1
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Wang T, Chen Y, Wang J, Li P, Wang R, Su J. Understanding Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Substrate Inhibition and Prospects for Elimination Strategies. Chembiochem 2024:e202400297. [PMID: 39287061 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, which are widely distributed and pivotal in various biochemical reactions, catalyze diverse processes such as hydroxylation, epoxidation, dehydrogenation, dealkylation, nitrification, and bond formation. These enzymes have been applied in drug metabolism, antibiotic production, bioremediation, and fine chemical synthesis. Recent research revealed that CYP450 catalytic kinetics deviated from the classic Michaelis-Menten model. A notable substrate inhibition phenomenon that affects the catalytic efficiency of CYP450 at high substrate concentrations was identified. However, the substrate inhibition of various reactions catalyzed by CYP450 enzymes have not been comprehensively reviewed. This review describes CYP450 substrate inhibition examples and atypical Michaelis-Menten kinetic models, and provides insight into mechanisms of these enzymes. We also reviewed 3D structure and dynamics of CYP450 with substrate binding. Outline methods for alleviating substrate inhibition in CYP450 and other enzymes, including traditional fermentation approaches and protein engineering modifications. The comprehensive analysis presented in this study lays the foundation for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of CYP450 by deregulating substrate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Taichang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Park S, Kim JH, Kim D, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim S. Simple and Efficient Enantioselective α-Deuteration Method of α-Amino Acids without External Chiral Sources. JACS AU 2024; 4:2246-2251. [PMID: 38938805 PMCID: PMC11200243 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Deuterium-labeled α-amino acids are useful in research related to drug discovery and biomedical science. However, a high degree of site selectivity and stereoselectivity in the deuterium incorporation process is still difficult to achieve. Herein, we report a new enantioselective deuteration method at the α-position of several amino acids without external chiral sources. The proposed deuteration methods (NaOEt and EtOD) are highly selective and simple. Additionally, we provide a mechanistic study for this enantioretentive deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojun Park
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College
of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjoon Kim
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonah Kim
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Chen L, Chen Y, Wang B, Yang Z, Cai Z, Wang X, Sun L, Li Z, Wang G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuterated indolepropionic acid derivatives as novel long-acting pan PPARα/γ/δ agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117533. [PMID: 37976807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disease with diverse symptoms, but current pharmacological interventions have limited efficacy. Indeglitazar, a pan-agonist targeting the three-peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR), exhibits significant therapeutic effects on both diabetic and fatty liver animal models. However, its short half-life limits the in vivo efficacy, which might be attributed to the β-oxidation of indolepropionic acid at Indeglitazar. To overcome this metabolic instability, two deuterium atoms were introduced to the α-position of indolepropionic acid to block the β-oxidation. In this study, several deuterated derivatives were found to sustain PPARs activity and extend the half-life of liver microsomes. In oral glucose tolerance tests, I-1 exhibited the strongest glucose-lowering effect on ob/ob mice in this series. In db/db mice, I-1 reduced lipid levels, liver steatosis and promoted UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue. Mechanistic studies further revealed that I-1 exerts stronger effects than Indeglitazar on the regulation of genes related to lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, I-1 significantly reduced liver steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH model induced by HFD + CCl4, and even exerted better therapeutic effect than that of Indeglitazar. With the above attractive efficacy, deuterated derivative I-1 is considered as a promising treatment for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianru Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ya Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongcheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zongyu Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuekun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, PR China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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4
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Sun Y, Ramos-Torres KM, Brugarolas P. Metabolic Stability of the Demyelination Positron Emission Tomography Tracer [ 18F]3-Fluoro-4-Aminopyridine and Identification of Its Metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:93-101. [PMID: 37024145 PMCID: PMC10289238 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[18F]3-fluoro-4-aminopyridine ([18F]3F4AP) is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging demyelination based on the multiple sclerosis drug 4-aminopyridine (4AP, dalfampridine). This radiotracer was found to be stable in rodents and nonhuman primates imaged under isoflurane anesthesia. However, recent findings indicate that its stability is greatly decreased in awake humans and mice. Since both 4AP and isoflurane are metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 (CYP2E1), we postulated that this enzyme may be responsible for the metabolism of 3F4AP. Here, we investigated the metabolism of [18F]3F4AP by CYP2E1 and identified its metabolites. We also investigated whether deuteration, a common approach to increase the stability of drugs, could improve its stability. Our results demonstrate that CYP2E1 readily metabolizes 3F4AP and its deuterated analogs and that the primary metabolites are 5-hydroxy-3F4AP and 3F4AP N-oxide. Although deuteration did not decrease the rate of the CYP2E1-mediated oxidation, our findings explain the diminished in vivo stability of 3F4AP compared with 4AP and further our understanding of when deuteration may improve the metabolic stability of drugs and PET ligands. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The demyelination tracer [18F]3F4AP was found to undergo rapid metabolism in humans, which could compromise its utility. Understanding the enzymes and metabolic products involved may offer strategies to reduce metabolism. Using a combination of in vitro assays and chemical syntheses, this report shows that cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 is likely responsible for [18F]3F4AP metabolism, that 4-amino-5-fluoroprydin-3-ol (5-hydroxy-3F4AP, 5OH3F4AP) and 4-amino-3-fluoropyridine 1-oxide (3F4AP N-oxide) are the main metabolites, and that deuteration is unlikely to improve the stability of the tracer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karla M Ramos-Torres
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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6
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Sloane S, Vang ZP, Nelson G, Qi L, Sonstrom RE, Alansari IY, Behlow KT, Pate BH, Neufeldt SR, Clark JR. Precision Deuteration Using Cu-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration to Access Small Molecules Deuterated at the Benzylic Position. JACS AU 2023; 3:1583-1589. [PMID: 37388686 PMCID: PMC10301681 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly regio- and chemoselective Cu-catalyzed aryl alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration to access a diverse scope of aryl alkanes precisely deuterated at the benzylic position is described. The reaction benefits from a high degree of regiocontrol in the alkyne hydrocupration step, leading to the highest selectivities reported to date for an alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration reaction. Only trace isotopic impurities are formed under this protocol, and analysis of an isolated product by molecular rotational resonance spectroscopy confirms that high isotopic purity products can be generated from readily accessible aryl alkyne substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
E. Sloane
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Genevieve Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Lihan Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | | | - Isabella Y. Alansari
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Kiera T. Behlow
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Joseph R. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
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7
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Chandra Mouli HM, Vinod A, Kumari S, Tiwari AK, Kathiravan MK, Ravichandiran V, Peraman R. Deuterated driven new chemical entities: An optimistic way to improve therapeutic efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106490. [PMID: 37001472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In organic chemistry, the use of deuterium exchange as a tool to study the mechanism of chemical reaction has been well explored. Since two decades, the research focus on deuterated bioactive molecules has been gaining attention for investigating the therapeutic potential of deuterium replacement in a chemical structure. Recently, Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first deuterium-labeled drug "deutetrabenazine", and notified the deuterated drugs as new chemical entities (NCEs). Henceforth, the deuterium substitution driven structure activity relationship, preclinical pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies were much initiated. Deuteration of a bioactive molecule often results in improved therapeutic efficacy due to the altered pharmacokinetic profile. This review provides a conceptual framework on the importance of deuterium atom in chemical structure of a drug, and its biological value in improved physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, biological target interaction, diagnosis, and toxicity. In addition, this review concisely updated the recent deuteration methods, chemical stability, challenges in drug development, deuterium-based imaging in diagnosis, and selected synthetic scheme of deuterated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chandra Mouli
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Adithya Vinod
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Shikha Kumari
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, OH 43614, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, OH 43614, United States
| | - M K Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India.
