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Effects of Statins on Renin-Angiotensin System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8070080. [PMID: 34357323 PMCID: PMC8305238 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of drugs for lowering serum LDL-cholesterol, have attracted attention because of their wide range of pleiotropic effects. An important but often neglected effect of statins is their role in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathway. This pathway plays an integral role in the progression of several diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. In this paper, the role of statins in the blockade of different components of this pathway and the underlying mechanisms are reviewed and new therapeutic possibilities of statins are suggested.
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The Inhibition Effects of Shenmai Injection on Acetylcholine-Induced Catecholamine Synthesis and Secretion by Modulating Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ion Channels in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Medullary Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:8514926. [PMID: 33456492 PMCID: PMC7787763 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8514926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Shenmai injection (SMI) has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. Cardiovascular disorders are often related to excessive catecholamine (CA) secretion. Here, we report the effects of SMI on CA secretion and synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. We found that SMI significantly reduced CA secretion induced by 300 μM acetylcholine (ACh). Cotreatment with SMI (10 μL/mL) and either of the ACh receptor α-subunit inhibitors, HEX (α3) or DhβE (α4β2), did not produce any further inhibition, indicating that SMI may play a role through α3 and α4β2 channels. Furthermore, SMI reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity induced by ACh by inhibiting the phosphorylation of TH at Ser19 and Ser40. TH is phosphorylated at Ser19 by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) and at Ser40 by protein kinase A (PKA). KN-93 and H89, the antagonists of CaM kinase II and PKA, respectively, inhibited the ACh-induced phosphorylation at Ser19 and Ser40, and the addition of SMI did not augment the inhibitory effect. Taken together, our results show that SMI likely inhibits CA secretion by blocking TH activity at its Ser19 and Ser40 sites.
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Koh YK, Kim KH, Choi MS, Koh YY, Lim DY. Simvastatin reduces adrenal catecholamine secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic nicotinic and angiotensinergic AT 1 receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:333-346. [PMID: 29460135 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of simvastatin, a statin, on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) in rat adrenal glands, and clarified its action mechanism. Simvastatin suppressed acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked CA release in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. In the presence of simvastatin, CA secretion evoked by 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP), angiotensin II, high K+, veratridine, and Bay-K-8644 was time-dependently inhibited. However, in the simultaneous presence of simvastatin and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, CA secretion evoked by angiotensin II and DMPP recovered to control levels. Adrenal NO release was increased by simvastatin-treatment. Simvastatin-inhibited CA secretion was not affected by treatment with mevalonate. Pravastatin did not influence ACh-evoked CA secretion, while atorvastatin reduced it. In the simultaneous presence of simvastatin and fimasartan, ACh-induced CA release was markedly reduced compared to that of fimasartan-treatment alone. We present the first evidence that simvastatin reduces adrenal CA secretion induced by stimulation of nicotinic and AT1-receptors. Simvastatin-induced inhibition seems to involve reducing the influx of both Ca2+ and Na+ into adrenochromaffin cells, partly via the elevation of NO production by NO synthase activation, without inhibition of 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Co-administration of simvastatin and fimasartan may be clinically helpful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kwon Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju, 61453, Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Korea
| | - Mee-Sung Choi
- Department of Leisure & Sport, College of Public Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, Naju, Chollanam-Do Province, 58245, Korea
| | - Young-Youp Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Dong-Yoon Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmoondae-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 61452, Korea.
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Statin therapy and plasma cortisol concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2016; 103:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Attenuation of acetylcholine activated potassium current (I KACh) by simvastatin, not pravastatin in mouse atrial cardiomyocyte: possible atrial fibrillation preventing effects of statin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106570. [PMID: 25329899 PMCID: PMC4199526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, are associated with the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) by pleiotropic effects. Recent clinical trial studies have demonstrated conflicting results on anti-arrhythmia between lipophilic and hydrophilic statins. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for anti-arrhythmogenic effects of statins are largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the different roles of lipophilic and hydrophilic statins (simvastatin and pravastatin, respectively) in acetylcholine (100 µM)-activated K+ current (IKACh, recorded by nystatin-perforated whole cell patch clamp technique) which are important for AF initiation and maintenance in mouse atrial cardiomyocytes. Our results showed that simvastatin (1–10 µM) inhibited both peak and quasi-steady-state IKACh in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, pravastatin (10 µM) had no effect on IKACh. Supplementation of substrates for the synthesis of cholesterol (mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or farnesyl pyrophosphate) did not reverse the effect of simvastatin on IKACh, suggesting a cholesterol-independent effect on IKACh. Furthermore, supplementation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, extracellular perfusion of phospholipase C inhibitor or a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor had no effect on the inhibitory activity of simvastatin on IKACh. Simvastatin also inhibits adenosine activated IKACh, however, simvastatin does not inhibit IKACh after activated by intracellular loading of GTP gamma S. Importantly, shortening of the action potential duration by acetylcholine was restored by simvastatin but not by pravastatin. Together, these findings demonstrate that lipophilic statins but not hydrophilic statins attenuate IKACh in atrial cardiomyocytes via a mechanism that is independent of cholesterol synthesis or PKC pathway, but may be via the blockade of acetylcholine binding site. Our results may provide important background information for the use of statins in patients with AF.
