1
|
Atluri N, Dulko E, Jedrusiak M, Klos J, Osuru HP, Davis E, Beenhakker M, Kapur J, Zuo Z, Lunardi N. Anatomical Substrates of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Rebound in a Rodent Model of Post-sevoflurane Sleep Disruption. Anesthesiology 2024; 140:729-741. [PMID: 38157434 PMCID: PMC10939895 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that sevoflurane anesthesia may prevent the brain from accessing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. If true, then patterns of neural activity observed in REM-on and REM-off neuronal populations during recovery from sevoflurane should resemble those seen after REM sleep deprivation. In this study, the authors hypothesized that, relative to controls, animals exposed to sevoflurane present with a distinct expression pattern of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in a cluster of nuclei classically associated with REM sleep, and that such expression in sevoflurane-exposed and REM sleep-deprived animals is largely similar. METHODS Adult rats and Targeted Recombination in Active Populations mice were implanted with electroencephalographic electrodes for sleep-wake recording and randomized to sevoflurane, REM deprivation, or control conditions. Conventional c-Fos immunohistochemistry and genetically tagged c-Fos labeling were used to quantify activated neurons in a group of REM-associated nuclei in the midbrain and basal forebrain. RESULTS REM sleep duration increased during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia relative to controls (157.0 ± 24.8 min vs. 124.2 ± 27.8 min; P = 0.003) and temporally correlated with increased c-Fos expression in the sublaterodorsal nucleus, a region active during REM sleep (176.0 ± 36.6 cells vs. 58.8 ± 8.7; P = 0.014), and decreased c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, a region that is inactive during REM sleep (34.8 ± 5.3 cells vs. 136.2 ± 19.6; P = 0.001). Fos changes similar to those seen in sevoflurane-exposed mice were observed in REM-deprived animals relative to controls (sublaterodorsal nucleus: 85.0 ± 15.5 cells vs. 23.0 ± 1.2, P = 0.004; ventrolateral periaqueductal gray: 652.8 ± 71.7 cells vs. 889.3 ± 66.8, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS In rodents recovering from sevoflurane, REM-on and REM-off neuronal activity maps closely resemble those of REM sleep-deprived animals. These findings provide new evidence in support of the idea that sevoflurane does not substitute for endogenous REM sleep. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navya Atluri
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elzbieta Dulko
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michal Jedrusiak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joanna Klos
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Munich, Germany
| | - Hari P Osuru
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark Beenhakker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nadia Lunardi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng X, Li J, Shan W, Lai Z, Zuo Z. Gut microbiota of old mice worsens neurological outcome after brain ischemia via increased valeric acid and IL-17 in the blood. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:204. [PMID: 37697393 PMCID: PMC10496352 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke and worsens its outcome. However, the mechanisms for this worsened neurological outcome with aging are not clearly defined. RESULTS Old C57BL/6J male mice (18 to 20 months old) had a poorer neurological outcome and more severe inflammation after transient focal brain ischemia than 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice (young mice). Young mice with transplantation of old mouse gut microbiota had a worse neurological outcome, poorer survival curve, and more severe inflammation than young mice receiving young mouse gut microbiota transplantation. Old mice and young mice transplanted with old mouse gut microbiota had an increased level of blood valeric acid. Valeric acid worsened neurological outcome and heightened inflammatory response including blood interleukin-17 levels after brain ischemia. The increase of interleukin-17 caused by valeric acid was inhibited by a free fatty acid receptor 2 antagonist. Neutralizing interleukin-17 in the blood by its antibody improved neurological outcome and attenuated inflammatory response in mice with brain ischemia and receiving valeric acid. Old mice transplanted with young mouse feces had less body weight loss and better survival curve after brain ischemia than old mice transplanted with old mouse feces or old mice without fecal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the gut microbiota-valeric acid-interleukin-17 pathway contributes to the aging-related changes in the outcome after focal brain ischemia and response to stimulus. Valeric acid may activate free fatty acid receptor 2 to increase interleukin-17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhang Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
| | - Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
| | - Zhongmeng Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xin-Quan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou T, Li J, Cheng A, Zuo Z. Desflurane Post-treatment Reduces Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury via Reducing Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in Neonatal Rats. Neuroscience 2023; 522:121-131. [PMID: 37196978 PMCID: PMC10330691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury leads to mortality and morbidity in neonates and children. There are no effective and practical methods to attenuate this brain injury. This study determined whether desflurane, a volatile anesthetic with limited effect on the cardiovascular system, protected against HI-induced brain damage and the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a mediator for simulated ischemia-induced myelin damage, in this protection. Seven-day-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats had brain HI. They were exposed to 4.8%, 7.6% or 11.4% desflurane immediately or 4.8% desflurane at 0.5, 1 or 2 h after the HI. Brain tissue loss was evaluated 7 days later. Neurological functions and brain structures of rats with HI and 4.8% desflurane post-treatment were evaluated 4 weeks after the HI. TRPA1 expression was determined by Western blotting. HC-030031, a TRPA1 inhibitor, was used to determine the role of TRPA1 in the HI-induced brain injury. HI induced brain tissue and neuronal loss, which was attenuated by all tested concentrations of desflurane. Desflurane post-treatment also improved motor function, learning and memory in rats with brain HI. Brain HI increased the expression of TRPA1 and this increase was inhibited by desflurane. TRPA1 inhibition reduced HI-induced brain tissue loss and impairment of learning and memory. However, the combination of TRPA1 inhibition and desflurane post-treatment did not preserve brain tissues, learning and memory better than TRPA1 inhibition or desflurane post-treatment alone. Our results suggest that desflurane post-treatment induces neuroprotection against neonatal HI. This effect may be mediated by inhibiting TRPA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Aobing Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu X, You J, Chen X, Zhou M, Ma H, Zhang T, Huang C. An overview of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning against ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:855-872. [PMID: 36729260 PMCID: PMC10106353 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) has become the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the prevention of IS should be given high priority. Recent studies have indicated that hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) may be a protective nonpharmacological method, but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study comprehensively reviewed the pathophysiology of IS and revealed the underlying mechanism of HBO-PC in protection against IS. The preventive effects of HBO-PC against IS may include inducing antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis capacity; activating autophagy and immune responses; upregulating heat shock proteins, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, and erythropoietin; and exerting protective effects upon the blood-brain barrier. In addition, HBO-PC may be considered a safe and effective method to prevent IS in combination with stem cell therapy. Although the benefits of HBO-PC on IS have been widely observed in recent research, the implementation of this technique is still controversial due to regimen differences. Transferring the results to clinical application needs to be taken carefully, and screening for the optimal regimen would be a daunting task. In addition, whether we should prescribe an individualized preconditioning regimen to each stroke patient needs further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Wu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiuhong You
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang M, Yin Y. Dual roles of anesthetics in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: Regulation of microglial activation through inflammatory signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102312. [PMID: 36776829 PMCID: PMC9911670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a prevalent clinical entity following surgery and is characterized by declined neurocognitive function. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is the essential mechanism of POCD. Anesthetics are thought to be a major contributor to the development of POCD, as they promote microglial activation and induce neuroinflammation. However, this claim remains controversial. Anesthetics can exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects by modulating microglial activation, suggesting that anesthetics may play dual roles in the pathogenesis of POCD. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the commonly used anesthetics regulate microglial activation via inflammatory signaling pathways, showing both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties of anesthetics, and indicating how perioperative administration of anesthetics might either relieve or worsen POCD development. The potential for anesthetics to enhance cognitive performance based on their anti-inflammatory properties is further discussed, emphasizing that the beneficial effects of anesthetics vary depending on dose, exposure time, and patients' characteristics. To minimize the incidence of POCD, we recommend considering these factors to select appropriate anesthetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqing Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jin X, Li P, Michalski D, Li S, Zhang Y, Jolkkonen J, Cui L, Didwischus N, Xuan W, Boltze J. Perioperative stroke: A perspective on challenges and opportunities for experimental treatment and diagnostic strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:497-509. [PMID: 35224865 PMCID: PMC8928912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is an ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral event during or up to 30 days after surgery. It is a feared condition due to a relatively high incidence, difficulties in timely detection, and unfavorable outcome compared to spontaneously occurring stroke. Recent preclinical data suggest that specific pathophysiological mechanisms such as aggravated neuroinflammation contribute to the detrimental impact of perioperative stroke. Conventional treatment options are limited in the perioperative setting due to difficult diagnosis and medications affecting coagulation in may cases. On the contrary, the chance to anticipate cerebrovascular events at the time of surgery may pave the way for prevention strategies. This review provides an overview on perioperative stroke incidence, related problems, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we assess experimental stroke treatments including neuroprotective approaches, cell therapies, and conditioning medicine strategies regarding their potential use in perioperative stroke. Interestingly, the specific aspects of perioperative stroke might enable a more effective application of experimental treatment strategies such as classical neuroprotection whereas others including cell therapies may be of limited use. We also discuss experimental diagnostic options for perioperative stroke augmenting classical clinical and imaging stroke diagnosis. While some experimental stroke treatments may have specific advantages in perioperative stroke, the paucity of established guidelines or multicenter clinical research initiatives currently limits their thorough investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology and A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kočović DM, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Pećinar I, Nedeljković BB, Daković M, Andjus PR. Assessment of cellular and molecular changes in the rat brain after gamma radiation and radioprotection by anisomycin. