1
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Yao C, Dai S, Wang C, Fu K, Wu R, Zhao X, Yao Y, Li Y. Luteolin as a potential hepatoprotective drug: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115464. [PMID: 37713990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid widely present in various traditional Chinese medicines. In recent years, luteolin has received more attention due to its impressive liver protective effect, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis and hepatoma. This article summarizes the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and toxicity of luteolin against liver diseases, and provides prospect. The results indicate that luteolin improves liver lesions through various mechanisms, including inhibiting inflammatory factors, reducing oxidative stress, regulating lipid balance, slowing down excessive aggregation of extracellular matrix, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of liver cancer cells. Pharmacokinetics research manifested that due to metabolic effects, the bioavailability of luteolin is relatively low. It is worth noting that appropriate modification, new delivery systems, and derivatives can enhance its bioavailability. Although many studies have shown that the toxicity of luteolin is minimal, strict toxicity experiments are still needed to evaluate its safety and promote its reasonable development. In addition, this study also discussed the clinical applications related to luteolin, indicating that it is a key component of commonly used liver protective drugs in clinical practice. In view of its excellent pharmacological effects, luteolin is expected to become a potential drug for the treatment of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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2
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Tuli HS, Bhushan S, Kumar A, Aggarwal P, Sak K, Ramniwas S, Vashishth K, Behl T, Rana R, Haque S, Prieto MA. Autophagy Induction by Scutellaria Flavones in Cancer: Recent Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:302. [PMID: 37259445 PMCID: PMC9962484 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In parallel with a steady rise in cancer incidence worldwide, the scientific community is increasingly focused on finding novel, safer and more efficient modalities for managing this disease. Over the past decades, natural products have been described as a significant source of new structural leads for novel drug candidates. Scutellaria root is one of the most studied natural products because of its anticancer potential. Besides just describing the cytotoxic properties of plant constituents, their molecular mechanisms of action in different cancer types are equally important. Therefore, this review article focuses on the role of the Scutellaria flavones wogonin, baicalein, baicalin, scutellarein and scutellarin in regulating the autophagic machinery in diverse cancer models, highlighting these molecules as potential lead compounds for the fight against malignant neoplasms. The knowledge that autophagy can function as a dual-edged sword, acting in both a pro- and antitumorigenic manner, further complicates the issue, revealing an amazing property of flavonoids that behave either as anti- or proautophagic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Sakshi Bhushan
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181143, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (P.B.T.I.), Phase VIII, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Kanupriya Vashishth
- Advance Cardiac Centre Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Rsearch (P.G.I.M.E.R.), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 122016, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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3
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Yang C, Zhao Q, Yang S, Wang L, Xu X, Li L, Al-Jamal WT. Intravenous Administration of Scutellarin Nanoparticles Augments the Protective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1410-1421. [PMID: 35441510 PMCID: PMC9066406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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This
study investigates the protective effect of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with
scutellarin (SCU), a flavone isolated from the traditional Chinese
medicineErigeron breviscapus (Vant.)
Hand.-Mazz., in reducing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. The focal cerebral I/R injury model was established
by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 1 h in male Sprague-Dawley
(SD) rats. Our SCU-PLGA NPs exhibited an extended in vitro release profile and prolonged blood circulation in rats with cerebral
ischemia. More importantly, when administered intravenously once a
day for 3 days, SCU-PLGA NPs increased the SCU level in the ischemic
brain, compared to free SCU, resulting in a significant reduction
of the cerebral infarct volume after cerebral I/R. Furthermore, SCU-PLGA
NPs reversed the histopathological changes caused by cerebral I/R
injury, as well as attenuated cell apoptosis in the brain tissue,
as confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin, and TUNEL staining. Our findings
have revealed that our injectable SCU-PLGA NPs provide promising protective
effects against cerebral I/R injury, which could be used in combination
with the existing conventional thrombolytic therapies to improve stroke
management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Lisu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Wafa T Al-Jamal
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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4
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Guo Z, Liu M, Meng J, Xue Y, Huang Q, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Chen Z, Yu J, Zhong D, Li G, Chen X, Diao X. Mechanistic study on the species differences in excretion pathway of HR011303 in human and rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:809-818. [PMID: 34862251 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretion of [14C]HR011303-derived radioactivity showed significant species difference. Urine (81.50% of dose) was the main excretion route in healthy male subjects, whereas feces (87.16% of dose) was the main excretion route in rats. To further elucidate the underlying cause for excretion species differences of HR011303, studies were conducted to uncover its metabolism and excretion mechanism. M5, a glucuronide metabolite of HR011303, is the main metabolite in humans and rats. Results of rat microsomes incubation study suggested that HR011303 was metabolized to M5 in the rat liver. According to previous studies, M5 is produced in both human liver and kidney microsomes. We found M5 in human liver can be transported to the blood by multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 3 and then the majority of M5 can be hydrolyzed to HR011303. HR011303 enters the human kidney or liver through passive diffusion, whereas M5 is taken up through organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. When HR011303 