1
|
Huang G, Wallace DF, Powell EE, Rahman T, Clark PJ, Subramaniam VN. Gene Variants Implicated in Steatotic Liver Disease: Opportunities for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2809. [PMID: 37893185 PMCID: PMC10604560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a steatotic (or fatty) liver occurring as a consequence of a combination of metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors, in the absence of significant alcohol consumption and other liver diseases. NAFLD is a spectrum of conditions. Steatosis in the absence of inflammation is relatively benign, but the disease can progress into more severe forms like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD onset and progression are complex, as it is affected by many risk factors. The interaction between genetic predisposition and other factors partially explains the large variability of NAFLD phenotype and natural history. Numerous genes and variants have been identified through large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that are associated with NAFLD and one or more subtypes of the disease. Among them, the largest effect size and most consistent association have been patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), and membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7) genes. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted on these variants to validate these associations. The focus of this review is to highlight the genetics underpinning the molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of NAFLD and how they could potentially be used to improve genetic-based diagnostic testing of the disease and develop personalized, targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Huang
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Wallace
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Metallogenomics Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Tony Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia;
| | - Paul J. Clark
- Mater Adult Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia;
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang J, Yang G, Ma C, Wei L, Wu H, Zhang W, Tao X, Jiang L, Liang Z, Kang L, Yang S. Tectorigenin alleviates intrahepatic cholestasis by inhibiting hepatic inflammation and bile accumulation via activation of PPARγ. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2443-2460. [PMID: 33661551 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increasing evidence suggests that human cholestasis is closely associated with the accumulation and activation of hepatic macrophages. Research indicates that activation of PPARγ exerts liver protective effects in cholestatic liver disease (CLD), particularly by ameliorating inflammation and fibrosis, thus limiting disease progression. However, existing PPARγ agonists, such as troglitazone and rosiglitazone, have significant side effects that prevent their clinical application in the treatment of CLD. In this study, we found that tectorigenin alleviates intrahepatic cholestasis in mice by activating PPARγ. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type mice were intragastrically administered α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) or fed a diet containing 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) to simultaneously establish an experimental model of intrahepatic cholestasis and tectorigenin intervention, followed by determination of intrahepatic cholestasis and the mechanisms involved. In addition, PPARγ-deficient mice were administered ANIT and/or tectorigenin to determine whether tectorigenin exerts its liver protective effect by activating PPARγ. KEY RESULTS Treatment with tectorigenin alleviated intrahepatic cholestasis by inhibiting the recruitment and activation of hepatic macrophages and by promoting the expression of bile transporters via activation of PPARγ. Furthermore, tectorigenin increased expression of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) through enhanced PPARγ binding to the BSEP promoter. In PPARγ-deficient mice, the hepatoprotective effect of tectorigenin during cholestasis was blocked. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, tectorigenin reduced the recruitment and activation of hepatic macrophages and enhanced the export of bile acids by activating PPARγ. Taken together, our results suggest that tectorigenin is a candidate compound for cholestasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanrui Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuhua Tao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingyun Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Liu L, Shan W, Kong L, Chen N, Lou Y, Zeng S. The Role of the Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) in Related Liver Disease. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:377-389. [PMID: 31258056 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190426152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium Taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) play significant roles as membrane transporters because of their presence in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. They have emerged as promising drug targets in related liver disease. METHODS We reviewed the literature published over the last 20 years with a focus on NTCP and BSEP. RESULTS This review summarizes the current perception about structure, function, genetic variation, and regulation of NTCP and BSEP, highlights the effects of their defects in some hepatic disorders, and discusses the application prospect of new transcriptional activators in liver diseases. CONCLUSION NTCP and BSEP are important proteins for transportation and homeostasis maintenance of bile acids. Further research is needed to develop new models for determining the structure-function relationship of bile acid transporters and screening for substrates and inhibitors, as well as to gain more information about the regulatory genetic mechanisms involved in the processes of liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenya Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limin Kong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, He Q, Wang G, Xu X, Hao H. FXR modulators for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:765-782. [PMID: 30259754 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1527906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor mainly expressed in enterohepatic tissues, is a master for bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, it acts as a cell protector with unclear mechanism but may be implicated in combating against inflammation, fibrosis and cancers. FXR is thus accepted as a promising target particularly for the enterohepatic diseases, and numerous FXR modulators have been patented and developed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on the development of FXR modulators for enterohepatic diseases and offers an in-depth perspective on new strategies for the development of novel FXR modulators. EXPERT OPINION Despite the development of numerous FXR modulators, which culminated in the successful launch of obeticholic acid (OCA), it remains a matter of debate on how the function of FXR should be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The improvement for obesity achieved by either FXR agonists or antagonists is still in confusion. Whether the side effect of pruritus induced by OCA could be exempted for non-steroidal FXR agonists needs further validation. Apart from the development of conventional FXR ligands, emerging evidence support that restoration of FXR protein level may represent a new strategy in targeting FXR for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingxian He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Guangji Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haiping Hao
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jackson JP, Freeman KM, St. Claire RL, Black CB, Brouwer KR. Cholestatic Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Function of Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition and Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Synthesis and biological evaluations of chalcones, flavones and chromenes as farnesoid x receptor (FXR) antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:303-309. [PMID: 28235703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor mainly distributed in liver and intestine, has been regarded as a potential target for the treatment of various metabolic diseases, cancer and infectious diseases related to liver. Starting from two previously identified chalcone-based FXR antagonists, we tried to increase the activity through the design and synthesis of a library containing chalcones, flavones and chromenes, based on substitution manipulation and conformation (ring closure) restriction strategy. Many chalcones and four chromenes were identified as microM potent FXR antagonists, among which chromene 11c significantly decreased the plasma and hepatic triglyceride level in KKay mice.