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8
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Uluer AZ, MacGregor G, Azevedo P, Indihar V, Keating C, Mall MA, McKone EF, Ramsey BW, Rowe SM, Rubenstein RC, Taylor-Cousar JL, Tullis E, Yonker LM, Chu C, Lam AP, Nair N, Sosnay PR, Tian S, Van Goor F, Viswanathan L, Waltz D, Wang LT, Xi Y, Billings J, Horsley A. Safety and efficacy of vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor in adults with cystic fibrosis: randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trials. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2023; 11:550-562. [PMID: 36842446 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor has been shown to be safe and efficacious in people with cystic fibrosis and at least one F508del allele. Our aim was to identify a novel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator combination capable of further increasing CFTR-mediated chloride transport, with the potential for once-daily dosing. METHODS We conducted two phase 2 clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of a once-daily combination of vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor in participants with cystic fibrosis who were aged 18 years or older. A phase 2 randomised, double-blind, active-controlled study (VX18-561-101; April 17, 2019, to Aug 20, 2020) was carried out to compare deutivacaftor monotherapy with ivacaftor monotherapy in participants with CFTR gating mutations, following a 4-week ivacaftor monotherapy run-in period. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either ivacaftor 150 mg every 12 h, deutivacaftor 25 mg once daily, deutivacaftor 50 mg once daily, deutivacaftor 150 mg once daily, or deutivacaftor 250 mg once daily in a 1:1:2:2:2 ratio. The primary endpoint was absolute change in ppFEV1 from baseline at week 12. A phase 2 randomised, double-blind, controlled, proof-of-concept study of vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor (VX18-121-101; April 30, 2019, to Dec 10, 2019) was conducted in participants with cystic fibrosis and heterozygous for F508del and a minimal function mutation (F/MF genotypes) or homozygous for F508del (F/F genotype). Participants with F/MF genotypes were randomly assigned 1:2:2:1 to receive either 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of vanzacaftor in combination with tezacaftor-deutivacaftor or a triple placebo for 4 weeks, and participants with the F/F genotype were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive either vanzacaftor (20 mg)-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor or tezacaftor-ivacaftor active control for 4 weeks, following a 4-week tezacaftor-ivacaftor run-in period. Primary endpoints for part 1 and part 2 were safety and tolerability and absolute change in ppFEV1 from baseline to day 29. Secondary efficacy endpoints were absolute change from baseline at day 29 in sweat chloride concentrations and Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) respiratory domain score. These clinical trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03911713 and NCT03912233, and are complete. FINDINGS In study VX18-561-101, participants treated with deutivacaftor 150 mg once daily (n=23) or deutivacaftor 250 mg once daily (n=24) had mean absolute changes in ppFEV1 of 3·1 percentage points (95% CI -0·8 to 7·0) and 2·7 percentage points (-1·0 to 6·5) from baseline at week 12, respectively, versus -0·8 percentage points (-6·2 to 4·7) with ivacaftor 150 mg every 12 h (n=11); the deutivacaftor safety profile was consistent with the established safety profile of ivacaftor 150 mg every 12 h. In study VX18-121-101, participants with F/MF genotypes treated with vanzacaftor (5 mg)-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor (n=9), vanzacaftor (10 mg)-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor (n=19), vanzacaftor (20 mg)-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor (n=20), and placebo (n=10) had mean changes relative to baseline at day 29 in ppFEV1 of 4·6 percentage points (-1·3 to 10·6), 14·2 percentage points (10·0 to 18·4), 9·8 percentage points (5·7 to 13·8), and 1·9 percentage points (-4·1 to 8·0), respectively, in sweat chloride concentration of -42·8 mmol/L (-51·7 to -34·0), -45·8 mmol/L (95% CI -51·9 to -39·7), -49·5 mmol/L (-55·9 to -43·1), and 2·3 mmol/L (-7·0 to 11·6), respectively, and in CFQ-R respiratory domain score of 17·6 points (3·5 to 31·6), 21·2 points (11·9 to 30·6), 29·8 points (21·0 to 38·7), and 3·3 points (-10·1 to 16·6), respectively. Participants with the F/F genotype treated with vanzacaftor (20 mg)-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor (n=18) and tezacaftor-ivacaftor (n=10) had mean changes relative to baseline (taking tezacaftor-ivacaftor) at day 29 in ppFEV1 of 15·9 percentage points (11·3 to 20·6) and -0·1 percentage points (-6·4 to 6·1), respectively, in sweat chloride concentration of -45·5 mmol/L (-49·7 to -41·3) and -2·6 mmol/L (-8·2 to 3·1), respectively, and in CFQ-R respiratory domain score of 19·4 points (95% CI 10·5 to 28·3) and -5·0 points (-16·9 to 7·0), respectively. The most common adverse events overall were cough, increased sputum, and headache. One participant in the vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor group had a serious adverse event of infective pulmonary exacerbation and another participant had a serious rash event that led to treatment discontinuation. For most participants, adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. INTERPRETATION Once-daily dosing with vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor was safe and well tolerated and improved lung function, respiratory symptoms, and CFTR function. These results support the continued investigation of vanzacaftor-tezacaftor-deutivacaftor in phase 3 clinical trials compared with elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor. FUNDING Vertex Pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Z Uluer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham & Women's Hospital CF Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pilar Azevedo
- Hospital de Santa Maria (CHLN), Lisbon Academic Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Veronica Indihar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire Keating
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bonnie W Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lael M Yonker
- Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chenghao Chu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna P Lam
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nitin Nair
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Simon Tian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David Waltz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda T Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingmei Xi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne Billings
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Horsley
- Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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9
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Jiang F, Wu P, Zhang W. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3′,5′‐d
2
‐Cannabidiol. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
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10
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Distal kinetic deuterium isotope effect: Phenyl ring deuteration attenuates N-demethylation of Lu AF35700. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128879. [PMID: 35809818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The N-demethylation of zicronapine (7) and three of its deuterated analogs 8 - 10 has been studied in human in vitro metabolism systems. While the N-deuterio-methyl analog 8 did not behave differently from the parent in human liver microsomes, a significantly reduced rate of N-demethylation was observed as a consequence of benzene ring deuteration (compound 7vs.9). Additional deuteration of the N-methyl group, which as mentioned had shown no effect in isolation, further decreased the rate of the N-demethylation reaction (compound 10vs.9). This paper presents and discusses this unprecedented 'distal kinetic isotope effect' that was observed when incubating the test compounds with human liver microsomes or recombinant human CYP450 liver enzymes.
