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Luo J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wu D, Ren Y, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J. An update on small molecule compounds targeting synthetic lethality for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 278:116804. [PMID: 39241482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Targeting cancer-specific vulnerabilities through synthetic lethality (SL) is an emerging paradigm in precision oncology. A SL strategy based on PARP inhibitors has demonstrated clinical efficacy. Advances in DNA damage response (DDR) uncover novel SL gene pairs. Beyond BRCA-PARP, emerging SL targets like ATR, ATM, DNA-PK, CHK1, WEE1, CDK12, RAD51, and RAD52 show clinical promise. Selective and bioavailable small molecule inhibitors have been developed to induce SL, but optimization for potency, specificity, and drug-like properties remains challenging. This article illuminated recent progress in the field of medicinal chemistry centered on the rational design of agents capable of eliciting SL specifically in neoplastic cells. It is envisioned that innovative strategies harnessing SL for small molecule design may unlock novel prospects for targeted cancer therapeutics going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Defa Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijiu Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Wang W, Sun Y, Liu X, Kumar SK, Jin F, Dai Y. Dual-Targeted Therapy Circumvents Non-Genetic Drug Resistance to Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:859455. [PMID: 35574302 PMCID: PMC9093074 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.859455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of various targeted agents into the armamentarium of cancer treatment has revolutionized the standard care of patients with cancer. However, like conventional chemotherapy, drug resistance, either preexisting (primary or intrinsic resistance) or developed following treatment (secondary or acquired resistance), remains the Achilles heel of all targeted agents with no exception, via either genetic or non-genetic mechanisms. In the latter, emerging evidence supports the notion that intracellular signaling pathways for tumor cell survival act as a mutually interdependent network via extensive cross-talks and feedback loops. Thus, dysregulations of multiple signaling pathways usually join forces to drive oncogenesis, tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, thereby providing a basis for so-called "bypass" mechanisms underlying non-genetic resistance in response to targeted agents. In this context, simultaneous interruption of two or more related targets or pathways (an approach called dual-targeted therapy, DTT), via either linear or parallel inhibition, is required to deal with such a form of drug resistance to targeted agents that specifically inhibit a single oncoprotein or oncogenic pathway. Together, while most types of tumor cells are often addicted to two or more targets or pathways or can switch their dependency between them, DTT targeting either intrinsically activated or drug-induced compensatory targets/pathways would efficiently overcome drug resistance caused by non-genetic events, with a great opportunity that those resistant cells might be particularly more vulnerable. In this review article, we discuss, with our experience, diverse mechanisms for non-genetic resistance to targeted agents and the rationales to circumvent them in the treatment of cancer, emphasizing hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaji K. Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Guo N, Li MZ, Wang LM, Chen HD, Song SS, Miao ZH, He JX. Repeated treatments of Capan-1 cells with PARP1 and Chk1 inhibitors promote drug resistance, migration and invasion. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:69-82. [PMID: 35000525 PMCID: PMC8812781 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.2024414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 and Chk1 inhibitors have been shown to be synergistic in different cancer models in relatively short time treatment modes. However, the consequences of long-term/repeated treatments with the combinations in cancer models remain unclear. In this study, the synergistic cytotoxicity of their combinations in 8 tumor cell lines was confirmed in a 7-day exposure mode. Then, pancreatic Capan-1 cells were repeatedly treated with the PARP1 inhibitor olaparib, the Chk1 inhibitor rabusertib or their combination for 211–214 days, during which the changes in drug sensitivity were monitored at a 35-day interval. Unexpectedly, among the 3 treatment modes, the combination treatments resulted in the highest-grade resistance to Chk1 (~14.6 fold) and PARP1 (~420.2 fold) inhibitors, respectively. Consistently, G2/M arrest and apoptosis decreased significantly in the resulting resistant variants exposed to olaparib. All 3 resistant variants also unexpectedly obtained enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities. Moreover, the combination treatments resulted in increased migration and invasion than olaparib alone. The expression of 124 genes changed significantly in all the resistant variants. We further demonstrate that activating CXCL3-ERK1/2 signaling might contribute to the enhanced migratory capabilities rather than the acquired drug resistance. Our findings indicate that repeated treatments with the rabusertib/olaparib combination result in increased drug resistance and a more aggressive cell phenotype than those with either single agent, providing new clues for future clinical anticancer tests of PARP1 and Chk1 inhibitor combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ne Guo
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Song
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Xue He
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Calzetta NL, González Besteiro MA, Gottifredi V. PARP Activity Fine-tunes the DNA Replication Choreography of Chk1-depleted Cells. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166949. [PMID: 33744317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) prevents DNA damage by adjusting the replication choreography in the face of replication stress. Chk1 depletion provokes slow and asymmetrical fork movement, yet the signals governing such changes remain unclear. We sought to investigate whether poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), key players of the DNA damage response, intervene in the DNA replication of Chk1-depleted cells. We demonstrate that PARP inhibition selectively alleviates the reduced fork elongation rates, without relieving fork asymmetry in Chk1-depleted cells. While the contribution of PARPs to fork elongation is not unprecedented, we found that their role in Chk1-depleted cells extends beyond fork movement. PARP-dependent fork deceleration induced mild dormant origin firing upon Chk1 depletion, augmenting the global rates of DNA synthesis. Thus, we have identified PARPs as novel regulators of replication fork dynamics in Chk1-depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Luis Calzetta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Alejandra González Besteiro
