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Shahin MH, Gong Y, McDonough CW, Rotroff DM, Beitelshees AL, Garrett TJ, Gums JG, Motsinger-Reif A, Chapman AB, Turner ST, Boerwinkle E, Frye RF, Fiehn O, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Johnson JA. A Genetic Response Score for Hydrochlorothiazide Use: Insights From Genomics and Metabolomics Integration. Hypertension 2016; 68:621-9. [PMID: 27381900 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochlorothiazide is among the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives; yet, <50% of hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients achieve blood pressure (BP) control. Herein, we integrated metabolomic and genomic profiles of hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients to identify novel genetic markers associated with hydrochlorothiazide BP response. The primary analysis included 228 white hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study. Genome-wide analysis was conducted using Illumina Omni 1 mol/L-Quad Chip, and untargeted metabolomics was performed on baseline fasting plasma samples using a gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform. We found 13 metabolites significantly associated with hydrochlorothiazide systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) responses (false discovery rate, <0.05). In addition, integrating genomic and metabolomic data revealed 3 polymorphisms (rs2727563 PRKAG2, rs12604940 DCC, and rs13262930 EPHX2) along with arachidonic acid, converging in the netrin signaling pathway (P=1×10(-5)), as potential markers, significantly influencing hydrochlorothiazide BP response. We successfully replicated the 3 genetic signals in 212 white hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide and created a response score by summing their BP-lowering alleles. We found patients carrying 1 response allele had a significantly lower response than carriers of 6 alleles (∆SBP/∆DBP: -1.5/1.2 versus -16.3/-10.4 mm Hg, respectively, SBP score, P=1×10(-8) and DBP score, P=3×10(-9)). This score explained 11.3% and 11.9% of the variability in hydrochlorothiazide SBP and DBP responses, respectively, and was further validated in another independent study of 196 whites treated with hydrochlorothiazide (DBP score, P=0.03; SBP score, P=0.07). This study suggests that PRKAG2, DCC, and EPHX2 might be important determinants of hydrochlorothiazide BP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Shahin
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Yan Gong
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Amber L Beitelshees
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - John G Gums
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Stephen T Turner
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Reginald F Frye
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Julie A Johnson
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.).
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