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11
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Doyon TJ, Buller AR. Site-Selective Deuteration of Amino Acids through Dual-Protein Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7327-7336. [PMID: 35416652 PMCID: PMC10634506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated amino acids have been recognized for their utility in drug development, for facilitating nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and as probes for enzyme mechanism. Small molecule-based methods for the site-selective synthesis of deuterated amino acids typically involve de novo synthesis of the compound from deuterated precursors. In comparison, enzymatic methods for introducing deuterium offer improved efficiency, operating directly on free amino acids to achieve hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange. However, site selectivity remains a significant challenge for enzyme-mediated deuteration, limiting access to desirable deuteration motifs. Here, we use enzyme-catalyzed deuteration, combined with steady-state kinetic analysis and ultraviolet (UV)-vis spectroscopy to probe the mechanism of a two-protein system responsible for the biosynthesis of l-allo-Ile. We show that an aminotransferase (DsaD) can pair with a small partner protein (DsaE) to catalyze Cα and Cβ H/D exchange of amino acids, while reactions without DsaE lead exclusively to Cα-deuteration. With conditions for improved catalysis, we evaluate the substrate scope for Cα/Cβ-deuteration and demonstrate the utility of this system for preparative-scale, selective labeling of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Doyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew R Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Saragovi A, Zilberman T, Yasur G, Turjeman K, Abramovich I, Kuchersky M, Gottlieb E, Barenholz Y, Berger M. Analysis of cellular water content in T cells reveals a switch from slow metabolic water gain to rapid water influx prior to cell division. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101795. [PMID: 35248530 PMCID: PMC9034303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is driven by the acquisition and synthesis of both dry biomass and water mass. In this study, we examine the increase of water mass in T cell during cell growth. We found that T-cell growth is characterized by an initial phase of slow increase in cellular water, followed by a second phase of rapid increase in water content. To study the origin of the water gain, we developed a novel methodology we call cold aqua trap-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, which allows analysis of the isotope composition of intracellular water. Applying cold aqua trap-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we discovered that glycolysis-coupled metabolism of water accounts on average for 11 fl out of the 20 fl of water gained per cell during the initial slow phase. In addition, we show that at the end of the rapid phase before initiation of cell division, a water influx occurs, increasing the cellular water mass by threefold. Thus, we conclude that activated T cells switch from metabolizing water to rapidly taking up water from the extracellular medium prior to cell division. Our work provides a method to analyze cell water content as well as insights into the ways cells regulate their water mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saragovi
- The Lautenberg center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - T Zilberman
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Yasur
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K Turjeman
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Abramovich
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Kuchersky
- The Lautenberg center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Gottlieb
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Y Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Berger
- The Lautenberg center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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13
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Fear EJ, Kennerley AJ, Rayner PJ, Norcott P, Roy SS, Duckett SB. SABRE hyperpolarized anticancer agents for use in
1
H MRI. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:11-27. [PMID: 35253267 PMCID: PMC9310590 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Enabling drug tracking (distribution/specific pathways) with magnetic resonance spectroscopy requires manipulation (via hyperpolarization) of spin state populations and targets with sufficiently long magnetic lifetimes to give the largest possible window of observation. Here, we demonstrate how the proton resonances of a group of thienopyridazines (with known anticancer properties), can be amplified using the para‐hydrogen (p‐H2) based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) hyperpolarization technique. Methods Thienopyridazine isomers, including a 2H version, were synthesized in house. Iridium‐based catalysts dissolved in a methanol‐d4 solvent facilitated polarization transfer from p‐H2 gas to the target thienopyridazines. Subsequent SABRE 1H responses of hyperpolarized thienopyridazines were completed (400 MHz NMR). Pseudo‐singlet state approaches were deployed to extend magnetic state lifetimes. Proof of principle spectral‐spatial images were acquired across a range of field strengths (7T‐9.4T MRI). Results 1H‐NMR signal enhancements of −10,130‐fold at 9.4T (~33% polarization) were achieved on thieno[2,3‐d]pyridazine (T[2,3‐d]P), using SABRE under optimal mixing/field transfer conditions. 1H T1 lifetimes for the thienopyridazines were ~18‐50 s. Long‐lived state approaches extended the magnetic lifetime of target proton sites in T[2,3‐d]P from an average of 25‐40 seconds. Enhanced in vitro imaging (spatial and chemical shift based) of target T[2,3‐d]P was demonstrated. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the power of SABRE to deliver a fast and cost‐effective route to hyperpolarization of important chemical motifs of anticancer agents. The SABRE approach outlined here lays the foundations for realizing continuous flow, hyperpolarized tracking of drug delivery/pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneurin J. Kennerley
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Philip Norcott
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Soumya S. Roy
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) Salisbury United Kingdom
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
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14
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Tung TT, Nguyen Quoc T. 2-Difluoromethylpyridine as a bioisosteric replacement of pyridine- N-oxide: the case of quorum sensing inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:2065-2070. [PMID: 35028565 PMCID: PMC8672814 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that 2-difluoromethylpyridine is a bioisosteric replacement of pyridine-N-oxide. Using the quorum sensing inhibitor 4NPO as a model compound, a library of 2-difluoromethylpyridine derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated toward quorum sensing activity, biofilm formation, anti-violacein activity, and protease activity. As a result, compounds 1 (IC50 of 35 ± 1.12 μM), 5 (IC50 of 19 ± 1.01 μM), and 6 (IC50 of 27 ± 0.67 μM) showed a similar or better activity in comparison to 4NPO (IC50 of 33 ± 1.12 μM) in a quorum sensing system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, compounds 1, 5, 6, and 4NPO showed good antibiofilm biomass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reduced violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum. In terms of protease activity, compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed significant activity compared to 4NPO. Overall, the replacement of pyridine-N-oxide by 2-difluoromethylpyridine enhances the activity of the model compound, which could open a new path for bioisosteric replacement in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
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15
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Reyes A, Torres ER, Vang ZP, Clark JR. Highly Regioselective Copper-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104340. [PMID: 34882859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of unactivated alkenes is challenging because of the requirement that chemically similar hydrogen and deuterium undergo selective insertion across a π-bond. We now report a highly regioselective catalytic transfer hydrodeuteration of unactivated terminal alkenes across a variety of heteroatom- or heterocycle-containing substrates. The base-metal-catalyzed reaction is also demonstrated on two complex natural products. Reaction studies indicate modular conditions that can also be extended to perform either an alkene transfer hydrogenation or transfer deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
| | | | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233-1881, USA
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16
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Chen MC, Korth CC, Harnett MD, Elenko E, Lickliter JD. A Randomized Phase 1 Evaluation of Deupirfenidone, a Novel Deuterium-Containing Drug Candidate for Interstitial Lung Disease and Other Inflammatory and Fibrotic Diseases. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:220-234. [PMID: 34779583 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
LYT-100 (deupirfenidone) is a selectively deuterated form of pirfenidone under development for the treatment of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including interstitial lung disease. Adverse events associated with antifibrotics can be a barrier to adoption and persistence in patients with interstitial lung diseases, most of whom are not on standard-of-care therapy. LYT-100 is designed to have a differentiated pharmacokinetic (PK) profile from pirfenidone and could offer a differentiated safety profile compared to current standard-of-care drugs while retaining the biochemical potency and specificity of pirfenidone. We conducted a phase 1b study to ascertain the safety, tolerability, steady-state PK profile, and food effect of LYT-100. This was a 2-part study. Part 1 assessed multiple ascending doses of LYT-100 from 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg twice daily given over 5 days without titration. Part 2 assessed the effects of fed vs fasting conditions on the PK profile of a single 500-mg dose of LYT-100. All doses up to 1000 mg were well tolerated, with adverse events being mild and transient. Exposure was slightly lower in the fed condition. LYT-100 was well tolerated and has a dose-proportional PK profile. The ratio of parent to major metabolite concentration was higher than reported with pirfenidone, which is consistent with an effect of deuteration on metabolism. No maximum tolerated dose was identified up to 1000 mg twice-daily dosing. These results support further clinical development of LYT-100, particularly considering the adverse event profile of current standard-of-care drugs.
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17
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Korzekwa K. Enzyme Kinetics of Oxidative Metabolism-Cytochromes P450. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2342:237-256. [PMID: 34272697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are the most important enzymes in the oxidative metabolism of hydrophobic drugs and other foreign compounds (xenobiotics). The versatility of these enzymes results in some unusual kinetic properties, stemming from the simultaneous interaction of multiple substrates with the CYP active site. Often, the CYPs display kinetics that deviate from standard hyperbolic saturation or inhibition kinetics. Non-Michaelis-Menten or "atypical" saturation kinetics include sigmoidal, biphasic, and substrate inhibition kinetics (see Chapter 2 ). Interactions between substrates include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, mixed inhibition, partial inhibition, activation, and activation followed by inhibition (see Chapters 4 and 6 ). Models and equations that can result in these kinetic profiles will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Gajula SNR, Nadimpalli N, Sonti R. Drug metabolic stability in early drug discovery to develop potential lead compounds. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:459-477. [PMID: 34406889 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1970178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the metabolic stability of a new drug substance eliminated by biotransformation is essential for envisaging the pharmacokinetic parameters required for deciding drug dosing and frequency. Strategies aimed at modifying lead compounds may improve metabolic stability, thereby reducing the drug dosing frequency. Replacement of selective hydrogens with deuterium can effectively enhance the drug's metabolic stability by increasing the biological half-life. Further, cyclization, change in ring size, and chirality can substantially improve the metabolic stability of drugs. The microsomal t1/2 approach for measuring drug in vitro intrinsic clearance by automated LC-MS/MS offers sensitive high-throughput screens with reliable data. The obtained in vitro intrinsic clearance from metabolic stability data helps predict the drug's in vivo total clearance using different scaling factors and hepatic clearance models. This review summarizes all the recent approaches and technological advancements in metabolic stability studies for narrowing down the potential lead compounds in drug discovery. Further, we summarized the potential pitfalls and assumptions made during the in vivo intrinsic clearance estimation from in vitro intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nimisha Nadimpalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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19
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Vang ZP, Hintzsche SJ, Clark JR. Catalytic Transfer Deuteration and Hydrodeuteration: Emerging Techniques to Selectively Transform Alkenes and Alkynes to Deuterated Alkanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:9988-10000. [PMID: 33979460 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demand for deuterium-labeled organic molecules has spurred a renewed interest in selective methods for deuterium installation. Catalytic transfer deuteration and transfer hydrodeuteration are emerging as powerful techniques for the selective incorporation of deuterium into small molecules. These reactions not only obviate the use of D2 gas and pressurized reaction setups but provide new opportunities for selectively installing deuterium into small molecules. Commercial or readily synthesized deuterium donors are typically employed as easy-to-handle reagents for transfer deuteration and hydrodeuteration reactions. In this minireview, recent advances in the catalytic transfer deuteration and hydrodeuteration of alkenes and alkynes for the selective synthesis of deuterated alkanes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233-1881, USA
| | - Samuel J Hintzsche
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233-1881, USA
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233-1881, USA
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20
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Li X, Cheng K, Li X, Zhou Y, Liu J, Zeng H, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Bi F, Zheng L. Phase I clinical trial of HC-1119: A deuterated form of enzalutamide. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1473-1482. [PMID: 34109624 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and initial antitumor efficacy of HC-1119 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Eligible mCRPC patients were included in our study (NCT03774056) with two parts. Part A was a dose escalation study in which patients received a dose escalation of HC-1119 (40, 80, 160 and 200 mg/day). Part B was a dose expansion study in which patients received HC-1119 at the dose of 80 and 160 mg. Safety assessment and pharmacokinetic samplings were performed for all patients at the given time points; preliminary tumor response was also assessed. Twenty-four patients were enrolled in part A and 19 patients in part B, respectively. HC-1119 was safe, well tolerated and no dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Fatigue was the most common treatment-related adverse event and no seizures were observed. At the dose levels of 40, 80 and 160 mg, the AUC and Cmax of HC-1119 in plasma increased almost dose-proportionally at the steady state in mCRPC patients. Maximum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates (≥50% reduction from the baseline) in dose escalation and dose expansion cohorts were 77% and 75%, respectively; the overall disease control rate (22 patients available for imaging analysis) was 72.7%, with PR in 4 patients, SD in 12 patients and PD in 6 patients; the 2-year overall survival rate in patients from Part B was 56.8%. HC-1119 was safe, well tolerated and efficacious and HC-1119 at 80 mg/day is recommended for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, GCP center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghai Li