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:793-803. [PMID: 34062561 PMCID: PMC8438266 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to describe cellular and molecular markers of radioprotection by anisomycin, focusing on the changes in rat brain tissue. Two-month-old Wistar rats were exposed to a 60Co radiation source at a dose of 6 Gy, with or without radioprotection with anisomycin (150 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously 30 min before or 3 or 6 h after irradiation. Survivors were analyzed 30 days after treatment. Astroglial and microglial responses were investigated based on the expression of glial markers assessed with immunohistochemistry, and quantitative changes in brain biomolecules were investigated by Raman microspectroscopy. In addition, blood plasma levels of pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin 10) cytokines were assessed. We found that application of anisomycin either before or after irradiation significantly decreased the expression of the microglial marker Iba-1. We also found an increased intensity of Raman spectral bands related to nucleic acids, as well as an increased level of cytokines when anisomycin was applied after irradiation. This suggests that the radioprotective effects of anisomycin are by decreasing Iba-1 expression and stabilizing genetic material by increasing the level of nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušica M Kočović
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Bajuk-Bogdanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilinka Pećinar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Agrobotany, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11 080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božić Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry ``Jean Giaja'', Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Daković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle R Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheng R, Chen JL, Qin ZH. Cerebral conditioning: Mechanisms and potential clinical implications. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
9
|
Perioperative Dexmedetomidine attenuates brain ischemia reperfusion injury possibly via up-regulation of astrocyte Connexin 43. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:299. [PMID: 33287729 PMCID: PMC7722427 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocyte Connexin 43 (Cx43) is essential for the trophic and protective support of neurons during brain ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. It is believed that dexmedetomidine participates in Cx43-mediated effects. However, its mechanisms remained unclear. This study aims to address the relationship and regulation among them. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to the 90-min right middle cerebral arterial occlusion with or without dexmedetomidine pretreatment (5 μg/kg). Neurological functions were evaluated and brain lesions, as well as inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), were assessed. Ischemic penumbral cortex was harvested to determine the expression of astrocyte Cx43. Primary astrocytes were cultured to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on Cx43 after oxygen-glucose deprivation. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine pretreatment attenuated neurological injury, brain lesions and expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) after brain ischemia (P < 0.05). Astrocyte Cx43 was down-regulated by brain I/R injury, both in vivo and in vitro, which were reversed by dexmedetomidine (P < 0.05). This effect was mediated by the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β. Further studies with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or SB216763 (GSK-3β inhibitor) confirmed the effect of dexmedetomidine on astrocyte Cx43. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative dexmedetomidine administration attenuates neurological injury after brain I/R injury, possibly through up-regulation of astrocyte Cx43. Activation of PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β pathway might contribute to this protective effect.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hao Y, Xin M, Feng L, Wang X, Wang X, Ma D, Feng J. Review Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance and Preconditioning: Methods, Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Front Neurol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 33071923 PMCID: PMC7530891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. The limited therapeutic window and potential severe side effects prevent the widespread clinical application of the venous injection of thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator and thrombectomy, which are regarded as the only approved treatments for acute ischemic stroke. Triggered by various types of mild stressors or stimuli, ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) induces adaptive endogenous tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by activating a multitude cascade of biomolecules, for example, proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and others, which eventually lead to transcriptional regulation and epigenetic and genomic reprogramming. During the past 30 years, IPreC has been widely studied to confirm its neuroprotection against subsequent I/R injury, mainly including local ischemic preconditioning (LIPreC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC), and cross preconditioning. Although LIPreC has a strong neuroprotective effect, the clinical application of IPreC for subsequent cerebral ischemia is difficult. There are two main reasons for the above result: Cerebral ischemia is unpredictable, and LIPreC is also capable of inducing unexpected injury with only minor differences to durations or intensity. RIPreC and pharmacological preconditioning, an easy-to-use and non-invasive therapy, can be performed in a variety of clinical settings and appear to be more suitable for the clinical management of ischemic stroke. Hoping to advance our understanding of IPreC, this review mainly focuses on recent advances in IPreC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential study directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao X, Chang G, Cheng Y, Zhou Z. GABA A Receptor/STEP61 Signaling Pathway May Be Involved in Emulsified Isoflurane Anesthesia in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4078. [PMID: 32517358 PMCID: PMC7312199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Emulsified isoflurane (EISO) is a type of intravenous anesthetic. How emulsified isoflurane works in the brain is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore whether epigenetic mechanisms affect anesthesia and to evaluate the anesthetic effects of emulsified isoflurane in rats. (2) Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group): The tail vein was injected with normal saline 0.1 mL·kg-1·min-1for the control (Con) group, with intralipid for the fat emulsion (FE) group, with EISO at 60 mg·kg-1·min-1 for the high-concentration (HD) group, and 45 mg·kg-1·min-1 for the low-concentration (LD) group. The consciousness state, motor function of limbs, and response to nociceptive stimulus were observed after drug administration. (3) Results: Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess the promoter methylation of ion channel proteins in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized by EISO, we demonstrated that the change in the promoters' methylation of the coding genes for gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor α1 subunit (GABAAα1), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1), and mu opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) was accompanied by the change in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression by these genes. (4) Conclusion: These data suggest that the epigenetic factors' modulation might offer a novel approach to explore the anesthetic mechanism of EISO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenlei Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (G.C.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Distinctive effect of anesthetics on the effect of limb remote ischemic postconditioning following ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227624. [PMID: 31945776 PMCID: PMC6964983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb remote ischemic postconditioning (LRIP) has been reported as an effective method to reduce the induced experimental stroke damage after ischemic reperfusion (IR) injury. Studies suggest that anesthetics used during induction of ischemic stroke can reduce IR injury, which could affect the actual mechanisms of neuroprotection by LRIP. This study focuses on the comparative effects of anesthetics such as isoflurane and ketamine-xylazine on ischemic injury when used during LRIP. Adult C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized by isoflurane or halothane, and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced through insertion of the filament. Under isoflurane or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, LRIP was performed after 90 min of reperfusion by carrying out three cycles of 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion of the bilateral hind limbs for one session per day for a total of 3 days. Results showed that the use of different anesthetics—isoflurane or ketamine-xylazine—during LRIP had no effects on body weight. However, LRIP was able to improve neurological function as observed by the neurological deficit score in ischemic mice. Interestingly, the neurological deficit in the group where ketamine-xylazine was used was better than the group where isoflurane was used during LRIP. Furthermore, the LRIP was able to prolong the period of the ischemic mice on the rotarod and this effect was more significant in the groups where ketamine-xylazine was used during LRIP. Moreover, LRIP significantly attenuated the infarction volume; however, this effect was independent of the anesthetic used during LRIP. From these results, we conclude that ischemic mice that were subjected to LRIP under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia had better neurological deficit outcomes after stroke.