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Dent P. Investigational CHK1 inhibitors in early phase clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:1095-1100. [PMID: 31783714 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1694661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitors have been in development for two decades. The initial CHK1 inhibitor staurosporine analog, UCN01, entered clinical trials whilst it was still considered to act via PKC inhibition; only later were trials performed in a more focused fashion to determine whether CHK1 inhibition could dysregulate cell cycle checkpoints. Many of the subsequently synthesized more specific CHK1 inhibitors have failed because of poor PK/PD or cumulative normal tissue toxicities in patients. CHK1 inhibitor monotherapy often demonstrates limited efficacy and in general, must be combined with other agents. The combination of CHK1 inhibitors with modern signaling regulators may be a better therapeutic strategy.Areas covered: This review discusses the history of, and translational use of CHK1 inhibitors; the latest generation of CHK1 inhibitors to enter clinic development are also examined.Expert opinion: Some CHK1 inhibitors can be administered safely, but that when they are combined with traditional cytotoxic DNA damaging agents, the normal tissue toxicities outweigh the very modest gains in therapeutic efficacy. Researchers need to think outside of the box and consider how CHK1 inhibitors can be combined with other signal transduction modulators such as MEK1/2 and PARP1 inhibitors to kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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6
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Labrie M, Kim TB, Ju Z, Lee S, Zhao W, Fang Y, Lu Y, Chen K, Ramirez P, Frumovitz M, Meyer L, Fleming ND, Sood AK, Coleman RL, Mills GB, Westin SN. Adaptive responses in a PARP inhibitor window of opportunity trial illustrate limited functional interlesional heterogeneity and potential combination therapy options. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3533-3546. [PMID: 31191824 PMCID: PMC6544405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-based combination therapies are demonstrating efficacy in patients, however, identifying the right combination for the right patient remains a critical challenge. Thus, it is urgent to develop approaches able to identify patients likely to benefit from specific combination therapies. Several groups, including ours, have demonstrated that targeting adaptive responses induced by PARPi increases depth and duration of response. In this study, we instituted a talazoparib (PARPi) monotherapy window of opportunity trial to identify informative adaptive responses in high grade serous ovarian cancer patients (HGSOC). Patients were treated for 7 to 14 days with PARPi monotherapy prior to surgery with tissue samples from multiple sites being collected pre- and post-treatment in each patient. Analysis of these samples demonstrated that individual patients displayed different adaptive responses with limited interlesional heterogeneity. Ability of combination therapies designed to interdict adaptive responses to decrease viability was validated using model systems. Thus, assessment of adaptive responses to PARPi provides an opportunity for patient-specific selection of combination therapies designed to interdict patient-specific adaptive responses to maximize patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labrie
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tae-Beom Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Fang
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pedro Ramirez
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Larissa Meyer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole D Fleming
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Bourgeois A, Bonnet S, Breuils-Bonnet S, Habbout K, Paradis R, Tremblay E, Lampron MC, Orcholski ME, Potus F, Bertero T, Peterlini T, Chan SY, Norris KA, Paulin R, Provencher S, Boucherat O. Inhibition of CHK 1 (Checkpoint Kinase 1) Elicits Therapeutic Effects in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1667-1681. [PMID: 31092016 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating disease associated with progressive vascular remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries leading to elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and death. Although presenting high levels of DNA damage that normally jeopardize their viability, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with PAH exhibit a cancer-like proproliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype accounting for vascular lumen obliteration. In cancer cells, overexpression of the serine/threonine-protein kinase CHK1 (checkpoint kinase 1) is exploited to counteract the excess of DNA damage insults they are exposed to. This study aimed to determine whether PAH-PASMCs have developed an orchestrated response mediated by CHK1 to overcome DNA damage, allowing cell survival and proliferation. Approach and Results: We demonstrated that CHK1 expression is markedly increased in isolated PASMCs and distal PAs from patients with PAH compared with controls, as well as in multiple complementary animal models recapitulating the disease, including monocrotaline rats and the simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. Using a pharmacological and molecular loss of function approach, we showed that CHK1 promotes PAH-PASMCs proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. In addition, we found that inhibition of CHK1 induces downregulation of the DNA repair protein RAD 51 and severe DNA damage. In vivo, we provided evidence that pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 significantly reduces vascular remodeling and improves hemodynamic parameters in 2 experimental rat models of PAH. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that CHK1 exerts a proproliferative function in PAH-PASMCs by mitigating DNA damage and suggest that CHK1 inhibition may, therefore, represent an attractive therapeutic option for patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bourgeois
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.).,Department of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada (S.P., O.B., S.B.)