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Mao H, Wang H, Ma S, Xu Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Niu Z, Fan G, Zhu Y, Gao XM. Bidirectional regulation of bakuchiol, an estrogenic-like compound, on catecholamine secretion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:180-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Raina V, Gupta S, Yadav S, Surolia A. Simvastatin induced neurite outgrowth unveils role of cell surface cholesterol and acetyl CoA carboxylase in SH-SY5Y cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74547. [PMID: 24040277 PMCID: PMC3770597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are known to modulate cell surface cholesterol (CSC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in non-neural cells; however no study demonstrates whether CSC and AMPK may regulate simvastatin induced neuritogenesis (SIN). We found that simvastatin (SIM) maintains CSC as shown by Fillipin III staining, Flotillin-2 protein expression / localization and phosphorylation of various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the plasma membrane. Modulation of CSC revealed that SIN is critically dependent on this CSC. Simultaneously, phospho array for mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) revealed PI3K / Akt as intracellular pathway which modulates lipid pathway by inhibiting AMPK activation. Though, SIM led to a transient increase in AMPK phosphorylation followed by a sudden decline; the effect was independent of PI3K. Strikingly, AMPK phosphorylation was regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity which was enhanced upon SIM treatment as evidenced by increase in threonine phosphorylation. Moreover, it was observed that addition of AMP analogue and PP2A inhibitor inhibited SIN. Bio-composition of neurites shows that lipids form a major part of neurites and AMPK is known to regulate lipid metabolism majorly through acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). AMPK activity is negative regulator of ACC activity and we found that phosphorylation of ACC started to decrease after 6 hrs which becomes more pronounced at 12 hrs. Addition of ACC inhibitor showed that SIN is dependent on ACC activity. Simultaneously, addition of Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor confirmed that endogenous lipid pathway is important for SIN. We further investigated SREBP-1 pathway activation which controls ACC and FAS at transcriptional level. However, SIM did not affect SREBP-1 processing and transcription of its target genes likes ACC1 and FAS. In conclusion, this study highlights a distinct role of CSC and ACC in SIN which might have implication in process of neuronal differentiation induced by other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshiesh Raina
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (AS); (SG)
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangaluru, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail: (AS); (SG)
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Bull ND, Johnson TV, Welsapar G, DeKorver NW, Tomarev SI, Martin KR. Use of an adult rat retinal explant model for screening of potential retinal ganglion cell neuroprotective therapies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3309-20. [PMID: 21345987 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. To validate an established adult organotypic retinal explant culture system for use as an efficient medium-throughput screening tool to investigate novel retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotective therapies. METHODS. Optimal culture conditions for detecting RGC neuroprotection in rat retinal explants were identified. Retinal explants were treated with various recognized, or purported, neuroprotective agents and cultured for either 4 or 7 days ex vivo. The number of cells surviving in the RGC layer (RGCL) was quantified using histologic and immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analyses were applied to detect neuroprotective effects. RESULTS. The ability to replicate previously reported in vivo RGC neuroprotection in retinal explants was verified by demonstrating that caspase inhibition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment, and stem cell transplantation all reduced RGCL cell loss in this model. Further screening of potential neuroprotective pharmacologic agents demonstrated that betaxolol, losartan, tafluprost, and simvastatin all alleviated RGCL cell loss in retinal explants, supporting previous reports. However, treatment with brimonidine did not protect RGCL neurons from death in retinal explant cultures. Explants cultured for 4 days ex vivo proved most sensitive for detecting neuroprotection. CONCLUSIONS. The current adult rat retinal explant culture model offers advantages over other models for screening potential neuroprotective drugs, including maintenance of neurons in situ, control of environmental conditions, and dissociation from other factors such as intraocular pressure. Verification that neuroprotection by previously identified RGC-protective therapies could be replicated in adult retinal explant cultures suggests that this model could be used for efficient medium-throughput screening of novel neuroprotective therapies for retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Bull
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zou C, Liu Z, Qu F, Lu W, Han L, Song J, Jiang B, Yang X. WITHDRAWN: Simvastatin prevents decreased SERCA2a activity in non-ischemic heart failure in rabbits via inhibition of β-adrenergic signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2010:S0753-3322(10)00165-4. [PMID: 20950994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomag.2010.09.003. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No.188, Shizi Road,Suzhou 215006,PR China
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