Collapse
|
7
|
Burbank MG, Burban A, Sharanek A, Weaver RJ, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Guillouzo A. Early Alterations of Bile Canaliculi Dynamics and the Rho Kinase/Myosin Light Chain Kinase Pathway Are Characteristics of Drug-Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1780-1793. [PMID: 27538918 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis represents 20%-40% of drug-induced injuries from which a large proportion remains unpredictable. We aimed to investigate mechanisms underlying drug-induced cholestasis and improve its early detection using human HepaRG cells and a set of 12 cholestatic drugs and six noncholestatic drugs. In this study, we analyzed bile canaliculi dynamics, Rho kinase (ROCK)/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway implication, efflux inhibition of taurocholate [a predominant bile salt export pump (BSEP) substrate], and expression of the major canalicular and basolateral bile acid transporters. We demonstrated that 12 cholestatic drugs classified on the basis of reported clinical findings caused disturbances of both bile canaliculi dynamics, characterized by either dilatation or constriction, and alteration of the ROCK/MLCK signaling pathway, whereas noncholestatic compounds, by contrast, had no effect. Cotreatment with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 [4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride] and MLCK activator calmodulin reduced bile canaliculi constriction and dilatation, respectively, confirming the role of these pathways in drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. By contrast, inhibition of taurocholate efflux and/or human BSEP overexpressed in membrane vesicles was not observed with all cholestatic drugs; moreover, examples of noncholestatic compounds were reportedly found to inhibit BSEP. Transcripts levels of major bile acid transporters were determined after 24-hour treatment. BSEP, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, and organic anion transporting polypeptide B were downregulated with most cholestatic and some noncholestatic drugs, whereas deregulation of multidrug resistance-associated proteins was more variable, probably mainly reflecting secondary effects. Together, our results show that cholestatic drugs consistently cause an early alteration of bile canaliculi dynamics associated with modulation of ROCK/MLCK and these changes are more specific than efflux inhibition measurements alone as predictive nonclinical markers of drug-induced cholestasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Burbank
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| | - Audrey Burban
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| | - Ahmad Sharanek
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| | - Richard J Weaver
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| | - Christiane Guguen-Guillouzo
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| | - André Guillouzo
- INSERM UMR991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France (M.G.B., A.B., A.S., C.G.-G., A.G.); Biologie Servier, Gidy, France (M.G.B.); Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France (R.J.W.); and Biopredic International, St. Grégoire, Rennes, France (C.G.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vatakuti S, Olinga P, Pennings JLA, Groothuis GMM. Validation of precision-cut liver slices to study drug-induced cholestasis: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1401-1412. [PMID: 27344345 PMCID: PMC5316400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Therefore, there is a need to screen new drugs for hepatotoxicity in humans at an earlier stage. The aim of this study was to validate human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo model to predict drug-induced cholestasis and identify the possible mechanisms of cholestasis-induced toxicity using gene expression profiles. Five hepatotoxicants, which are known to induce cholestasis (alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, ethinyl estradiol and methyl testosterone) were used at concentrations inducing low (<30 %) and medium (30-50 %) toxicity, based on ATP content. Human PCLS were incubated with the drugs in the presence of a non-toxic concentration (60 µM) of a bile acid mixture (portal vein concentration and composition) as model for bile acid-induced cholestasis. Regulated genes include bile acid transporters and cholesterol transporters. Pathway analysis revealed that hepatic cholestasis was among the top ten regulated pathways, and signaling pathways such as farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor-mediated responses, which are known to play a role in cholestasis, were significantly affected by all cholestatic compounds. Other significantly affected pathways include unfolded protein response and protein ubiquitination implicating the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study shows that human PCLS incubated in the presence of a physiological bile acid mixture correctly reflect the pathways affected in drug-induced cholestasis in the human liver. In the future, this human PCLS model can be used to identify cholestatic adverse drug reactions of new chemical entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiu X, Zhang Y, Liu T, Shen H, Xiao Y, Bourner MJ, Pratt JR, Thompson DC, Marathe P, Humphreys WG, Lai Y. Disruption of BSEP Function in HepaRG Cells Alters Bile Acid Disposition and Is a Susceptive Factor to Drug-Induced Cholestatic Injury. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1206-16. [PMID: 26910619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized in vitro biosynthesis and disposition of bile acids (BAs) as well as hepatic transporter expression followed by ABCB11 (BSEP) gene knockout in HepaRG cells (HepaRG-KO cells). BSEP KO in HepaRG cells led to time-dependent BA accumulation, resulting in reduced biosynthesis of BAs and altered BA disposition. In HepaRG-KO cells, the expression of NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP2B1, BCRP, P-gp, and MRP2 were reduced, whereas MRP3 and OCT1 were up-regulated. As a result, BSEP KO altered the disposition of BAs and subsequently underwent adaptive regulations of BA synthesis and homeostasis to enable healthy growth of the cells. Although BSEP inhibitors caused no or slight increase of BAs in HepaRG wild type cells (HepaRG-WT cells), excessive intracellular accumulation of BAs was observed in HepaRG-KO cells exposed to bosentan and troglitazone, but not dipyridamole. LDH release in the medium was remarkably increased in HepaRG-KO cultures exposed to troglitazone (50 μM), suggesting drug-induced cellular injury. The results revealed that functional impairment of BSEP predisposes the cells to altered BA disposition and is a susceptive factor to drug-induced cholestatic injury. In total, BSEP inhibition might trigger the processes but is not a sole determinant of cholestatic cellular injury. As intracellular BA accumulation is determined by BSEP function and the subsequent adaptive gene regulation, assessment of intracellular BA accumulation in HepaRG-KO cells could be a useful approach to evaluate drug-induced liver injury (DILI) potentials of drugs that could disrupt other BA homeostasis pathways beyond BSEP inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yongling Xiao