Collapse
|
13
|
Larson CM, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Defining and Managing Pain in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury Research. Comp Med 2019; 69:510-519. [PMID: 31896392 PMCID: PMC6935700 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury are challenging conditions to study in humans. Animal models are necessary to uncover disease processes and develop novel therapies. When attempting to model these or other neurologic diseases, the accompanying anesthesia and analgesia create variables that are not part of the onset of the clinical disease in the human population but are critical components of the postinjury care both in humans and animals. To maximize model validity, researchers must consider whether the disease process or a novel therapy is being studied. Damage to the neurons of the brain or the spinal cord is not painful at the neural tissue itself, but alterations to nociceptive signaling along the pain pathway can induce chronic pain. In addition, trauma or surgery leading to the event is associated with damage to peripheral tissue. Inflammation is inextricably associated with tissue injury. Inflammation is known to evoke nociception in the periphery and drive long-term changes to neurons in the CNS. Analgesics and anesthetics alter these responses yet are required as part of humane animal care. Careful planning for effective drug administration consistent with the standard of care for humans and equivalent animal care is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Departments of Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota;,
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shan W, Li J, Xu W, Li H, Zuo Z. Critical role of UQCRC1 in embryo survival, brain ischemic tolerance and normal cognition in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1381-1396. [PMID: 30666338 PMCID: PMC6421091 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1) is a component of the complex III in the respiratory chain. Its biological functions are unknown. Here, we showed that knockout of UQCRC1 led to embryonic lethality. Disrupting one UQCRC1 allele in mice (heterozygous mice) of both sexes did not affect their growth but reduced UQCRC1 mRNA and protein in the brain. These mice had decreased complex III formation, complex III activity and ATP content in the brain at baseline. They developed worsened neurological outcome after brain ischemia/hypoxia or focal brain ischemia compared with wild-type mice. The ischemic cerebral cortex of the heterozygous mice had decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content as well as increased free radicals. Also, the heterozygous mice performed poorly in the Barnes maze and novel object recognition tests. Finally, UQCRC1 was expressed abundantly in neurons and astrocytes. These results suggest a critical role of UQCRC1 in embryo survival. UQCRC1 may also be important by forming the complex III to maintain normal brain ischemic tolerance, learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Genetically Engineered Murine Model Core, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Isoflurane Preconditioning Attenuates Brain Injury Induced by Electromagnetic Pulse via the TLR4/NF κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9653494. [PMID: 30723536 PMCID: PMC6339739 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9653494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a unique type of electromagnetic radiation, and EMP exposure causes a series of biological effects. The nervous system is sensitive to EMP. We studied the neuroprotective effects of isoflurane preconditioning against EMP exposure and used hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) to observe the effects of electromagnetic pulse and isoflurane preconditioning on neurons. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of caspase-3, CD11b, TLR4, and NFκBp65. We found that after EMP exposure, the number of abnormal neurons had increased, and the expression of caspase-3, CD11b, TLR4, and NFκBp65 had also increased. Isoflurane preconditioning can reverse the above phenomenon. Moreover, we found that isoflurane preconditioning can reduce neuronal apoptosis and improve cognitive impairment induced by EMP. These findings indicate that isoflurane preconditioning can protect neurons in the cerebral cortex from EMP exposure, alleviate the inflammatory reaction and cell apoptosis, and improve cognitive impairment induced by EMP. These effects may occur through the downregulation of the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway and the inhibition of microglial activation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kinjo S, Lim E, Magsaysay MV, Sands LP, Leung JM. Volatile anaesthetics and postoperative delirium in older surgical patients-A secondary analysis of prospective cohort studies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2019; 63:18-26. [PMID: 30051465 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile Anaesthetics (VAs) may be associated with postoperative delirium (POD). However, to date, the effects of VAs on POD are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of POD in different VA groups. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted using a database created from prospective cohort studies in patients who underwent elective major noncardiac surgery. Patients who received general anaesthesia with desflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane were included in the study. POD occurring on either of the first two postoperative days was measured using the Confusion Assessment Method. RESULTS Five hundred and thirty-two patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 73.5 ± 6.0 years (range, 65-96 years). The overall incidence of POD on either postoperative day 1 or 2 was 41%. A higher incidence of POD was noted in the desflurane group compared with the isoflurane group (Odds Ratio = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.54-7.28). The incidence of POD between the sevoflurane and isoflurane or desflurane group was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Each VA may have different effects on postoperative cognition. Further studies using a prospective randomized approach will be necessary to discern whether anaesthetic type or management affects the occurrence of postoperative delirium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Kinjo
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Eunjung Lim
- Biostatistics Core Facility; Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine; John A Burns School of Medicine; University of Hawaii; Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Maria Victoria Magsaysay
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Laura P. Sands
- Human Development Center for Gerontology; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Indiana
| | - Jacqueline M. Leung
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garutti I, Gonzalez-Moraga F, Sanchez-Pedrosa G, Casanova J, Martin-Piñeiro B, Rancan L, Simón C, Vara E. The effect of anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane on intracellular signal-transduction pathways and apoptosis, in a lung autotransplant experimental model. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [PMID: 30459087 PMCID: PMC9391783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Anesthetic pre-conditioning attenuates inflammatory response during ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. The molecular mechanisms to explain it are not fully understood. The aim of our investigation was to analyze the molecular mechanism that explain the anti-inflammatory effects of anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane focusing on its effects on MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa beta) pathways, and apoptosis in an experimental lung autotransplant model. Methods Twenty large white pigs undergoing pneumonectomy plus lung autotransplant were divided into two 10-member groups on the basis of the anesthetic received (propofol or sevoflurane). Anesthetic pre-conditioning group received sevoflurane 3% after anesthesia induction and it stopped when one-lung ventilation get started. Control group did not receive sevoflurane in any moment during the whole study period. Intracellular signal-transduction pathways (MAPK family), transcription factor (NF-κB), and apoptosis (caspases 3 and 9) were analyzed during experiment. Results Pigs that received anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane have shown significant lower values of MAPK-p38, MAPK-P-p38, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases), NF-κB p50 intranuclear, and caspases (p < 0.05) than pigs anesthetized with intravenous propofol. Conclusions Lung protection of anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane during experimental lung autotransplant is, at least, partially associated with MAPKs and NF κB pathways attenuation, and antiapoptotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Garutti
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Madri, Espanha; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Farmacologia, Madri, Espanha.