alone was present, it can be metabolized to M5 in both sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and excreted into bile as M5 in SCRH. Using transporter inhibitors in sandwich-cultured model and membrane vesicles that expressing MRP2 or Mrp2, we found M5 was substance of MRP2/Mrp2 and the bile efflux of M5 mainly mediated by MRP2/Mrp2. Considering the significant role of MRP3/Mrp3 and MRP2/Mrp2 in the excretion of glucuronides, the competition between them for M5 was possibly the determinant for the different excretion routes in humans and rats. Significance Statement Animal experiments are necessary to predict dosage and safety of candidate drugs prior to clinical trials. However, extrapolation results often differ from actual situation. For HR011303, excretory pathways exhibited a complete reversal, through urine in humans and feces in rats. Such phenomena have been observed in several drugs, but no in-depth studies have been conducted to date. In the present study, the excretion species differences of HR011303 can be explained by the competition for M5 between MRP2/Mrp2 and MRP3/Mrp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yaru Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinet, China
| | - Guangze Li
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | | | - Xingxing Diao
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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6
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Xia H. Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:563-591. [PMID: 34491868 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1977316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, the incidence of which is climbing with ever-growing aged population, but no cure is hitherto available. The epidemiological studies unveiled that chronic intake of flavonoids was negatively associated with AD risk. Flavonoids, a family of natural polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diets, were readily conjugated by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes after absorption in vivo, and glucuronidation could occur in 1 min following intravenous administration. Recently, as many as 191 metabolites were obtained after intragastric administration of a single flavonoid, indicating that other bioactive metabolites, besides conjugates, might be formed and account for the contradiction between efficacy of flavonoids in human or animal models and low systematic exposure of flavonoid glycosides or aglycones. In this review, metabolism of complete 68 flavonoid monomers potential for AD treatment, grouped in flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, respectively, has been systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including their unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primarily involved metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies correlations or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to reverse AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse potent flavonoids in vivo and in vitro up to date and aiming at elucidation of mechanism of actions of flavonoids on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xia
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wang X, Zhang C, Han N, Luo J, Zhang S, Wang C, Jia Z, Du S. Triglyceride-mimetic prodrugs of scutellarin enhance oral bioavailability by promoting intestinal lymphatic transport and avoiding first-pass metabolism. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1664-1672. [PMID: 34338567 PMCID: PMC8330727 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1960928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal capillary pathway is the most common way to absorb oral drugs, but for drugs with poor solubility and permeability and high first-pass metabolism, this pathway is very inefficient. Although intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic drugs or prodrugs is a promising strategy to improve the oral delivery efficiency of these drugs. The prodrug strategy for modifying compounds with Log P > 5 to promote intestinal lymphatic transport is a common approach. However, transport of poor liposoluble compounds (Log P < 0) through intestinal lymph has not been reported. Herein, triglyceride-mimetic prodrugs of scutellarin were designed and synthesized to promote intestinal lymphatic transport and increase oral bioavailability. Lymphatic transport and pharmacokinetic experiments showed that two prodrugs did promote intestinal lymphatic transport of scutellarin and the relative oral bioavailability was 2.24- and 2.45-fold of scutellarin, respectively. In summary, triglyceride-mimetic prodrugs strategy was used for the first time to study intestinal lymphatic transport of scutellarin with Log P < 0, which could further broaden the application range of drugs to improve oral bioavailability with the assistance of intestinal lymphatic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juyuan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhong Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Scutellarin is Highly Likely to be Responsible for Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by Hepatic Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide1B3. Pharm Res 2020; 37:232. [PMID: 33123800 PMCID: PMC7595966 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Scutellarin, a flavonoid derived from the plant Erigeron breviscapus, is currently widely used to treat cerebrovascular diseases, liver-related diseases, and hyperlipidemia in china and other East Asian countries. This study was to investigate the effect of scutellarin on the uptake of rosuvastatin in HEK293T cells expressing human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (hOATP1B3) and rat OATP1B2 (rOATP1B2), respectively, and the effect of scutellarin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats. Methods The newly established HEK293T cells expressing hOATP1B3 and rOATP1B2 were used to examine the effects of scutellarin and positive controls on in vitro rosuvastatin transport. After co-feeding with scutellarin, the rosuvastatin area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0–24h), the peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), time to reach Cmax (tmax), clearance (CL) and apparent clearance (CL/F) of rosuvastatin were determined in rats. Results Scutellarin inhibited hOATP1B3- and rOATP1B2-mediated rosuvastatin uptake (IC50: 45.54 ± 6.67 μM and 27.58 ± 3.97 μM) in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. After co-feeding with scutellarin, the AUC0–24h and Cmax of rosuvastatin in rats increased to 27.4% and 37.7%, respectively. The t1/2 and tmax of rosuvastatin showed no significant change. Moreover, scutellarin caused 29.2% and 28.1% decrease in the CL and CL/F of rosuvastatin. Conclusion Scutellarin may inhibit the hOATP1B3- and rOATP1B2-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vitro, and exerts a moderate inhibitory effect on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats. Scutellarin is highly likely to participate in drug-drug interactions, as mediated by OATP1B3 in humans.