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Maureen J Bourner
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Jennifer R Pratt
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - David C Thompson
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Antagonists: Molecular Basis of FXR Antagonism. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1184-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Maschmeyer I, Hasenberg T, Jaenicke A, Lindner M, Lorenz AK, Zech J, Garbe LA, Sonntag F, Hayden P, Ayehunie S, Lauster R, Marx U, Materne EM. Chip-based human liver-intestine and liver-skin co-cultures--A first step toward systemic repeated dose substance testing in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:77-87. [PMID: 25857839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic repeated dose safety assessment and systemic efficacy evaluation of substances are currently carried out on laboratory animals and in humans due to the lack of predictive alternatives. Relevant international regulations, such as OECD and ICH guidelines, demand long-term testing and oral, dermal, inhalation, and systemic exposure routes for such evaluations. So-called "human-on-a-chip" concepts are aiming to replace respective animals and humans in substance evaluation with miniaturized functional human organisms. The major technical hurdle toward success in this field is the life-like combination of human barrier organ models, such as intestine, lung or skin, with parenchymal organ equivalents, such as liver, at the smallest biologically acceptable scale. Here, we report on a reproducible homeostatic long-term co-culture of human liver equivalents with either a reconstructed human intestinal barrier model or a human skin biopsy applying a microphysiological system. We used a multi-organ chip (MOC) platform, which provides pulsatile fluid flow within physiological ranges at low media-to-tissue ratios. The MOC supports submerse cultivation of an intact intestinal barrier model and an air-liquid interface for the skin model during their co-culture with the liver equivalents respectively at (1)/100.000 the scale of their human counterparts in vivo. To increase the degree of organismal emulation, microfluidic channels of the liver-skin co-culture could be successfully covered with human endothelial cells, thus mimicking human vasculature, for the first time. Finally, exposure routes emulating oral and systemic administration in humans have been qualified by applying a repeated dose administration of a model substance - troglitazone - to the chip-based co-cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Maschmeyer
- TissUse GmbH, Markgrafenstrasse 18, 15528 Spreenhagen, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hasenberg
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annika Jaenicke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcus Lindner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Katharina Lorenz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julie Zech
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Bioanalytics, Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Research and Teaching Institute for Brewing in Berlin (VLB), Research Institute for Special Analyses (FIS), Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Bioanalytics, Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Markgrafenstrasse 18, 15528 Spreenhagen, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Materne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Vasilenko A, Song X, Valanejad L, Verma R, You S, Yan B, Shiffka S, Hargreaves L, Nadolny C, Deng R. Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor-α-Mediated Transrepression of Bile Salt Export Pump. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:613-26. [PMID: 25675114 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among diseases unique to pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is the most prevalent disorder with elevated serum bile acid levels. We have previously shown that estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) transrepresses bile salt export pump (BSEP) through an interaction between estrogen receptor (ER)-α and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and transrepression of BSEP by E2/ERα is an etiological contributing factor to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Currently the mechanistic insights into such transrepression are not fully understood. In this study, the dynamics of coregulator recruitment to BSEP promoter after FXR activation and E2 treatment were established with quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 was predominantly recruited to the BSEP promoter upon FXR activation, and its recruitment was decreased by E2 treatment. Meanwhile, recruitment of nuclear receptor corepressor was markedly increased upon E2 treatment. Functional evaluation of ERα and ERβ chimeras revealed that domains AC of ERα are the determinants for ERα-specific transrepression on BSEP. Further studies with various truncated ERα proteins identified the domains in ERα responsible for ligand-dependent and ligand-independent transrepression. Truncated ERα-AD exhibited potent ligand-independent transrepressive activity, whereas ERα-CF was fully capable of transrepressing BSEP ligand dependently in vitro in Huh 7 cells and in vivo in mice. Both ERα-AD and ERα-CF proteins were associated with FXR in the coimmunoprecipitation assays. In conclusion, E2 repressed BSEP expression through diminishing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 recruitment with a concurrent increase in nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment to the BSEP promoter. Domains AD and CF in ERα mediated ligand-independent and ligand-dependent transrepression on BSEP, respectively, through interacting with FXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang L, Si P, Sheng Y, Chen Y, Wan P, Shen X, Tang Y, Chen L, Li W. Discovery of New Non-Steroidal Farnesoid X Receptor Modulators Through 3D Shape Similarity Search and Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:481-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Pei Si