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Karima Habbout
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Renée Paradis
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Eve Tremblay
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Marie-Claude Lampron
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Mark E Orcholski
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Francois Potus
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Thomas Bertero
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), University Côte d'Azur, France (T.B.)
| | - Thibaut Peterlini
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (S.Y.C.)
| | - Karen A Norris
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens (K.A.N.)
| | - Roxane Paulin
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.)
| | - Steeve Provencher
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.).,Department of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada (S.P., O.B., S.B.)
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada (A.B., S.B., S.B-B., K.H., R.P., E.T., M.C.L., M.E.O., F.P., T.P., R.P., S.P., O.B.).,Department of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada (S.P., O.B., S.B.)
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Murai J, Pommier Y. PARP Trapping Beyond Homologous Recombination and Platinum Sensitivity in Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have recently been approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers with BRCA mutations, as well as for maintenance therapies regardless of BRCA mutation for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers that previously responded to platinum-based chemotherapy. The rationale of these indications is derived from the facts that cancer cells with BRCA mutations are defective in homologous recombination (HR), which confers synthetic lethality with PARPis, and that some of the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis are shared with platinums. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 are central for HR, more players within and beyond HR are emerging as response determinants to PARPis. Furthermore, there are similarities as well as differences in the DNA lesions and repair pathways induced by PARPis, platinums, and camptothecin topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors. Here we review the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis and the rationale for using PARPis as single agents and in combination therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
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9
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Rais R, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Valproate augments Niraparib killing of tumor cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:797-808. [PMID: 29923797 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1472190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 inhibitors are approved therapeutic agents in ovarian carcinomas, and have clinical activity in some breast cancers. As a single agent, niraparib killed ovarian and mammary tumor cells via an ATM-AMPK-ULK1 pathway which resulted in mTOR inactivation and the formation of autophagosomes, temporally followed by autolysosome formation. In parallel, niraparib activated a CD95-FADD-caspase 8 pathway, and collectively these signals caused tumor cell death that was suppressed by knock down of Beclin1, ATG5, CD95, FADD or AIF; or by expression of c-FLIP-s, BCL-XL or dominant negative caspase 9. The HDAC inhibitors AR42 and sodium valproate enhanced niraparib lethality in a greater than additive fashion. HDAC inhibitors enhanced niraparib lethality by increasing activation of the ATM-AMPK-ULK1-autophagy and CD95-FADD-caspase 8 pathways. Knock down of eIF2α, ATM, AMPKα, ULK1, Beclin1 or ATG5 reduced tumor cell killing by the niraparib plus HDAC inhibitor combination. Blockade of either caspase 9 function or that of cathepsin B partially prevented cell death. As a single agent niraparib delayed tumor growth, but did not significantly alter the tumor control rate. Tumors previously exposed to niraparib had activated the ERK1/2 and AKT-mTOR pathways that correlated with increased plasma levels of IL-8, MIF, EGF, uPA and IL-12. Collectively our findings argue that the addition of HDAC inhibitors to niraparib enhances the anti-cancer activity of the PARP1 inhibitor niraparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Rumeesa Rais
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | | | - Paul Dent
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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10
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Booth L, Roberts J, Poklepovic A, Dent P. The CHK1 inhibitor SRA737 synergizes with PARP1 inhibitors to kill carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:786-796. [PMID: 30024813 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1472189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of PARP1 are approved therapeutic agents in ovarian carcinomas. We determined whether the novel clinically relevant CHK1 inhibitor SRA737 interacted with PARP1 inhibitors to kill carcinoma cells. In multiple mammary and ovarian cancer lines SRA737 synergized with the PARP1 inhibitors olaparib and niraparib to cause cell death. The [SRA737 + niraparib] drug combination activated an ATM-AMPK-ULK1-mTOR pathway which resulted in the formation of autophagosomes, temporally followed by autolysosome formation. Phosphorylation of ULK1 S317 was essential for kinase activation against ATG13. The drug combination elevated eIF2α phosphorylation which was causal at increasing Beclin1 and ATG5 expression, reducing MCL-1 and BCL-XL levels, and causing CD95 activation. Knock down of CD95, eIF2α, ATM, AMPKα, ULK1, Beclin1 or ATG5 reduced drug combination lethality. Blockade of either caspase 9 function or that of AIF each partially prevented cell death. Expression of activated mTOR or of c-FLIP-s or of BCL-XL reduced cell killing. In vivo, SRA737 and niraparib interacted in an additive fashion to suppress the growth of mammary tumors. Multiplex analyses revealed that drug combination treated tumors had reduced their plasma levels of sERBB1, sERBB2, sVEGFR1, sVEGFR2, sIL-6R, HGF, PDGFAB/BB and CXCL16 and enhanced the levels of CCL26, IL-8 and MIF. Surviving tumors had activated ERK1/2 and AKT. This finding argues that IL-8/ERK/AKT signaling may be an evolutionary survival response to [SRA737 + niraparib].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jane Roberts
