1
|
Su T, Tan Y, Tsui MS, Yi H, Fu XQ, Li T, Chan CL, Guo H, Li YX, Zhu PL, Tse AKW, Cao H, Lu AP, Yu ZL. Metabolomics reveals the mechanisms for the cardiotoxicity of Pinelliae Rhizoma and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34692. [PMID: 27698376 PMCID: PMC5048190 DOI: 10.1038/srep34692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) is a commonly used Chinese medicinal herb, but it has been frequently reported about its toxicity. According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory, processing can reduce the toxicity of the herbs. Here, we aim to determine if processing reduces the toxicity of raw PR, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of raw PR-induced toxicities and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Biochemical and histopathological approaches were used to evaluate the toxicities of raw and processed PR. Rat serum metabolites were analyzed by LC-TOF-MS. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the metabolomics data highlighted the biological pathways and network functions involved in raw PR-induced toxicities and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing, which were verified by molecular approaches. Results showed that raw PR caused cardiotoxicity, and processing reduced the toxicity. Inhibition of mTOR signaling and activation of the TGF-β pathway contributed to raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity, and free radical scavenging might be responsible for the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Our data shed new light on the mechanisms of raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. This study provides scientific justifications for the traditional processing theory of PR, and should help in optimizing the processing protocol and clinical combinational application of PR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Shan Tsui
- Department of Pathology, Caritas Medical Center, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya-Xi Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anfernee Kai Wing Tse
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsukawa T, Hasegawa H, Goto H, Shinohara Y, Shinohara A, Omori Y, Ichida K, Yokoyama K. Evaluation of the metabolic chiral inversion of d-selenomethionine in rats by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Iizuka H, Ishii K, Hirasa Y, Kubo K, Fukushima T. Fluorescence determination of D- and L-tryptophan concentrations in rat plasma following administration of tryptophan enantiomers using HPLC with pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3208-13. [PMID: 21388898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Similar to L-tryptophan (L-Trp), D-Trp can be converted to unique metabolites in the mammalian body. In the present study, the difference in the plasma half-life (t(1/2)) between Trp enantiomers was investigated by following the alterations in the plasma concentration of D- or L-Trp after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of each enantiomer to male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 mg/kg). The investigation was performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pre-column fluorescence derivatization with a chiral fluorescent labeling reagent, R(-)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (R(-)-DBD-PyNCS). The t(1/2) value of D-Trp was significantly smaller than that of L-Trp, suggesting that D-Trp was eliminated from the plasma more rapidly than L-Trp. In addition, a significant increase in the plasma concentration of L-Trp was observed following administration of D-Trp, whereas no D-Trp was detected after L-Trp administration. Furthermore, the increase in the plasma concentration of L-Trp was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with an inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), 3-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid, which suggests that DAAO was involved in the conversion of D-Trp to L-Trp in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xin YF, Li X, Hao B, Gong N, Sun WQ, Konno R, Wang YX. Indispensable but Insufficient Role of Renal D-Amino Acid Oxidase in Chiral Inversion of NG-Nitro-D-arginine. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Mutlib AE. Application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in metabolism and in metabolism-mediated toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1672-89. [PMID: 18702535 DOI: 10.1021/tx800139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope-labeled compounds have been synthesized and utilized by scientists from various areas of biomedical research during the last several decades. Compounds labeled with stable isotopes, such as deuterium and carbon-13, have been used effectively by drug metabolism scientists and toxicologists to gain better understanding of drugs' disposition and their potential role in target organ toxicities. The combination of stable isotope-labeling techniques with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows rapid acquisition and interpretation of data, has promoted greater use of these stable isotope-labeled compounds in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies. Examples of the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in elucidating structures of metabolites and delineating complex metabolic pathways are presented in this review. The application of labeled compounds in mechanistic toxicity studies will be discussed by providing an example of how strategic placement of a deuterium atom in a drug molecule mitigated specific-specific renal toxicity. Other examples from the literature demonstrating the application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in understanding metabolism-mediated toxicities are presented. Furthermore, an example of how a stable isotope-labeled compound was utilized to better understand some of the gene changes in toxicogenomic studies is discussed. The interpretation of large sets of data produced from toxicogenomics studies can be a challenge. One approach that could be used to simplify interpretation of the data, especially from studies designed to link gene changes with the formation of reactive metabolites thought to be responsible for toxicities, is through the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds. This is a relatively unexplored territory and needs to be further investigated. The employment of analytical techniques, especially mass spectrometry and NMR, used in conjunction with stable isotope-labeled compounds to establish and understand mechanistic link between reactive metabolite formation, genomic, and proteomic changes and onset of toxicity is proposed. The use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in early human ADME studies as a way of identifying and possibly quantifying all drug-related components present in systemic circulation is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul E Mutlib
