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Uliana DL, Lisboa JRF, Gomes FV, Grace AA. The excitatory-inhibitory balance as a target for the development of novel drugs to treat schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116298. [PMID: 38782077 PMCID: PMC11410545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The intricate balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain plays a crucial role in normative information processing. Dysfunctions in the E/I balance have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). In particular, abnormalities in GABAergic signaling, specifically in parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, have been consistently observed in SCZ pathophysiology. PV interneuron function is vital for maintaining an ideal E/I balance, and alterations in PV interneuron-mediated inhibition contribute to circuit deficits observed in SCZ, including hippocampus hyperactivity and midbrain dopamine system overdrive. While current antipsychotic medications primarily target D2 dopamine receptors and are effective primarily in treating positive symptoms, novel therapeutic strategies aiming to restore the E/I balance could potentially mitigate not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. This could involve, for instance, increasing the inhibitory drive onto excitatory neurons or decreasing the putative enhanced pyramidal neuron activity due to functional loss of PV interneurons. Compounds targeting the glycine site at glutamate NMDA receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on PV interneurons that can increase PV interneuron drive, as well as drugs that increase the postsynaptic action of GABA, such as positive allosteric modulators of α5-GABA-A receptors, and decrease glutamatergic output, such as mGluR2/3 agonists, represent promising approaches. Preventive strategies aiming at E/I balance also represent a path to reduce the risk of transitioning to SCZ in high-risk individuals. Therefore, compounds with novel mechanisms targeting E/I balance provide optimism for more effective and tailored interventions in the management of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L Uliana
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joao Roberto F Lisboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Peeters LD, Wills LJ, Cuozzo AM, Ivanich KL, Turney SE, Bullock LP, Price RM, Gass JT, Brown RW. Modulation of mGlu5 reduces rewarding associative properties of nicotine via changes in mesolimbic plasticity: Relevance to comorbid cigarette smoking in psychosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173752. [PMID: 38521210 PMCID: PMC11088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antipsychotic medications that are used to treat psychosis are often limited in their efficacy by high rates of severe side effects. Treatment success in schizophrenia is further complicated by high rates of comorbid nicotine use. Dopamine D2 heteroreceptor complexes have recently emerged as targets for the development of more efficacious pharmaceutical treatments for schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE The current study sought to explore the use of the positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) as a treatment to reduce symptoms related to psychosis and comorbid nicotine use. METHODS Neonatal treatment of animals with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (NQ) from postnatal day (P)1-21 produces a lifelong increase in D2 receptor sensitivity, showing relevance to psychosis and comorbid tobacco use disorder. Following an 8-day conditioning paradigm, brain tissue in the mesolimbic pathway was analyzed for several plasticity markers, including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (phospho-p70S6K), and cadherin-13 (Cdh13). RESULTS Pretreatment with CDPPB was effective to block enhanced nicotine conditioned place preference observed in NQ-treated animals. Pretreatment was additionally effective to block the nicotine-induced increase in BDNF and sex-dependent increases in cadherin-13 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as well as increased phospho-p70S6K in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell found in NQ-treated animals. CONCLUSION In conjunction with prior work, the current study suggests positive allosteric modulation of the mGlu5 receptor, an emerging target for schizophrenia therapeutics, may be effective for the treatment of comorbid nicotine abuse in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren D Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Liza J Wills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Anthony M Cuozzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Kira L Ivanich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Seth E Turney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Luke P Bullock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Robert M Price
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America.
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Li S, Otani S, Chen F. Post-stress Social Interaction and 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-Diphenyl-1H-Pyrazol-5-yl) Benzamide Treatment Attenuate Depressive-like Behavior Induced by Repeated Social Defeat Stress. Neuroscience 2024; 538:11-21. [PMID: 38103860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent stress increases the probability for developing depression significantly thereafter. Repeated social defeat stress is a widely used model to investigate depressive-like behavior in preclinical models. Hence, the repeated social defeat stress model provided an ideal animal model, through which the hypotheses of prevention and treatment can be investigated. We have successfully induced depressive-like behavior for male C57BL/6J mice with this model. Here, we reported that certain level of during-stress social interactions with single female or multiple male peer(s) exerted a positive role in preventing the development of depressive-like behavior induced by repeated social defeat stress. Our data suggested that the stress-susceptible mice may benefit from positive social interaction, which reduces the chance for depressive-like behavior development. Since numerous studies indicate that the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) plays an important role in various cognitive functions, we further investigate the treatment effect of 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB) on the depressive-like behavior induced by repeated social defeat stress. Most importantly, robust anti-depressant effects have been achieved through modulating the mGluR5 function. We found that single oral dose administration of CDPPB (20 mg/kg), to some extent, alleviated the social avoidance behaviors for the stress-susceptible mice. Our data implies that the CDPPB, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5, is a promising anti-depressant candidate with limited side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangui Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shengtian Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Satoru Otani
- Vision Institute, CNRS - INSERM - Sorbonne University, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Mellios N, Papageorgiou G, Gorgievski V, Maxson G, Hernandez M, Otero M, Varangis M, Dell'Orco M, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Tzavara E. Regulation of neuronal circHomer1 biogenesis by PKA/CREB/ERK-mediated pathways and effects of glutamate and dopamine receptor blockade. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3547375. [PMID: 38260249 PMCID: PMC10802743 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3547375/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
There are currently only very few efficacious drug treatments for SCZ and BD, none of which can significantly ameliorate cognitive symptoms. Thus, further research is needed in elucidating molecular pathways linked to cognitive function and antipsychotic treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable brain-enriched non-coding RNAs, derived from the covalent back-splicing of precursor mRNA molecules. CircHomer1 is a neuronal-enriched, activity-dependent circRNA, derived from the precursor of the long HOMER1B mRNA isoform, which is significantly downregulated in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with psychosis and is able to regulate cognitive function. Even though its relevance to psychiatric disorders and its role in brain function and synaptic plasticity have been well established, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie circHomer1 biogenesis in response to neuronal activity and psychiatric drug treatment. Here we suggest that the RNA-binding protein (RBP) FUS positively regulates neuronal circHomer1 expression. Furthermore, we show that the MEK/ERK and PKA/CREB pathways positively regulate neuronal circHomer1 expression, as well as promote the transcription of Fus and Eif4a3, another RBP previously shown to activate circHomer1 biogenesis. We then demonstrate via both in vitro and in vivo studies that NMDA and mGluR5 receptors are upstream modulators of circHomer1 expression. Lastly, we report that in vivo D2R antagonism increases circHomer1 expression, whereas 5HT2AR blockade reduces circHomer1 levels in multiple brain regions. Taken together, this study allows us to gain novel insights into the molecular circuits that underlie the biogenesis of a psychiatric disease-associated circRNA.