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9
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Shi J, Sun C, Huang H, Lin W, Gao J, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Huo X, Tian X, Yu Z, Zhang B, Ma X. β-Glucuronidase- and OATP2B1-mediated drug interaction of scutellarin in Dengzhan Xixin Injection: A formulation aspect. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:609-619. [PMID: 32220026 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin is the major and active constituent of Dengzhan Xixin Injection (DZXX), a traditional Chinese medicine prepared from the aqueous extract of Erigeron breviscapus and widely used for the treatment of various cerebrovascular diseases in clinic. In present study, the possible pharmacokinetic differences of scutellarin after intravenous administration of scutellarin alone or DZXX were explored. Additional, the potential roles of β-glucuronidase (GLU) and OATP2B1 in drug-drug interaction (DDI) between scutellarin and constituents of DZXX were further evaluated in vitro. The plasma concentration, urinary and biliary excretion of scutellarin in rats after administration of DZXX, were significantly higher than those received scutellarin, while pharmacokinetic profile of Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide (AG) in rats was similar no matter AG or DZXX group. Furthermore, higher concentration in brain and plasma, however, lower level of scutellarin in intestine were observed after intravenous administration of DZXX. Finally, AG and caffeoylquinic acid esters were found to significantly inhibit GLU and OATP2B1 in vitro, which might explain, at least in part, the pharmacokinetic DDI between scutellarin and other chemical constituents in DZXX. The findings provided deep insight into the prescription-formulating principle in DZXX for treating the cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huilian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanhe Lin
- Yunnan Biovalley Pharmaceutical Company, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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10
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Xiong LL, Du RL, Xue LL, Jiang Y, Huang J, Chen L, Liu J, Wang TH. Anti-colorectal cancer effects of scutellarin revealed by genomic and proteomic analysis. Chin Med 2020; 15:28. [PMID: 32226478 PMCID: PMC7098127 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer, one of the most common digestive tumors with high mortality and morbidity worldwide, currently lacks effective therapies available to improve the prognosis. This study was aimed to investigate the potency of Scutellarin against colorectal cancers, and explore the related mechanism via genomic and proteomic analysis. Methods Cell counting kit-8 assay was employed to detect the viability of HCT-116 and RKO cell lines treated with Scutellarin. The apoptosis of HCT-116 and RKO cells after Scutellarin administration was determined by TUNEL staining and Caspase 3/7 activity. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry analysis. The wound healing and transwell invasion test detected the role of Scutellarin in migration and invasion of HCT-116 and RKO cells. Meanwhile, the energy metabolism and growth of tumor tissues in vivo at day 28 were observed by PET-CT after Scutellarin administration with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg into 4-week-old nude mice. Blood routine and liver functions were also detected to evaluate the side effect of Scutellarin. Furthermore, the disease and function classifications which the differentially expressed genes and proteins involved after Scutellarin treatment were determined by genomic and proteomic analysis respectively. Results The Scutellarin inhibited the migration and increased apoptosis of HCT-116 and RKO cell lines. Besides, Scutellarin treatment substantially decreased the growth and volume of colorectal tumors in nude mice without side effects on the blood routine and liver function. The differentially expressed genes in RKO cells after Scutellarin administration were mainly enriched in cell death and survival, organismal injury and abnormalities, and cancer. In addition, forty-seven upregulated and twenty-nine downregulated proteins were identified. Functional clustering analysis exhibited enriched biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions and related pathways of these proteins in cellular metabolic. Then protein–protein interactions analysis showed the regulatory relationship among these differentially expressed proteins. Conclusions Taken together, the present findings revealed that Scutellarin exerted significant antitumor effect with no side effects in the blood and liver by regulating various important molecules in tumor proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- 1Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,3Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People's Republic of China.,4School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- 1Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- 2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
| | - Ya Jiang
- 2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
| | - Jin Huang
- 2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
| | - Li Chen
- 1Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jia Liu
- 2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- 1Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,2Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
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11
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Wang L, Ma Q. Clinical benefits and pharmacology of scutellarin: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:105-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Gao C, Liao MZ, Han LW, Thummel KE, Mao Q. Hepatic Transport of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Conjugates: A Mechanism of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Delivery to the Intestinal Tract. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:581-591. [PMID: 29467214 PMCID: PMC5896369 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is an important prohormone critical for maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body and regulating drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), the most abundant circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, is further transformed to the biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25-(OH)2D3) by CYP27B1 in the kidney and extrarenal tissues, and to nonactive metabolites by other cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, 25OHD3 undergoes sulfation and glucuronidation in the liver, forming two major conjugative metabolites, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate (25OHD3-S) and 25OHD3-3-O-glucuronide (25OHD3-G), both of which were detected in human blood and bile. Considering that the conjugates excreted into the bile may be circulated to and reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen, deconjugated to 25OHD3, and then converted to 1α,25-(OH)2D3, exerting local intestinal cellular effects, it is crucial to characterize enterohepatic transport mechanisms of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G, and thereby understand and predict mechanisms of interindividual variability in mineral homeostasis. In the present study, with plasma membrane vesicle and cell-based transport studies, we showed that 25OHD3-G is a substrate of multidrug resistance proteins 2 and 3, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, and that 25OHD3-S is probably a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein, OATP2B1, and OATP1B3. We also demonstrated sinusoidal and canalicular efflux of both conjugates using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Given substantial expression of these transporters in liver hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes, this study demonstrates for the first time that transporters could play important roles in the enterohepatic circulation of 25OHD3 conjugates, providing an alternative pathway of 25OHD3 delivery to the intestinal tract, which could be critical for vitamin D receptor-dependent gene regulation in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Z Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lyrialle W Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Chledzik S, Strawa J, Matuszek K, Nazaruk J. Pharmacological Effects of Scutellarin, An Active Component of Genus Scutellaria and Erigeron: A Systematic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:319-337. [PMID: 29433387 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid compound scutellarin (Scu) is quite frequently met in the plant kingdom, particularly in the genus Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) and Erigeron (Asteraceae). The extract of the herb of Erigeron breviscapus, containing this component in high amount, has been used for many years in traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, studies have made great progress on the usefulness of Scu for treating various diseases by testing its mechanism of action. They support the traditional use of Scu rich plant in heart and cerebral ischemia. Scu can potentially be applied in Alzheimer's disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, vascular complications of diabetes and as an inhibitor of certain carcinomas. Various methods were designed to improve its isolation from plant material, solubility, absorption and bioavailability. On the basis of recent studies, it is suggested that Scu could be a promising candidate for new natural drug and deserves particular attention in further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Chledzik