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- b Department of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Paul Dent
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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11
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Samuel P, Avogadri-Connors F, Cutler RE, Lalani AS, Poklepovic A, Dent P. The irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor neratinib interacts with the PARP1 inhibitor niraparib to kill ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:525-533. [PMID: 29405820 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1436024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor neratinib has been shown to rapidly down-regulate the expression of ERBB1/2/4 as well as the levels of c-MET, PDGFRα and mutant RAS proteins via autophagic degradation. Neratinib interacted in an additive to synergistic fashion with the approved PARP1 inhibitor niraparib to kill ovarian cancer cells. Neratinib and niraparib caused the ATM-dependent activation of AMPK which in turn was required to cause mTOR inactivation, ULK-1 activation and ATG13 phosphorylation. The drug combination initially increased autophagosome levels followed later by autolysosome levels. Preventing autophagosome formation by expressing activated mTOR or knocking down of Beclin1, or knock down of the autolysosome protein cathepsin B, reduced drug combination lethality. The drug combination caused an endoplasmic reticulum stress response as judged by enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation that was responsible for reducing MCL-1 and BCL-XL levels and increasing ATG5 and Beclin1 expression. Knock down of BIM, but not of BAX or BAK, reduced cell killing. Expression of activated MEK1 prevented the drug combination increasing BIM expression and reduced cell killing. Downstream of the mitochondrion, drug lethality was partially reduced by knock down of AIF, but expression of dominant negative caspase 9 was not protective. Our data demonstrate that neratinib and niraparib interact to kill ovarian cancer cells through convergent DNA damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. Cell killing required the induction of autophagy and was cathepsin B and AIF -dependent, and effector caspase independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Peter Samuel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | | | - Richard E Cutler
- c Puma Biotechnology Inc. , 1880 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Alshad S Lalani
- c Puma Biotechnology Inc. , 1880 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- b Department of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Paul Dent
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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Qiu Z, Oleinick NL, Zhang J. ATR/CHK1 inhibitors and cancer therapy. Radiother Oncol 2017; 126:450-464. [PMID: 29054375 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle checkpoint proteins ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and its major downstream effector checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) prevent the entry of cells with damaged or incompletely replicated DNA into mitosis when the cells are challenged by DNA damaging agents, such as radiation therapy (RT) or chemotherapeutic drugs, that are the major modalities to treat cancer. This regulation is particularly evident in cells with a defective G1 checkpoint, a common feature of cancer cells, due to p53 mutations. In addition, ATR and/or CHK1 suppress replication stress (RS) by inhibiting excess origin firing, particularly in cells with activated oncogenes. Those functions of ATR/CHK1 make them ideal therapeutic targets. ATR/CHK1 inhibitors have been developed and are currently used either as single agents or paired with radiotherapy or a variety of genotoxic chemotherapies in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review the status of the development of ATR and CHK1 inhibitors. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which ATR and CHK1 inhibition induces cell killing in the presence or absence of exogenous DNA damaging agents, such as RT and chemotherapeutic agents. Lastly, we discuss synthetic lethality interactions between the inhibition of ATR/CHK1 and defects in other DNA damage response (DDR) pathways/genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Nancy L Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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13
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Targeting the ATR-CHK1 Axis in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050041. [PMID: 28448462 PMCID: PMC5447951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is a new therapeutic approach in cancer that shows great promise for tumour selectivity. Key components of the DDR are the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) kinases. This review article describes the role of ATR and its major downstream target, CHK1, in the DDR and why cancer cells are particularly reliant on the ATR-CHK1 pathway, providing the rationale for targeting these kinases, and validation of this hypothesis by genetic manipulation. The recent development of specific inhibitors and preclinical data using these inhibitors not only as chemosensitisers and radiosensitisers but also as single agents to exploit specific pathologies of tumour cells is described. These potent and specific inhibitors have now entered clinical trial and early results are presented.