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Taskiran SY, Taskiran M, Unal G, Golgeli A. Group I mGluRs positive allosteric modulators improved schizophrenia-related behavioral and molecular deficits in the Poly I:C rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173593. [PMID: 37390974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Maternal polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) exposure leads to an increase in various proinflammatory cytokines and causes schizophrenia-like symptoms in offspring. In recent years, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have emerged as a potential target in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the behavioral and molecular changes by using the mGlu1 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) agent RO 67-7476, and the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) agent JNJ 16259685 and the mGlu5 receptor PAM agent VU-29, and NAM agent fenobam in the Poly I:C-induced schizophrenia model in rats. METHODS Female Wistar albino rats were treated with Poly I:C on day 14 of gestation after mating. On the postnatal day (PND) 35, 56 and 84, behavioral tests were performed in the male offspring. On the PND84, brain tissue was collected and the level of proinflammatory cytokines was determined by ELISA method. RESULTS Poly I:C caused impairments in all behavioral tests and increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. While PAM agents caused significant improvements in prepulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition (NOR), spontaneous alternation and reference memory tests, they brought the levels of proinflammatory cytokines closer to the control group. NAM agents were ineffective on behavioral tests. It was observed that PAM agents significantly improved Poly I:C-induced disruption in behavioral and molecular analyses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PAM agents, particularly the mGlu5 receptor VU-29, are also promising and could be a potential target in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Taskiran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gokhan Unal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Asuman Golgeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Dorbabu A. Pyrazole/pyrazoline as an excellent pharmacophore in the design of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2018-2022). Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200562. [PMID: 36599496 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and dissociated ions of carbonic acid. In addition, CA performs various other functions in animals and plants, depending on the part of the living being. CAs have been found in almost all organisms. Besides, CAs are associated with several diseases, such as glaucoma, obesity, epilepsy, cancer, and so on. CAs are also involved in tumor cell growth and angiogenesis. Thus, inhibition of CA may be an attractive way of control of such diseases. Hence, CA inhibitors have been designed and developed to cure CA-associated diseases. Some examples of approved CA inhibitors are dorzolamide, methazolamide, brinzolamide, and dichlorphenamide. Furthermore, various heterocyclic scaffolds were utilized for the design of CA inhibitors. Among those, pyrazole/pyrazoline derivatives have exhibited greater potency toward CA inhibition. Hence, research that took place in the field of drug design and discovery of CA inhibition has been systematically reviewed and collated. Alongside, the structure-activity relationship has been described, followed by a description of the most potent molecules and their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorbabu
- SRMPP Government First Grade College, Huvina Hadagali, India
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Uba AI, Chea J, Hoag H, Hryb M, Bui-Linh C, Wu C. Binding of a positive allosteric modulator CDPPB to metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) probed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Life Sci 2022; 309:121014. [PMID: 36179814 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) potentiate positive receptor response and may be effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and cognitive disorders. Although crystal structures of mGluR5 complexed with the negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) are available, no crystal structure of mGluR5 complexed with PAM has been reported to date. Thus, conformational changes associated with the binding of PAMs to mGluR5 remain elusive. Here, a PAM CDPPB, and two NAMs MTEP and MFZ10-7 used as a negative control, were docked to the crystal structure. The docked complexes were submitted to molecular dynamics simulations to examine the activation of the PAM system. An MM/GBSA binding energy calculation was performed to estimate binding strength. Furthermore, molecular switch analysis was done to get insights into conformational changes of the receptor. The PAM CDPPB displays a stronger binding affinity for mGluR5 and induces conformational changes. Also, a salt bridge between TM3 and TM7, corresponding to the ionic lock switch in class A GPCRs is found to be broken. The PAM-induced receptor conformation is more like the agonist-induced conformation than the antagonist-induced conformation, suggesting that PAM works by inducing conformation change and stabilizing the active receptor conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - John Chea
- College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Hannah Hoag
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Mariya Hryb
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Candice Bui-Linh
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Chun Wu
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Rahman F, Rahaman MS, Khan MS, Abrar S, Ray TK, Uddin MB, Kali MSK, Dua K, Kamal MA, Chellappan DK. Emerging Promise of Computational Techniques in Anti-Cancer Research: At a Glance. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080335. [PMID: 35892749 PMCID: PMC9332125 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the immune system and cancer has led to the development of new medicines that enable the former to attack cancer cells. Drugs that specifically target and destroy cancer cells are on the horizon; there are also drugs that use specific signals to stop cancer cells multiplying. Machine learning algorithms can significantly support and increase the rate of research on complicated diseases to help find new remedies. One area of medical study that could greatly benefit from machine learning algorithms is the exploration of cancer genomes and the discovery of the best treatment protocols for different subtypes of the disease. However, developing a new drug is time-consuming, complicated, dangerous, and costly. Traditional drug production can take up to 15 years, costing over USD 1 billion. Therefore, computer-aided drug design (CADD) has emerged as a powerful and promising technology to develop quicker, cheaper, and more efficient designs. Many new technologies and methods have been introduced to enhance drug development productivity and analytical methodologies, and they have become a crucial part of many drug discovery programs; many scanning programs, for example, use ligand screening and structural virtual screening techniques from hit detection to optimization. In this review, we examined various types of computational methods focusing on anticancer drugs. Machine-based learning in basic and translational cancer research that could reach new levels of personalized medicine marked by speedy and advanced data analysis is still beyond reach. Ending cancer as we know it means ensuring that every patient has access to safe and effective therapies. Recent developments in computational drug discovery technologies have had a large and remarkable impact on the design of anticancer drugs and have also yielded useful insights into the field of cancer therapy. With an emphasis on anticancer medications, we covered the various components of computer-aided drug development in this paper. Transcriptomics, toxicogenomics, functional genomics, and biological networks are only a few examples of the bioinformatics techniques used to forecast anticancer medications and treatment combinations based on multi-omics data. We believe that a general review of the databases that are now available and the computational techniques used today will be beneficial for the creation of new cancer treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Firoza Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Shajib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Sayedul Abrar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Tanmay Kumar Ray
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Mohammad Borhan Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Most. Sumaiya Khatun Kali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.R.I.); (F.R.); (M.S.R.); (M.S.K.); (S.A.); (T.K.R.); (M.B.U.); (M.S.K.K.); (M.A.K.)
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Chandler LJ, Vaughan DT, Gass JT. Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Results in Sex-specific Alterations in Conditioned Fear Learning and Memory in Adulthood. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837657. [PMID: 35211024 PMCID: PMC8861326 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study used auditory fear conditioning to assess the impact of repeated binge-like episodes of alcohol exposure during adolescence on conditioned fear in adulthood. Male and female Long-Evans rats were subjected to adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure by vapor inhalation between post-natal day 28 and 44. After aging into adulthood, rats then underwent fear conditioning by exposure to a series of tone-shock pairings. This was followed by cued-tone extinction training, and then testing of fear recovery. In male rats, AIE exposure enhanced conditioned freezing but did not alter the time-course of extinction of cued-tone freezing. During subsequent assessment of fear recovery, AIE exposed rats exhibited less freezing during contextual fear renewal, but greater freezing during extinction recall and spontaneous recovery. Compared to males, female rats exhibited significantly lower levels of freezing during fear conditioning, more rapid extinction of freezing behavior, and significantly lower levels of freezing during the tests of fear recovery. Unlike males that were all classified as high conditioners; female rats could be parsed into either a high or low conditioning group. However, irrespective of their level of conditioned freezing, both the high and low conditioning groups of female rats exhibited rapid extinction of conditioned freezing behavior and comparatively low levels of freezing in tests of fear recovery. Regardless of group classification, AIE had no effect on freezing behavior in female rats during acquisition, extinction, or fear recovery. Lastly, exposure of male rats to the mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator CDPPB prevented AIE-induced alterations in freezing. Taken together, these observations demonstrate sex-specific changes in conditioned fear behaviors that are reversible by pharmacological interventions that target mGlu5 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Judson Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dylan T Vaughan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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10
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Brown RW, Varnum CG, Wills LJ, Peeters LD, Gass JT. Modulation of mGlu5 improves sensorimotor gating deficits in rats neonatally treated with quinpirole through changes in dopamine D2 signaling. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 211:173292. [PMID: 34710401 PMCID: PMC9176413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed whether the positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGlu5) 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB) would alleviate deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) and affect dopamine (DA) D2 signaling in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the neonatal quinpirole (NQ) model of schizophrenia (SZ). Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with either saline (NS) or quinpirole HCL (1 mg/kg; NQ), a DAD2 receptor agonist, from postnatal days (P) 1-21. Rats were raised to P44 and behaviorally tested on PPI from P44-P48. Before each trial, rats were subcutaneous (sc) administered saline or CDPPB (10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg). On P50, rats were given a spontaneous locomotor activity test after CDPPB or saline administration. On P51, the dorsal striatum and PFC were evaluated for both arrestin-2 (βA-2) and phospho-AKT protein levels. NQ-treated rats demonstrated a significant deficit in PPI, which was alleviated to control levels by the 30 mg/kg dose of CDPPB. There were no significant effects of CDPPB on locomotor activity. NQ treatment increased βA-2 and decreased phospho-AKT in both the dorsal striatum and PFC, consistent with an increase DAD2 signaling. The 30 mg/kg dose of CDPPB significantly reversed changes in βA-2 in the dorsal striatum and PFC and phospho-AKT in the PFC equivalent to controls. Both doses of CDPPB produced a decrease of phospho-AKT in the PFC compared to controls. This study revealed that a mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator was effective to alleviate PPI deficits and striatal DAD2 signaling in the NQ model of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America.