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matuszek
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Nazaruk
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Wang Q, Shi R, Dai Y, Li Y, Wang T, Ma Y, Cheng N. Mechanism in the existent difference in form of wogonin/wogonoside between plasma and intestine/liver in rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3364-3373. [PMID: 35542957 PMCID: PMC9077764 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wogonin (WO) and its glucuronide, wogonoside (WG) exhibit various beneficial bioactivities that may have potential for the development of novel drugs. In this study, we determined their pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats after intragastric administration of WO and intraportal vein injection of WG. WG was the predominant form in the portal vein and body plasma, and in bile; WO was detected only in the small intestine and liver. WG is a substrate of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 1, 2, 3, and 4, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 and OATP1B3. Metabolism studies indicated that WG formation and WO decrease had similar CLint values in rat intestine S9 (RIS9) and rat liver microsome (RLM), and that the hydrolysis rate of WG in RIS9 and rat liver S9 (RLS9) was fast. Thus, WG could be excreted into the intestinal tract by MRP2, and transported into mesenteric blood by MRP1, 3, and 4. OATP2B1 and OATP1B3 mediated the hepatic uptake of WG and MRPs mediated WG efflux to the bile and circulation. The high transport capability of MRPs for WG and the fast hydrolysis in the small intestine and liver may be responsible for the presence of WO in these tissues. OATPs, MRPs, UGTs and β-glucuronidase mediate the difference of exposure form of wogonin and wogonoside in plasma and tissues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- People's Republic of China
| | - Nengneng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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15
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Jiang P, Zhang X, Huang Y, Cheng N, Ma Y. Hepatotoxicity Induced by Sophora flavescens and Hepatic Accumulation of Kurarinone, a Major Hepatotoxic Constituent of Sophora flavescens in Rats. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111809. [PMID: 29068394 PMCID: PMC6150336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that kurarinone was the main hepatotoxic ingredient of Sophora flavescens, accumulating in the liver. This study characterized the mechanism of Sophora flavescens extract (ESF) hepatotoxicity and hepatic accumulation of kurarinone. ESF impaired hepatic function and caused fat accumulation in the liver after oral administration (1.25 and 2.5 g/kg for 14 days in rats). Serum metabolomics evaluation based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was conducted and real-time PCR was used to determine the expression levels of CPT-1, CPT-2, PPAR-α, and LCAD genes. Effects of kurarinone on triglyceride levels were evaluated in HL-7702 cells. Tissue distribution of kurarinone and kurarinone glucuronides was analyzed in rats receiving ESF (2.5 g/kg). Active uptake of kurarinone and kurarinone glucuronides was studied in OAT2-, OATP1B1-, OATP2B1-, and OATP1B3-transfected HEK293 cells. Our results revealed that after oral administration of ESF in rats, kurarinone glucuronides were actively transported into hepatocytes by OATP1B3 and hydrolyzed into kurarinone, which inhibited fatty acid β-oxidation through the reduction of l-carnitine and the inhibition of PPAR-α pathway, ultimately leading to lipid accumulation and liver injury. These findings contribute to understanding hepatotoxicity of kurarinone after oral administration of ESF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiuwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye Ear Nose Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yutong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Nengneng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Yu J, Zhou Z, Tay-Sontheimer J, Levy RH, Ragueneau-Majlessi I. Intestinal Drug Interactions Mediated by OATPs: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Findings. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2312-2325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of luteolin and its major metabolites in rats: Metabolites predominate in blood, tissues and are mainly excreted via bile. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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18
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Yang G, Ge S, Singh R, Basu S, Shatzer K, Zen M, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang C, Wei J, Shi J, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gao S, Hu M. Glucuronidation: driving factors and their impact on glucuronide disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:105-138. [PMID: 28266877 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the (polarized) excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations. Taken together, these recent research advances indicate that although UGT determines the rate and extent of glucuronide generation, the efflux and uptake transporters determine the distribution of these glucuronides into blood and then to various organs for elimination. Recycling schemes impact the apparent plasma half-life of parent compounds and their glucuronides that reach intestinal lumen, in addition to prolonging their gut and colon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Shufan Ge
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Katherine Shatzer
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ming Zen
- d Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiong Liu
- e Department of Digestive Diseases Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yifan Tu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Chenning Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Shi
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Song Gao
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Ming Hu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
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Sun XP, Wan LL, Yang QJ, Huo Y, Han YL, Guo C. Scutellarin protects against doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity and regulates its accumulation in the heart. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:875-883. [PMID: 28315259 PMCID: PMC5537312 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. The present study investigated the effects of scutellarin against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats using pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic approaches. DOX (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) as a single dose, and scutellarin (5 mg/kg/day) was injected intravenously (i.v.) for 3 days. Rats treated with DOX showed acute cardiotoxicity as indicated by the elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (4057.8 ± 107.2 vs. 2032.7 ± 70.95), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level (2.083 ± 0.10 vs. 1.103 ± 0.09), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration (0.1695 ± 0.0114 ng/mL), the decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (47.75 ± 15.79 vs. 78.72 ± 7.25) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) (20.66 ± 8.06 vs. 43.7 ± 6.76) compared with those of the control group. Cotreatment with scutellarin significantly decreased the LDH activity (2595.9 ± 72.73), MDA level (1.380 ± 0.06), cTnT concentration (0.0222 ± 0.0041 ng/m L), increased LVEF (76.70 ± 3.91) and LVFS (40.28 ± 3.68). Histopathological studies showed disruption of cardiac tissues in the DOX groups. Cotreatment with scutellarin reduced the damage to cardiac tissues. In the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study, scutellarin reduced the heart tissue exposure to DOX but did not change the AUC of plasma. These results suggest that scutellarin can protect against DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity through its antioxidant activity and alterations of heart concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Long Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Road Yishan, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Diao X, Carlier J, Zhu M, Pang S, Kronstrand R, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a new synthetic cannabinoid NM-2201 (CBL-2201). Forensic Toxicol 2017; 35:20-32. [PMID: 28286577 PMCID: PMC5342258 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, NM-2201 (CBL-2201), a novel synthetic cannabinoid (SC), was detected by Russian and United States laboratories. It was already added to the scheduled drugs list in Japan, Sweden and Germany. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, making it challenging to confirm its intake because all previous investigated SCs were extensively metabolized. The present study aims to recommend appropriate marker metabolites by investigating NM-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes and confirm the results in authentic human urine specimens. For the metabolic stability assay, 1 μM NM-2201 was incubated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 μM of NM-2201 was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from NM-2201 positive cases were analyzed after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Metabolite identification in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was achieved with high-resolution mass spectrometry via information-dependent acquisition. NM-2201 was quickly metabolized in HLMs with an 8.0 min half-life. In human hepatocyte incubation samples, a total of thirteen NM-2201 metabolites were identified, generated mainly from ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation, oxidative defluorination and subsequent glucuronidation. M13 (5-fluoro PB-22 3-carboxyindole) was the major metabolite. In the urine specimens, the parent drug NM-2201 was not detected; M13 was the predominant metabolite after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Therefore, based on our study, we recommend the M13 as a suitable urinary marker metabolite for confirming NM-2201 and/or 5F-PB-22 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A727, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Diao X, Huestis MA. Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:239-253. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Diao
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - MA Huestis
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
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Wang J, Qi P, Hou J, Shen Y, Yang M, Bi Q, Deng Y, Shi X, Feng R, Feng Z, Wu W, Guo D. The profiling of the metabolites of hirsutine in rat by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap Orbitrap mass spectrometry: An improved strategy for the systematic screening and identification of metabolites in multi-samples in vivo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 134:149-157. [PMID: 27915192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolites identification and construction of metabolic profile are meaningful work for the drug discovery and development. The great challenge during this process is the work of the structural clarification of possible metabolites in the complicated biological matrix, which often resulting in a huge amount data sets, especially in multi-samples in vivo. Analyzing these complex data manually is time-consuming and laborious. The object of this study was to develop a practical strategy for screening and identifying of metabolites from multiple biological samples efficiently. Using hirsutine (HTI), an active components of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gouteng in Chinese) as a model and its plasma, urine, bile, feces and various tissues were analyzed with data processing software (Metwork), data mining tool (Progenesis QI), and HR-MSn data by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (U-HPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A total of 67 metabolites of HTI in rat biological samples were tentatively identified with established library, and to our knowledge most of which were reported for the first time. The possible metabolic pathways were subsequently proposed, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, N-oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction and glucuronide conjugation were mainly involved according to metabolic profile. The result proved application of this improved strategy was efficient, rapid, and reliable for metabolic profiling of components in multiple biological samples and could significantly expand our understanding of metabolic situation of TCM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nantong Vocational University, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruihong Feng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zijin Feng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Dean Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
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23
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Xiao L, Yi T, Chen M, Lam CWK, Zhou H. A new mechanism for increasing the oral bioavailability of scutellarin with Cremophor EL: Activation of MRP3 with concurrent inhibition of MRP2 and BCRP. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:456-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Li Y, Lu Y, Hu J, Gong Z, Yang W, Wang A, Zheng J, Liu T, Chen T, Hu J, Mi L, Li Y, Lan Y, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Scutellarin and Paeoniflorin in Sham-Operated and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Rats after Intravenous Administration of Xin-Shao Formula. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091191. [PMID: 27617986 PMCID: PMC6273475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Xin-Shao formula is a folk remedy widely used in China to prevent and cure stroke. Cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury often takes place during the treatment of stroke. Information about the pharmacokinetic behavior of the remedy under cerebral I/R injury conditions is lacking. The present study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of scutellarin and paeoniflorin, two major bioactive components of Xin-Shao formula, under physiological state in cerebral I/R injury rats. Neurobehavioral dysfunction was evaluated and cerebral infarcted volume was measured in middle cerebral artery occlusion I/R injury (MCAO) rats. Plasma samples were collected at various time points after a single dose (intravenous, i.v.) of Xin-Shao formula. The levels of plasma scutellarin and paeoniflorin at the designed time points were determined by a UPLC-MS/MS method, and drug concentration versus time plots were constructed to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. Increase in terminal elimination half-life (t1/2z) and mean residence time (MRT(0–t)) of scutellarin as well as elevation in area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 h to the terminal time point (AUC(0–t)) and maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of paeoniflorin, along with decreased clearance of paeoniflorin and scutellarin as well as reduced apparent volume of distribution (Vz) of paeoniflorin, were observed in MCAO rats, compared with those in sham-operated animals. The elimination of scutellarin and paeoniflorin were reduced in cerebral I/R injury reduced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Jianchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Zipeng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Aimin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Applications of Ethnic Medicines and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Ling Mi
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Yongjun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Applications of Ethnic Medicines and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Yanyu Lan
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Applications of Ethnic Medicines and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550004, China.