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, GCP center, Department of Thoracic, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, GCP center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Vang ZP, Reyes A, Sonstrom RE, Holdren MS, Sloane SE, Alansari IY, Neill JL, Pate BH, Clark JR. Copper-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration of Aryl Alkenes with Quantitative Isotopomer Purity Analysis by Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7707-7718. [PMID: 34000182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed alkene transfer hydrodeuteration reaction that selectively incorporates one hydrogen and one deuterium atom across an aryl alkene is described. The transfer hydrodeuteration protocol is selective across a variety of internal and terminal alkenes and is also demonstrated on an alkene-containing complex natural product analog. Beyond using 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR analysis to measure reaction selectivity, six transfer hydrodeuteration products were analyzed by molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy. The application of MRR spectroscopy to the analysis of isotopic impurities in deuteration chemistry is further explored through a measurement methodology that is compatible with high-throughput sample analysis. In the first step, the MRR spectroscopy signatures of all isotopic variants accessible in the reaction chemistry are analyzed using a broadband chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. With the signatures in hand, measurement scripts are created to quantitatively analyze the sample composition using a commercial cavity enhanced MRR spectrometer. The sample consumption is below 10 mg with analysis times on the order of 10 min using this instrument-both representing order-of-magnitude reduction compared to broadband MRR spectroscopy. To date, these measurements represent the most precise spectroscopic determination of selectivity in a transfer hydrodeuteration reaction and confirm that product regioselectivity ratios of >140:1 are achievable under this mild protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Reilly E Sonstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Martin S Holdren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Samantha E Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Isabella Y Alansari
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Justin L Neill
- BrightSpec, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
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22
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Zhang Z, Qiu C, Xu Y, Han Q, Tang J, Loh KP, Su C. Semiconductor photocatalysis to engineering deuterated N-alkyl pharmaceuticals enabled by synergistic activation of water and alkanols. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4722. [PMID: 32948764 PMCID: PMC7501254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlled deuterium labeling at specific sites of N-alkyl drugs is crucial in drug-development as over 50% of the top-selling drugs contain N-alkyl groups, in which it is very challenging to selectively replace protons with deuterium atoms. With the goal of achieving controllable isotope-labeling in N-alkylated amines, we herein rationally design photocatalytic water-splitting to furnish [H] or [D] and isotope alkanol-oxidation by photoexcited electron-hole pairs on a polymeric semiconductor. The controlled installation of N-CH3, -CDH2, -CD2H, -CD3, and -13CH3 groups into pharmaceutical amines thus has been demonstrated by tuning isotopic water and methanol. More than 50 examples with a wide range of functionalities are presented, demonstrating the universal applicability and mildness of this strategy. Gram-scale production has been realized, paving the way for the practical photosynthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoeletronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuntian Qiu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoeletronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangsen Xu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoeletronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM), National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoeletronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Anoz-Carbonell E, Timson DJ, Pey AL, Medina M. The Catalytic Cycle of the Antioxidant and Cancer-Associated Human NQO1 Enzyme: Hydride Transfer, Conformational Dynamics and Functional Cooperativity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E772. [PMID: 32825392 PMCID: PMC7554937 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NQO1 [NAD(H):quinone oxidoreductase 1] is a multi-functional and stress-inducible dimeric protein involved in the antioxidant defense, the activation of cancer prodrugs and the stabilization of oncosuppressors. Despite its roles in human diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders, a detailed characterization of its enzymatic cycle is still lacking. In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the NQO1 catalytic cycle using rapid mixing techniques, including multiwavelength and spectral deconvolution studies, kinetic modeling and temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). Our results systematically support the existence of two pathways for hydride transfer throughout the NQO1 catalytic cycle, likely reflecting that the two active sites in the dimer catalyze two-electron reduction with different rates, consistent with the cooperative binding of inhibitors such as dicoumarol. This negative cooperativity in NQO1 redox activity represents a sort of half-of-sites activity. Analysis of KIEs and their temperature dependence also show significantly different contributions from quantum tunneling, structural dynamics and reorganizations to catalysis at the two active sites. Our work will improve our understanding of the effects of cancer-associated single amino acid variants and post-translational modifications in this protein of high relevance in cancer progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Angel L. Pey
- Departamento de Química Física, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Kuang Y, Cao H, Tang H, Chew J, Chen W, Shi X, Wu J. Visible light driven deuteration of formyl C-H and hydridic C(sp 3)-H bonds in feedstock chemicals and pharmaceutical molecules. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8912-8918. [PMID: 34123145 PMCID: PMC8163369 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterium labelled compounds are of significant importance in chemical mechanism investigations, mass spectrometric studies, diagnoses of drug metabolisms, and pharmaceutical discovery. Herein, we report an efficient hydrogen deuterium exchange reaction using deuterium oxide (D2O) as the deuterium source, enabled by merging a tetra-n-butylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) hydrogen atom transfer photocatalyst and a thiol catalyst under light irradiation at 390 nm. This deuteration protocol is effective with formyl C-H bonds and a wide range of hydridic C(sp3)-H bonds (e.g. α-oxy, α-thioxy, α-amino, benzylic, and unactivated tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds). It has been successfully applied to the high incorporation of deuterium in 38 feedstock chemicals, 15 pharmaceutical compounds, and 6 drug precursors. Sequential deuteration between formyl C-H bonds of aldehydes and other activated hydridic C(sp3)-H bonds can be achieved in a selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Haidi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Junhong Chew
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiangcheng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
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Spanò V, Venturini A, Genovese M, Barreca M, Raimondi MV, Montalbano A, Galietta LJV, Barraja P. Current development of CFTR potentiators in the last decade. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112631. [PMID: 32898816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder produced by the loss of function of CFTR, a main chloride channel involved in transepithelial salt and water transport. CFTR function can be rescued by small molecules called "potentiators" which increase gating activity of CFTR on epithelial surfaces. High throughput screening (HTS) assays allowed the identification of new chemical entities endowed with potentiator properties, further improved through medicinal chemistry optimization. In this review, the most relevant classes of CFTR potentiators developed in the last decade were explored, focusing on structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the different chemical entities, as a useful tool for the improvement of their pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Venturini