| | - Christopher G Varnum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Liza J Wills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Loren D Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Biomedical Sciences James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
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Kryszkowski W, Boczek T. The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptors as Novel Molecular Targets in Schizophrenia Treatment-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071475. [PMID: 33918323 PMCID: PMC8038150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with an unknown etiology. The research into the neurobiology of this disease led to several models aimed at explaining the link between perturbations in brain function and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. The glutamatergic hypothesis postulates that disrupted glutamate neurotransmission may mediate cognitive and psychosocial impairments by affecting the connections between the cortex and the thalamus. In this regard, the greatest attention has been given to ionotropic NMDA receptor hypofunction. However, converging data indicates metabotropic glutamate receptors as crucial for cognitive and psychomotor function. The distribution of these receptors in the brain regions related to schizophrenia and their regulatory role in glutamate release make them promising molecular targets for novel antipsychotics. This article reviews the progress in the research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in schizophrenia etiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kryszkowski
- General Psychiatric Ward, Babinski Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 91229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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12
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Arsova A, Møller TC, Hellyer SD, Vedel L, Foster SR, Hansen JL, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gregory KJ. Positive Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 as Tool Compounds to Study Signaling Bias. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:328-341. [PMID: 33602724 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor has emerged as a potential new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia and cognitive impairments. However, positive allosteric modulator (PAM) agonist activity has been associated with adverse side effects, and neurotoxicity has also been observed for pure PAMs. The structural and pharmacological basis of therapeutic versus adverse mGlu5 PAM in vivo effects remains unknown. Thus, gaining insights into the signaling fingerprints, as well as the binding kinetics of structurally diverse mGlu5 PAMs, may help in the rational design of compounds with desired properties. We assessed the binding and signaling profiles of N-methyl-5-(phenylethynyl)pyrimidin-2-amine (MPPA), 3-cyano-N-(2,5-diphenylpyrazol-3-yl)benzamide (CDPPB), and 1-[4-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-(4-pyridylmethoxy)ethenone [compound 2c, a close analog of 1-(4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)ethanone] in human embryonic kidney 293A cells stably expressing mGlu5 using Ca2+ mobilization, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and receptor internalization assays. Of the three allosteric ligands, only CDPPB had intrinsic agonist efficacy, and it also had the longest receptor residence time and highest affinity. MPPA was a biased PAM, showing higher positive cooperativity with orthosteric agonists in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Ca2+ mobilization over IP1 accumulation and receptor internalization. In primary cortical neurons, all three PAMs showed stronger positive cooperativity with (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) in Ca2+ mobilization over IP1 accumulation. Our characterization of three structurally diverse mGlu5 PAMs provides further molecular pharmacological insights and presents the first assessment of PAM-mediated mGlu5 internalization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Enhancing metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) activity is a promising strategy to treat cognitive and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. It is increasingly evident that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu5 are not all equal in preclinical models; there remains a need to better understand the molecular pharmacological properties of mGlu5 PAMs. This study reports detailed characterization of the binding and functional pharmacological properties of mGlu5 PAMs and is the first study of the effects of mGlu5 PAMs on receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arsova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Shane D Hellyer
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Line Vedel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Jakob L Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.D.H., K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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Myosin Va Brain-Specific Mutation Alters Mouse Behavior and Disrupts Hippocampal Synapses. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0284-20.2020. [PMID: 33229412 PMCID: PMC7769881 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0284-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va (MyoVa) is a plus-end filamentous-actin motor protein that is highly and broadly expressed in the vertebrate body, including in the nervous system. In excitatory neurons, MyoVa transports cargo toward the tip of the dendritic spine, where the postsynaptic density (PSD) is formed and maintained. MyoVa mutations in humans cause neurologic dysfunction, intellectual disability, hypomelanation, and death in infancy or childhood. Here, we characterize the Flailer (Flr) mutant mouse, which is homozygous for a myo5a mutation that drives high levels of mutant MyoVa (Flr protein) specifically in the CNS. Flr protein functions as a dominant-negative MyoVa, sequestering cargo and blocking its transport to the PSD. Flr mice have early seizures and mild ataxia but mature and breed normally. Flr mice display several abnormal behaviors known to be associated with brain regions that show high expression of Flr protein. Flr mice are defective in the transport of synaptic components to the PSD and in mGluR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) and have a reduced number of mature dendritic spines. The synaptic and behavioral abnormalities of Flr mice result in anxiety and memory deficits similar to that of other mouse mutants with obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Because of the dominant-negative nature of the Flr protein, the Flr mouse offers a powerful system for the analysis of how the disruption of synaptic transport and lack of LTD can alter synaptic function, development and wiring of the brain and result in symptoms that characterize many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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15
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The infralimbic cortex and mGlu5 mediate the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure on fear learning and memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3417-3433. [PMID: 32767063 PMCID: PMC7572878 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often occur comorbidly. While the incidence of these disorders is increasing, there is little investigation into the interacting neural mechanisms between these disorders. These studies aim to identify cognitive deficits that occur as a consequence of fear and ethanol exposure, implement a novel pharmaceutical intervention, and determine relevant underlying neurocircuitry. Additionally, due to clinical sex differences in PTSD prevalence and alcohol abuse, these studies examine the nature of this relationship in rodent models. METHODS Animals were exposed to a model of PTSD+AUD using auditory fear conditioning followed by chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIE). Then, rats received extinction training consisting of multiple conditioned stimulus presentations in absence of the shock. Extinction recall and context-induced freezing were measured in subsequent tests. CDPPB, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulator, was used to treat these deficits, and region-specific effects were determined using microinjections. RESULTS These studies determined that CIE exposure led to deficits in fear extinction learning and heightened context-induced freezing while sex differences emerged in fear conditioning and extinction cue recall tests. Furthermore, using CDPPB, these studies found that enhancement of infralimbic (IfL) mGlu5 activity was able to recover CIE-induced deficits in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that CIE induces deficits in fear-related behaviors and that enhancement of IfL glutamatergic activity can facilitate learning during extinction. Additionally, we identify novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of individuals who suffer from PTSD and AUD.
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Perl S, Richter F, Richter A. Striatal and cortical metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor expression and behavioral effects of the positive allosteric modulator CDPPB in a model of DYT1 dystonia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172977. [PMID: 32615137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor is critically involved in corticostriatal plasticity which is disturbed in various animal models of dystonia. Recently, the positive allosteric modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) exerted prodyskinetic effects in a phenotypic model of episodic dystonia. In the DYT1 knock-in (KI) mouse, a model for a persistent type of dystonia, previous ex vivo electrophysiological experiments indicated that mGlu5 receptors are involved in abnormal striatal plasticity. Therefore, in the present study we examined the mGlu5 receptor expression in the striatum and cortex of DYT1 KI mice in comparison with wildtype littermates. By immunohistochemistry (IHC) we found a lower expression of mGlu5 receptors in the cortex (16%) and ventral striatum (10%) but not in the whole striatum of DYT1 KI mice, while mRNA levels were merely lower in the striatum of DYT1 KI mice (43%). However, mGlu5 receptor protein levels measured by western blotting showed no significant differences in tissue of the whole striatum and in the cortex between both genotypes. Since DYT1 KI mice do not exhibit dystonic symptoms, we investigated if CDPPB provokes dystonia or dyskinesia. CDPPB (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal, i.p.) did not induce abnormal movements and the locomotor activity did not differ between DYT1 KI and wildtype mice. The present data do not provide evidence for a crucial role of the mGlu5 receptor in the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, but corticostriatal changes are in line with the hypothesis of maladaptive plasticity in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Jankowska A, Satała G, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Bojarski AJ, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G. Discovery and Development of Non-Dopaminergic Agents for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Overview of the Preclinical and Early Clinical Studies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4885-4913. [PMID: 31291870 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190710172002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people around the world and results in persistent emotional and cognitive impairments. Untreated schizophrenia leads to deterioration in quality of life and premature death. Although the clinical efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists against positive symptoms of schizophrenia supports the dopamine hypothesis of the disease, the resistance of negative and cognitive symptoms to these drugs implicates other systems in its pathophysiology. Many studies suggest that abnormalities in glutamate homeostasis may contribute to all three groups of schizophrenia symptoms. Scientific considerations also include disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic and serotonergic neurotransmissions as well as the role of the immune system. The purpose of this review is to update the most recent reports on the discovery and development of non-dopaminergic agents that may reduce positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and may be alternative to currently used antipsychotics. This review collects the chemical structures of representative compounds targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, glycine transporter type 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 as well as results of in vitro and in vivo studies indicating their efficacy in schizophrenia. Results of clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of the tested compounds have also been presented. Finally, attention has been paid to multifunctional ligands with serotonin receptor affinity or phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity as novel strategies in the search for dedicated medicines for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jankowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Chong CH, Li Q, Mak PHS, Ng CCP, Leung EHW, Tan VH, Chan AKW, McAlonan G, Chan SY. Lrrc7 mutant mice model developmental emotional dysregulation that can be alleviated by mGluR5 allosteric modulation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 31582721 PMCID: PMC6776540 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRC7 has been identified as a candidate gene for severe childhood emotional dysregulation. Direct experimental evidence for a role of LRRC7 in the disease is needed, as is a better understanding of its impact on neuronal structure and signaling, and hence potential treatment targets. Here, we generated and analyzed an Lrrc7 mutant mouse line. Consistent with a critical role of LRRC7 in emotional regulation, mutant mice had inappropriate juvenile aggressive