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25
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Wu X, Ma J, Ye Y, Lin G. Transporter modulation by Chinese herbal medicines and its mediated pharmacokinetic herb–drug interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1026:236-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Zhou X, Zhang F, Chen C, Guo Z, Liu J, Yu J, Xu Y, Zhong D, Jiang H. Impact of curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats and dogs based on the conjugated metabolites. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:267-275. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1183060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China,
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China,
| | - Chang Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China,
| | - Zitao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China, and
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China, and
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China, and
| | - Yong Xu
- Medical Research Center, Humanwell Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China, and
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China,
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27
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Zeng M, Sun R, Basu S, Ma Y, Ge S, Yin T, Gao S, Zhang J, Hu M. Disposition of flavonoids via recycling: Direct biliary excretion of enterically or extrahepatically derived flavonoid glucuronides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1006-19. [PMID: 26843117 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Enterohepatic recycling is often thought to involve mostly phase II metabolites generated in the liver. This study aims to determine if direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated glucuronides would also enable recycling. METHODS AND RESULTS Conventional and modified intestinal perfusion models along with intestinal and liver microsomes were used to determine the contribution of extrahepatically derived glucuronides. Glucuronidation of four flavonoids (genistein, biochanin A, apigenin, and chrysin at 2.5-20 μM) were generally more rapid in the hepatic than intestinal microsomes. Furthermore, when aglycones (at 10 μM each) were perfused, larger (1.7-9 fold) amounts of glucuronides were found in the bile than in the luminal perfusate. However, higher concentrations of glucuronides were not found in jugular vein than portal vein, and apigenin glucuronide actually displayed a significantly lower concentration in jugular vein (<1 nM) than portal vein (≈4 nM). A direct portal infusion of four flavonoid glucuronides (5.9-10.4 μM perfused at 2 mL/h) showed that the vast majority (>65%) of the glucuronides (except for biochanin A glucuronide) administered were efficiently excreted into the bile. CONCLUSION Direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated flavonoid glucuronides is a highly efficient clearance mechanism, which should enable enterohepatic recycling of flavonoids without hepatic conjugating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rongjin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shufan Ge
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Diao X, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Zhu M, Pang S, Huestis MA. Strategies to distinguish new synthetic cannabinoid FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) intake from its isomer THJ-2201: metabolism of FUBIMINA in human hepatocytes. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:256-267. [PMID: 27547265 PMCID: PMC4971051 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, a new drugs-of-abuse trend attempts to bypass drug legislation by marketing isomers of scheduled synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), e.g., FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) and THJ-2201. It is much more challenging to confirm a specific isomer’s intake and distinguish it from its structural analog because the isomers and their major metabolites usually have identical molecular weights and display the same product ions. Here, we investigated isomers FUBIMINA and THJ-2201 and propose strategies to distinguish their consumption. THJ-2201 was scheduled in the US, Japan, and Europe; however, FUBIMINA is easily available on the Internet. We previously investigated THJ-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes, but human FUBIMINA metabolism is unknown. We aim to characterize FUBIMINA metabolism in human hepatocytes, recommend optimal metabolites to confirm its consumption, and propose strategies to distinguish between intakes of FUBIMINA and THJ-2201. FUBIMINA (10 μM) was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h, and metabolites were characterized with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). We identified 35 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, further carboxylation, hydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, glucuronidation, and their combinations. We recommend 5′-OH-BIM-018 (M34), BIM-018 pentanoic acid (M33), and BIM-018 pentanoic acid dihydrodiol (M7) as FUBIMINA specific metabolites. THJ-2201 produced specific metabolite markers 5′-OH-THJ-018 (F26), THJ-018 pentanoic acid (F25), and hydroxylated THJ-2201 (F13). Optimized chromatographic conditions to achieve different retention times and careful selection of specific product ion spectra enabled differentiation of isomeric metabolites, in this case FUBIMINA from THJ-2201. Our HR-MS approach should be applicable for differentiating future isomeric SCs, which is especially important when different isomers have different legal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA
| | | | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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29