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14
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Rimar KJ, Tran PT, Matulewicz RS, Hussain M, Meeks JJ. The emerging role of homologous recombination repair and PARP inhibitors in genitourinary malignancies. Cancer 2017; 123:1912-1924. [PMID: 28323334 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As cells age and are exposed to genotoxic stress, preservation of the genomic code requires multiple DNA repair pathways to remove single-strand or double-strand breaks. Loss of function somatic genomic aberrations or germline deficiency in genes involved in DNA repair can result in acute cell death or, after a latency period, cellular transformation. Therapeutic exploitation of DNA repair by inhibition of poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose polymerases (PARP), a family of enzymes involved in the repair of single-strand and in some cases double-strand breaks, has become a novel cancer treatment. Although the application of PARP inhibitors (PARPis) initially focused on tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficiencies, synthetic susceptibilities to PARPis have been expanded due to the identification of tumors with mutations pathways involved in DNA damage repair, in particular those that repair double-strand breaks using homologous recombination (HR). There is an increasing appreciation that genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including bladder cancer and especially prostate cancer, contain subsets of patients with germline and somatic alterations in HR genes that may reflect an increased response to PARPis. In this review, the authors describe the mechanisms and rationale of the use of PARPis in patients with GU cancers, summarize previously reported preclinical and clinical trials, and identify ongoing trials to determine how PARPis and strategies targeted at HR repair can have widespread application in patients with GU cancers. Cancer 2017;123:1912-1924. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen J Rimar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard S Matulewicz
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maha Hussain
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Khan T, Weber H, DiMuzio J, Matter A, Dogdas B, Shah T, Thankappan A, Disa J, Jadhav V, Lubbers L, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Strapps WR, Tadin-Strapps M. Silencing Myostatin Using Cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs Induces Muscle Growth. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e342. [PMID: 27483025 PMCID: PMC5023400 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are a valuable tool for gene silencing with applications in both target validation and therapeutics. Many advances have recently been made to improve potency and specificity, and reduce toxicity and immunostimulation. However, siRNA delivery to a variety of tissues remains an obstacle for this technology. To date, siRNA delivery to muscle has only been achieved by local administration or by methods with limited potential use in the clinic. We report systemic delivery of a highly chemically modified cholesterol-conjugated siRNA targeting muscle-specific gene myostatin (Mstn) to a full range of muscles in mice. Following a single intravenous injection, we observe 85–95% knockdown of Mstn mRNA in skeletal muscle and >65% reduction in circulating Mstn protein sustained for >21 days. This level of Mstn knockdown is also accompanied by a functional effect on skeletal muscle, with animals showing an increase in muscle mass, size, and strength. The cholesterol-conjugated siRNA platform described here could have major implications for treatment of a variety of muscle disorders, including muscular atrophic diseases, muscular dystrophy, and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayeba Khan
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hans Weber
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jillian DiMuzio
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Matter
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Belma Dogdas
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Modeling- Scientific Informatics, Merck and Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tosha Shah
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Modeling- Scientific Informatics, Merck and Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anil Thankappan
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jyoti Disa
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck and Co., Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vasant Jadhav
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Lubbers
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Sepp-Lorenzino
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter R Strapps
- Department of RNA Therapeutics Discovery Biology, Merck and Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck and Co., Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Tavallai M, Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Rationally Repurposing Ruxolitinib (Jakafi (®)) as a Solid Tumor Therapeutic. Front Oncol 2016; 6:142. [PMID: 27379204 PMCID: PMC4904019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined whether the approved myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib (Jakafi®), an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could be repurposed as an anti-cancer agent for solid tumors. Ruxolitinib synergistically interacted with dual ERBB1/2/4 inhibitors to kill breast as well as lung, ovarian and brain cancer cells. Knock down of JAK1/2 or of ERBB1/2/3/4 recapitulated on-target drug effects. The combination of (ruxolitinib + ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor) rapidly inactivated AKT, mTORC1, mTORC2, STAT3, and STAT5, and activated eIF2α. In parallel, the drug combination reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, HSP90, HSP70, and GRP78, and increased expression of Beclin1. Activated forms of STAT3, AKT, or mTOR prevented the drug-induced decline in BCL-XL, MCL-1, HSP90, and HSP70 levels. Over-expression of chaperones maintained AKT/mTOR activity in the presence of drugs and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Expression of dominant negative eIF2α S51A prevented the increase in Beclin1 expression and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Loss of mTOR activity was associated with increased ATG13 S318 phosphorylation and with autophagosome formation. Autophagosomes initially co-localized with mitochondria and subsequently with lysosomes. Knock down of Beclin1 suppressed: drug-induced mitophagy; the activation of the toxic BH3 domain proteins BAX and BAK; and tumor cell killing. Knock down of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells from the drug combination, whereas blockade of caspase 9 signaling did not. The drug combination released AIF into the cytosol and increased nuclear AIF: eIF3A co-localization. A 4-day transient exposure of orthotopic tumors to (ruxolitinib + afatinib) profoundly reduced mammary tumor growth over the following 35 days. Re-grown tumors exhibited high levels of BAD S112 phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 and NFκB. Our data demonstrate that mitophagy is an essential component of (ruxolitinib + ERBB inhibitor) lethality and that this drug combination should be explored in a phase I trial in solid tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrad Tavallai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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17
