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Wu Y, Liu H, Liu L, Yu JT. Metal-free polychloromethylation/cyclization of unactivated alkenes towards ring-fused tricyclic indolones and benzoimidazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7079-7084. [PMID: 37641965 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01191g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Polychloromethylative cyclization of N-alkenyl indoles was developed under metal-free conditions to afford tricyclic pyridoindolones and pyrroloindolones in moderate to good yields. In the reaction, commercially available CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 were employed as tri- and dichloromethyl radical sources. Moreover, tri- and dichloromethylated polycyclic benzoimidazoles can also be obtained under standard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Wu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Han Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Lingli Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
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2
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Yin R, Huang KX, Huang LA, Ji M, Zhao H, Li K, Gao A, Chen J, Li Z, Liu T, Shively JE, Kandeel F, Li J. Indole-Based and Cyclopentenylindole-Based Analogues Containing Fluorine Group as Potential 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) G-Protein Coupled Receptor 44 (GPR44) Tracers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1203. [PMID: 37765011 PMCID: PMC10534865 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, growing evidence of the relationship between G-protein coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) and the inflammation-cancer system has garnered tremendous interest, while the exact role of GPR44 has not been fully elucidated. Currently, there is a strong and urgent need for the development of non-invasive in vivo GPR44 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers that can be used to aid the exploration of the relationship between inflammation and tumor biologic behavior. Accordingly, the choosing and radiolabeling of existing GPR44 antagonists containing a fluorine group could serve as a viable method to accelerate PET tracers development for in vivo imaging to this purpose. The present study aims to evaluate published (2000-present) indole-based and cyclopentenyl-indole-based analogues of the GPR44 antagonist to guide the development of fluorine-18 labeled PET tracers that can accurately detect inflammatory processes. The selected analogues contained a crucial fluorine nuclide and were characterized for various properties including binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile. Overall, 26 compounds with favorable to strong binding properties were identified. This review highlights the potential of GPR44 analogues for the development of PET tracers to study inflammation and cancer development and ultimately guide the development of targeted clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Yin
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kelly X. Huang
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lina A. Huang
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Melinda Ji
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hanyi Zhao
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kathy Li
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anna Gao
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhixuan Li
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tianxiong Liu
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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3
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Palladium‐catalyzed Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Arylboration of Alkenes. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Shan Y, Yang Z, Yu JT, Pan C. Metal-free polychloromethyl radical-initiated cyclization of unactivated N-allylindoles towards pyrrolo[1,2- a]indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5259-5263. [PMID: 35735246 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free polychloromethyl radical-initiated cyclization of unactivated alkenes was developed using CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 as the di- and trichloromethyl radical sources. Variously substituted N-allyl-indoles were successfully transformed into the corresponding C2-(di- and trichloromethyl) pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles in moderate to good yields. This reaction has a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Dibromomethylated products can also be obtained using CH2Br2 under standard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Zixian Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Changduo Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.
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5
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Banerjee A, Sarkar S, Shah JA, Frederiks NC, Bazan‐Bergamino EA, Johnson CJ, Ngai M. Excited‐State Copper Catalysis for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Bazan‐Bergamino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Ming‐Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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6
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Banerjee A, Sarkar S, Shah JA, Frederiks NC, Bazan-Bergamino EA, Johnson CJ, Ngai MY. Excited-State Copper Catalysis for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113841. [PMID: 34783154 PMCID: PMC8761179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterocycles are one of the largest groups of organic moieties with significant medicinal, chemical, and industrial applications. Herein, we report the discovery and development of visible-light-induced, synergistic excited-state copper catalysis using a combination of Cu(IPr)I as a catalyst and rac-BINAP as a ligand, which produces more than 10 distinct classes of heterocycles. The reaction tolerates a broad array of functional groups and complex molecular scaffolds, including derivatives of peptides, natural products, and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggests in situ generations of [Cu(BINAP)2 ]+ and [Cu(IPr)2 ]+ catalysts that work cooperatively under visible-light irradiation to facilitate catalytic carbo-aroylation of unactivated alkenes, affording a wide range of useful heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Bazan-Bergamino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Biringer RG. A Review of Prostanoid Receptors: Expression, Characterization, Regulation, and Mechanism of Action. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:155-184. [PMID: 32970276 PMCID: PMC7991060 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain to cell survival. Disruption of normal prostanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Prostaglandin signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, prostanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of prostanoid receptors with particular emphasis on human isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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8