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Shanghai Normal University; 100 Guilin Road Shanghai 200234 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yayun Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ping Wan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Shanghai Normal University; 100 Guilin Road Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng Q, Chen X, Wang C, Liu Q, Sun H, Sun P, Peng J, Liu K. Alisol B 23-acetate promotes liver regeneration in mice after partial hepatectomy via activating farnesoid X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:289-98. [PMID: 25278094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver resection has become a common treatment for liver tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma over the past decades. However, after surgery, the remnant livers in some patients fail to regenerate. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need to develop drugs that can promote liver regeneration. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the promotive effect of alisol B 23-acetate (AB23A) on liver regeneration in mice following partial hepatectomy (PH), and further elucidate the involvement of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the liver regeneration-promotive effect using in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results showed that AB23A dose-dependently promoted hepatocyte proliferation via upregulating hepatocyte proliferation-related protein forkhead box M1b (FoxM1b), Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B1 expression, and attenuated liver injury via an inhibition in Cyp7a1 and an induction in efflux transporters Bsep expression resulting in reduced hepatic bile acid levels. These changes in the genes, as well as accelerated liver regeneration in AB23A-treated mice were abrogated by FXR antagonist guggulsterone in vivo. In vitro evidences also directly showed the regulation of these genes by AB23A was abrogated when FXR was silenced. Luciferase reporter assay in HepG2 cells and molecular docking further demonstrated the effect of AB23A on FXR activation in vitro. In conclusions, AB23A produces promotive effect on liver regeneration, due to FXR-mediated regulation of genes involved in hepatocyte proliferation and hepato-protection. AB23A has the potential to be a novel therapeutic option for facilitating efficient liver regeneration in patients subjected to liver resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xinli Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Z, Law WK, Wang D, Nie X, Sheng D, Song G, Guo K, Wei P, Ouyang P, Wong CW, Zhou GC. Synthesis and discovery of andrographolide derivatives as non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some 14β-phenoxy substituted derivatives of andrographolide were designed, synthesized and investigated as FXR novel antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Kit Law
- NeuMed Pharmaceuticals Limited
- Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dekuan Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Genrui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Wai Wong
- NeuMed Pharmaceuticals Limited
- Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garzel B, Yang H, Zhang L, Huang SM, Polli JE, Wang H. The role of bile salt export pump gene repression in drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:318-22. [PMID: 24335466 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) is predominantly responsible for the efflux of bile salts, and disruption of BSEP function is often associated with altered hepatic homeostasis of bile acids and cholestatic liver injury. Accumulating evidence suggests that many drugs can cause cholestasis through interaction with hepatic transporters. To date, a relatively strong association between drug-induced cholestasis and attenuated BSEP activity has been proposed. However, whether repression of BSEP transcription would contribute to drug-induced cholestasis is largely unknown. In this study, we selected 30 drugs previously reported as BSEP inhibitors to evaluate their effects on BSEP expression, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation, and correlations to clinically reported liver toxicity. Our results indicate that of the 30 BSEP inhibitors, five exhibited potent repression of BSEP expression (≥60% repression), ten were moderate repressors (20-60% repression), whereas others had negligible effects (≤20% repression). Of importance, two drugs (troglitazone and benzbromarone), previously withdrawn from the market because of liver injury, are among the potent repressors. Further investigation of the five potent repressors revealed that transcriptional repression of BSEP by lopinavir and troglitazone may occur through their interaction with FXR, whereas others are via FXR-independent yet unidentified pathways. Our data suggest that in addition to functional inhibition, repression of BSEP expression may play an important role in drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity. Thus, a combination of the two would reveal a more accurate prediction of drug-induced cholestasis than does either repression or inhibition alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Garzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore Maryland (B.G., H.Y., J.E.P., H.W.) and Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (L.Z., S.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Song X, Chen Y, Valanejad L, Kaimal R, Yan B, Stoner M, Deng R. Mechanistic insights into isoform-dependent and species-specific regulation of bile salt export pump by farnesoid X receptor. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3030-44. [PMID: 24002920 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) is regulated by the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. Two FXR isoforms, FXRα1 and FXRα2, are predominantly expressed in human liver. We previously showed that human BSEP was isoform-dependently regulated by FXR and diminished with altered expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we demonstrate that FXRα1 and FXRα2 regulate human BSEP through two distinct FXR responsive elements (FXRE): IR1a and IR1b. As the predominant regulator, FXRα2 potently transactivated human BSEP through IR1a, while FXRα1 weakly transactivated human BSEP through a newly identified IR1b. Relative expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 affected human BSEP expression in vitro and in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding and recruitment of FXRα1 and FXRα2 to IR1b and IR1a. Sequence analysis concluded that IR1b was completely conserved among species, whereas IR1a exhibited apparent differences across species. Sequence variations in IR1a were responsible for the observed species difference in BSEP transactivation by FXRα1 and FXRα2. In conclusion, FXR regulates BSEP in an isoform-dependent and species-specific manner through two distinct FXREs, and alteration of relative FXR