behavior and significant anxiety-like behavior and social dysfunction in adulthood. The pivotal role of mGluR5 signaling was demonstrated by rescue of behavioral defects with augmentation of mGluR5 receptor activity by 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB). Intra-peritoneal injection of CDPPB alleviated abnormal juvenile behavior, as well as anxiety-like behavior and hypersociability at adulthood. Furthermore, mutant primary neurons had impaired neurite outgrowth which was rescued by CDPPB treatment. In conclusion, Lrrc7 mutant mice provide a valuable tool to model childhood emotional dysregulation and persistent mental health comorbidities. Moreover, our data highlight an important role of LRRC7 in mGluR5 signaling, which is a potential new treatment target for anxiety and social dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ho Chong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priscilla Hoi Shan Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cypress Chun Pong Ng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eva Hin Wa Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicky Huiqi Tan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Kin Wang Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- The Sackler Centre for Translational Neurodevelopment and The Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Siu Yuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Bellozi PMQ, Gomes GF, da Silva MCM, Lima IVDA, Batista CRÁ, Carneiro Junior WDO, Dória JG, Vieira ÉLM, Vieira RP, de Freitas RP, Ferreira CN, Candelario-Jalil E, Wyss-Coray T, Ribeiro FM, de Oliveira ACP. A positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 promotes neuroprotective effects in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107785. [PMID: 31541651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Despite advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology, none of the available therapies prevents disease progression. Excess glutamate plays an important role in excitotoxicity by activating ionotropic receptors. However, the mechanisms modulating neuronal cell survival/death via metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are not completely understood. Recent data indicates that CDPPB, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5, has neuroprotective effects. Thus, this work aimed to investigate CDPPB treatment effects on amyloid-β (Aβ) induced pathological alterations in vitro and in vivo and in a transgenic mouse model of AD (T41 mice). Aβ induced cell death in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, which was prevented by CDPPB. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent stereotaxic surgery for unilateral intra-hippocampal Aβ injection, which induced memory deficits, neurodegeneration, neuronal viability reduction and decrease of doublecortin-positive cells, a marker of immature neurons and neuronal proliferation. Treatment with CDPPB for 8 days reversed neurodegeneration and doublecortin-positive cells loss and recovered memory function. Fourteen months old T41 mice presented cognitive deficits, neuronal viability reduction, gliosis and Aβ accumulation. Treatment with CDPPB for 28 days increased neuronal viability (32.2% increase in NeuN+ cells) and reduced gliosis in CA1 region (Iba-1+ area by 31.3% and GFAP+ area by 37.5%) in transgenic animals, without inducing hepatotoxicity. However, it did not reverse cognitive deficit. Despite a four-week treatment did not prevent memory loss in aged transgenic mice, CDPPB is protective against Aβ stimulus. Therefore, this drug represents a potential candidate for further investigations as AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Guimarães Dória
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Pinto Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Natália Ferreira
- Clinical Pathology Sector of COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
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20
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Butkiewicz M, Rodriguez AL, Rainey SE, Wieting J, Luscombe VB, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Meiler J. Identification of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Acting at Site Distinct from 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine Binding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3427-3436. [PMID: 31132237 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play an important role as drug targets of cognitive diseases. Selective allosteric modulators of mGlu subtype 5 (mGlu5) have the potential to alleviate symptoms of numerous central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia in a more targeted fashion. Multiple mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), such as 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)-methylideneamino)-methanimine (DFB), 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (CDPPB), and 4-nitro-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (VU-29), exert their actions by binding to a defined allosteric site on mGlu5 located in the seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) and shared by mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP). Actions of the PAM N-{4-chloro-2-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2-hydroxybenzamide (CPPHA) are mediated by a distinct allosteric site in the 7TM domain different from the MPEP binding site. Experimental evidence confirms these findings through mutagenesis experiments involving residues F585 (TM1) and A809 (TM7). In an effort to investigate mGlu5 PAM selectivity for this alternative allosteric site distinct from MPEP binding, we employed in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. Subsequent ligand-based virtual screening prioritized a set of 63 candidate compounds predicted from a library of over 4 million commercially available compounds to bind exclusively to this novel site. Experimental validation verified the biological activity for seven of 63 selected candidates. Further, medicinal chemistry optimizations based on these molecules revealed compound VU6003586 with an experimentally validated potency of 174 nM. Radioligand binding experiments showed only partial inhibition at very high concentrations, most likely indicative of binding at a non-MPEP site. Selective positive allosteric modulators for mGlu5 have the potential for tremendous impact concerning devastating neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. These identified and validated novel selective compounds can serve as starting points for more specifically tailored lead and probe molecules and thus help the development of potential therapeutic agents with reduced adverse effects.
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21
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Perl S, Richter F, Gericke B, Richter A. Expression of metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors in the striatum and cortex and effects of modulators on the severity of dystonia in the phenotypic dt sz model. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172527. [PMID: 31283933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor has been suggested as therapeutic target for L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia which is often associated with dystonic symptoms. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of the non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist fenobam as well as the positive modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) on the severity of inherited dystonia in the mutant dtsz hamster, a phenotypic model with age-dependent episodes of dystonia. Fenobam did not exert significant antidystonic effects (20-50 mg/kg intraperinoneal, i.p.). CDPPB (10, 20 mg/kg i.p.) which was expected to worsen dystonia also failed to show any effects on the severity of dystonia. Interestingly, CDPPB caused axial dyskinesia in addition to the dystonic symptoms in mutant hamsters. This adverse effect could not be observed in non-dystonic control hamsters, indicating possible changes in the expression of mGlu5 receptors in dystonic hamsters. The mGlu5 receptor mRNA did not differ between the dtsz mutant and control hamsters, while immunohistochemical studies indicated that the mGlu5 receptor expression was about 35% higher in striatum and cortex of mutant hamsters at the age of high dystonia severity scores, notably not after spontaneous remission of dystonia, compared to age-matched controls. This difference in mGlu5 receptor protein may be due to altered protein conformation instead of protein level, as western blots revealed similar amounts of monomeric and dimeric protein in mutant hamsters versus control. Thus, the present data do not provide clear evidence for an important role of the mGlu5 receptor in the pathophysiology and as a therapeutic target for types of inherited dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Xiang Z, Lv X, Maksymetz J, Stansley BJ, Ghoshal A, Gogliotti RG, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. mGlu 5 Positive Allosteric Modulators Facilitate Long-Term Potentiation via Disinhibition Mediated by mGlu 5-Endocannabinoid Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:198-209. [PMID: 31259318 PMCID: PMC6591772 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor type 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) enhance hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and have cognition-enhancing effects in animal models. These effects were initially thought to be mediated by potentiation of mGlu5 modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) currents. However, a biased mGlu5 PAM that potentiates Gαq-dependent mGlu5 signaling, but not mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, retains cognition-enhancing effects in animal models, suggesting that potentiation of NMDAR currents is not required for these in vivo effects of mGlu5 PAMs. However, it is not clear whether the potentiation of NMDAR currents is critical for the ability of mGlu5 PAMs to enhance hippocampal LTP. We now report the characterization of effects of two structurally distinct mGlu5 PAMs, VU-29 and VU0092273, on NMDAR currents and hippocampal LTP. As with other mGlu5 PAMs that do not display observable bias for potentiation of NMDAR currents, VU0092273 enhanced both mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents and induction of LTP at the hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 synapse. In contrast, VU-29 did not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents but induced robust potentiation of hippocampal LTP. Interestingly, both VU-29 and VU0092273 suppressed evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal cells, and this effect was blocked by the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist AM251. Furthermore, AM251 blocked the ability of both mGlu5 PAMs to enhance LTP. Finally, both PAMs failed to enhance LTP in mice with the restricted genetic deletion of mGlu5 in CA1 pyramidal cells. Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that enhancement of LTP by mGlu5 PAMs does not depend on mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents but is mediated by a previously established mechanism in which mGlu5 in CA1 pyramidal cells induces endocannabinoid release and CB1-dependent disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Branden J Stansley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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23
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Cholinergic Neurons of the Medial Septum Are Crucial for Sensorimotor Gating. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5234-5242. [PMID: 31028115 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0950-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of NMDA receptors has been considered a possible cause for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. More recently, indirect ways to regulate NMDA that would be less disruptive have been proposed and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) represents one such candidate. To characterize the cell populations involved, we demonstrated here that knock-out (KO) of mGluR5 in cholinergic, but not glutamatergic or parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic, neurons reduced prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI) and enhanced sensitivity to MK801-induced locomotor activity. Inhibition of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum by DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) resulted in reduced PPI further demonstrating the importance of these neurons in sensorimotor gating. Volume imaging and quantification were used to compare PV and cholinergic cell distribution, density, and total cell counts in the different cell-type-specific KO lines. Electrophysiological studies showed reduced NMDA receptor-mediated currents in cholinergic neurons of the medial septum in mGluR5 KO mice. These results obtained from male and female mice indicate that cholinergic neurons in the medial septum represent a key cell type involved in sensorimotor gating and are relevant to pathologies associated with disrupted sensorimotor gating such as schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanistic complexity underlying psychiatric disorders remains a major challenge that is hindering the drug discovery process. Here, we generated genetically modified mouse lines to better characterize the involvement of the receptor mGluR5 in the fine-tuning of NMDA receptors, specifically in the context of sensorimotor gating. We evaluated the importance of knocking-out mGluR5 in three different cell types in two brain regions and performed different sets of experiments including behavioral testing and electrophysiological recordings. We demonstrated that cholinergic neurons in the medial septum represent a key cell-type involved in sensorimotor gating. We are proposing that pathologies associated with disrupted sensorimotor gating, such as with schizophrenia, could benefit from further evaluating strategies to modulate specifically cholinergic neurons in the medial septum.
