Kranendonk M. A personally guided tour on some of our data with the Ames assay-A tribute to Professor Bruce Ames. Mutat Res 2019; 846:503094. [PMID: 31585631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contributing to this Special Issue of Mutation Research dedicated to Professor Bruce N. Ames in recognition of his 90th birthday in December 2018, we intend to portray the importance not only of the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay in some of our studies over the years, but also the importance of the insight that Bruce Ames brought to the field of genetic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rueff
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, nº 6, 1150-008, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A S Rodrigues
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, nº 6, 1150-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Kranendonk
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, nº 6, 1150-008, Lisboa, Portugal
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Strohmaier SJ, Huang W, Baek JM, Hunter DJB, Gillam EMJ. Rational evolution of the cofactor-binding site of cytochrome P450 reductase yields variants with increased activity towards specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. FEBS J 2019; 286:4473-4493. [PMID: 31276316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the natural redox partner of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. CPR shows a stringent preference for NADPH over the less expensive cofactor, NADH, economically limiting its use as a biocatalyst. The complexity of cofactor-linked CPR protein dynamics and the incomplete understanding of the interaction of CPR with both cofactors and electron acceptors present challenges for the successful rational engineering of a CPR with enhanced activity with NADH. Here, we report a rational evolution approach to enhance the activity of CPR with NADH, in which mutations were introduced into the NADPH-binding flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain. Multiple CPR mutants that used NADH more effectively than the wild-type CPR in the reduction of the surrogate electron acceptor, cytochrome c were found. However, most were inactive in supporting P450 activity, arguing against the use of cytochrome c as a surrogate electron acceptor. Unexpectedly, several mutants showed significantly improved activity towards CYP2C9 (mutant 1-014) and/or CYP2A6 (mutants 1-014, 1-015, 1-053 and 1-077) using NADPH, even though the mutations were introduced at locations remote from the putative CPR-P450 interaction face. Therefore, mutations at sites in the FAD domain of CPR may be promising future engineering targets to enhance P450-mediated substrate turnover. ENZYMES: NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase - EC 1.6.2.4; cytochrome P450 - EC 1.14.14.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Weiliang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jong-Min Baek
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominic J B Hunter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Campelo D, Esteves F, Brito Palma B, Costa Gomes B, Rueff J, Lautier T, Urban P, Truan G, Kranendonk M. Probing the Role of the Hinge Segment of Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase in the Interaction with Cytochrome P450. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123914. [PMID: 30563285 PMCID: PMC6321550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the unique redox partner of microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYPs). CPR exists in a conformational equilibrium between open and closed conformations throughout its electron transfer (ET) function. Previously, we have shown that electrostatic and flexibility properties of the hinge segment of CPR are critical for ET. Three mutants of human CPR were studied (S243P, I245P and R246A) and combined with representative human drug-metabolizing CYPs (isoforms 1A2, 2A6 and 3A4). To probe the effect of these hinge mutations different experimental approaches were employed: CYP bioactivation capacity of pre-carcinogens, enzyme kinetic analysis, and effect of the ionic strength and cytochrome b5 (CYB5) on CYP activity. The hinge mutations influenced the bioactivation of pre-carcinogens, which seemed CYP isoform and substrate dependent. The deviations of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters uncovered tend to confirm this discrepancy, which was confirmed by CYP and hinge mutant specific salt/activity profiles. CPR/CYB5 competition experiments indicated a less important role of affinity in CPR/CYP interaction. Overall, our data suggest that the highly flexible hinge of CPR is responsible for the existence of a conformational aggregate of different open CPR conformers enabling ET-interaction with structural varied redox partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campelo
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Esteves
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Brito Palma
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Costa Gomes
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José Rueff
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Thomas Lautier
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| | - Philippe Urban
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| | - Gilles Truan
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Esteves F, Campelo D, Urban P, Bozonnet S, Lautier T, Rueff J, Truan G, Kranendonk M. Human cytochrome P450 expression in bacteria: Whole-cell high-throughput activity assay for CYP1A2, 2A6 and 3A4. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:134-140. [PMID: 30308189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are key enzymes involved in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. A wide array of in vitro methodologies, including recombinant sources, are currently been used to assess CYP catalysis, to identify the metabolic profile of compounds, potential drug-drug interactions, protein-protein interactions in the CYP enzyme complex and the role of polymorphic enzymes. We report here on a bacterial whole-cells high-throughput method for the activity evaluation of human CYP1A2, 2A6, and 3A4, when sustained by NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR), in the absence or presence of cytochrome b5 (CYB5). This new assay consists of a microplate real-time fluorometric method, with direct measurement of metabolite formation, in a suspension of Escherichia coli BTC-CYP bacteria, a human CYP competent tester strain when incubated with specific fluorogenic substrates. Overall, the maximum turnover (kcat) velocities of the three human CYPs resulting from the whole-BTC cells assays were similar to those obtained when applying the corresponding standard reference membrane fractions assays. CYP activity screening with co-expression of CYB5 suggests an enhancing effect of CYB5 on the kcat of specific isoforms, when using the whole-BTC cells assay. Our results demonstrate that this new approach can offer an efficient high-throughput method for screening of CYP1A2, 2A6 and 3A4 activity and can be potentially applicable for other human CYPs. This can be of particular use for timely and efficient screening of chemical libraries or mutant libraries of CYP enzyme complex proteins, without the necessity for labor intensive isolation of subcellular fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteves
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. http://www.fcm.unl.pt
| | - Diana Campelo
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philippe Urban
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Lautier
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - José Rueff
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gilles Truan
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Abstract
After oral intake of drugs, drugs go through the first pass metabolism in the gut and the liver, which greatly affects the final outcome of the drugs' efficacy and side effects. The first pass metabolism is a complex process involving the gut and the liver tissue, with transport and reaction occurring simultaneously at various locations, which makes it difficult to be reproduced in vitro with conventional cell culture systems. In an effort to tackle this challenge, here we have developed a microfluidic gut-liver chip that can reproduce the dynamics of the first pass metabolism. The microfluidic chip consists of two separate layers for gut epithelial cells (Caco-2) and the liver cells (HepG2), and is designed so that drugs go through a sequential absorption in the gut chamber and metabolic reaction in the liver chamber. We fabricated the chip and showed that the two different cell lines can be successfully co-cultured on chip. When the two cells are cultured on chip, changes in the physiological function of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells were noted. The cytochrome P450 metabolic activity of both cells were significantly enhanced, and the absorptive property of Caco-2 cells on chip also changed in response to the presence of flow. Finally, first pass metabolism of a flavonoid, apigenin, was evaluated as a model compound, and co-culture of gut and liver cells on chip resulted in a metabolic profile that is closer to the reported profile than a monoculture of gut cells. This microfluidic gut-liver chip can potentially be a useful platform to study the complex first pass metabolism of drugs in vitro.
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13
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Stiborová M, Indra R, Frei E, Kopečková K, Schmeiser HH, Eckschlager T, Adam V, Heger Z, Arlt VM, Martínek V. Cytochrome b5 plays a dual role in the reaction cycle of cytochrome P450 3A4 during oxidation of the anticancer drug ellipticine. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1983-1991. [PMID: 29104319 PMCID: PMC5653753 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Ellipticine is an anticancer agent that forms covalent DNA adducts after enzymatic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, mainly by CYP3A4. This process is one of the most important ellipticine DNA-damaging mechanisms for its antitumor action. Here, we investigated the efficiencies of human hepatic microsomes and human recombinant CYP3A4 expressed with its reductase, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase (POR), NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase and/or cytochrome b5 in Supersomes™ to oxidize this drug. We also evaluated the effectiveness of coenzymes of two of the microsomal reductases, NADPH as a coenzyme of POR, and NADH as a coenzyme of NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase, to mediate ellipticine oxidation in these enzyme systems. Using HPLC analysis we detected up to five ellipticine metabolites, which were formed by human hepatic microsomes and human CYP3A4 in the presence of NADPH or NADH. Among ellipticine metabolites, 9-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxy-, and 13-hydroxyellipticine were formed by hepatic microsomes as the major metabolites, while 7-hydroxyellipticine and the ellipticine N2-oxide were the minor ones. Human CYP3A4 in Supersomes™ generated only three metabolic products, 9-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxy-, and 13-hydroxyellipticine. Using the 32P-postlabeling method two ellipticine-derived DNA adducts were generated by microsomes and the CYP3A4-Supersome system, both in the presence of NADPH and NADH. These adducts were derived from the reaction of 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine with deoxyguanosine in DNA. In the presence of NADPH or NADH, cytochrome b5 stimulated the CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of ellipticine, but the stimulation effect differed for individual ellipticine metabolites. This heme protein also stimulated the formation of both ellipticine-DNA adducts. The results demonstrate that cytochrome b5 plays a dual role in the CYP3A4-catalyzed oxidation of ellipticine: (1) cytochrome b5 mediates CYP3A4 catalytic activities by donating the first and second electron to this enzyme in its catalytic cycle, indicating that NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase can substitute NADPH-dependent POR in this enzymatic reaction and (2) cytochrome b5 can act as an allosteric modifier of the CYP3A4 oxygenase. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kopečková
- Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Eckschlager
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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14