isoform expression may be a potential mechanism for FXR to precisely regulate human BSEP in response to various physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu X, Lu Y, Chen L, Chen J, Luo X, Shen X. Identification of 15d-PGJ2 as an antagonist of farnesoid X receptor: molecular modeling with biological evaluation. Steroids 2013; 78:813-22. [PMID: 23707573 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) is one of the major metabolites from prostaglandin D2 in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway. It was determined as a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) functioning potently in adipocyte development. However, the fact that 15d-PGJ2 exerts also PPARγ-independent biological actions has highly addressed its multi-target behavior. Here, we identified that 15d-PGJ2 was an antagonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as investigated by surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence quenching and homo time-resolved fluorescence based analyses, and the coactivator-recruitment and luciferase-reporter related investigation. Assay of 15d-PGJ2 regulation on hFXRα target genes revealed that treatment of HepG2 cells with 15d-PGJ2 resulted in the stimulation of mRNA expressions of bile-salt export pump (BSEP), and the decrease of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7a1). In addition, functional assays indicated that 15d-PGJ2 promoted the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in HepG2 cells. Moreover, molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics simulation was applied to develop the possible model of 15d-PGJ2 binding to hFXRα ligand binding domain (LBD) at atomic level, and the responsible residues for 15d-PGJ2/hFXRα-LBD interaction were thereby determined, which were further confirmed by SPR assays against hFXRα-LBD site-directed mutations. Given that hFXRα functions potently in the regulation of hepatic bile acid metabolism and lipid/glucose homeostasis, our current work is expected to help better understand the multi-target features of this PGD2 metabolite in biological pathways, and 15d-PGJ2 as a new discovered FXR antagonist might find its potential application in further anti-hypercholesterol research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsubara T, Li F, Gonzalez FJ. FXR signaling in the enterohepatic system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:17-29. [PMID: 22609541 PMCID: PMC3491147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterohepatic circulation serves to capture bile acids and other steroid metabolites produced in the liver and secreted to the intestine, for reabsorption back into the circulation and reuptake to the liver. This process is under tight regulation by nuclear receptor signaling. Bile acids, produced from cholesterol, can alter gene expression in the liver and small intestine via activating the nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), vitamin D receptor (VDR; NR1I1), G protein coupled receptor TGR5, and other cell signaling pathways (JNK1/2, AKT and ERK1/2). Among these controls, FXR is known to be a major bile acid-responsive ligand-activated transcription factor and a crucial control element for maintaining bile acid homeostasis. FXR has a high affinity for several major endogenous bile acids, notably cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. By responding to excess bile acids, FXR is a bridge between the liver and small intestine to control bile acid levels and regulate bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic flow. FXR is highly expressed in the liver and gut, relative to other tissues, and contributes to the maintenance of cholesterol/bile acid homeostasis by regulating a variety of metabolic enzymes and transporters. FXR activation also affects lipid and glucose metabolism, and can influence drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Correspondence: Frank J. Gonzalez, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel: 301-496-9067, Fax: 301-496-8419,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen Y, Song X, Valanejad L, Vasilenko A, More V, Qiu X, Chen W, Lai Y, Slitt A, Stoner M, Yan B, Deng R. Bile salt export pump is dysregulated with altered farnesoid X receptor isoform expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 57:1530-41. [PMID: 23213087 PMCID: PMC3608797 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a canalicular bile acid effluxer, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) plays a vital role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. BSEP deficiency leads to severe cholestasis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in young children. Regardless of the etiology, chronic inflammation is the common pathological process for HCC development. Clinical studies have shown that bile acid homeostasis is disrupted in HCC patients with elevated serum bile acid level as a proposed marker for HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that BSEP expression was severely diminished in HCC tissues and markedly reduced in adjacent nontumor tissues. In contrast to mice, human BSEP was regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in an isoform-dependent manner. FXR-α2 exhibited a much more potent activity than FXR-α1 in transactivating human BSEP in vitro and in vivo. The decreased BSEP expression in HCC was associated with altered relative expression of FXR-α1 and FXR-α2. FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratios were significantly increased, with undetectable FXR-α2 expression in one third of the HCC tumor samples. A similar correlation between BSEP and FXR isoform expression was confirmed in hepatoma Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Further studies showed that intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were significantly elevated in HCC tissues. Treatment of Huh7 cells with IL-6 and TNF-α resulted in a marked increase in FXR-α1/FXR-α2 ratio, concurrent with a significant decrease in BSEP expression. CONCLUSION BSEP expression is severely diminished in HCC patients associated with alteration of FXR isoform expression induced by inflammation. Restoration of BSEP expression through suppressing inflammation in the liver may reestablish bile acid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Leila Valanejad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Alexander Vasilenko
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Vijay More
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Weikang Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Angela Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Matthew Stoner