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Wu X, Xiao G, Ding Y, Zhan Y, Zhao Y, Chen R, Loh TP. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Polarity-Mismatched Addition of Unactivated Alkyl Radicals to Unactivated Alkenes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guanlin Xiao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yalan Ding
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ying Zhan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rizhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616, Singapore
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Targeting the PGD 2/CRTH2/DP1 Signaling Pathway in Asthma and Allergic Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Drugs 2018; 77:1281-1294. [PMID: 28612233 PMCID: PMC5529497 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) released by degranulating mast cells is believed to play a key role in orchestrating mechanisms of inflammation in allergies and asthma. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), CRTH2 (DP2), and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors. The CRTH2 receptor is involved in induction of migration and activation of T helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils; up-regulation of adhesion molecules; and promotion of pro-inflammatory Th2-type cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, 5, 13), whereas the DP receptor is associated with relaxation of smooth muscles, vasodilation, inhibition of cell migration, and apoptosis of eosinophils. A number of CRTH2/PGD2 receptor antagonists have been investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. The CRTH2 antagonist (OC000459) or dual CRTH2 and TP receptor antagonist (ramatroban) were effective in reducing eosinophilia, nasal mucosal swelling, and clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis, with the latter drug registered for clinical use in this indication. OC000459 and setipiprant reduced the late but not early phase of response in an allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. In persistent asthma, some molecules induced limited improvement in lung function, quality of life, and asthma symptoms (OC000459, BI671800), but in other trials with AMG 853 and AZ1981 these findings were not confirmed. The clear discrepancy between animal studies and clinical efficacy of CRTH2 antagonism in allergic rhinitis, and lack of efficacy in a general cohort of asthmatics, highlight the issue of patient phenotyping. There is no doubt that the PGD2/CATH2/DP1 pathway plays a key role in allergic inflammation and further studies with selective or combined antagonisms in well defined cohorts of patients are needed.
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Jin XY, Xie LJ, Cheng HP, Liu AD, Li XD, Wang D, Cheng L, Liu L. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C–H Alkenylation in Aqueous Media: Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridoindoles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7514-7522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hou-Ping Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An-Di Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Galván A, González-Pérez AB, Álvarez R, de Lera AR, Fañanás FJ, Rodríguez F. Exploiting the Multidentate Nature of Chiral Disulfonimides in a Multicomponent Reaction for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a
]indoles: A Remarkable Case of Enantioinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Galván
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Adán B. González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fañanás
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Félix Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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12
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Galván A, González-Pérez AB, Álvarez R, de Lera AR, Fañanás FJ, Rodríguez F. Exploiting the Multidentate Nature of Chiral Disulfonimides in a Multicomponent Reaction for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a
]indoles: A Remarkable Case of Enantioinversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3428-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Galván
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Adán B. González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (CINBIO and IBI); Universidade de Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fañanás
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Félix Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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13