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24
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Lewis MH, Primiani CT, Muehlmann AM. Targeting Dopamine D 2, Adenosine A 2A, and Glutamate mGlu 5 Receptors to Reduce Repetitive Behaviors in Deer Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:88-97. [PMID: 30745415 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive behaviors are seemingly purposeless patterns of behavior that vary little in form and are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurologic disorders. Our work has identified an association between hypofunctioning of the indirect basal ganglia pathway and the expression of repetitive behavior in the deer mouse model. In this study, we targeted indirect pathway cells of the striatum with single drugs and drug combinations that bind to dopamine D2, adenosine A2A, and glutamate mGlu5 receptors. These receptors function both individually and as receptor heteromers. We found that only the triple drug cocktail (L-741,626+CGS21680+CDPPB) that was designed to increase striatal indirect basal ganglia pathway cell function reduced repetitive behavior in adult male deer mice. No single drug or double drug combinations were effective at selectively reducing repetitive behavior. We found this triple drug cocktail reduced repetitive behavior in both short-acting and long-acting formulations and was effective throughout 7 days of daily administration. Conversely, another triple drug cocktail (quinpirole+SCH58261+MTEP) that was designed to further reduce striatal indirect basal ganglia pathway cell function caused a significant increase in repetitive behavior. Significant and behaviorally selective effects on repetitive behavior were only achieved with the triple drug cocktails that included doses of L-741,626 and quinpirole that have off-target effects (e.g., dopamine D3 receptors). These data further a role for decreased indirect basal ganglia pathway activation in repetitive behavior and suggest that targeting these receptors and/or heteromeric complexes on the indirect pathway neurons of the striatum may offer pharmacotherapeutic benefit for individuals with repetitive behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Amber M Muehlmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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25
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Koehl A, Hu H, Feng D, Sun B, Zhang Y, Robertson MJ, Chu M, Kobilka TS, Laeremans T, Steyaert J, Tarrasch J, Dutta S, Fonseca R, Weis WI, Mathiesen JM, Skiniotis G, Kobilka BK. Structural insights into the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature 2019; 566:79-84. [PMID: 30675062 PMCID: PMC6709600 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors are family C G-protein-coupled receptors. They form obligate dimers and possess extracellular ligand-binding Venus flytrap domains, which are linked by cysteine-rich domains to their 7-transmembrane domains. Spectroscopic studies show that signalling is a dynamic process, in which large-scale conformational changes underlie the transmission of signals from the extracellular Venus flytraps to the G protein-coupling domains-the 7-transmembrane domains-in the membrane. Here, using a combination of X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy and signalling studies, we present a structural framework for the activation mechanism of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. Our results show that agonist binding at the Venus flytraps leads to a compaction of the intersubunit dimer interface, thereby bringing the cysteine-rich domains into close proximity. Interactions between the cysteine-rich domains and the second extracellular loops of the receptor enable the rigid-body repositioning of the 7-transmembrane domains, which come into contact with each other to initiate signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Koehl
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongli Hu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dan Feng
- ConfometRx, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Robertson
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tong Sun Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,ConfometRx, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey Tarrasch
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rasmus Fonseca
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William I Weis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,ConfometRx, Santa Clara, CA, USA.
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26
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Nicoletti F, Orlando R, Di Menna L, Cannella M, Notartomaso S, Mascio G, Iacovelli L, Matrisciano F, Fazio F, Caraci F, Copani A, Battaglia G, Bruno V. Targeting mGlu Receptors for Optimization of Antipsychotic Activity and Disease-Modifying Effect in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:49. [PMID: 30890967 PMCID: PMC6413697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are considered as candidate drug targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. These receptors form a family of eight subtypes (mGlu1 to -8), of which mGlu1 and -5 are coupled to Gq/11, and all other subtypes are coupled to Gi/o. Here, we discuss the possibility that selective ligands of individual mGlu receptor subtypes may be effective in controlling the core symptoms of schizophrenia, and, in some cases, may impact mechanisms underlying the progression of the disorder. Recent evidence indicates that activation of mGlu1 receptors inhibits dopamine release in the meso-striatal system. Hence, selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu1 receptors hold promise for the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. mGlu5 receptors are widely expressed in the CNS and regulate the activity of cells that are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, such as cortical GABAergic interneurons and microglial cells. mGlu5 receptor PAMs are under development for the treatment of schizophrenia and cater the potential to act as disease modifiers by restraining neuroinflammation. mGlu2 receptors have attracted considerable interest because they negatively modulate 5-HT2A serotonin receptor signaling in the cerebral cortex. Both mGlu2 receptor PAMs and orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor agonists display antipsychotic-like activity in animal models, and the latter drugs are inactive in mice lacking mGlu2 receptors. So far, mGlu3 receptors have been left apart as drug targets for schizophrenia. However, activation of mGlu3 receptors boosts mGlu5 receptor signaling, supports neuronal survival, and drives microglial cells toward an antiinflammatory phenotype. This strongly encourages research of mGlu3 receptors in schizophrenia. Finally, preclical studies suggest that mGlu4 receptors might be targeted by novel antipsychotic drugs, whereas studies of mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors in animal models of psychosis are still at their infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Matrisciano
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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27
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Biased agonism and allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2323-2338. [PMID: 30389826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to class C G-protein-coupled receptors and consist of eight subtypes that are ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system. In recent years, the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) has emerged as a promising target for a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug discovery programs targetting mGlu5 are primarily focused on development of allosteric modulators that interact with sites distinct from the endogenous agonist glutamate. Significant efforts have seen mGlu5 allosteric modulators progress into clinical trials; however, recent failures due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects indicate a need for a better understanding of the functional consequences of mGlu5 allosteric modulation. Biased agonism is an interrelated phenomenon to allosterism, describing how different ligands acting through the same receptor can differentially influence signaling to distinct transducers and pathways. Emerging evidence demonstrates that allosteric modulators can induce biased pharmacology at the level of intrinsic agonism as well as through differential modulation of orthosteric agonist-signaling pathways. Here, we present key considerations in the discovery and development of mGlu5 allosteric modulators and the opportunities and pitfalls offered by biased agonism and modulation.