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abu-Hayyeh S, Papacleovoulou G, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Tahir M, Oduwole O, Jamaludin NA, Ravat S, Nikolova V, Chambers J, Selden C, Rees M, Marschall HU, Parker MG, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy levels of sulfated progesterone metabolites inhibit farnesoid X receptor resulting in a cholestatic phenotype. Hepatology 2013; 57:716-26. [PMID: 22961653 PMCID: PMC3592994 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most prevalent pregnancy-specific liver disease and is associated with an increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes, including preterm labor and intrauterine death. The endocrine signals that cause cholestasis are not known but 3α-sulfated progesterone metabolites have been shown to be elevated in ICP, leading us to study the impact of sulfated progesterone metabolites on farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated bile acid homeostasis pathways. Here we report that the 3β-sulfated progesterone metabolite epiallopregnanolone sulfate is supraphysiologically raised in the serum of ICP patients. Mice challenged with cholic acid developed hypercholanemia and a hepatic gene expression profile indicative of FXR activation. However, coadministration of epiallopregnanolone sulfate with cholic acid exacerbated the hypercholanemia and resulted in aberrant gene expression profiles for hepatic bile acid-responsive genes consistent with cholestasis. We demonstrate that levels of epiallopregnanolone sulfate found in ICP can function as a partial agonist for FXR, resulting in the aberrant expression of bile acid homeostasis genes in hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, epiallopregnanolone sulfate inhibition of FXR results in reduced FXR-mediated bile acid efflux and secreted FGF19. Using cofactor recruitment assays, we show that epiallopregnanolone sulfate competitively inhibits bile acid-mediated recruitment of cofactor motifs to the FXR-ligand binding domain. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a novel molecular interaction between ICP-associated levels of the 3β-sulfated progesterone metabolite epiallopregnanolone sulfate and FXR that couples the endocrine component of pregnancy in ICP to abnormal bile acid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Georgia Papacleovoulou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Anita Lövgren-Sandblom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehreen Tahir
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Olayiwola Oduwole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Nurul Akmal Jamaludin
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Sabiha Ravat
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Vanya Nikolova
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jenny Chambers
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Clare Selden
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus University College Medical SchoolLondon, UK
| | - Myrddin Rees
- North Hampshire Hospital National Health Service TrustBasingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malcolm G Parker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van der Velden LM, Golynskiy MV, Bijsmans ITGW, van Mil SWC, Klomp LWJ, Merkx M, van de Graaf SFJ. Monitoring bile acid transport in single living cells using a genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer sensor. Hepatology 2013; 57:740-52. [PMID: 22899095 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids are pivotal for the absorption of dietary lipids and vitamins and function as important signaling molecules in metabolism. Here, we describe a genetically encoded fluorescent bile acid sensor (BAS) that allows for spatiotemporal monitoring of bile acid transport in single living cells. Changes in concentration of multiple physiological and pathophysiological bile acid species were detected as robust changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in a range of cell types. Specific subcellular targeting of the sensor demonstrated rapid influx of bile acids into the cytoplasm and nucleus, but no FRET changes were observed in the peroxisomes. Furthermore, expression of the liver fatty acid binding protein reduced the availability of bile acids in the nucleus. The sensor allows for single cell visualization of uptake and accumulation of conjugated bile acids, mediated by the Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting protein (NTCP). In addition, cyprinol sulphate uptake, mediated by the putative zebrafish homologue of the apical sodium bile acid transporter, was visualized using a sensor based on the zebrafish farnesoid X receptor. The reversible nature of the sensor also enabled measurements of bile acid efflux in living cells, and expression of the organic solute transporter αβ (OSTαβ) resulted in influx and efflux of conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid. Finally, combined visualization of bile acid uptake and fluorescent labeling of several NTCP variants indicated that the sensor can also be used to study the functional effect of patient mutations in genes affecting bile acid homeostasis. CONCLUSION A genetically encoded fluorescent BAS was developed that allows intracellular imaging of bile acid homeostasis in single living cells in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieke M van der Velden
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang H, Yu Y, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Li C, Xu X, Jin H, Yan W, Ma R, Zhu J, Shen X, Jiang H, Chen L, Li J. Discovery and Optimization of 1,3,4-Trisubstituted-pyrazolone Derivatives as Novel, Potent, and Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Selective Antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7037-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenting Gao
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical
College, 201 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Chenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruoqun Ma