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Michele Genovese
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples, "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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Rezaei Talarposhti M, Asset T, Garcia ST, Chen Y, Herrera S, Dai S, Peterson EJ, Artyushkova K, Zenyuk I, Atanassov P. Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt-based Electrocatalysts - Part II: Effect of Platinum Dispersion. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1331-1339. [PMID: 32337815 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism on Pt nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on several carbon blacks with various physicochemical properties (i. e. specific surface ranging from 80 to 900 m2 g-1 , different graphitization degree, etc.). Using the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) along with various electrochemical characterizations, we determined that the rate determining step (RDS) of the ORR is a proton-independent step when the density of Pt NPs on the surface of the carbon support is high. Upon decrease of the density of Pt NPs on the surface, the RDS of the ORR starts involving a proton, as denoted by an increase of the KIE >1. This underlined the critical role played by the carbon support in the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis by Pt supported on high surface area carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Rezaei Talarposhti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tristan Asset
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Samuel T Garcia
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yechuan Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sergio Herrera
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Eric J Peterson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kateryna Artyushkova
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Iryna Zenyuk
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Preparation of cyclohexene isotopologues and stereoisotopomers from benzene. Nature 2020; 581:288-293. [PMID: 32433618 PMCID: PMC7250047 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen isotopes deuterium (D) and tritium (T) have become essential tools of chemistry, biology, and medicine.1 Beyond their widespread use in spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies, there has been considerable interest in incorporating deuterium into drug molecules.1 The deuterium kinetic isotope effect (DKIE), which compares the rate of a chemical reaction for a compound to its deuterated counterpart, can be dramatic.1–3 The strategic replacement of hydrogen with deuterium can affect both the rate of metabolism and distribution of metabolites for a compound,4 improving the efficacy and safety of the drug. Deutetrabenazine, a promising treatment for Huntington’s disease,5 recently became the first deuterated drug to win FDA-approval.The pharmacokinetics of a deuterated compound depend on the location(s) of D. While methods currently exist for deuterium incorporation at both early and late stages of a drug’s synthesis,6–7 these processes are often unselective and the stereoisotopic purity can be difficult to measure.7–8 Here, we describe the preparation of stereoselectively deuterated building blocks for pharmaceutical research. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a four-step conversion of benzene to cyclohexene with varying degrees of D incorporation, as bound to a tungsten complex. Using different combinations of deuterated and proteated acid and hydride reagents, the deuterated positions can be precisely controlled on the cyclohexene ring. In total, 52 unique stereoisotopomers of cyclohexene are available, in the form of ten different isotopologues. This concept can be extended to prepare discrete stereoisotopomers of functionalized cyclohexenes. Such systematic methods for the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds as discrete stereoisotopomers could improve pharmacological and toxicological properties of drugs and provide new mechanistic information related to their distribution and metabolism in the body.
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Atkins WM. Mechanisms of promiscuity among drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. FEBS J 2020; 287:1306-1322. [PMID: 31663687 PMCID: PMC7138722 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detoxication, or 'drug-metabolizing', enzymes and drug transporters exhibit remarkable substrate promiscuity and catalytic promiscuity. In contrast to substrate-specific enzymes that participate in defined metabolic pathways, individual detoxication enzymes must cope with substrates of vast structural diversity, including previously unencountered environmental toxins. Presumably, evolution selects for a balance of 'adequate' kcat /KM values for a wide range of substrates, rather than optimizing kcat /KM for any individual substrate. However, the structural, energetic, and metabolic properties that achieve this balance, and hence optimize detoxication, are not well understood. Two features of detoxication enzymes that are frequently cited as contributions to promiscuity include the exploitation of highly reactive versatile cofactors, or cosubstrates, and a high degree of flexibility within the protein structure. This review examines these intuitive mechanisms in detail and clarifies the contributions of the classic ligand binding models 'induced fit' (IF) and 'conformational selection' (CS) to substrate promiscuity. The available literature data for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters suggest that IF is exploited by these promiscuous detoxication enzymes, as it is with substrate-specific enzymes, but the detoxication enzymes uniquely exploit 'IFs' to retain a wide range of substrates at their active sites. In contrast, whereas CS provides no catalytic advantage to substrate-specific enzymes, promiscuous enzymes may uniquely exploit it to recruit a wide range of substrates. The combination of CS and IF, for recruitment and retention of substrates, can potentially optimize the promiscuity of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Atkins
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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Li X, Qiu M, Wang S, Zhu H, Feng B, Zheng L. A Phase I dose-escalation, pharmacokinetics and food-effect study of oral donafenib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:593-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Murphy RB, Wyatt NA, Fraser BH, Yepuri NR, Holden PJ, Wotherspoon AT, Darwish TA. A rapid MS/MS method to assess the deuterium kinetic isotope effect and associated improvement in the metabolic stability of deuterated biological and pharmacological molecules as applied to an imaging agent. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Photoredox-Catalyzed Enantioselective α-Deuteration of Azaarenes with D 2O. iScience 2019; 16:410-419. [PMID: 31229890 PMCID: PMC6593145 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The site-specific incorporation of deuterium (D) into small molecules is frequently used to access isotopically labeled compounds with broad utility in many research areas, such as drug development, mechanistic studies, and NMR analyses. Nevertheless, the deuteration of a stereocenter in an enantioselective manner, which could slow the metabolism and improve the bioavailability of bioactive molecules, remains challenging owing to the lack of established catalytic methods. Here, we report an asymmetric α-deuteration strategy for azaarenes with inexpensive D2O as the deuterium source. A cooperative visible light-driven photoredox and chiral Brønsted acid–catalyzed system using a Hantzsch ester as the terminal reductant has been developed, which enables racemic α-chloro-azaarenes and prochiral azaarene-substituted ketones to experience a single-electron reduction–enantioselective deuteration process. The transition metal-free method provides important chiral α-deuterated azaarenes in satisfactory yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) and substantial deuterium incorporation. Enantioselective deuteration enabled by photoredox asymmetric catalysis D2O as the deuterium source Azaarenes with a deuterated stereocenter Transition-metal-free catalyst system