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28
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Schwendt M, Shallcross J, Hadad NA, Namba MD, Hiller H, Wu L, Krause EG, Knackstedt LA. A novel rat model of comorbid PTSD and addiction reveals intersections between stress susceptibility and enhanced cocaine seeking with a role for mGlu5 receptors. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:209. [PMID: 30291225 PMCID: PMC6173705 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PTSD is highly comorbid with cocaine use disorder (CUD), and cocaine users with PTSD + CUD are more resistant to treatment. Here we sought to develop a rat model of PTSD + CUD in order to identify the neurobiological changes underlying such comorbidity and screen potential medications for reducing cocaine seeking in the PTSD population. We utilized a predator scent stress model of PTSD, wherein rats received a single exposure to the fox pheromone 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT). One week after TMT exposure, stress-susceptible (susceptible), intermediate, and resilient phenotypes were detected and were consistent with behavioral, corticosterone, and gene expression profiles 3 weeks post TMT. We assessed phenotypic differences in cocaine self-administration, extinction, and cue-primed reinstatement. Susceptible rats exhibited deficits in extinction learning and increased cue-primed reinstatement that was not prevented by Ceftriaxone, an antibiotic that consistently attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. TMT-exposed resilient rats displayed increased mGlu5 gene expression in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex and did not display the enhanced cocaine seeking observed in susceptible rats. Combined treatment with the mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB), fear extinction, and ceftriaxone prevented the reinstatement of cocaine seeking in susceptible rats with fear extinction an important mediating condition. These results highlight the need for animal models of PTSD to consider stress-responsivity, as only a subset of trauma-exposed individuals develop PTSD and these individuals likely exhibit distinct neurobiological changes compared with trauma-exposed populations who are resilient to stress. This work further identifies glutamate homeostasis and mGlu5 as a target for treating relapse in comorbid PTSD-cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Schwendt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - John Shallcross
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Natalie A. Hadad
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Mark D. Namba
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Helmut Hiller
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Eric G. Krause
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Lori A. Knackstedt
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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29
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Esterlis I, Holmes SE, Sharma P, Krystal JH, DeLorenzo C. Metabotropic Glutamatergic Receptor 5 and Stress Disorders: Knowledge Gained From Receptor Imaging Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:95-105. [PMID: 29100629 PMCID: PMC5858955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) may represent a promising therapeutic target for stress-related psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe mGluR5 findings in stress disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), highlighting insights from positron emission tomography studies. Positron emission tomography studies report either no differences or lower mGluR5 in MDD, potentially reflecting MDD heterogeneity. Unlike the rapidly acting glutamatergic agent ketamine, mGluR5-specific modulation has not yet shown antidepressant efficacy in MDD and bipolar disorder. Although we recently showed that ketamine may work, in part, through significant mGluR5 modulation, the specific role of mGluR5 downregulation in ketamine's antidepressant response is unclear. In contrast to MDD, there has been much less investigation of mGluR5 in bipolar disorder, yet initial studies indicate that mGluR5-specific treatments may aid in both depressed and manic mood states. The direction of modulation needed may be state dependent, however, limiting clinical feasibility. There has been relatively little study of posttraumatic stress disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder to date, although there is evidence for the upregulation of mGluR5 in these disorders. However, while antagonism of mGluR5 may reduce fear conditioning, it may also reduce fear extinction. Therefore, studies are needed to determine the role mGluR5 modulation might play in the treatment of these conditions. Further challenges in modulating this prevalent neurotransmitter system include potential induction of significant side effects. As such, more research is needed to identify level and type (positive/negative allosteric modulation or full antagonism) of mGluR5 modulation required to translate existing knowledge into improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veteran's Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
| | | | - Priya Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University- London, Ontario, Canada; London Health Sciences Centre- Victoria Hospital
| | - John H. Krystal
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry,Yale University, Department of Neuroscience,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering
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30
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mGluR5 Modulation of Behavioral and Epileptic Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1457-1465. [PMID: 29206810 PMCID: PMC5916364 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) have therapeutic potential in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The question whether inhibition or potentiation of mGluR5 could be beneficial depends, among other factors, on the specific indication. To facilitate the development of mGluR5 treatment strategies, we tested the therapeutic utility of mGluR5 negative and positive allosteric modulators (an mGluR5 NAM and PAM) for TSC, using a mutant mouse model with neuronal loss of Tsc2 that demonstrates disease-related phenotypes, including behavioral symptoms of ASD and epilepsy. This model uniquely enables the in vivo characterization and rescue of the electrographic seizures associated with TSC. We demonstrate that inhibition of mGluR5 corrects hyperactivity, seizures, and elevated de novo synaptic protein synthesis. Conversely, positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 results in the exacerbation of hyperactivity and epileptic phenotypes. The data suggest a meaningful therapeutic potential for mGluR5 NAMs in TSC, which warrants clinical exploration and the continued development of mGluR5 therapies.
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31
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Gupta I, Young AMJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell is unaffected by phencyclidine pretreatment: In vitro assessment using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry rat brain slices. Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29524437 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The non-competitive glutamate antagonist, phencyclidine is used in rodents to model behavioural deficits see in schizophrenia. Importantly, these deficits endure long after the cessation of short-term chronic treatment (sub-chronic), indicating that the drug treatment causes long-term changes in the physiology and/or chemistry of the brain. There is evidence that this may occur through glutamatergic modulation of mesolimbic dopamine release, perhaps involving metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). This study sought to investigate the effect of sub-chronic phencyclidine pretreatment on modulation of dopamine neurotransmission by metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 5 (mGluR2 and mGluR5) in the nucleus accumbens shell in vitro, with the hypothesis that phencyclidine pretreatment would disrupt the mGluR-mediated modulation of dopamine release. We showed that the orthosteric mGluR2 agonist LY379268 (0.1 µM, 1 µM and 10 µM) and mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator CDPPB (1 µM and 10 µM) both attenuated potassium-evoked dopamine release, underscoring their role in modulating dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. Sub-chronic PCP treatment, which caused cognitive deficits measured by performance in the novel object recognition task, modelling aspects of behavioral deficits seen in schizophrenia, induced neurobiological changes that enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, but had no effect on mGluR2 or mGluR5 mediated changes in dopamine release. Therefore it is unlikely that schizophrenia-related behavioural changes seen after sub-chronic phencyclidine pre-treatment are mediated through mGluR modulation of dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Andrew M J Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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32
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Lee KM, Coelho MA, Class MA, Szumlinski KK. mGlu5-dependent modulation of anxiety during early withdrawal from binge-drinking in adult and adolescent male mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 184:1-11. [PMID: 29324247 PMCID: PMC6371787 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge alcohol-drinking elicits symptoms of negative affect such as anxiety upon cessation, which is a source of negative reinforcement for perpetuating this pattern of alcohol abuse. Binge-induced anxiety during early (24 h) withdrawal is associated with increased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) within the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) of adult male mice, but was unchanged in anxiety-resilient adolescents. Herein, we determined the role of mGlu5 signaling in withdrawal-induced anxiety via pharmacological manipulation using the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP and the positive allosteric modulator CDPPB. Adult (PND 56) and adolescent (PND 28) male C57BL/6J mice binge-drank for 14 days under 3-bottle-choice procedures for 2 h/day; control animals drank water only. Approximately 24 h following the final alcohol presentation, animals were treated with 30 mg/kg IP MTEP, CDPPB, or vehicle and then tested, thirty minutes later, for behavioral signs of anxiety. Vehicle-treated binge-drinking adults exhibited hyperanxiety in all paradigms, while vehicle-treated binge-drinking adolescents did not exhibit withdrawal-induced anxiety. In adults, 30 mg/kg MTEP decreased alcohol-induced anxiety across paradigms, while 3 mg/kg MTEP was anxiolytic in adult water controls. CDPPB was modestly anxiogenic in both alcohol- and water-drinking mice. Adolescent animals showed minimal response to either CDPPB or MTEP, suggesting that anxiety in adolescence may be mGlu5-independent. These results demonstrate a causal role for mGlu5 in withdrawal-induced anxiety in adults and suggest age-related differences in the behavioral pharmacology of the negative reinforcing properties of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaziya M. Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Michal A. Coelho
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - MacKayla A. Class
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9625, USA
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9625, USA,Corresponding author at: University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA. (K.K. Szumlinski)
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33
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Stansley BJ, Conn PJ. The therapeutic potential of metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation for schizophrenia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 38:31-36. [PMID: 29486374 PMCID: PMC5949078 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that a dysregulation of the glutamatergic system exists in the brains of schizophrenia patients. The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are being investigated as novel drug targets for this disease, and have shown promise in both preclinical and clinical studies. Activation of mGlu5 receptors may be efficacious for several symptom domains (positive, negative, and cognitive) and the potential for targeting mGlu5 receptors has been bolstered by recent research on mitigating toxicity profiles associated with mGlu5 activation. Additionally, genetic profiling of schizophrenia patients suggests that genes encoding for mGlu1 and mGlu3 receptors are altered, prompting preclinical studies that have demonstrated potential antipsychotic and cognitive enhancing effects of agents that activate mGlu1 and mGlu3 receptors, respectively. Development of subtype-specific drugs for the mGlu receptors, such as allosteric modulators, could provide a path forward for more efficacious and tolerable therapeutics for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden J Stansley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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34
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Di Menna L, Joffe ME, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Lindsley CW, Mairesse J, Gressèns P, Cannella M, Caraci F, Copani A, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Conn PJ, Nicoletti F. Functional partnership between mGlu3 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:301-313. [PMID: 29079293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