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Medicinal chemistry of farnesoid X receptor ligands: from agonists and antagonists to modulators. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1015-36. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has emerged as a highly promising target in preclinical development in recent years. A significant amount of research has been conducted and, although none has reached clinical use, many synthetic ligands of FXR have been described. This review outlines the available knowledge regarding the medicinal chemistry and SAR of these FXR ligands, and discusses the molecular interactions of the compounds with the FXR ligand-binding domain by interpreting the existing co-crystal structures.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang D, Yang J, Shi D, Deng R, Yan B. Scoparone potentiates transactivation of the bile salt export pump gene and this effect is enhanced by cytochrome P450 metabolism but abolished by a PKC inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1547-57. [PMID: 21649640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperbilirubinaemia and cholestasis are two major forms of liver abnormality. The Chinese herb Yin Chin has been used for thousands of years to treat liver dysfunctions. In mice, this herb and its principal ingredient scoparone were found to accelerate the clearance of bilirubin accompanied by the induction of uridine diphosphate-5'-glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 (UGT1A1), a bilirubin processing enzyme. The aim of this study was to determine whether scoparone induces the expression of human UGT1A1. In addition, the expression of the bile salt export pump (BSEP), a transporter of bile acids, was determined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary human hepatocytes and hepatoma line Huh7 were treated with scoparone, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or both. The expression of UGT1A1 and BSEP mRNA was determined. The activation of the human BSEP promoter reporter by scoparone was determined in Huh7 cells by transient transfection and in mice by bioluminescent imaging. The metabolism of scoparone was investigated by recombinant CYP enzymes and pooled human liver microsomes. KEY RESULTS Scoparone did not enhance the expression of either human BSEP or, surprisingly, UGT1A1. However, scoparone significantly potentiated the expression of BSEP induced by CDCA. Consistent with this, scoparone potentiated the stimulant effect of CDCA on the human BSEP promoter. This potentiation was enhanced by co-transfection of cytochrome P4501A2 but abolished by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Scoparone and Yin Chin normalize liver function primarily by enhancing the secretion of bile acids, and this effect probably varies depending on the metabolic rate of scoparone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Farnesoid x receptor agonists: what they are and how they might be used in treating liver disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2012; 14:55-62. [PMID: 22094889 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-011-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidneys, and adrenals. In mouse liver, FXR is bound to thousands of genomic DNA binding sites. Conformational changes induced by bile acid binding to pre-bound FXR leads to increased expression of a variety of genes. These changes lead to decreased intracellular bile acid concentrations through multiple mechanisms including decreased bile acid synthesis from cholesterol, decreased hepatocellular uptake and increased secretion into bile. Activated FXR also modulates the expression of genes responsible for lipid and glucose metabolism. One of the other genes induced by activated FXR is a small heterodimeric partner (SHP), a protein that represses expression of specific genes. The effects of pharmacologically modulating FXR activation in humans is only beginning to be explored with the hopes of favorably altering lipid and glucose metabolism to address the vascular and metabolic complications of obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Neuschwander-Tetri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Teodoro JS, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Hepatic FXR: key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:458-66. [PMID: 21862343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor whose activation leads to alterations in pathways involved in energy metabolism. For example, it serves as a bile acid receptor in tissues such as the liver, and as an energy metabolism regulator in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. However, the effects of FXR activation are not exclusive to the tissue where it is present, because receptor crosstalk affects tissues throughout the body. It has been demonstrated that FXR regulates the metabolism of not just bile acids, but also of fats and hydrocarbon metabolites. FXR is currently under study as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases of excess, such as diabetes. Here we review the effects of FXR activation in the response of an organism to excess energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Soeiro Teodoro
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, MitoLab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stepan AF, Walker DP, Bauman J, Price DA, Baillie TA, Kalgutkar AS, Aleo MD. Structural alert/reactive metabolite concept as applied in medicinal chemistry to mitigate the risk of idiosyncratic drug toxicity: a perspective based on the critical examination of trends in the top 200 drugs marketed in the United States. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1345-410. [PMID: 21702456 DOI: 10.1021/tx200168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of a preconceived notion that eliminating reactive metabolite (RM) formation with new drug candidates could mitigate the risk of idiosyncratic drug toxicity, the potential for RM formation is routinely examined as part of lead optimization efforts in drug discovery. Likewise, avoidance of "structural alerts" is almost a norm in drug design. However, there is a growing concern that the perceived safety hazards associated with structural alerts and/or RM screening tools as standalone predictors of toxicity risks may be over exaggerated. In addition, the multifactorial nature of idiosyncratic toxicity is now well recognized based upon observations that mechanisms other than RM formation (e.g., mitochondrial toxicity and inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP)) also can account for certain target organ toxicities. Hence, fundamental questions arise such as: When is a molecule that contains a structural alert (RM positive or negative) a cause for concern? Could the molecule in its parent form exert toxicity? Can a low dose drug candidate truly mitigate metabolism-dependent and -independent idiosyncratic toxicity risks? In an effort to address these questions, we have retrospectively examined 68 drugs (recalled or associated with a black box warning due to idiosyncratic toxicity) and the top 200 drugs (prescription and sales) in the United States in 2009 for trends in physiochemical characteristics, daily doses, presence of structural alerts, evidence for RM formation as well as toxicity mechanism(s) potentially mediated by parent drugs. Collectively, our analysis revealed that a significant proportion (∼78-86%) of drugs associated with toxicity contained structural alerts and evidence indicating that RM formation as a causative factor for toxicity has been presented in 62-69% of these molecules. In several cases, mitochondrial toxicity and BSEP inhibition mediated by parent drugs were also noted as potential causative factors. Most