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Shibata T, Ryu N, Takano H. Very Important Publication: Iridium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Enantioselective CH Alkylation at the C-2 Position ofN-Alkenylindoles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Sykes L, Herbert BR, Macintyre DA, Hunte E, Ponnampalam S, Johnson MR, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. The CRTH2 agonist Pyl A prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal death but induces preterm labour. Immunology 2013; 139:352-65. [PMID: 23374103 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)) delays inflammation-induced preterm labour in the mouse and improves pup survival through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by a mechanism yet to be elucidated. 15dPGJ(2) is an agonist of the second prostaglandin D(2) receptor, chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2). In human T helper cells CRTH2 agonists induce the production of the anti-inflammatory interleukins IL-10 and IL-4. We hypothesized that CRTH2 is involved in the protective effect of 15dPGJ(2) in inflammation-induced preterm labour in the murine model. We therefore studied the effects of a specific small molecule CRTH2 agonist on preterm labour and pup survival. An intrauterine injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to CD1 mice at embryonic day 16, ± CRTH2 agonist/vehicle controls. Mice were killed at 4.5 hr to assess fetal wellbeing and to harvest myometrium and pup brain for analysis of NF-κB, and T helper type 1/2 interleukins. To examine the effects of the CRTH2 agonist on LPS-induced preterm labour, mice were allowed to labour spontaneously. Direct effects of the CRTH2 agonist on uterine contractility were examined ex vivo on contracting myometrial strips. The CRTH2 agonist increased fetal survival from 20 to 100% in LPS-treated mice, and inhibited circular muscle contractility ex vivo. However, it augmented LPS-induced labour and significantly increased myometrial NF-κB, IL-1β, KC-GRO, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. This suggests that the action of 15dPGJ(2) is not via CRTH2 and therefore small molecule CRTH2 agonists are not likely to be beneficial for the prevention of inflammation-induced preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Ding Z, Yoshikai N. Cobalt-Catalyzed Intramolecular Olefin Hydroarylation Leading to Dihydropyrroloindoles and Tetrahydropyridoindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Ding Z, Yoshikai N. Cobalt-Catalyzed Intramolecular Olefin Hydroarylation Leading to Dihydropyrroloindoles and Tetrahydropyridoindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8574-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Townley RG, Agrawal S. CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic responses involving TH2 cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23176872 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Townley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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18
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Sykes L, Lee Y, Khanjani S, Macintyre DA, Yap XJ, Ponnampalam S, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. Chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2) is not expressed in human amniocytes and myocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50734. [PMID: 23226366 PMCID: PMC3511345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14- Prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) inhibits Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in human myocytes and amniocytes and delays inflammation induced preterm labour in the mouse. 15dPGJ2 is a ligand for the Chemoattractant Receptor Homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2), a G protein-coupled receptor, present on a subset of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, eosinophils and basophils. It is the second receptor for Prostaglandin D2, whose activation leads to chemotaxis and the production of Th2-type interleukins. The cellular distribution of CRTH2 in non-immune cells has not been extensively researched, and its identification at the protein level has been limited by the lack of specific antibodies. In this study we explored the possibility that CRTH2 plays a role in 15dPGJ2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB and would therefore represent a novel small molecule therapeutic target for the prevention of inflammation induced preterm labour. METHODS The effect of a small molecule CRTH2 agonist on NF-κB activity in human cultured amniocytes and myocytes was assessed by detection of p65 and phospho-p65 by immunoblot. Endogenous CRTH2 expression in amniocytes, myocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined by PCR, western analysis and flow cytometry, with amniocytes and myocytes transfected with CRTH2 acting as a positive control in flow cytometry studies. RESULTS The CRTH2 agonist had no effect on NF-κB activity in amniocytes and myocytes. Although CRTH2 mRNA was detected in amniocytes and myocytes, CRTH2 was not detectable at the protein level, as demonstrated by western analysis and flow cytometry. 15dPGJ2 inhibited phospho-65 in PBMC'S, however the CRTH2 antagonist was not able to attenuate this effect. In conclusion, CRTH2 is not expressed on human amniocytes or myocytes and plays no role in the mechanism of 15dPGJ2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB.
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MESH Headings
- Amniotic Fluid/cytology
- Amniotic Fluid/drug effects
- Amniotic Fluid/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/cytology
- Muscle Cells/drug effects
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Parturition Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, England.
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19
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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20
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Luker T, Bonnert R, Brough S, Cook AR, Dickinson MR, Dougall I, Logan C, Mohammed RT, Paine S, Sanganee HJ, Sargent C, Schmidt JA, Teague S, Thom S. Substituted indole-1-acetic acids as potent and selective CRTh2 antagonists-discovery of AZD1981. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6288-92. [PMID: 21944852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel indole-3-thio-, 3-sulfonyl- and 3-oxy-aryl-1-acetic acids are reported which are potent, selective antagonists of the chemoattractant receptor-homologous expressed on Th2 lymphocytes receptor (CRTh2 or DP2). Optimization required maintenance of high CRTh2 potency whilst achieving a concomitant reduction in rates of metabolism, removal of cyp p450 inhibition and minimization of aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activity. High quality compounds suitable for in vivo studies are highlighted, culminating in the discovery of AZD1981 (22).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Luker
- Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, UK.