| | | | | | - Javier Casanova
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Madri, Espanha
| | | | - Lisa Rancan
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Madri, Espanha
| | - Carlos Simón
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Cirugía Torácica, Madri, Espanha; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Cirugía, Madri, Espanha
| | - Elena Vara
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Madri, Espanha
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garutti I, Gonzalez-Moraga F, Sanchez-Pedrosa G, Casanova J, Martin-Piñeiro B, Rancan L, Simón C, Vara E. [The effect of anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane on intracellular signal-transduction pathways and apoptosis, in a lung autotransplant experimental model]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2018; 69:48-57. [PMID: 30459087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthetic pre-conditioning attenuates inflammatory response during ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. The molecular mechanisms to explain it are not fully understood. The aim of our investigation was to analyze the molecular mechanism that explain the anti-inflammatory effects of anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane focusing on its effects on MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa beta) pathways, and apoptosis in an experimental lung autotransplant model. METHODS Twenty large white pigs undergoing pneumonectomy plus lung autotransplant were divided into two 10-member groups on the basis of the anesthetic received (propofol or sevoflurane). Anesthetic pre-conditioning group received sevoflurane 3% after anesthesia induction and it stopped when one-lung ventilation get started. Control group did not receive sevoflurane in any moment during the whole study period. Intracellular signal-transduction pathways (MAPK family), transcription factor (NF-κB), and apoptosis (caspases 3 and 9) were analyzed during experiment. RESULTS Pigs that received anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane have shown significant lower values of MAPK-p38, MAPK-P-p38, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases), NF-κB p50 intranuclear, and caspases (p<0.05) than pigs anesthetized with intravenous propofol. CONCLUSIONS Lung protection of anesthetic pre-conditioning with sevoflurane during experimental lung autotransplant is, at least, partially associated with MAPKs and NF κB pathways attenuation, and antiapoptotic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Garutti
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Madri, Espanha; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Farmacologia, Madri, Espanha.
| | | | | | - Javier Casanova
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Madri, Espanha
| | | | - Lisa Rancan
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Madri, Espanha
| | - Carlos Simón
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Departamento de Cirugía Torácica, Madri, Espanha; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Cirugía, Madri, Espanha
| | - Elena Vara
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Madri, Espanha
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Cepparulo P, Anzilotti S, Brancaccio P, Sirabella R, Guida N, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Models and methods for conditioning the ischemic brain. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:63-74. [PMID: 30287283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades the need to find new neuroprotective targets has addressed the researchers to investigate the endogenous molecular mechanisms that brain activates when exposed to a conditioning stimulus. Indeed, conditioning is an adaptive biological process activated by those interventions able to confer resistance to a deleterious brain event through the exposure to a sub-threshold insult. Specifically, preconditioning and postconditioning are realized when the conditioning stimulus is applied before or after, respectively, the harmul ischemia. AIMS AND RESULTS The present review will describe the most common methods to induce brain conditioning, with particular regards to surgical, physical exercise, temperature-induced and pharmacological approaches. It has been well recognized that when the subliminal stimulus is delivered after the ischemic insult, the achieved neuroprotection is comparable to that observed in models of ischemic preconditioning. In addition, subjecting the brain to both preconditioning as well as postconditioning did not cause greater protection than each treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The last decades have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms and potential application of strategies to induce brain conditioning. Since the identification of intrinsic cell-survival pathways should provide more direct opportunities for translational neuroprotection trials, an accurate examination of the different models of preconditioning and postconditioning is mandatory before starting any new project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sevoflurane Blocks the Induction of Long-term Potentiation When Present during, but Not When Present Only before, the High-frequency Stimulation. Anesthesiology 2018; 128:555-563. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study tests the hypothesis that sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation only if it is present during the high-frequency stimulation that induces long-term potentiation.
Methods
Long-term potentiation, an electrophysiologic correlate of memory, was induced by high-frequency stimulation and measured as a persistent increase in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope in the CA1 region.
Results
Long-term potentiation was induced in the no sevoflurane group (171 ± 58% vs. 96 ± 11%; n = 13, mean ± SD); when sevoflurane (4%) was present during the high-frequency stimulation, long-term potentiation was blocked (92 ± 22% vs. 99 ± 7%, n = 6). While sevoflurane reduced the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential to single test stimuli by 59 ± 17%, it did not significantly reduce the size of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials during the 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation. If sevoflurane was removed from the artificial cerebrospinal fluid superfusing the slices 10 min before the high-frequency stimulation, then long-term potentiation was induced (185 ± 48%, n = 7); this was not different from long-term potentiation in the no sevoflurane slices (171 ± 58). Sevoflurane before, but not during, ⊖-burst stimulation, a physiologic stimulus, did not block the induction of long-term potentiation (151 ± 37% vs. 161 ± 34%, n = 7).
Conclusions
Sevoflurane blocks long-term potentiation formation if present during the high-frequency stimulation; this blockage of long-term potentiation does not persist if sevoflurane is discontinued before the high-frequency stimulation. These results may explain why short periods of insufficient sevoflurane anesthesia may lead to recall of painful or traumatic events during surgery.