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Flück CE, Pandey AV. Impact on CYP19A1 activity by mutations in NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:64-70. [PMID: 27032764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1), in human placenta metabolizes androgens to estrogens and uses reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) for the energy requirements of its metabolic activities. Mutations in the human POR lead to congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to loss of activities of several steroid metabolizing enzymatic reactions conducted by the cytochrome P450 proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Effect of POR mutations on different P450 activities depend on individual partner proteins. In this report we have studied the impact of mutations found in the POR on the enzymatic activity of CYP19A1. We expressed wild type as well mutant human POR proteins in bacteria and purified the recombinant proteins, which were then used in an in vitro reconstitution system in combination with CYP19A1 and lipids for enzymatic analysis. We found that several mutations as well as polymorphisms in human POR can cause reduction of CYP19A1 activity. This would affect metabolism of estrogens in people with variations of POR allele. The POR mutants Y181D and R616X were found to have no activity in supporting CYP19A1 reactions. The POR mutations Y607C and delF646 showed a loss of 60-90% activity and two polymorphic forms of POR, R316W and G413S showed similar to WT activity. One POR variant, Q153R had almost double the activity of WT. Loss of CYP19A1 activity may contribute to disordered steroidogenesis in female patients with POR mutations as well as in mothers with POR variants carrying a male child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Burkhard FZ, Parween S, Udhane SS, Flück CE, Pandey AV. P450 Oxidoreductase deficiency: Analysis of mutations and polymorphisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:38-50. [PMID: 27068427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is required for metabolic reactions of steroid and drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 proteins located in endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in POR cause a complex set of disorders resembling combined deficiencies of multiple steroid metabolizing enzymes. The P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) was first reported in patients with symptoms of defects in steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes and ambiguous genitalia, and bone malformation features resembling Antley-Bixler syndrome. POR is now classified as a separate and rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which may cause disorder of sexual development (DSD). Since the initial description of PORD in 2004, a large number of POR mutations and polymorphisms have been described. In this report we have performed computational analysis of mutations and polymorphisms in POR linked to metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics and pathology of PORD from the reported cases. The mutations in POR that were identified in patients with disruption of steroidogenesis also have severe effects on cytochrome P450 proteins involved in metabolism of drugs. Different variations in POR show a range of diverse effects on different partner proteins that are often linked to the location of the particular variants. The variations in POR that cause defective binding of co-factors always have damaging effects on all partner proteins, while the mutations causing subtle structural changes may lead to altered interaction with partner proteins and the overall effect may be different for each individual partner. Computational analysis of available sequencing data and mutation analysis shows that Japanese (R457H), Caucasian (A287P) and Turkish (399-401) populations can be linked to unique founder mutations. Other mutations identified so far were identified as rare alleles or in single isolated reports. The common polymorphism of POR is the variant A503V which can be found in about 27% of alleles in general population but there are remarkable differences among different sub populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z Burkhard
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaheena Parween
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sameer S Udhane
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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McCammon KM, Panda SP, Xia C, Kim JJP, Moutinho D, Kranendonk M, Auchus RJ, Lafer EM, Ghosh D, Martasek P, Kar R, Masters BS, Roman LJ. Instability of the Human Cytochrome P450 Reductase A287P Variant Is the Major Contributor to Its Antley-Bixler Syndrome-like Phenotype. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20487-502. [PMID: 27496950 PMCID: PMC5034044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) gene mutations are associated with severe skeletal deformities and disordered steroidogenesis. The human POR mutation A287P presents with disordered sexual development and skeletal malformations. Difficult recombinant expression and purification of this POR mutant suggested that the protein was less stable than WT. The activities of cytochrome P450 17A1, 19A1, and 21A2, critical in steroidogenesis, were similar using our purified, full-length, unmodified A287P or WT POR, as were those of several xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450, indicating that the A287P protein is functionally competent in vitro, despite its functionally deficient phenotypic behavior in vivo Differential scanning calorimetry and limited trypsinolysis studies revealed a relatively unstable A287P compared with WT protein, leading to the hypothesis that the syndrome observed in vivo results from altered POR protein stability. The crystal structures of the soluble domains of WT and A287P reveal only subtle differences between them, but these differences are consistent with the differential scanning calorimetry results as well as the differential susceptibility of A287P and WT observed with trypsinolysis. The relative in vivo stabilities of WT and A287P proteins were also examined in an osteoblast cell line by treatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, showing that the level of A287P protein post-inhibition is lower than WT and suggesting that A287P may be degraded at a higher rate. Current studies demonstrate that, unlike previously described mutations, A287P causes POR deficiency disorder due to conformational instability leading to proteolytic susceptibility in vivo, rather than through an inherent flavin-binding defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M McCammon