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Liu B, Deng L, Chen H, Liao R, Li Y, Zeng X, Deng F, Zhang L, Li Z. Design, synthesis and biological activity of deuterium-based FFA1 agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1471-1475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sawama Y, Nakano A, Matsuda T, Kawajiri T, Yamada T, Sajiki H. H–D Exchange Deuteration of Arenes at Room Temperature. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Sawama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Takumi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawajiri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Puleo TR, Strong AJ, Bandar JS. Catalytic α-Selective Deuteration of Styrene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1467-1472. [PMID: 30625273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report an operationally simple protocol for the catalytic α-deuteration of styrenes. This process proceeds via the base-catalyzed reversible addition of methanol to styrenes in DMSO -d6 solvent. The concentration of methanol is shown to be critical for high yields and selectivities over multiple competing side reactions. The synthetic utility of α-deuterated styrenes for accessing deuterium-labeled chiral benzylic stereocenters is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Puleo
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Alivia J Strong
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Pirali T, Serafini M, Cargnin S, Genazzani AA. Applications of Deuterium in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5276-5297. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Synthesis of deuterium-enriched sorafenib derivatives and evaluation of their biological activities. Mol Divers 2018; 23:341-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Russak EM, Bednarczyk EM. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 53:211-216. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028018797110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Studies involving the human use of drugs labeled with deuterium suggest that these compounds may offer some advantages when compared with their nondeuterated counterparts. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs. Deutetrabenazine (Austedo, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd) is the first deuterated drug to receive Food and Drug Administration approval. This deuterated form of the drug tetrabenazine is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease as well as tardive dyskinesia. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that a number of other deuterated compounds are being evaluated for the treatment of human diseases and not merely as research tools. Data Sources: A search of the MEDLINE (1946 to present) database was undertaken using the Ovid interface. The search was conducted using the heading deuterium and then limited to Administration & Dosage, Adverse Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Poisoning, Therapeutic Use, and Toxicity. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles were reviewed and those with human information were included. Review articles were likewise interrogated for additional published human data. Conclusions: Deuterated compounds may, in some cases, offer advantages over nondeuterated forms, often through alterations in clearance. Deuteration may also redirect metabolic pathways in directions that reduce toxicities. The approval of additional deuterated compounds may soon follow. Clinicians will need to be familiar with the dosing, efficacy, potential side effects, and unique metabolic profiles of these new entities.
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Schneider F, Erisson L, Beygi H, Bradbury M, Cohen-Barak O, Grachev ID, Guzy S, Loupe PS, Levi M, McDonald M, Savola JM, Papapetropoulos S, Tracewell WG, Velinova M, Spiegelstein O. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and safety of deuterated L-DOPA (SD-1077)/carbidopa compared to L-DOPA/carbidopa following single oral dose administration in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2422-2432. [PMID: 29959802 PMCID: PMC6138493 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS SD-1077, a selectively deuterated precursor of dopamine (DA) structurally related to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), is under development for treatment of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Preclinical models have shown slower metabolism of central deuterated DA. The present study investigated the peripheral pharmacokinetics (PK), metabolism and safety of SD-1077. METHODS Plasma and urine PK of drug and metabolites and safety after a single oral 150 mg SD-1077 dose were compared to 150 mg L-DOPA, each in combination with 37.5 mg carbidopa (CD) in a double-blind, two-period, crossover study in healthy volunteers (n = 16). RESULTS Geometric least squares mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (90% CI) of SD-1077 vs. L-DOPA for Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUC0-inf were 88.4 (75.9-103.1), 89.5 (84.1-95.3), and 89.6 (84.2-95.4), respectively. Systemic exposure to DA was significantly higher after SD-1077/CD compared to that after L-DOPA/CD, with GMRs (90% CI) of 1.8 (1.45-2.24; P = 0.0005) and 2.06 (1.68-2.52; P < 0.0001) for Cmax and AUC0-t and a concomitant reduction in the ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/DA confirming slower metabolic breakdown of DA by monoamine oxidase (MAO). There were increases in systemic exposures to metabolites of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) reaction, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) with GMRs (90% CI) for SD-1077/CD to L-DOPA/CD for 3-MT exposure of 1.33 (1.14-1.56; P = 0.0077) and 1.66 (1.42-1.93; P < 0.0001) for Cmax and AUC0-t , respectively and GMRs (90% CI) for 3-OMD of 1.19 (1.15, 1.23; P < 0.0001) and 1.31 (1.27, 1.36; P < 0.0001) for Cmax and AUC0-t . SD-1077/CD exhibited comparable tolerability and safety to L-DOPA/CD. CONCLUSIONS SD-1077/CD demonstrated the potential to prolong exposure to central DA at comparable peripheral PK and safety to the reference L-DOPA/CD combination. A single dose of SD-1077 is safe for further clinical development in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schneider
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lavi Erisson
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Hooman Beygi
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Bradbury
- Formerly Global Research and Development Teva Pharmaceuticals, currently Prana Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Orit Cohen-Barak
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Igor D Grachev
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Serge Guzy
- Pop-Pharm Pharmacometrics Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Pippa S Loupe
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Micha Levi
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Mirna McDonald
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, PA, USA
| | | | | | - William G Tracewell
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Maria Velinova
- PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ofer Spiegelstein
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
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Xia HM, Zhang FL, Ye T, Wang YF. Selective α-Monomethylation by an Amine-Borane/N
,N
-Dimethylformamide System as the Methyl Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Xia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Tian Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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40
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Xia HM, Zhang FL, Ye T, Wang YF. Selective α-Monomethylation by an Amine-Borane/N,N-Dimethylformamide System as the Methyl Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11770-11775. [PMID: 29968283 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new and practical α-monomethylation strategy using an amine-borane/N,N-dimethylformamide (R3 N-BH3 /DMF) system as the methyl source was developed. This protocol has been found to be effective in the α-monomethylation of arylacetonitriles and arylacetamides. Mechanistic studies revealed that the formyl group of DMF delivered the carbon and one hydrogen atoms of the methyl group, and R3 N-BH3 donated the remaining two hydrogen atoms. Such a unique reaction pathway enabled controllable assemblies of CDH2 -, CD2 H-, and CD3 - units using Me2 NH-BH3 /d7 -DMF, Me3 N-BD3 /DMF and Me3 N-BD3 /d7 -DMF systems, respectively. Further application of this method to the facile synthesis of anti-inflammatory flurbiprofen and its varied deuterium-labeled derivatives was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Xia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tian Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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41