Collapse
|
21
|
Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:107-114. [PMID: 29360494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gugnani KS, Vu N, Rondón-Ortiz AN, Böhlke M, Maher TJ, Pino-Figueroa AJ. Neuroprotective activity of macamides on manganese-induced mitochondrial disruption in U-87 MG glioblastoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 340:67-76. [PMID: 29288688 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macamides are a distinct class of secondary metabolites, benzylamides of long chain fatty acids, which were isolated from the Peruvian plant Lepidium meyenii (Maca). As structural analogues of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), they have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective activity of the macamides: N-(3-methoxybenzyl)oleamide (MAC 18:1), N-(3-methoxybenzyl)linoleamide (MAC 18:2) and N-(3-methoxybenzyl)linolenamide (MAC 18:3) in a neurotoxic environment caused by exposure of U-87 MG glioblastoma cells to manganese chloride (MnCl2). The neuroprotective effects of these macamides were reversed by the CB1 antagonist AM251. The mechanism by which manganese (Mn) induces cell damage was investigated by studying its effects on mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase intracellular calcium and enhance the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP), which leads to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), to disruption of mitochondria and to neuron death in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, MnCl2 at 50μM was responsible for mitochondrial disruption, which was attenuated by all three of the macamides tested. Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been proposed to be a cannabinoid target, and PPARγ has also been demonstrated to mediate some of the longer-term vascular effects of the plant cannabinoid, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. PPARγ activation was observed in response to exposures of cells to MAC 18:2 and MAC 18:3. These findings suggest that macamides achieve their neuroprotective effects by binding to CB1 receptors to protect against Mn-induced toxicity in U-87 MG glioblastoma cells. Additionally these macamides, in a manner similar to the analogous endocannabinoid AEA, interact with other targets such as PPARγ to regulate metabolism and energy homeostasis, cell differentiation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet S Gugnani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nguyen Vu
- School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark Böhlke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J Maher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Astrocytes and ischemic tolerance. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:53-59. [PMID: 29225139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. This phenomenon is termed ischemic tolerance or ischemic preconditioning, and is an endogenous mechanism that can provide robust neuroprotection. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells have various roles in regulation of brain function, including modulation of synaptic transmission, neuronal excitation, and neuronal structure. In addition, astrocytes are closely related to homeostasis, stability of brain function, and protection of neurons. However, glial cells have received only limited attention with regard to ischemic tolerance. Cross-ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon whereby non-ischemic preconditioning such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatment can induce ischemic tolerance. Of these, chemical treatments that affect the immune system can strongly induce ischemic tolerance, suggesting that glial cells may have important roles in this process. Indeed, we and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in the induction of ischemic tolerance. This glial-mediated ischemic tolerance provides a robust and long-lasting neuroprotection against ischemic injury. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying glial-mediated ischemic tolerance, as well as its potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stifter J, Ulbrich F, Goebel U, Böhringer D, Lagrèze WA, Biermann J. Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration of retinal ganglion cells after intravitreal carbon monoxide release. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188444. [PMID: 29176876 PMCID: PMC5703485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ischemia induces apoptosis leading to neurodegeneration and vision impairment. Carbon monoxide (CO) in gaseous form showed cell-protective and anti-inflammatory effects after retinal ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI). These effects were also demonstrated for the intravenously administered CO-releasing molecule (CORM) ALF-186. This article summarizes the results of intravitreally released CO to assess its suitability as a neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agent. METHODS Water-soluble CORM ALF-186 (25 μg), PBS, or inactivated ALF (iALF) (all 5 μl) were intravitreally applied into the left eyes of rats directly after retinal IRI for 1 h. Their right eyes remained unaffected and were used for comparison. Retinal tissue was harvested 24 h after intervention to analyze mRNA or protein expression of Caspase-3, pERK1/2, p38, HSP70/90, NF-kappaB, AIF-1 (allograft inflammatory factor), TNF-α, and GAP-43. Densities of fluorogold-prelabeled retinal ganglion cells (RGC) were examined in flat-mounted retinae seven days after IRI and were expressed as mean/mm2. The ability of RGC to regenerate their axon was evaluated two and seven days after IRI using retinal explants in laminin-1-coated cultures. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the different cell types growing out of the retinal explants. RESULTS Compared to the RGC-density in the contralateral right eyes (2804±214 RGC/mm2; data are mean±SD), IRI+PBS injection resulted in a remarkable loss of RGC (1554±159 RGC/mm2), p<0.001. Intravitreally injected ALF-186 immediately after IRI provided RGC protection and reduced the extent of RGC-damage (IRI+PBS 1554±159 vs. IRI+ALF 2179±286, p<0.001). ALF-186 increased the IRI-mediated phosphorylation of MAP-kinase p38. Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects were detectable as Caspase-3, NF-kappaB, TNF-α, and AIF-1 expression were significantly reduced after IRI+ALF in comparison to IRI+PBS or IRI+iALF. Gap-43 expression was significantly increased after IRI+ALF. iALF showed effects similar to PBS. The intrinsic regenerative potential of RGC-axons was induced to nearly identical levels after IRI and ALF or iALF-treatment under growth-permissive conditions, although RGC viability differed significantly in both groups. Intravitreal CO further increased the IRI-induced migration of GFAP-positive cells out of retinal explants and their transdifferentiation, which was detected by re-expression of beta-III tubulin and nestin. CONCLUSION Intravitreal CORM ALF-186 protected RGC after IRI and stimulated their axons to regenerate in vitro. ALF conveyed anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and growth-associated signaling after IRI. CO's role in neuroregeneration and its effect on retinal glial cells needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stifter
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ulbrich
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolf Alexander Lagrèze
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Domagkstrasse 15, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manatpon P, Kofke WA. Toxicity of inhaled agents after prolonged administration. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 32:651-666. [PMID: 29098494 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-017-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled anesthetics have been utilized mostly for general anesthesia in the operating room and oftentimes for sedation and for treatment of refractory status epilepticus and status asthmaticus in the intensive care unit. These contexts in the ICU setting are related to potential for prolonged administration wherein potential organ toxicity is a concern. Over the last decade, several clinical and animal studies of neurotoxicity attributable to inhaled anesthetics have been emerging, particularly in extremes of age. This review overviews potential for and potential mechanisms of neurotoxicity and systemic toxicity of prolonged inhaled anesthesia and clinical scenarios where inhaled anesthesia has been used in order to assess safety of possible prolonged use for sedation. High dose inhaled agents are associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and other situations. However, thus far no strong indication of problematic neuro or organ toxicity has been demonstrated after prolonged use of low dose volatile anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panumart Manatpon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - W Andrew Kofke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamamoto Y, Koma H, Nishii S, Yagami T. Anti-heat Shock 70 kDa Protein Antibody Induced Neuronal Cell Death. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:402-412. [PMID: 28381795 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is not only a molecular chaperone in cytosol, but also presents in synaptic plasma membranes. To detect plasmalemmal Hsp70 (pl-Hsp70), neurons were immunostained with anti-Hsp70 antibody without permeabilization and fixation. Dotted immunofluorescent signals at neuronal cell bodies and neurites indicated the localization of Hsp70 on the neuronal cell surface. To target only pl-Hsp70, but not cytosolic Hsp70, the anti-Hsp70 antibody was applied without permeabilization in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons. The antibody induced neuronal cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The anti-Hsp70 antibody activated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, but inactivated caspase-3. A lag time was required for the neurotoxicity of anti-Hsp70 antibody. Hydrogen peroxide was increased in the anti-Hsp70 antibody-treated neurons during the lag time. Catalase suppressed the anti-Hsp70 antibody-reduced cell viability via the plausible inhibition of hydrogen peroxide generation. One of down-streams of hydrogen peroxide exposure is activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. The neurotoxicity of anti-Hsp70 antibody was partially ascribed to c-Jun N-terminal kinase among MAPKs. In conclusion, the anti-Hsp70 antibody targeted pl-Hsp70 on the neuronal cell surface and induced neuronal cell death without complement. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide appeared to mediate the neuronal cell death, which was accompanied with the enhancement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the suppression of caspase in a different fashion from the known cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Himeji Dokkyo University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Safari A, Fazeli M, Namavar MR, Tanideh N, Jafari P, Borhani-Haghighi A. Therapeutic effects of oral dimethyl fumarate on stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion: An animal experimental study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:265-274. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Safari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Departmentof Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afshin Borhani-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu P, Guan L, Zhou L, Guo J, Guo R, Lin R, Ding W, Li X, Liu W. Upregulation of glutamate metabolism by BYHWD in cultured astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in part depends on the activation of p38 MAPK. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3089-3096. [PMID: 28587384 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) decreased glutamate levels subsequent to cerebral ischemia. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS), which are located in astrocytes, mainly contribute to glutamate transportation, thus reducing glutamate concentration. BYHWD has previously been demonstrated to upregulate GLT-1 and GS following ischemia in vivo. However, whether BYHWD can directly influence astrocytic GLT-1/GS levels remains unknown. In the present study, the effect of BYHWD containing serum (BYHWD-CS) on GLT-1/GS levels in astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was investigated. The results revealed that BYHWD-CS enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1 and GS in cultured astrocytes, which reduced glutamate concentration in the culture medium. Meanwhile, increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was phosphorylated (activation form) by BYHWD-CS in cultured astrocytes, and the specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of GLT-1/GS accompanied by decreased cell viability. Furthermore, SB203580 suppressed the effect of BYHWD-CS on the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (an astrocytic marker), thus confirming that astrocytes are directly involved in the protective role of BYHWD after OGD/R. These findings suggest that BYHWD upregulates GLT-1 and GS via p38 MAPK activation, and protects cultured astrocytes from death caused by OGD/R (typical in vitro model), which complemented the role of astrocytes in the protective effect of BYHWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lequan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Guo
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ruixian Guo
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ruishan Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Ding
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
TASK channels contribute to neuroprotective action of inhalational anesthetics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44203. [PMID: 28276488 PMCID: PMC5343576 DOI: 10.1038/srep44203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Postconditioning with inhalational anesthetics can reduce ischemia-reperfusion brain injury, although the cellular mechanisms for this effect have not been determined. The current study was designed to test if TASK channels contribute to their neuroprotective actions. Whole cell recordings were used to examine effects of volatile anesthetic on TASK currents in cortical neurons and to verify loss of anesthetic-activated TASK currents from TASK−/− mice. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was used to establish brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that TASK mRNA was reduced by >90% in cortex and hippocampus of TASK−/− mice. The TASK−/− mice showed a much larger region of infarction than C57BL/6 J mice after tMCAO challenge. Isoflurane or sevoflurane administered after the ischemic insult reduced brain infarct percentage and neurological deficit scores in C57BL/6 J mice, these effect were reduced in TASK−/− mice. Whole cell recordings revealed that the isoflurane-activated background potassium current observed in cortical pyramidal neurons from wild type mice was conspicuously reduced in TASK−/− mice. Our studies demonstrate that TASK channels can limit ischemia-reperfusion damage in the cortex, and postconditioning with volatile anesthetics provides neuroprotective actions that depend, in part, on activation of TASK currents in cortical neurons.
Collapse
|
30
|
Li W, Li DY, Zhao SM, Zheng ZJ, Hu J, Li ZZ, Xiong SB. Rutin attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via modulating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2056-2064. [PMID: 28565808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of infants and children undergo surgery and are exposed to anesthesia as a part of medical care each year. Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic in the pediatric population. However, previous studies have reported widespread isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairments in neonatal animal models, raising concerns over the administration of isoflurane in the pediatric population. The current study investigated the effects of rutin, a flavonoid, on isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in a neonatal rodent model. Groups of neonatal rat pups were administered rutin at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. On P7, pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 h. Rat pups in the control groups did not receive rutin, and did not receive anesthesia in one group. Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was determined by TUNEL assay. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (Bad), phospho-Bad, Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-xL and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)] signalling pathway proteins [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoERK1/2, p38, phospho-p38 and phospho-c-Jun], were determined by western blot analysis. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory of pups on P30 and P31. The present study found that rutin at the tested doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg significantly reduced (P<0.05) the isoflurane-induced elevation in apoptotic cell count. The expression levels of caspase-3, Bad, Bax and MAPK proteins, which were increased following isoflurane treatment, were rescued by rutin treatment. Furthermore, rutin prevented the increase in Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad expression following isoflurane treatment, and enhanced the memory of the rats. Rutin provided neuroprotection against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and improved the learning and memory of rats by effectively regulating the expression levels of proteins in the MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - De-Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Si-Ming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Jun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Zhe Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Bai Xiong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lu H, Li Y, Bo B, Yuan L, Lu X, Li H, Tong S. Hemodynamic effects of intraoperative anesthetics administration in photothrombotic stroke model: a study using laser speckle imaging. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:10. [PMID: 28056813 PMCID: PMC5217600 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Previous neuroimaging studies have shown the hemodynamic effect of either preconditioning or postconditioning anesthesia in ischemic stroke model. However, the anesthetic effect in hemodynamics during and immediately after the stroke modeling surgery remains unknown due to the lack of appropriate anesthesia-free stroke model and intraoperative imaging technology. In the present study, we utilized our recently developed photothrombotic model of focal cerebral ischemia in conscious and freely moving rats, and investigated transient hemodynamic changes with or without isoflurane administration. Laser speckle imaging was applied to acquire real-time two-dimensional full-field cerebral blood flow (CBF) information throughout the surgical operations and early after. Results Significantly larger CBF reduction area was observed in conscious rats from 8 min immediately after the onset of stroke modeling, compared with anesthetized rats. Stroke rats without isoflurane administration also showed larger lesion volume identified by magnetic resonance imaging 3 h post occlusion (58.9%), higher neurological severity score 24 h post occlusion (28.3%), and larger infarct volume from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining 24 h post occlusion (46.9%). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the hemodynamic features were affected by anesthetics at as early as during the stroke induction. Also, our findings about the neuroprotection of intraoperative anesthetics administration bring additional insights into understanding the translational difficulty in stroke research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Bin Bo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hangdao Li
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brief isoflurane anaesthesia affects differential gene expression, gene ontology and gene networks in rat brain. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:453-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Wang H, Li P, Xu N, Zhu L, Cai M, Yu W, Gao Y. Paradigms and mechanisms of inhalational anesthetics mediated neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic stroke. Med Gas Res 2016; 6:194-205. [PMID: 28217291 PMCID: PMC5223310 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.196901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability and cognitive dysfunction. The high mortality and disability of cerebral ischemic stroke is urging the health providers, including anesthesiologists and other perioperative professioners, to seek effective protective strategies, which are extremely limited, especially for those perioperative patients. Intriguingly, several commonly used inhalational anesthetics are recently suggested to possess neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. This review introduces multiple paradigms of inhalational anesthetic treatments that have been investigated in the setting of cerebral ischemia, such as preconditioning, proconditioning and postconditioning with a variety of inhalational anesthetics. The pleiotropic mechanisms underlying these inhalational anesthetics-afforded neuroprotection against stroke are also discussed in detail, including the common pathways shared by most of the inhalational anesthetic paradigms, such as anti-excitotoxicity, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation. There are also distinct mechanisms involved in specific paradigms, such as preserving blood brain barrier integrity, regulating cerebral blood flow and catecholamine release. The ready availability of these inhalational anesthetics bedside and renders them a potentially translatable stroke therapy attracting great efforts for understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Wang