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Satya P Panda
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Chuanwu Xia
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jung-Ja P Kim
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Daniela Moutinho
- the Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- the Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard J Auchus
- the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eileen M Lafer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- the Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Pavel Martasek
- the Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 116 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Rekha Kar
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229,
| | - Linda J Roman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229,
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17
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Brito Palma B, Fisher CW, Rueff J, Kranendonk M. Prototype Systems Containing Human Cytochrome P450 for High-Throughput Real-Time Detection of DNA Damage by Compounds That Form DNA-Reactive Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:747-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Brito Palma
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Charles W. Fisher
- School
of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University, 1300 Coulter Avenue, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - José Rueff
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Effects of the selected cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms on cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:80-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Shahabi P, Siest G, Meyer UA, Visvikis-Siest S. Human cytochrome P450 epoxygenases: Variability in expression and role in inflammation-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:134-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Kandel SE, Lampe JN. Role of protein-protein interactions in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism and toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1474-86. [PMID: 25133307 PMCID: PMC4164225 DOI: 10.1021/tx500203s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Through their unique oxidative chemistry,
cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
(CYPs) catalyze the elimination of most drugs and toxins from the
human body. Protein–protein interactions play a critical role
in this process. Historically, the study of CYP–protein interactions
has focused on their electron transfer partners and allosteric mediators,
cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5. However, CYPs can bind
other proteins that also affect CYP function. Some examples include
the progesterone receptor membrane component 1, damage resistance
protein 1, human and bovine serum albumin, and intestinal fatty acid
binding protein, in addition to other CYP isoforms. Furthermore, disruption
of these interactions can lead to altered paths of metabolism and
the production of toxic metabolites. In this review, we summarize
the available evidence for CYP protein–protein interactions
from the literature and offer a discussion of the potential impact
of future studies aimed at characterizing noncanonical protein–protein
interactions with CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie E Kandel
- XenoTech, LLC , 16825 West 116th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66219, United States
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21
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Pandey AV, Sproll P. Pharmacogenomics of human P450 oxidoreductase. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:103. [PMID: 24847272 PMCID: PMC4023047 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) supports reactions of microsomal cytochrome P450 which metabolize drugs and steroid hormones. Mutations in POR cause disorders of sexual development. P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) was initially identified in patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome (ABS) but now it has been established as a separate disorder of sexual development (DSD). Here we are summarizing the work on variations in POR related to metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. We have compiled mutation data on reported cases of PORD from clinical studies. Mutations found in patients with defective steroid profiles impact metabolism of steroid hormones as well as drugs. Some trends are emerging that establish certain founder mutations in distinct populations, with Japanese (R457H), Caucasian (A287P), and Turkish (399–401) populations showing repeated findings of similar mutations. Most other mutations are found as single occurrences. A large number of different variants in POR gene with more than 130 amino acid changes are now listed in databases. Among the polymorphisms, the A503V is found in about 30% of all alleles but there are some differences across different population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Program in Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Sproll
- Program in Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Pharmacogenetics of P450 oxidoreductase: implications in drug metabolism and therapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:812-9. [PMID: 23047293 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328358d92b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The redox reaction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) is an important physiological and biochemical reaction in the human body, as it is involved in the oxidative metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous substrates. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the only obligate electron donor for all of the hepatic microsomal CYP enzymes. It plays a crucial role in drug metabolism and treatment by not only acting as an electron donor involved in drug metabolism mediated by CYP enzymes but also by directly inducing the transformation of some antitumor precursors. Studies have found that the gene encoding human POR is highly polymorphic, which is of considerable clinical significance as it affects the metabolism and curative effects of clinically used drugs. This review aims to discuss the effect of POR and its genetic polymorphisms on drug metabolism and therapy, as well as the potential mechanisms of POR pharmacogenetics.