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21
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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22
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Luker T, Bonnert R, Schmidt J, Sargent C, Paine SW, Thom S, Pairaudeau G, Patel A, Mohammed R, Akam E, Dougall I, Davis AM, Abbott P, Brough S, Millichip I, McInally T. Switching between agonists and antagonists at CRTh2 in a series of highly potent and selective biaryl phenoxyacetic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3616-21. [PMID: 21592791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of biaryl phenoxyacetic acids was discovered as potent, selective antagonists of the chemoattractant receptor-homologous expressed on Th2 lymphocytes receptor (CRTh2 or DP2). A hit compound 4 was discovered from high throughput screening. Modulation of multiple aryl substituents afforded both agonists and antagonists, with small changes often reversing the mode of action. Understanding the complex SAR allowed design of potent antagonists such as potential candidate 34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Luker
- Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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23
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Luker T, Bonnert R, Paine SW, Schmidt J, Sargent C, Cook AR, Cook A, Gardiner P, Hill S, Weyman-Jones C, Patel A, Thom S, Thorne P. Zwitterionic CRTh2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1779-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1014549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Luker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W. Paine
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Schmidt
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Sargent
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Cook
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cook
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Gardiner
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hill
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Weyman-Jones
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Patel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thom
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Thorne
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, DMPK and Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R & D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
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24
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Ulven T, Kostenis E. Novel CRTH2 antagonists: a review of patents from 2006 to 2009. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1505-30. [PMID: 20946089 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.525506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The receptor CRTH2 (also known as DP₂) is an important mediator of the inflammatory effects of prostaglandin D₂ and has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target and the early antagonists are summarized, CRTH2 antagonists published in the patent literature from 2006 to 2009 are comprehensively covered and a general update on the recent progress in the development of CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases is provided. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target, a comprehensive overview of the development of new CRTH2 ligands between 2006 and 2009, and a general overview of the state of the art. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Many diverse potent CRTH2 antagonists are now available, and several are in or on the way into the clinic. It is still early to draw final conclusions, but preliminary results give reason for optimism, and the prospect that we will see new CRTH2 antagonists reaching the market for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and/or COPD seems good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Denmark.
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25
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Crosignani S, Page P, Missotten M, Colovray V, Cleva C, Arrighi JF, Atherall J, Macritchie J, Martin T, Humbert Y, Gaudet M, Pupowicz D, Maio M, Pittet PA, Golzio L, Giachetti C, Rocha C, Bernardinelli G, Filinchuk Y, Scheer A, Schwarz MK, Chollet A. Discovery of a New Class of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2227-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crosignani
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Page
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Colovray
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - John Atherall
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jackie Macritchie
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Martin
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Doris Pupowicz
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Maurizio Maio
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-André Pittet
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucia Golzio
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Claudio Giachetti
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Cynthia Rocha
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gérald Bernardinelli
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexander Scheer
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias K. Schwarz
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - André Chollet
- Merck Serono International S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer, Merck Serono, I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa, Italy, BioFocus DPI, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, U.K., Laboratory of X-Ray Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Swiss-Norwegian Beam Line, ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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26
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The roles of the prostaglandin D(2) receptors DP(1) and CRTH2 in promoting allergic responses. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S191-9. [PMID: 17965752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is produced by mast cells, Th2 lymphocytes and dendritic cells and has been detected in high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. PGD(2) exerts its inflammatory effects through high affinity interactions with the G protein coupled receptors DP(1) and chemoattractant-homologous receptor expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2, also known as DP(2)). DP(1) and CRTH2 act in concert to promote a number of biological effects associated with the development and maintenance of the allergic response. During the process of allergen sensitization, DP(1) activation may enhance polarization of Th0 cells to Th2 cells by inhibiting production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells. Upon exposure to allergen in sensitized individuals, activation of DP(1) may contribute to the long lasting blood flow changes in the target organ. CRTH2 is expressed by Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils and may mediate the recruitment of these cell types during the late phase allergic response. The role played by CRTH2 in promoting the production of Th2 cytokines and IgE make antagonism of this receptor a particularly attractive approach to the treatment of chronic allergic disease.
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27
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Tanaka M, Ubukata M, Matsuo T, Yasue K, Matsumoto K, Kajimoto Y, Ogo T, Inaba T. One-Step Synthesis of Heteroaromatic-Fused Pyrrolidines via Cyclopropane Ring-Opening Reaction: Application to the PKCβ Inhibitor JTT-010. Org Lett 2007; 9:3331-4. [PMID: 17655251 DOI: 10.1021/ol071336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A ring-opening reaction of cyclopropanes with five-membered heteroaromatics having a leaving group at C(2) was found to provide heteroaromatic-fused pyrrolidines in one step. This reaction was successfully applied to the synthesis of the protein kinase C-beta inhibitor JTT-010, which possesses a dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]indole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanaka
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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28
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Kostenis E, Ulven T. Emerging roles of DP and CRTH2 in allergic inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:148-58. [PMID: 16545607 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipid mediator prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) has long been implicated in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. PGD(2) elicits biological responses by activating two seven-transmembrane (7TM) G-protein-coupled receptors, the D-prostanoid receptor DP and the chemoattractant receptor homologous-molecule expressed on T-helper-type-2 cells (CRTH2), which are linked to different signaling pathways. Understanding how immune cells integrate and coordinate signals that are triggered by the same ligand is crucial for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Here, we examine the roles of DP and CRTH2 in the orchestration of complex inflammatory processes, and discuss their importance as emerging targets for the treatment of asthma and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53155 Bonn, Germany.