- Biotransformation Department, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Takao HASHIMOTO
- Department of Pathophsiology, School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
| | - Yoshihiko SHINOHARA
- Department of Pathophsiology, School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
| | - Hiroshi HASEGAWA
- Department of Pathophsiology, School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Du M, Shen QW, Zhu MJ, Ford SP. Leucine stimulates mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in C2C12 myoblasts in part through inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:919-27. [PMID: 17178807 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the main signaling pathways controlling protein synthesis. Leucine treatment upregulates mTOR signaling, which enhances protein synthesis; however, the mechanisms are not well understood. Herein, treatment of C2C12 myoblast cells with leucine enhanced the phosphorylation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Leucine treatment also decreased the adenosine monophosphate/ATP ratio in myoblasts by 36.4 +/- 9.1% (P < 0.05) and reduced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha subunit at Thr172 (28.6 +/- 4.9% reduction, P < 0.05) and inhibited AMPK activity (43.6 +/- 3.5% reduction, P < 0.05). In addition, leucine increased the phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser2448 by 63.5 +/- 10.0% (P < 0.05) and protein synthesis by 30.6 +/- 6.1% (P < 0.05). Applying 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide 1-beta-d-ribonucleoside, an activator of AMPK, abolished the stimulation of mTOR signaling by leucine, showing that AMPK negatively controls mTOR signaling. To further show the role of AMPK in mTOR signaling, myoblasts expressing a dominant negative AMPKalpha subunit were employed. Negative myoblasts had very low AMPK activity. The activation of mTOR induced by leucine in these cells was abated, showing that AMPK contributed to mTOR activation. In conclusion, leucine stimulates mTOR signaling in part through AMPK inhibition. This study implicates AMPK as an important target for nutritional management to enhance mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in muscle cells, thereby increasing muscle growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Du
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hasegawa H, Shinohara Y, Akahane K, Hashimoto T. Direct detection and evaluation of conversion of D-methionine into L-methionine in rats by stable isotope methodology. J Nutr 2005; 135:2001-5. [PMID: 16046729 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.8.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective kinetics of methionine enantiomers in rats was investigated to evaluate the fraction that converted from d-methionine to the L-enantiomer using a stable isotope methodology. After bolus i.v. administration of D- or L-[(2)H(3)]methionine, their plasma concentrations and that of endogenous L-methionine were determined by a stereoselective GC-MS method. L-[(2)H(3)]Methionine appeared rapidly after administration of D-[(2)H(3)]methionine, whereas D-[(2)H(3)]methionine was not detected after administration of L-[(2)H(3)]methionine. The fraction of conversion of D-[(2)H(3)]methionine into L-[(2)H(3)]methionine was estimated using the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve of L-[(2)H(3)]methionine on D-[(2)H(3)]methionine administration and total clearance of L-[(2)H(3)]methionine on L-[(2)H(3)]methionine administration, and that fraction was >90%. This result demonstrates that almost all i.v. administered D-methionine is converted into the L-enantiomer in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hasegawa H, Matsukawa T, Shinohara Y, Konno R, Hashimoto T. Role of renal D-amino-acid oxidase in pharmacokinetics of D-leucine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E160-5. [PMID: 15026304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids are now recognized to be widely present in mammals. Renal d-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) is associated with conversion of d-amino acids to the corresponding alpha-keto acids, but its contribution in vivo is poorly understood because the alpha-keto acids and/or l-amino acids formed are indistinguishable from endogenous compounds. First, we examined whether DAO is indispensable for conversion of d-amino acids to their alpha-keto acids by using the stable isotope tracer technique. After a bolus intravenous administration of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine to mutant mice lacking DAO activity (ddY/DAO(-)) and normal mice (ddY/DAO(+)), elimination of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine and formation of alpha-[(2)H(7)]ketoisocaproic acid ([(2)H(7)]KIC) and l-[(2)H(7)]leucine in plasma were determined. The ddY/DAO(-) mice, in contrast to ddY/DAO(+) mice, failed to convert d-[(2)H(7)]leucine to [(2)H(7)]KIC and l-[(2)H(7)]leucine. This result clearly revealed that DAO was indispensable for the process of chiral inversion of d-leucine. We further investigated the effect of renal mass reduction by partial nephrectomy on elimination of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine and formation of [(2)H(7)]KIC and l-[(2)H(7)]leucine. Renal mass reduction slowed down the elimination of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine. The fraction of conversion of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine to [(2)H(7)]KIC in sham-operated rats was 0.77, whereas that in five-sixths-nephrectomized rats was 0.25. The elimination behavior of d-[(2)H(7)]leucine observed in rats suggested that kidney was the principal organ responsible for converting d-leucine to KIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Dept. of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo Univ. of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|