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Scialis RJ, Manautou JE. Elucidation of the Mechanisms through Which the Reactive Metabolite Diclofenac Acyl Glucuronide Can Mediate Toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:167-76. [PMID: 26869668 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that mice lacking the efflux transporter Mrp3 had significant intestinal injury after toxic diclofenac (DCF) challenge, and proposed that diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG), as a substrate of Mrp3, played a part in mediating injury. Since both humans and mice express the uptake transporter OATP2B1 in the intestines, OATP2B1 was characterized for DCF-AG uptake. In vitro assays using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-OATP2B1 cells demonstrated that DCF-AG was a substrate with a maximal velocity (Vmax) and Km of 17.6 ± 1.5 pmol/min per milligram and 14.3 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Another key finding from our in vitro assays was that DCF-AG was more cytotoxic compared with DCF, and toxicity occurred within 1-3 hours of exposure. We also report that 1 mM DCF-AG caused a 6-fold increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 3 hours. Investigation of oxidative stress through inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) revealed that DCF-AG had 100% inhibition of SOD at the highest tested dose of 1 mM. The SOD and ROS results strongly suggest DCF-AG induced oxidative stress in vitro. Lastly, DCF-AG was screened for pharmacologic activity against COX-1 and COX-2 and was found to have IC50 values of 0.620 ± 0.105 and 2.91 ± 0.36 μM, respectively, which represents a novel finding. Since cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition can lead to intestinal ulceration, it is plausible that DCF-AG can also contribute to enteropathy via COX inhibition. Taken in context, the work presented herein demonstrated the multifactorial pathways by which DCF-AG can act as a direct contributor to toxicity following DCF administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato J Scialis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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30
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Diao X, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Pang S, Kronstrand R, Huestis MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Human Metabolism of Synthetic Cannabinoids FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:455-64. [PMID: 26810398 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22, two novel synthetic cannabinoids, were detected in herbal blends in Japan, Russia, and Germany and were quickly added to their scheduled drugs list. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, making it challenging to confirm their intake. The present study aims to identify appropriate analytical markers by investigating FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 metabolism in human hepatocytes and confirm the results in authentic urine specimens. For metabolic stability, 1 μM FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 was incubated with human liver microsomes for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 μM was incubated with human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 positive cases were analyzed after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Metabolite identification in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was accomplished by high-resolution mass spectrometry using information-dependent acquisition. Both FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 were rapidly metabolized in HLM with half-lives of 12.4 and 11.5 min, respectively. In human hepatocyte samples, we identified seven metabolites for both compounds, generated by ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation and/or glucuronidation. After ester hydrolysis, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 yielded the same metabolite M7, fluorobenzylindole-3-carboxylic acid (FBI-COOH). M7 and M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) were the major metabolites. In authentic urine specimens after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, M6 and M7 also were the predominant metabolites. Based on our study, we recommend M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) and M7 (FBI-COOH) as suitable urinary markers for documenting FDU-PB-22 and/or FUB-PB-22 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Drug Research, University of Linköping, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA.
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31
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Diao X, Wohlfarth A, Pang S, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Characterizing the Metabolism of Synthetic Cannabinoid THJ-018 and Its 5-Fluoro Analog THJ-2201 after Incubation in Human Hepatocytes. Clin Chem 2016; 62:157-69. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Despite increasing prevalence of novel psychoactive substances, no human metabolism data are currently available, complicating laboratory documentation of intake in urine samples and assessment of the drugs' pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. In 2014, THJ-018 and THJ-2201, synthetic cannabinoid indazole analogs of JWH-018 and AM-2201, were identified, with the National Forensic Laboratory Information System containing 220 THJ-2201 reports. Because of numerous adverse events, the Drug Enforcement Administration listed THJ-2201 as Schedule I in January 2015.
METHODS
We used high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) (TripleTOF 5600+) to identify optimal metabolite markers after incubating 10 μmol/L THJ-018 and THJ-2201 in human hepatocytes for 3 h. Data were acquired via full scan and information-dependent acquisition triggered product ion scans with mass defect filter. In silico metabolite predictions were performed with MetaSite and compared with metabolites identified in human hepatocytes.
RESULTS
Thirteen THJ-018 metabolites were detected, with the major metabolic pathways being hydroxylation on the N-pentyl chain and further oxidation or glucuronidation. For THJ-2201, 27 metabolites were observed, predominantly oxidative defluorination plus subsequent carboxylation or glucuronidation, and glucuronidation of hydroxylated metabolites. Dihydrodiol formation on the naphthalene moiety was observed for both compounds. MetaSite prediction matched well with THJ-018 hepatocyte metabolites but underestimated THJ-2201 oxidative defluorination.