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Determination of deuterium oxide content in water based on luminescence quenching. Talanta 2018; 184:364-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Liu C, Li Z, Shi W, Li H, Wang N, Dai Y, Liao C, Huang W, Qian H. Improving metabolic stability with deuterium: The discovery of HWL-066, a potent and long-acting free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1547-1554. [PMID: 29777569 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) is a potential target due to its function in enhancing of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The FFA1 agonist GW9508 has great potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it has been suffering from high plasma clearance probably because the phenylpropanoic acid is vulnerable to β-oxidation. To identify orally available analog without influence on the unique pharmacological mechanism of GW9508, we tried to interdict the metabolically labile group by incorporating two deuterium atoms at the α-position of phenylpropionic acid affording compound 4 (HWL-066). As expected, HWL-066 revealed a lower clearance (CL = 0.23 L-1 hr-1 kg-1 ), higher maximum concentration (Cmax = 5907.47 μg/L), and longer half-life (T1/2 = 3.50 hr), resulting in a 2.8-fold higher exposure than GW9508. Moreover, the glucose-lowering effect of HWL-066 was far better than that of GW9508 and comparable with TAK-875. Different from glibenclamide, no side-effect of hypoglycemia was observed in mice after oral administrating HWL-066 (80 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nasi Wang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Liao
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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43
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Park K, Matsuda T, Yamada T, Monguchi Y, Sawama Y, Doi N, Sasai Y, Kondo SI, Sawama Y, Sajiki H. Direct Deuteration of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid Derivatives Catalyzed by Platinum on Carbon in Deuterium Oxide. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Takumi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Yasunari Monguchi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Yuka Sawama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Naoki Doi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Yasushi Sasai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kondo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
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44
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Huang X, Groves JT. Oxygen Activation and Radical Transformations in Heme Proteins and Metalloporphyrins. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2491-2553. [PMID: 29286645 PMCID: PMC5855008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the adaptation of life to an aerobic environment, nature has evolved a panoply of metalloproteins for oxidative metabolism and protection against reactive oxygen species. Despite the diverse structures and functions of these proteins, they share common mechanistic grounds. An open-shell transition metal like iron or copper is employed to interact with O2 and its derived intermediates such as hydrogen peroxide to afford a variety of metal-oxygen intermediates. These reactive intermediates, including metal-superoxo, -(hydro)peroxo, and high-valent metal-oxo species, are the basis for the various biological functions of O2-utilizing metalloproteins. Collectively, these processes are called oxygen activation. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of these reactive intermediates has come from the study of heme-containing proteins and related metalloporphyrin compounds. These studies not only have deepened our understanding of various functions of heme proteins, such as O2 storage and transport, degradation of reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, and biological oxygenation, etc., but also have driven the development of bioinorganic chemistry and biomimetic catalysis. In this review, we survey the range of O2 activation processes mediated by heme proteins and model compounds with a focus on recent progress in the characterization and reactivity of important iron-oxygen intermediates. Representative reactions initiated by these reactive intermediates as well as some context from prior decades will also be presented. We will discuss the fundamental mechanistic features of these transformations and delineate the underlying structural and electronic factors that contribute to the spectrum of reactivities that has been observed in nature as well as those that have been invented using these paradigms. Given the recent developments in biocatalysis for non-natural chemistries and the renaissance of radical chemistry in organic synthesis, we envision that new enzymatic and synthetic transformations will emerge based on the radical processes mediated by metalloproteins and their synthetic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyi Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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45
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Knutson DE, Kodali R, Divović B, Treven M, Stephen MR, Zahn NM, Dobričić V, Huber AT, Meirelles MA, Verma RS, Wimmer L, Witzigmann C, Arnold LA, Chiou LC, Ernst M, Mihovilovic MD, Savić MM, Sieghart W, Cook JM. Design and Synthesis of Novel Deuterated Ligands Functionally Selective for the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABA AR) α6 Subtype with Improved Metabolic Stability and Enhanced Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2422-2446. [PMID: 29481759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that α6β2/3γ2 GABAAR selective ligands may be important for the treatment of trigeminal activation-related pain and neuropsychiatric disorders with sensori-motor gating deficits. Based on 3 functionally α6β2/3γ2 GABAAR selective pyrazoloquinolinones, 42 novel analogs were synthesized, and their in vitro metabolic stability and cytotoxicity as well as their in vivo pharmacokinetics, basic behavioral pharmacology, and effects on locomotion were investigated. Incorporation of deuterium into the methoxy substituents of the ligands increased their duration of action via improved metabolic stability and bioavailability, while their selectivity for the GABAAR α6 subtype was retained. 8b was identified as the lead compound with a substantially improved pharmacokinetic profile. The ligands allosterically modulated diazepam insensitive α6β2/3γ2 GABAARs and were functionally silent at diazepam sensitive α1β2/3γ2 GABAARs, thus no sedation was detected. In addition, these analogs were not cytotoxic, which render them interesting candidates for treatment of CNS disorders mediated by GABAAR α6β2/3γ2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marco Treven
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael R Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Alec T Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Matheus A Meirelles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Ranjit S Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Laurin Wimmer
- TU Wien-Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Christopher Witzigmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- TU Wien-Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450 , 11221 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research , Medical University of Vienna , Spitalgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 N. Cramer St. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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46
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuterated phenylpropionic acid derivatives as potent and long-acting free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:303-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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48
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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49
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Sawama Y, Park K, Yamada T, Sajiki H. New Gateways to the Platinum Group Metal-Catalyzed Direct Deuterium-Labeling Method Utilizing Hydrogen as a Catalyst Activator. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:21-28. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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50
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Li Z, Xu X, Li G, Fu X, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wang M, Ouyang Y, Han J. Improving metabolic stability with deuterium: The discovery of GPU-028, a potent free fatty acid receptor 4 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6647-6652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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