- Anesthesiology Department of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Xu
- Anesthesiology Department of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfei Cai
- Anesthesiology Department of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Anesthesiology Department of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Koma H, Yamamoto Y, Nishii A, Yagami T. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 induced neurotoxicity via suppressing phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:416-425. [PMID: 27771378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis independently of its receptors. 15d-PGJ2 inhibits growth factor-induced cell proliferation of primary astrocytes via down-regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. Although 15d-PGJ2-reduced cell viability is accompanied with attenuation of the PI3K signaling in neuroblastoma, it has not been sufficiently clarified how 15d-PGJ2 induces cell death in primary neurons. Here, we found that 15d-PGJ2 exhibited neurotoxicity via inhibiting the PI3K signaling in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons. A PI3K inhibitor induced neuronal cell death regardless serum throughout maturation, confirming that PI3K is required for neuronal cell survival. The inhibitor disrupted neuronal cell bodies, shortened neurites thinly, damaged plasma membranes and activated caspase-3 similarly to 15d-PGJ2. Little additive or synergistic neurotoxicity was detected between 15d-PGJ2 and the PI3K inhibitor. A PI3K activator prevented neurons from undergoing the 15d-PGJ2-induced cell death in vitro. In vivo, the PI3K signaling is required for contextual memory retrieval, which was impaired by bilateral injection of 15d-PGJ2 into hippocampus. The activator suppressed the 15d-PGJ2-impaired memory retrieval significantly. In neurons as well as primary astrocytes and neuroblastomas, 15d-PGJ2 exhibited cytotoxicity via suppressing the PI3K-Akt pathway in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Koma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524 Japan
| | - Ayaka Nishii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524 Japan
| | - Tatsurou Yagami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524 Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jin XL, Li PF, Zhang CB, Wu JP, Feng XL, Zhang Y, Shen MH. Electroacupuncture alleviates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via modulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1090-8. [PMID: 27630691 PMCID: PMC4994450 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions, but whether the neuroprotective effect of EA against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury involves modulation of the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is unclear. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 hours followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. A 30-minute period of EA stimulation was applied to both Baihui (DU20) and Dazhui (DU14) acupoints in each rat (10 mm EA penetration depth, continuous wave with a frequency of 3 Hz, and a current intensity of 1-3 mA) when reperfusion was initiated. EA significantly reduced infarct volume, alleviated neuronal injury, and improved neurological function in rats with MCAO. Furthermore, high mRNA expression of Bax and low mRNA expression of Bcl-2 induced by MCAO was prevented by EA. EA substantially restored total glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels. Additionally, Nrf2 and glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) expression levels were markedly increased by EA. Interestingly, the neuroprotective effects of EA were attenuated when ERK1/2 activity was blocked by PD98059 (a specific MEK inhibitor). Collectively, our findings indicate that activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway contributes to the neuroprotective effects of EA. Our study provides a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effectiveness of EA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Jin
- Second Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Bing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Ping Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi-Lian Feng
- Second Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Second Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei-Hong Shen
- Second Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang K, Kong X. Isoflurane Preconditioning Induces Neuroprotection by Up-Regulation of TREK1 in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Ischemic Injury. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:495-500. [PMID: 27469140 PMCID: PMC5012874 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the neuroprotection and mechanism of isoflurane on rats with spinal cord ischemic injury. Total 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the four groups (n=10). Group A was sham-operation group; group B was ischemia group; group C was isoflurane preconditioning group; group D was isoflurane preconditioning followed by ischemia treatment group. Then the expressions of TWIK-related K⁺ channel 1 (TREK1) in the four groups were detected by immunofluorescent assay, real time-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and western blot. The primary neurons of rats were isolated and cultured under normal and hypoxic conditions. Besides, the neurons under two conditions were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TREK1 and lentivirual to overexpress and silence TREK1. Additionally, the neurons were treated with isoflurane or not. Then caspase-3 activity and cell cycle of neurons under normal and hypoxic conditions were detected. Furthermore, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH) was detected using NAD+/NADH quantification colorimetric kit. Results showed that the mRNA and protein expressions of TREK1 increased significantly in group C and D. In neurons, when TREK1 silenced, isoflurane treatment improved the caspase-3 activity. In hypoxic condition, the caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 cell percentage significantly increased, however, when TREK1 overexpressed the caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 cell percentage decreased significantly. Furthermore, both isoflurane treatment and overexpression of TREK1 significantly decreased NADH. In conclusion, isoflurane-induced neuroprotection in spinal cord ischemic injury may be associated with the up-regulation of TREK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang LY, Tang ZJ, Han YZ. Neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against sevoflurane‑induced neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of neonatal rats involve MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3403-12. [PMID: 27498600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of infants and children are exposed to anesthesia every year during medical care. Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic that is frequently used for pediatric anesthesia. However, previous reports have suggested that the administration of sevoflurane promotes neurodegeneration, raising concerns regarding the safety of its usage. The present study aimed to investigate caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and its protective effect against sevoflurane‑induced neurotoxicity in neonatal rats. Rat pups were administered with CAPE at 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. The P7 rats were exposed to sevoflurane (2.9%) for 6 h. Control group rats received no sevoflurane or CAPE. Neuronal apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling assay. The expression levels of caspases (caspase‑3, ‑8 and ‑9), apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), B cell CCL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑like 1 (Bcl‑xL), Bcl‑2‑associated agonist of cell death (Bad) and phosphorylated (p)‑Bad], mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway proteins [c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), p‑JNK, extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p‑ERK1/2, p38, p‑p38 and p‑c‑Jun] and the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade were evaluated by western blotting following sevoflurane and CAPE treatment. In addition, the expression of cleaved caspase‑3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CAPE significantly reduced sevoflurane‑induced apoptosis, downregulated the expression levels of caspases and pro‑apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bad) and elevated the expression levels of Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑xL when compared with sevoflurane treatment. Furthermore, CAPE appeared to modify the expression levels of MAPKs and activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, the present study demonstrated that CAPE effectively inhibited sevoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis by modulating the expression and phosphorylation of apoptotic pathway proteins and MAPKs, and by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tang
- Department of Orthopedics in Repair and Reconstruction, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zeng Han