mGlu5 receptors are involved in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and are targeted by drugs developed for the treatment of CNS disorders. We report that mGlu3 receptors, which are traditionally linked to the control of neurotransmitter release, support mGlu5 receptor signaling in neurons and largely contribute to the robust mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in the early postnatal life. In cortical pyramidal neurons, mGlu3 receptor activation potentiated mGlu5 receptor-mediated somatic Ca2+ mobilization, and mGlu3 receptor-mediated long-term depression in the prefrontal cortex required the endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors. The interaction between mGlu3 and mGlu5 receptors was also relevant to mechanisms of neuronal toxicity, with mGlu3 receptors shaping the influence of mGlu5 receptors on excitotoxic neuronal death. These findings shed new light into the complex role played by mGlu receptors in physiology and pathology, and suggest reconsideration of some of the current dogmas in the mGlu receptor field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max E Joffe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Jèrome Mairesse
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressèns
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Oasi Maria SS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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35
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Marszalek-Grabska M, Gibula-Bruzda E, Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Suder P, Gawel K, Talarek S, Listos J, Kedzierska E, Danysz W, Kotlinska JH. ADX-47273, a mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator, attenuates deficits in cognitive flexibility induced by withdrawal from 'binge-like' ethanol exposure in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:9-16. [PMID: 29030082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to and withdrawal from ethanol induces deficits in spatial reversal learning. Data indicate that metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors are implicated in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. These receptors functionally interact with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and activation of one type results in the activation of the other. We examined whether (S)-(4-fluorophenyl)(3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-piperidin-1-yl (ADX-47273), a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptor, attenuates deficits in reversal learning induced by withdrawal (11-13days) from 'binge-like' ethanol input (5.0g/kg, i.g. for 5days) in the Barnes maze (a spatial learning) task in rats. We additionally examined the effects of ADX-47273 on the expression of the NMDA receptors subunit, GluN2B, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, on the 13th day of ethanol withdrawal. Herein, withdrawal from repeated ethanol administration impaired reversal learning, but not the probe trial. Moreover, ADX-47273 (30mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to the first reversal learning trial for 3days in the Barnes maze, significantly enhanced performance in the ethanol-treated group. The 13th day of ethanol abstinence decreased the expression of the GluN2B subunit in the selected brain regions, but ADX-47273 administration increased it. In conclusion, positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptors recovered spatial reversal learning impairment induced by withdrawal from 'binge-like' ethanol exposure. Such effect seems to be correlated with the mGlu5 receptors mediated potentiation of GluN2B-NMDA receptor mediated responses in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Thus, our results emphasize the role of mGlu5 receptor PAM in the adaptive learning impaired by ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Gibula-Bruzda
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bodzon-Kulakowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Jolanta H Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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36
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Correa AMB, Guimarães JDS, Dos Santos E Alhadas E, Kushmerick C. Control of neuronal excitability by Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:835-845. [PMID: 28836161 PMCID: PMC5662043 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors couple through G proteins to regulate a large number of cell functions. Eight mGlu receptor isoforms have been cloned and classified into three Groups based on sequence, signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacology. This review will focus on Group I mGlu receptors, comprising the isoforms mGlu1 and mGlu5. Activation of these receptors initiates both G protein-dependent and -independent signal transduction pathways. The G-protein-dependent pathway involves mainly Gαq, which can activate PLCβ, leading initially to the formation of IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 can release Ca2+ from cellular stores resulting in activation of Ca2+-dependent ion channels. Intracellular Ca2+, together with diacylglycerol, activates PKC, which has many protein targets, including ion channels. Thus, activation of the G-protein-dependent pathway affects cellular excitability though several different effectors. In parallel, G protein-independent pathways lead to activation of non-selective cationic currents and metabotropic synaptic currents and potentials. Here, we provide a survey of the membrane transport proteins responsible for these electrical effects of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Bernal Correa
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Christopher Kushmerick
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica - ICB, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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37
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Guo B, Wang J, Yao H, Ren K, Chen J, Yang J, Cai G, Liu H, Fan Y, Wang W, Wu S. Chronic Inflammatory Pain Impairs mGluR5-Mediated Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:2118-2130. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Cadet Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Han Yao
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Keke Ren
- School of life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Cadet Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Fan
- Cadet Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P.R. China
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38
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Foster DJ, Conn PJ. Allosteric Modulation of GPCRs: New Insights and Potential Utility for Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other CNS Disorders. Neuron 2017; 94:431-446. [PMID: 28472649 PMCID: PMC5482176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex signaling machines that can adopt numerous conformations and modulate multiple downstream signaling pathways. While agonists and antagonists have traditionally been pursued to target GPCRs, allosteric modulators provide several mechanistic advantages, including the ability to distinguish between closely related receptor subtypes. Recently, the discovery of allosteric ligands that confer bias and modulate some, but not all, of a given receptor's downstream signaling pathways can provide pharmacological modulation of brain circuitry with remarkable precision. In addition, allosteric modulators with unprecedented specificity have been developed that can differentiate between subpopulations of a given receptor subtype based on the receptor's dimerization state. These advances are not only providing insight into the biological roles of specific receptor populations, but hold great promise for treating numerous CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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39
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Vicidomini C, Ponzoni L, Lim D, Schmeisser M, Reim D, Morello N, Orelanna D, Tozzi A, Durante V, Scalmani P, Mantegazza M, Genazzani AA, Giustetto M, Sala M, Calabresi P, Boeckers TM, Sala C, Verpelli C. Pharmacological enhancement of mGlu5 receptors rescues behavioral deficits in SHANK3 knock-out mice. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:689-702. [PMID: 27021819 PMCID: PMC5014121 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SHANK3 (also called PROSAP2) genetic haploinsufficiency is thought to be the major cause of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). PMS is a rare genetic disorder that causes a severe form of intellectual disability (ID), expressive language delays and other autistic features. Furthermore, a significant number of SHANK3 mutations have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and SHANK3 truncating mutations are associated with moderate to profound ID. The Shank3 protein is a scaffold protein that is located in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses and is crucial for synapse development and plasticity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms associated with the ASD-like behaviors observed in Shank3Δ11-/- mice, in which exon 11 has been deleted. Our results indicate that Shank3 is essential to mediating metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5)-receptor signaling by recruiting Homer1b/c to the PSD, specifically in the striatum and cortex. Moreover, augmenting mGlu5-receptor activity by administering 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide ameliorated the functional and behavioral defects that were observed in Shank3Δ11-/- mice, suggesting that pharmaceutical treatments that increase mGlu5 activity may represent a new approach for treating patients that are affected by PMS and SHANK3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi
del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara
| | | | | | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Torino
| | | | - Alessandro Tozzi
- University of Perugia, Department of Experimental Medicine,
Perugia
| | - Valentina Durante
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Clinica
Neurologica, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Scalmani
- U.O. of Neurophysiopathology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Foundation
Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neurological Institute
Carlo Besta, Milan
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), Laboratory
of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics (LabEx ICST), CNRS UMR7275 and
University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi
del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara
| | | | - Mariaelvina Sala
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Milano,Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia and Clinica
Neurologica, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Milano
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40
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Maksymetz J, Moran SP, Conn PJ. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for novel treatments of schizophrenia. Mol Brain 2017; 10:15. [PMID: 28446243 PMCID: PMC5405554 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Support for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia has led to increasing focus on restoring proper glutamatergic signaling as an approach for treatment of this devastating disease. The ability of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission has thus attracted considerable attention for the development of novel antipsychotics. Consisting of eight subtypes classified into three groups based on sequence homology, signal transduction, and pharmacology, the mGlu receptors provide a wide range of targets to modulate NMDAR function as well as glutamate release. Recently, allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors have been developed that allow unprecedented selectivity among subtypes, not just groups, facilitating the investigation of the effects of subtype-specific modulation. In preclinical animal models, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the group I mGlu receptor mGlu5 have efficacy across all three symptom domains of schizophrenia (positive, negative, and cognitive). The discovery and development of mGlu5 PAMs that display unique signal bias suggests that efficacy can be retained while avoiding the neurotoxic effects of earlier compounds. Interestingly, mGlu1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) appear efficacious in positive symptom models of the disease but are still in early preclinical development. While selective group II mGlu receptor (mGlu2/3) agonists have reached clinical trials but were unsuccessful, specific mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor targeting still hold great promise. Genetic studies implicated mGlu2 in the antipsychotic effects of group II agonists and mGlu2 PAMs have since entered into clinical trials. Additionally, mGlu3 appears to play an important role in cognition, may confer neuroprotective effects, and thus is a promising target to alleviate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Although group III mGlu receptors (mGlu4/6/7/8) have attracted less attention, mGlu4 agonists and PAMs appear to have efficacy across all three symptoms domains in preclinical models. The recent discovery of heterodimers comprising mGlu2 and mGlu4 may explain the efficacy of mGlu4 selective compounds but this remains to be determined. Taken together, compounds targeting mGlu receptors, specifically subtype-selective allosteric modulators, provide a compelling alternative approach to fill the unmet clinical needs for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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41