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Tavallai M, Booth L, Roberts JL, McGuire WP, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Ruxolitinib synergizes with DMF to kill via BIM+BAD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and via reduced SOD2/TRX expression and ROS. Oncotarget 2016; 7:17290-300. [PMID: 26981780 PMCID: PMC4951212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined whether the myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could interact with the multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) to kill tumor cells; studies used the in vivo active form of the drug, mono-methyl fumarate (MMF). Ruxolitinib interacted with MMF to kill brain, breast, lung and ovarian cancer cells, and enhanced the lethality of standard of care therapies such as paclitaxel and temozolomide. MMF also interacted with other FDA approved drugs to kill tumor cells including Celebrex® and Gilenya®. The combination of [ruxolitinib + MMF] inactivated ERK1/2, AKT, STAT3 and STAT5; reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, SOD2 and TRX; increased BIM expression; decreased BAD S112 S136 phosphorylation; and enhanced pro-caspase 3 cleavage. Expression of activated forms of STAT3, MEK1 or AKT each significantly reduced drug combination lethality; prevented BAD S112 S136 dephosphorylation and decreased BIM expression; and preserved TRX, SOD2, MCL-1 and BCL-XL expression. The drug combination increased the levels of reactive oxygen species in cells, and over-expression of TRX or SOD2 prevented drug combination tumor cell killing. Over-expression of BCL-XL or knock down of BAX, BIM, BAD or apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells. The drug combination increased AIF : HSP70 co-localization in the cytosol but this event did not prevent AIF : eIF3A association in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrad Tavallai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jane L. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William P. McGuire
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Sanjiv K, Hagenkort A, Calderón-Montaño JM, Koolmeister T, Reaper PM, Mortusewicz O, Jacques SA, Kuiper RV, Schultz N, Scobie M, Charlton PA, Pollard JR, Berglund UW, Altun M, Helleday T. Cancer-Specific Synthetic Lethality between ATR and CHK1 Kinase Activities. Cell Rep 2015; 14:298-309. [PMID: 26748709 PMCID: PMC4713868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ATR and CHK1 maintain cancer cell survival under replication stress and inhibitors of both kinases are currently undergoing clinical trials. As ATR activity is increased after CHK1 inhibition, we hypothesized that this may indicate an increased reliance on ATR for survival. Indeed, we observe that replication stress induced by the CHK1 inhibitor AZD7762 results in replication catastrophe and apoptosis, when combined with the ATR inhibitor VE-821 specifically in cancer cells. Combined treatment with ATR and CHK1 inhibitors leads to replication fork arrest, ssDNA accumulation, replication collapse, and synergistic cell death in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of CDK reversed replication stress and synthetic lethality, demonstrating that regulation of origin firing by ATR and CHK1 explains the synthetic lethality. In conclusion, this study exemplifies cancer-specific synthetic lethality between two proteins in the same pathway and raises the prospect of combining ATR and CHK1 inhibitors as promising cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hagenkort
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain A Jacques
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raoul V Kuiper
- Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scobie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A Charlton
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
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20
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Massey AJ, Stephens P, Rawlinson R, McGurk L, Plummer R, Curtin NJ. mTORC1 and DNA-PKcs as novel molecular determinants of sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:101-12. [PMID: 26471831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chk1 inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Understanding determinants of sensitivity and novel combinations is critical for further clinical development. METHODS Potentiation of mTOR inhibitor cytotoxicity by the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 was determined in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. DNA damage response, expression levels of repair proteins, cell cycle effects and the contribution of alternative DSB repair pathways were further evaluated by western blotting and high content analysis. RESULTS mTOR inhibitors AZD8055, RAD-001, rapamycin and BEZ235 induced synergistic cytotoxicity with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. Reduced FANCD2, RAD51 and RPA70, core proteins in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and interstrand crosslink repair (ICLR), following inhibition of mTOR was associated with increased V158411 induced DSBs and caspase 3-independent cell death. Dual mTOR and Chk1 inhibition activated DNA-PKcs. Cells defective in DNA-PKcs exhibited increased resistance to V158411 with Chk1 expression closely correlated to DNA-PKcs expression in various types of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of proteins involved in HRR or ICLR by mTOR inhibitors is associated with increased sensitivity of human tumours to Chk1 inhibitors such as V158411. High levels of DNA-PKcs may be a potential biomarker to stratify patients to Chk1 inhibitor therapy alone or in combination with mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stephens
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Lauren McGurk
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Cell death by autophagy: emerging molecular mechanisms and implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2015; 34:5105-13. [PMID: 25619832 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly-regulated catabolic process of cellular self-digestion by which cellular components are targeted to lysosomes for their degradation. Key functions of autophagy are to provide energy and metabolic precursors under conditions of starvation and to alleviate stress by removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which are deleterious for cell survival. Therefore, autophagy appears to serve as a pro-survival stress response in most settings. However, the role of autophagy in modulating cell death is highly dependent on the cellular context and its extent. There is an increasing evidence for cell death by autophagy, in particular in developmental cell death in lower organisms and in autophagic cancer cell death induced by novel cancer drugs. The death-promoting and -executing mechanisms involved in the different paradigms of autophagic cell death (ACD) are very diverse and complex, but a draft scenario of the key molecular targets involved in ACD is beginning to emerge. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive report on the molecular mechanisms of drug-induced autophagy-dependent cell death and highlights recent key findings in this exciting field of research.