drugs were administered at daily doses exceeding several hundred milligrams. There was no obvious link between idiosyncratic toxicity and physicochemical properties such as molecular weight, lipophilicity, etc. Approximately half of the top 200 drugs for 2009 (prescription and sales) also contained one or more alerts in their chemical architecture, and many were found to be RM-positive. Several instances of BSEP and mitochondrial liabilities were also noted with agents in the top 200 category. However, with relatively few exceptions, the vast majority of these drugs are rarely associated with idiosyncratic toxicity, despite years of patient use. The major differentiating factor appeared to be the daily dose; most of the drugs in the top 200 list are administered at low daily doses. In addition, competing detoxication pathways and/or alternate nonmetabolic clearance routes provided suitable justifications for the safety records of RM-positive drugs in the top 200 category. Thus, while RM elimination may be a useful and pragmatic starting point in mitigating idiosyncratic toxicity risks, our analysis suggests a need for a more integrated screening paradigm for chemical hazard identification in drug discovery. Thus, in addition to a detailed assessment of RM formation potential (in relationship to the overall elimination mechanisms of the compound(s)) for lead compounds, effects on cellular health (e.g., cytotoxicity assays), BSEP inhibition, and mitochondrial toxicity are the recommended suite of assays to characterize compound liabilities. However, the prospective use of such data in compound selection will require further validation of the cellular assays using marketed agents. Until we gain a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with idiosyncratic toxicities, improving pharmacokinetics and intrinsic potency as means of decreasing the dose size and the associated "body burden" of the parent drug and its metabolites will remain an overarching goal in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Stepan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The heteromeric organic solute transporter alpha-beta (Ostα-Ostβ) is expressed at relatively high levels on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, where it plays a critical role in the intestinal absorption of bile acids and the enterohepatic circulation. However, this transporter is also expressed in nearly all human tissues, including those that are not normally thought to be involved in bile acid homeostasis, indicating that Ostα-Ostβ may have additional roles beyond bile acid transport in these other tissues, or that bile acids and their derivatives are more pervasive than currently envisioned. Emerging data from different laboratories provide support for both of these hypotheses. In particular, recent studies indicate that tissues such as brain and ovary have the capacity to synthesize bile acids or bile acid precursors. In addition, studies examining Ostα-Ostβ substrate specificity have revealed that this transporter can also accept conjugated steroids, including some neurosteroids, and that the transporter is selectively expressed in steroidogenic cells of the brain and adrenal gland, suggesting a novel function for Ostα-Ostβ. The broad tissue expression of Ostα-Ostβ is also consistent with the emerging concept that bile acids and their derivatives act as signaling molecules in diverse tissues. Bile acids activate nuclear receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4), the pregnane X receptor and the vitamin D receptor, are ligands for a G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1/TGR5), and can also activate protein kinases A and C as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These signaling pathways are present in many tissues and regulate processes such as triglyceride, glucose and energy homeostasis. Note that although FXR and TGR5 are thought to function primarily as bile acid receptors, they are modulated by some other sterols and select lipid metabolites, and are also widely expressed in tissues, indicating a complex interplay among diverse regulatory networks that impact critical cell and organ functions. The present report summarizes the evidence for a pleiotropic role of Ostα-Ostβ in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Ballatori
- *Ned Ballatori, PhD, Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 (USA), Tel. +1 585 275 0262, E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Antidiabetic sulfonylureas modulate farnesoid X receptor activation and target gene transcription. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:575-86. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The sulfonylureas glibenclamide and glimepiride are oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate insulin secretion by closing pancreatic ATP-dependent potassium channels. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the expression of several target genes involved in bile acid metabolism and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Methods: In this study we investigated the potential effects of sulfonylureas on the signaling of FXR using a reporter-gene assay, real-time qPCR and computational methods such as molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Results: We demonstrate that glibenclamide and glimepiride modulate FXR activation in a reporter-gene assay and induce FXR target genes in HepG2 cells. Within the docking experiments and molecular dynamics simulation, we found glibenclamide interacting with the ligand-binding domain of FXR and with helix 12. Conclusion: Glibenclamide and glimepiride are potential ligands of FXR and modulate activation and signaling.
Collapse
|
32
|
Steri R, Schneider P, Klenner A, Rupp M, Kriegl JM, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Schneider G. Target Profile Prediction: Cross-Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR). Mol Inform 2010; 29:287-92. [PMID: 27463055 DOI: 10.1002/minf.200900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Steri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LIFF, ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Petra Schneider
- Schneider Consulting GbR, George-C.-Marshall Ring 33, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Alexander Klenner
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Matthias Rupp
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan M Kriegl
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma, Department of Lead Discovery, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LIFF, ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Chair for Chem- and Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, LIFF, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt a.M., Germany. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|