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23
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Pandey AV, Flück CE. NADPH P450 oxidoreductase: structure, function, and pathology of diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:229-54. [PMID: 23353702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an enzyme that is essential for multiple metabolic processes, chiefly among them are reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 proteins for metabolism of steroid hormones, drugs and xenobiotics. Mutations in POR cause a complex set of disorders that often resemble defects in steroid metabolizing enzymes 17α-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase and aromatase. Since our initial reports of POR mutations in 2004, more than 200 different mutations and polymorphisms in POR gene have been identified. Several missense variations in POR have been tested for their effect on activities of multiple steroid and drug metabolizing P450 proteins. Mutations in POR may have variable effects on different P450 partner proteins depending on the location of the mutation. The POR mutations that disrupt the binding of co-factors have negative impact on all partner proteins, while mutations causing subtle structural changes may lead to altered interaction with specific partner proteins and the overall effect may be different for each partner. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to mutations and polymorphisms in POR and discusses these mutations in the context of historical developments in the discovery and characterization of POR as an electron transfer protein. The review is focused on the structural, enzymatic and clinical implications of the mutations linked to newly identified disorders in humans, now categorized as POR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3004 Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Tomková M, Marohnic CC, Gurwitz D, Seda O, Masters BSS, Martásek P. Identification of six novel P450 oxidoreductase missense variants in Ashkenazi and Moroccan Jewish populations. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:543-54. [PMID: 22462747 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the main electron donor to all microsomal CYPs. The possible contribution of common POR variants to inter- and intra-individual variability in drug metabolism is of great pharmacogenetic interest. AIM To search for POR polymorphic alleles and estimate their frequencies in a Jewish population. MATERIALS & METHODS We analyzed the POR gene in 301 Ashkenazi and Moroccan Jews. RESULTS A total of 30 POR SNPs were identified, nine in the noncoding regions and 21 in the protein-coding regions (ten synonymous, 11 missense). Six of these missense variants are previously undescribed (S102P, V164M, V191M, D344N, E398A and D648N). CONCLUSION The data collected in this study on missense POR SNPs, interpreted in light of the crystallographic structure of human POR, indicate that some POR missense variants may be potential biomarkers for future POR pharmacogenetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Tomková
- Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Chen X, Pan LQ, Naranmandura H, Zeng S, Chen SQ. Influence of various polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) on drug metabolic activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38495. [PMID: 22719896 PMCID: PMC3373556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is known as the sole electron donor in the metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human. However, little is known about the effect of polymorphic variants of POR on drug metabolic activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. In order to better understand the mechanism of the activity of CYPs affected by polymorphic variants of POR, six full-length mutants of POR (e.g., Y181D, A287P, K49N, A115V, S244C and G413S) were designed and then co-expressed with CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in the baculovirus-Sf9 insect cells to determine their kinetic parameters. Surprisingly, both mutants, Y181D and A287P in POR completely inhibited the CYP3A4 activity with testosterone, while the catalytic activity of CYP2B6 with bupropion was reduced to approximately ∼70% of wild-type activity by Y181D and A287P mutations. In addition, the mutant K49N of POR increased the CLint (Vmax/Km) of CYP3A4 up to more than 31% of wild-type, while it reduced the catalytic efficiency of CYP2B6 to 74% of wild-type. Moreover, CLint values of CYP3A4-POR (A115V, G413S) were increased up to 36% and 65% of wild-type respectively. However, there were no appreciable effects observed by the remaining two mutants of POR (i.e., A115V and G413S) on activities of CYP2B6. In conclusion, the extent to which the catalytic activities of CYP were altered did not only depend on the specific POR mutations but also on the isoforms of different CYP redox partners. Thereby, we proposed that the POR-mutant patients should be carefully monitored for the activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 on the prescribed medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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