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Güster JD, Weissleder SV, Busch CJ, Kriegs M, Petersen C, Knecht R, Dikomey E, Rieckmann T. The inhibition of PARP but not EGFR results in the radiosensitization of HPV/p16-positive HNSCC cell lines. Radiother Oncol 2014; 113:345-51. [PMID: 25467050 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC comprise distinct tumor entities with different biological characteristics. Specific regimens for the comparably well curable HPV-positive entity that reduce side effects without compromising outcome have yet to be established. Therefore, we tested here whether the inhibition of EGFR or PARP may be used to specifically enhance the radiosensitivity of HPV-positive HNSCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed with five HPV/p16-positive HNSCC cell lines. Inhibitors used were cetuximab, olaparib and PF-00477736. The respective inhibition of EGFR, PARP and Chk1 was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence analysis and assessment of cell cycle distribution. Cell survival was assessed by colony formation assay. RESULTS Inhibition of EGFR by cetuximab failed to radiosensitize any of the HPV-positive HNSCC cell lines tested. In contrast, PARP-inhibition resulted in a substantial radiosensitization of all strains, with the sensitization being further enhanced by the additional inhibition of Chk1. CONCLUSIONS PARP-inhibition effectively radiosensitizes HPV-positive HNSCC cells and may therefore represent a viable alternative to chemotherapy possibly even allowing for a reduction in radiation dose. For the latter, PARP-inhibition may be combined with the inhibition of Chk1. In contrast, the inhibition of EGFR cannot be expected to radiosensitize HPV-positive HNSCC through the modulation of cellular radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian David Güster
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Chia-Jung Busch
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Rainald Knecht
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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García-Parra J, Dalmases A, Morancho B, Arpí O, Menendez S, Sabbaghi M, Zazo S, Chamizo C, Madoz J, Eroles P, Servitja S, Tusquets I, Yelamos J, Lluch A, Arribas J, Rojo F, Rovira A, Albanell J. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition enhances trastuzumab antitumour activity in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2725-34. [PMID: 25128455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown promising results in Breast Cancer (BRCA) deficient breast cancer, but not in molecularly unselected patient populations. Two lines of research in this field are needed: the identification of novel subsets of patients that could potentially benefit from PARP inhibitors and the discovery of suitable targeted therapies for combination strategies. METHODS We tested PARP inhibition, alone or combined with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab on HER2+ breast cancer. We used two PARP inhibitors in clinical development, olaparib and rucaparib, as well as genetic downmodulation of PARP-1 for in vitro studies. DNA damage was studied by the formation of γH2AX foci and comet assay. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumour effect of olaparib and trastuzumab was examined in nude mice subcutaneously implanted with BT474 cells. RESULTS In a panel of four HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines, both olaparib and rucaparib significantly decreased cell growth and enhanced anti-tumour effects of trastuzumab. Cells exposed to olaparib and trastuzumab had greater DNA damage than cells exposed to each agent alone. Mechanistic exploratory assays showed that trastuzumab downmodulated the homologous recombination protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Combination treatment in the BT474 xenograft model resulted in enhanced growth inhibition, reduced tumour cell proliferation, and increased DNA damage and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results show that PARP inhibition has antitumour effects and increases trastuzumab activity in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer. These findings make this novel combination a promising strategy for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetzabel García-Parra
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Dalmases
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research Program, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Arpí
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menendez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - MohammadA Sabbaghi
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Madoz
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eroles
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Tusquets
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Yelamos
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia, Spain; Valencia Central University, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bryant C, Rawlinson R, Massey AJ. Chk1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating triple-negative breast and ovarian cancers. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:570. [PMID: 25104095 PMCID: PMC4137066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chk1 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials as putative potentiators of cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. Chk1 inhibitors may exhibit single agent anti-tumor activity in cancers with underlying DNA repair, DNA damage response or DNA replication defects. Methods Here we describe the cellular effects of the pharmacological inhibition of the checkpoint kinase Chk1 by the novel inhibitor V158411 in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Cytotoxicity, the effect on DNA damage response and cell cycle along with the ability to potentiate gemcitabine and cisplatin cytotoxicity in cultured cells was investigated. Western blotting of proteins involved in DNA repair, checkpoint activation, cell cycle and apoptosis was used to identify potential predictive biomarkers of Chk1 inhibitor sensitivity. Results The Chk1 inhibitors V158411, PF-477736 and AZD7762 potently inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells as well as ovarian cancer cells, and these cell lines were sensitive compared to ER positive breast and other solid cancer cells lines. Inhibition of Chk1 in these sensitive cell lines induced DNA damage and caspase-3/7 dependent apoptosis. Western blot profiling identified pChk1 (S296) as a predictive biomarker of Chk1 inhibitor sensitivity in ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer and pH2AX (S139) in luminal breast cancer. Conclusions This finding suggests that Chk1 inhibitors either as single agents or in combination chemotherapy represents a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. pChk1 (S296) tumor expression levels could serve as a useful biomarker to stratify patients who might benefit from Chk1 inhibitor therapy.