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Huang Y, Todd N, Thathiah A. The role of GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 32:96-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Gass JT, McGonigal JT, Chandler LJ. Deficits in the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure are attenuated with positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:198-205. [PMID: 27725153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by periods of heavy alcohol consumption and unsuccessful attempts at abstinence. Relapse is one of the most problematic aspects in the treatment of alcoholism and is triggered by ethanol-associated cues. Extinction-based cue exposure therapies have proven ineffective in the treatment of alcoholism. However, positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5 with CDPPB enhances the extinction learning of alcohol-seeking behavior. The current study investigated the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior. Adult Wistar rats were trained to self-administer alcohol with a light/tone stimulus serving as the alcohol cue. After training, one group of rats was exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) daily for a period of 2 weeks to induce ethanol dependence. Control rats were exposed to air for the same period of time. Both groups were then retrained to self-administer ethanol and subsequently tested for changes in extinction learning. CIE exposed rats consumed more ethanol compared to their pre-CIE levels and to control rats. During extinction training, CIE rats responded significantly more on the previously active lever and required more sessions to reach extinction criteria compared to control rats. Treatment with CDPPB facilitated extinction in control rats and attenuated the increased resistance to extinction in CIE-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol exposure not only alters ethanol intake, but also the extinction of ethanol-seeking behaviors. The ability to attenuate deficits through modulation of mGlu5 provides a potential target for pharmacological manipulation that could ultimately reduce relapse in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gass
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - J T McGonigal
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - L J Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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44
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Biased allosteric agonism and modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5: Implications for optimizing preclinical neuroscience drug discovery. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:60-72. [PMID: 27392634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators, that exhibit no intrinsic agonist activity, offer the advantage of spatial and temporal fine-tuning of endogenous agonist activity, allowing the potential for increased selectivity, reduced adverse effects and improved clinical outcomes. Some allosteric ligands can differentially activate and/or modulate distinct signaling pathways arising from the same receptor, phenomena referred to as 'biased agonism' and 'biased modulation'. Emerging evidence for CNS disorders with glutamatergic dysfunction suggests the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) is a promising target. Current mGlu5 allosteric modulators have largely been classified based on modulation of intracellular calcium (iCa2+) responses to orthosteric agonists alone. We assessed eight mGlu5 allosteric modulators previously classified as mGlu5 PAMs or PAM-agonists representing four distinct chemotypes across multiple measures of receptor activity, to explore their potential for engendering biased agonism and/or modulation. Relative to the reference orthosteric agonist, DHPG, the eight allosteric ligands exhibited distinct biased agonism fingerprints for iCa2+ mobilization, IP1 accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293A cells stably expressing mGlu5 and in cortical neuron cultures. VU0424465, DPFE and VU0409551 displayed the most disparate biased signaling fingerprints in both HEK293A cells and cortical neurons that may account for the marked differences observed previously for these ligands in vivo. Select mGlu5 allosteric ligands also showed 'probe dependence' with respect to their cooperativity with different orthosteric agonists, as well as biased modulation for the magnitude of positive cooperativity observed. Unappreciated biased agonism and modulation may contribute to unanticipated effects (both therapeutic and adverse) when translating from recombinant systems to preclinical models. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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45
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Olmo IG, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Ribeiro FM. Dissecting the Signaling Pathways Involved in the Crosstalk between Metabotropic Glutamate 5 and Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:609-619. [PMID: 27338080 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor are G protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors, present at the postsynaptic site, are coupled to Gαq/11 proteins and display an excitatory response upon activation, whereas the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, mainly present at presynaptic terminals, is coupled to the Gi/o protein and triggers an inhibitory response. Recent studies suggest that the glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems exhibit a functional interaction to modulate several neural processes. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms involved in this crosstalk and its relationship with physiologic and pathologic conditions, including nociception, addiction, and fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Talita H Ferreira-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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46
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Gogliotti RG, Senter RK, Rook JM, Ghoshal A, Zamorano R, Malosh C, Stauffer SR, Bridges TM, Bartolome JM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. mGlu5 positive allosteric modulation normalizes synaptic plasticity defects and motor phenotypes in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1990-2004. [PMID: 26936821 PMCID: PMC5062588 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that shares many symptomatic and pathological commonalities with idiopathic autism. Alterations in protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity (PSDSP) are a hallmark of a number of syndromic forms of autism; in the present work, we explore the consequences of disruption and rescue of PSDSP in a mouse model of RS. We report that expression of a key regulator of synaptic protein synthesis, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) protein, is significantly reduced in both the brains of RS model mice and in the motor cortex of human RS autopsy samples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reduced mGlu5 expression correlates with attenuated DHPG-induced long-term depression in the hippocampus of RS model mice, and that administration of a novel mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), termed VU0462807, can rescue synaptic plasticity defects. Additionally, treatment of Mecp2-deficient mice with VU0462807 improves motor performance (open-field behavior and gait dynamics), corrects repetitive clasping behavior, as well as normalizes cued fear-conditioning defects. Importantly, due to the rationale drug discovery approach used in its development, our novel mGlu5 PAM improves RS phenotypes and synaptic plasticity defects without evoking the overt adverse effects commonly associated with potentiation of mGlu5 signaling (i.e. seizures), or affecting cardiorespiratory defects in RS model mice. These findings provide strong support for the continued development of mGlu5 PAMs as potential therapeutic agents for use in RS, and, more broadly, for utility in idiopathic autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca K Senter
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rocio Zamorano
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chrysa Malosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Chemistry and
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA and
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jose M Bartolome
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Chemistry and
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center,
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47
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O'Brien DE, Conn PJ. Neurobiological Insights from mGlu Receptor Allosteric Modulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyv133. [PMID: 26647381 PMCID: PMC4886670 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors offers a promising pharmacological approach to normalize neural circuit dysfunction associated with various psychiatric and neurological disorders. As mGlu receptor allosteric modulators progress through discovery and clinical development, both technical advances and novel tool compounds are providing opportunities to better understand mGlu receptor pharmacology and neurobiology. Recent advances in structural biology are elucidating the structural determinants of mGlu receptor-negative allosteric modulation and supplying the means to resolve active, allosteric modulator-bound mGlu receptors. The discovery and characterization of allosteric modulators with novel pharmacological profiles is uncovering the biological significance of their intrinsic agonist activity, biased mGlu receptor modulation, and novel mGlu receptor heterodimers. The development and exploitation of optogenetic and optopharmacological tools is permitting a refined spatial and temporal understanding of both mGlu receptor functions and their allosteric modulation in intact brain circuits. Together, these lines of research promise to provide a more refined understanding of mGlu receptors and their allosteric modulation that will inform the development of mGlu receptor allosteric modulators as neurotherapeutics in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Drs O'Brien and Conn)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Drs O'Brien and Conn).
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48
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Activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor promotes the proliferation of rat retinal progenitor cell via activation of the PI-3-K and MAPK signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2016; 322:138-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Bruno V, Caraci F, Copani A, Matrisciano F, Nicoletti F, Battaglia G. The impact of metabotropic glutamate receptors into active neurodegenerative processes: A "dark side" in the development of new symptomatic treatments for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:180-192. [PMID: 27140693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands are under clinical development for the treatment of CNS disorders with high social and economic burden, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and are promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). So far, clinical studies have shown symptomatic effects of mGlu receptor ligands, but it is unknown whether these drugs act as disease modifiers or, at the opposite end, they accelerate disease progression by enhancing neurodegeneration. This is a fundamental issue in the treatment of PD and AD, and is also an emerging theme in the treatment of schizophrenia and MDD, in which neurodegeneration is also present and contribute to disease progression. Moving from in vitro data and preclinical studies, we discuss the potential impact of drugs targeting mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu4 and mGlu5 receptor ligands on active neurodegeneration associated with AD, PD, schizophrenia, and MDD. We wish to highlight that our final comments on the best drug candidates are not influenced by commercial interests or by previous or ongoing collaborations with drug companies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB-CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Matrisciano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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50
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Pero JE, Rossi MA, Kelly MJ, Lehman HGF, Layton ME, Garbaccio RM, O’Brien JA, Magliaro BC, Uslaner J, Huszar SL, Fillgrove KL, Tang C, Kuo Y, Joyce LA, Sherer E, Jacobson MA. Optimization of Novel Aza-benzimidazolone mGluR2 PAMs with Respect to LLE and PK Properties and Mitigation of CYP TDI. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:312-7. [PMID: 26985321 PMCID: PMC4789683 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of a novel amino-aza-benzimidazolone structural class of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) identified [2.2.2]-bicyclic amine 12 as an intriguing lead structure due to its promising physicochemical properties and lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE). Further optimization led to chiral amide 18, which exhibited strong in vitro activity and attractive pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Hypothesis-driven target design identified compound 21 as a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable mGluR2 PAM, which addressed a CYP time-dependent inhibition (TDI) liability of 18, while maintaining excellent drug-like properties with robust in vivo activity in a clinically validated model of antipsychotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Pero
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael A. Rossi
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J. Kelly
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hannah
D. G. F. Lehman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark E. Layton
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert M. Garbaccio
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Julie A. O’Brien
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Brian C. Magliaro
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason
M. Uslaner
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sarah L. Huszar
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kerry L. Fillgrove
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Cuyue Tang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yuhsin Kuo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward
C. Sherer
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marlene A. Jacobson
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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