CONCLUSIONS
With HR-MS for data acquisition and processing, we characterized THJ-018 and THJ-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes and suggest appropriate markers for laboratories to identify THJ-018 and THJ-2201 intake and link observed adverse events to these new synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
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32
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Wen F, Shi M, Bian J, Zhang H, Gui C. Identification of natural products as modulators of OATP2B1 using LC-MS/MS to quantify OATP-mediated uptake. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:293-302. [PMID: 25858254 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1034326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) which is highly expressed in enterocytes and hepatocytes could be a key determinant for the intestinal absorption and hepatic uptake of its substrate drugs. Natural products are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, foods, and beverages. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the OATP2B1-mediated drug interactions that could occur between natural products and OATP2B1 substrate drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human OATP2B1 was transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells and characterized by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and uptake assay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for detecting OATP2B1 substrates estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) and three statins had been developed and were employed to investigate the effects of 27 frequently used natural products on the function of OATP2B1. Uptake of 5 μM E3S and 1 μM statins in the absence or presence of natural products was measured at 37 °C for 2 min with empty vector- and OATP2B1-transfected HEK293 cells. The IC50 values of inhibitors for OATP2B1-mediated 5 μM E3S uptake were determined. RESULTS Our results showed that mulberrin, scutellarin, quercetin, and glycyrrhetinic acid were strong inhibitors of OATP2B1-mediate E3S uptake with IC50 values being 1.8, 2.0, 7.5, and 13.0 μM, which were comparable with their plasma concentrations in clinical trials. They also inhibited OATP-mediated uptake of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin. These results indicated that clinically relevant drug interactions could occur between these natural compounds and OATP2B1 substrate drugs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The information obtained from this study might be helpful to predict and to avoid potential OATP2B1-mediated drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Wen
- a Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Meizhi Shi
- a Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jialin Bian
- a Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- a Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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Li XL, Guo ZT, Wang YD, Chen XY, Liu J, Zhong DF. Potential role of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) in the selective hepatic uptake of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether isomers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:268-80. [PMID: 25418376 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), which consists of equal amounts of isomers HMME-1 and HMME-2, is a novel porphyrin-related drug for photodynamic therapy. This study was aimed to investigate the uptake transporter-mediated selective uptake of HMME into the liver and to identify the major uptake transporter isoforms involved. METHODS Adult SD rats were intravenously injected with a single dose of HMME (5 mg/kg) with or without rifampicin (an inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, 25 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected, and HMME concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS. Rat hepatocytes, human hepatocytes and HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, or OATP2B1 were used to investigate the uptake of HMME or individual isomers in vitro. RESULTS Co-administration of rifampicin significantly increased the exposure of HMME isomers, and decreased the AUC ratio of HMME-1 to HMME-2 from 1.98 to 1.56. The uptake of HMME-2 into human hepatocytes and the HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B1 or OATP2B1 in vitro was 2-7 times greater than that of HMME-1, whereas OATP1B3 mediated a higher HMME-1 uptake. OATP1B1 exhibited a higher affinity for HMME-2 than for HMME-1 (the Km values were 0.63 and 5.61 μmol/L, respectively), which were similar to those in human hepatocytes. By using telmisartan (a non-specific OATP inhibitor) and rifampicin, OATP2B1 was demonstrated to account for <20% of hepatic HMME uptake. CONCLUSION OATP1B1 is the major transporter involved in the rapid hepatic uptake of HMME, and the greater uptake of HMME-2 by OATP1B1 may lead to a lower exposure of HMME-2 than HMME-1 in humans.
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You HS, Xing JF, Lu J, Dong WH, Liu JT, Dong YL. Influence of the Gastrointestinal Microflora and Efflux Transporters on the Absorption of Scutellarin and Scutellarein. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1295-300. [PMID: 24504668 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng You
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jian-Feng Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Wei-Hua Dong
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jun-Tian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Ya-Lin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Ma GY, Cao YF, Hu CM, Fang ZZ, Sun XY, Hong M, Zhu ZT. Comparison of Inhibition Capability of Scutellarein and Scutellarin Towards Important Liver UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Isoforms. Phytother Res 2013; 28:382-6. [PMID: 23620377 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-You Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou 121001 China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences and The first Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; No.457, Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Cui-Min Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou 121001 China
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences and The first Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; No.457, Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou 121001 China
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences and The first Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; No.457, Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Bethesda Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences and The first Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; No.457, Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Mo Hong
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of sciences and The first Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; No.457, Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhi-Tu Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou 121001 China
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Köck K, Xie Y, Hawke RL, Oberlies NH, Brouwer KLR. Interaction of silymarin flavonolignans with organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:958-65. [PMID: 23401473 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are multispecific transporters mediating the uptake of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics in tissues that are important for drug absorption and elimination, including the intestine and liver. Silymarin is a popular herbal supplement often used by patients with chronic liver disease; higher oral doses than those customarily used (140 mg three times/day) are being evaluated clinically. The present study examined the effect of silymarin flavonolignans on OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-mediated transport in cell lines stably expressing these transporters and in human hepatocytes. In overexpressing cell lines, OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated estradiol-17β-glucuronide uptake and OATP2B1-mediated estrone-3-sulfate uptake were inhibited by most of the silymarin flavonolignans investigated. OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-mediated substrate transport was inhibited efficiently by silymarin (IC₅₀ values of 1.3, 2.2 and 0.3 µM, respectively), silybin A (IC₅₀ values of 9.7, 2.7 and 4.5 µM, respectively), silybin B (IC₅₀ values of 8.5, 5.0 and 0.8 µM, respectively), and silychristin (IC₅₀ values of 9.0, 36.4, and 3.6 µM, respectively). Furthermore, silymarin, silybin A, and silybin B (100 µM) significantly inhibited OATP-mediated estradiol-17β-glucuronide and rosuvastatin uptake into human hepatocytes. Calculation of the maximal unbound portal vein concentrations/IC₅₀ values indicated a low risk for silymarin-drug interactions in hepatic uptake with a customary silymarin dose. The extent of silymarin-drug interactions depends on OATP isoform specificity and concentrations of flavonolignans at the site of drug transport. Higher than customary doses of silymarin, or formulations with improved bioavailability, may increase the risk of flavonolignan interactions with OATP substrates in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Köck
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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