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Rolin S, Masereel B, Dogné JM. Prostanoids as pharmacological targets in COPD and asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:89-100. [PMID: 16458293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and bronchial asthma are two severe lung diseases which represent a major problem of world public health. Leukotrienes and prostanoids play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. Prostanoids: prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), the cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid are implicated in the inflammatory cascade that occurs in asthmatic airways. Recently, the roles played by isoprostanes or prostaglandin-like compounds nonenzymatically generated via peroxidation of membrane phospholipids by reactive oxygen species, in particular F2-isoprostanes, in pulmonary pathophysiology have been highlighted. This article aims to provide an overview of the role of prostanoids and isoprostanes in the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma and to discuss the pharmacological strategies developed in prevention and/or treatment of these pathologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/metabolism
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Benzoquinones/therapeutic use
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/therapeutic use
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- F2-Isoprostanes/metabolism
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Methacrylates/pharmacology
- Methacrylates/therapeutic use
- Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thromboxane A2/metabolism
- Thromboxane-A Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboxane-A Synthase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rolin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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30
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Medina JC, Liu J. PGD2 Antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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31
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Armer RE, Ashton MR, Boyd EA, Brennan CJ, Brookfield FA, Gazi L, Gyles SL, Hay PA, Hunter MG, Middlemiss D, Whittaker M, Xue L, Pettipher R. Indole-3-acetic acid antagonists of the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6174-7. [PMID: 16190744 DOI: 10.1021/jm050519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) acting at the CRTH2 receptor (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) has been linked with a variety of allergic and other inflammatory diseases. We describe a family of indole-1-sulfonyl-3-acetic acids that are potent and selective CRTH2 antagonists that possess good oral bioavailability. The compounds may serve as novel starting points for the development of treatments of inflammatory disease such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Armer
- Oxagen Ltd., 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RY, UK.
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Epstein MM. Targeting memory Th2 cells for the treatment of allergic asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 109:107-36. [PMID: 16081161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th2 memory cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Evidence from patients and experimental models indicates that memory Th2 cells reside in the lungs during disease remission and, upon allergen exposure, become activated effectors involved in disease exacerbation. The inhibition of memory Th2 cells or their effector functions in allergic asthma influence disease progression, suggesting their importance as therapeutic targets. They are allergen specific and can potentially be suppressed or eliminated using this specificity. They have distinct activation, differentiation, cell surface phenotype, migration capacity, and effector functions that can be targeted singularly or in combination. Furthermore, memory Th2 cells residing in the lungs can be treated locally. Capitalizing on these unique attributes is important for drug development for allergic asthma. The aim of this review is to present an overview of therapeutic strategies targeting Th2 memory cells in allergic asthma, emphasizing Th2 generation, differentiation, activation, migration, effector function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Epstein
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Lazarettgasse 19, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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Mathiesen JM, Ulven T, Martini L, Gerlach LO, Heinemann A, Kostenis E. Identification of indole derivatives exclusively interfering with a G protein-independent signaling pathway of the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:393-402. [PMID: 15870392 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.010520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and ramatroban, the latter showing clinical efficacy in treating allergic asthma, have been shown to act as a classic agonist and antagonist, respectively, of the G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2 receptor). Here, we report the identification of two indole derivatives 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid and N(alpha)-tosyltryptophan (hereafter referred to as 1 and 2, respectively), which are structurally related to indomethacin and ramatroban but which selectively interfere with a specific G protein-independent signaling pathway of CRTH2. In whole-cell saturation-binding assays, 1 and 2 both increase the number of [(3)H]prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-recognizing CRTH2 sites and the affinity of PGD2 for CRTH2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays show that they do not alter the total number of CRTH2 receptors on the cell surface. Analysis of their binding mode indicates that unlike indomethacin or ramatroban, 1 and 2 can occupy CRTH2 simultaneously with PGD2. On a functional level, however, 1 and 2 do not interfere with PGD2-mediated activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by CRTH2. In contrast, both compounds inhibit PGD2-mediated arrestin translocation via a G protein-independent mechanism. In human eosinophils endogenously expressing CRTH2, 1 selectively decreases the efficacy but not the potency of PGD2-induced shape change, unlike ramatroban, which displays competitive antagonistic behavior. These data show for the first time that "antagonists" can cause markedly dissimilar degrees of inhibition for different effector pathways and suggest that it may be possible to develop novel classes of specific signal-inhibiting drugs distinct from conventional antagonists.
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