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Booth L, Cruickshanks N, Ridder T, Dai Y, Grant S, Dent P. PARP and CHK inhibitors interact to cause DNA damage and cell death in mammary carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 14:458-65. [PMID: 23917378 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies examined viability and DNA damage levels in mammary carcinoma cells following PARP1 and CHK1 inhibitor drug combination exposure. PARP1 inhibitors [AZD2281 ; ABT888 ; NU1025 ; AG014699] interacted with CHK1 inhibitors [UCN-01 ; AZD7762 ; LY2603618] to kill mammary carcinoma cells. PARP1 and CHK1 inhibitors interacted to increase both single strand and double strand DNA breaks that correlated with increased γH2AX phosphorylation. Treatment of cells with CHK1 inhibitors increased the phosphorylation of CHK1 and ERK1/2. Knock down of ATM suppressed the drug-induced increases in CHK1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced tumor cell killing by PARP1 and CHK1 inhibitors. Expression of dominant negative MEK1 enhanced drug-induced DNA damage whereas expression of activated MEK1 suppressed both the DNA damage response and tumor cell killing. Collectively our data demonstrate that PARP1 and CHK1 inhibitors interact to kill mammary carcinoma cells and that increased DNA damage is a surrogate marker for the response of cells to this drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Matthews TP, Jones AM, Collins I. Structure-based design, discovery and development of checkpoint kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:621-40. [PMID: 23594139 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.788496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Checkpoint kinase (CHK) inhibitors offer the promise of enhancing the effectiveness of widely prescribed cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy by inhibiting the DNA damage response, as well as the potential for single agent efficacy. AREAS COVERED This article surveys structural insights into the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2 that have been exploited to enhance the selectivity and potency of small molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, the authors review the use of mechanistic cellular assays to guide the optimisation of inhibitors. Finally, the authors discuss the status of the current clinical candidates and emerging new clinical contexts for CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors, including the prospects for single agent efficacy. EXPERT OPINION Protein-bound water molecules play key roles in structural features that can be targeted to gain high selectivity for either enzyme. The results of early phase clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors have been mixed, but significant progress has been made in testing the combination of CHK1 inhibitors with genotoxic chemotherapy. Second-generation CHK1 inhibitors are likely to benefit from increased selectivity and oral bioavailability. While the optimum therapeutic context for CHK2 inhibition remains unclear, the emergence of single agent preclinical efficacy for CHK1 inhibitors in specific tumour types exhibiting constitutive replication stress represents exciting progress in exploring the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, London SM2 5NG, UK
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Huehls AM, Wagner JM, Huntoon CJ, Karnitz LM. Identification of DNA repair pathways that affect the survival of ovarian cancer cells treated with a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in a novel drug combination. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:767-76. [PMID: 22833573 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Floxuridine (5-fluorodeoxyuridine, FdUrd), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug and metabolite of 5-fluorouracil, causes DNA damage that is repaired by base excision repair (BER). Thus, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which disrupt BER, markedly sensitize ovarian cancer cells to FdUrd, suggesting that this combination may have activity in this disease. It remains unclear, however, which DNA repair and checkpoint signaling pathways affect killing by these agents individually and in combination. Here we show that depleting ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, or RAD51 sensitized to ABT-888 (veliparib) alone, FdUrd alone, and FdUrd + ABT-888 (F+A), suggesting that homologous recombination (HR) repair protects cells exposed to these agents. In contrast, disabling the mismatch, nucleotide excision, Fanconi anemia, nonhomologous end joining, or translesion synthesis repair pathways did not sensitize to these agents alone (including ABT-888) or in combination. Further studies demonstrated that in BRCA1-depleted cells, F+A was more effective than other chemotherapy+ABT-888 combinations. Taken together, these studies 1) identify DNA repair and checkpoint pathways that are important in ovarian cancer cells treated with FdUrd, ABT-888, and F+A, 2) show that disabling HR at the level of ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, or RAD51, but not Chk1, ATM, PTEN, or FANCD2, sensitizes cells to ABT-888, and 3) demonstrate that even though ABT-888 sensitizes ovarian tumor cells with functional HR to FdUrd, the effects of this drug combination are more profound in tumors with HR defects, even compared with other chemotherapy + ABT-888 combinations, including cisplatin + ABT-888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Huehls
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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