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Despite more than 30 years of aggressive neuroprotective research by many investigators, neuropsychological deficit after cardiac surgery remains an important cause of postoperative morbidity. Although the neurological outcome is a result of a multifactorial etiology, many physicians world-wide have recognized the importance of this problem, and extensive efforts have been made in attempting to minimize the incidence of neurological and neurocognitive dysfunction. Pharmacological intervention is one of the important potential methods of neuroprotection during cardiac surgery. In vitro studies have identified drugs that are effective protectants against focal cerebral ischemia, hemorrhage, and global ischemia. However, at present there is no solid agreement on the need for prophylactic neuroprotectants in cardiac surgery. Researchers and clinicians must become more cognizant of the pitfalls and paradoxes that have arisen in attempting to translate the results of animal studies into clinical trial, with regard to neuroprotective therapy during cardiac surgery. There is an extensive need for new pharmacological approaches directed at reducing neurologic and neurocognitive injury during cardiac surgery. This article reviews past and present neuroprotective efforts and interventions during cardiac surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kadoi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yen TL, Chen RJ, Jayakumar T, Lu WJ, Hsieh CY, Hsu MJ, Yang CH, Chang CC, Lin YK, Lin KH, Sheu JR. Andrographolide stimulates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-heme oxygenase 1 signaling in primary cerebral endothelial cells for definite protection against ischemic stroke in rats. Transl Res 2016; 170:57-72. [PMID: 26746802 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke pathogenesis involves complex oxidative stress-related pathways. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathways have been considered molecular targets in pharmacologic intervention for ischemic diseases. Andrographolide, a labdane diterpene, has received increasing attention in recent years because of its various pharmacologic activities. We determined that andrographolide modulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling cascade in primary cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) to provide positive protection against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in rats. In the present study, andrographolide (10 μM) increased HO-1 protein and messenger RNA expressions, Nrf2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in CECs, and these activities were disrupted by a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, but not by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059 or c-Jun amino-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. Similar results were observed in confocal microscopy analysis. Moreover, andrographolide-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions were significantly inhibited by Nrf2 small interfering RNA. Moreover, HO-1 knockdown attenuated the protective effect of andrographolide against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced CEC death. Andrographolide (0.1 mg/kg) significantly suppressed free radical formation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and brain infarction in MCAO-insulted rats, and these effects were reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX. The mechanism is attributable to HO-1 activation, as directly evidenced by andrographolide-induced pronounced HO-1 expression in brain tissues, which was highly localized in the cerebral capillary. In conclusion, andrographolide increased Nrf2-HO-1 expression through p38 MAPK regulation, confirming that it provides protection against MCAO-induced brain injury. These findings provide strong evidence that andrographolide could be a therapeutic agent for treating ischemic stroke or neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Biostatistics Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Silachev DN, Zorova LD, Usatikova EA, Pevzner IB, Babenko VA, Gulyaev MV, Pirogov YA, Antonenko YN, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Hou L, Liu T, Wang J. Isoflurane suppresses the self-renewal of normal mouse neural stem cells in a p53-dependent manner by activating the Lkb1-p53-p21 signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7412-8. [PMID: 26459766 PMCID: PMC4626134 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is widely used in anaesthesia for surgical operations. However, whether it elicits unwanted side effects, particularly in neuronal cells, remains to be fully elucidated. The Lkb1-p53-p21 signalling pathway is able to modulate neuronal self-renewal and proliferation. Furthermore, the suppression of Lkb1-dependent p21 induction leads to apoptosis. In the present study, whether Lkb1-p53-p21 signalling is involved in the response to isoflurane was investigated. A comparison of mouse primary, wild-type neural stem cells (WT NSCs) with the p53−/− NSC cell line, NE-4C, revealed that isoflurane inhibited proliferation in a dose-, a time- and a p53-dependent manner. However, flow cytometric analysis revealed that the concentration of isoflurane which caused 50% inhibition (the IC50 value) induced cell cycle arrest in WT NSCs. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of LKB1, p53 and p21 were increased, although those of nestin and survivin decreased, following treatment of WT NSCs with isoflurane. On the other hand, isoflurane induced the phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 in WT NSCs, which was associated with p53 binding to the p21 promoter, and consequentially, the transcriptional activation of p21. All these events were abrogated in NE-4C cells. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated that isoflurane suppresses the self-renewal of normal mouse NSCs by activating the Lkb1-p53-p21 signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lengchen Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yamamoto Y, Koma H, Yagami T. Localization of 14-3-3δ/ξ on the neuronal cell surface. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:149-61. [PMID: 26363361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are intracellularly expressed as ubiquitous adaptor proteins. Here, we found localization of 14-3-3δ/ξ on the neuronal cell surface. 14-3-3δ/ξ was identified as a membrane target for 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). 15d-PGJ2 is a pathological mediator of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A causative peptide for AD, amyloid β, is one of binding partner of 14-3-3δ/ξ. Non-permeabilized neurons were used to avoid the intracellular effects of anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody in the present study. The plasmalemmal 14-3-3δ/ξ, but not the cytosolic one, was stimulated by its specific antibody, resulting in neuronal cell death. The neurotoxicity of anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody was suppressed by an antioxidant, catalase. Catalase prevented neurons from anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody-generating neurotoxic H2O2. The neuroprotective effect of catalase was also detected with the post-treatment of neurons after the application of anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade is a down-stream consequence of H2O2 exposure. A c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor suppressed anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody-induced neuronal cell death. To my knowledge, this is the first report that the antibody-stimulated plasmalemmal 14-3-3δ/ξ induced neuronal cell death. Furthermore, H2O2 and JNK contributed to the neurotoxicity of anti-14-3-3δ/ξ antibody as well as those of amyloid β and 15d-PGJ2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 2-1, kami-ohno 7-Chome, Himeji, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Hiromi Koma
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 2-1, kami-ohno 7-Chome, Himeji, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Tatsurou Yagami
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 2-1, kami-ohno 7-Chome, Himeji, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cheng CY, Lin JG, Tang NY, Kao ST, Hsieh CL. Electroacupuncture at different frequencies (5Hz and 25Hz) ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: possible involvement of p38 MAPK-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:241. [PMID: 26187498 PMCID: PMC4506591 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the effects of electroacupuncture stimulation at the Baihui (GV20) and Fengfu (GV16) acupoints, at frequencies of 5Hz (EA-5Hz) and 25Hz (EA-25Hz), 7 days after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to evaluate the possible signaling mechanisms involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Methods Rats were subjected to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 7 days of reperfusion. EA-5Hz or EA-25Hz was applied immediately after MCAo and then once daily for 7 consecutive days. Results Results indicated that EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz both markedly attenuated cerebral infarction and neurological deficits. EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz both markedly downregulated cytosolic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitochondrial Bax, mitochondrial and cytosolic second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein-binding protein with low isoelectric point (Smac/DIABLO), and cytosolic cleaved caspase-3 expression, and effectively restored cytosolic phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), cytosolic cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), mitochondrial Bcl-xL, and cytosolic X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression, in the ischemic cortical penumbra 7 days after reperfusion. Both EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz also significantly increased the ratios of mitochondrial Bcl-xL/Bax and Bcl-2/Bax, respectively. Conclusions Both EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz effectively downregulate reactive astrocytosis to provide neuroprotection against cerebral infarction, most likely by activating the p38 MAPK/CREB signaling pathway. The modulating effects of EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz on Bax-mediated apoptosis are possibly due to the activation of p38 MAPK/CREB/Bcl-xL and p38 MAPK/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, respectively, and eventually contribute to the prevention of Smac/DIABLO translocation and subsequent restoration of XIAP-mediated suppression of caspase-3 in the cortical periinfarct area 7 days after reperfusion.
Collapse
|
44
|
Sun M, Deng B, Zhao X, Gao C, Yang L, Zhao H, Yu D, Zhang F, Xu L, Chen L, Sun X. Isoflurane preconditioning provides neuroprotection against stroke by regulating the expression of the TLR4 signalling pathway to alleviate microglial activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11445. [PMID: 26086415 PMCID: PMC4471883 DOI: 10.1038/srep11445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive microglial activation often contributes to inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity in the ischemic penumbra during the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been reported to induce microglial activation via the NF-κB pathway. Isoflurane preconditioning (IP) can provide neuroprotection and inhibit microglial activation. In this study, we investigated the roles of the TLR4 signalling pathway in IP to exert neuroprotection following ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that 2% IP alleviated neurological deficits, reduced the infarct volume, attenuated apoptosis and weakened microglial activation in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, IP down-regulated the expression of HSP 60, TLR4 and MyD88 and up-regulated inhibitor of IκB-α expression compared with I/R group in vivo. In vitro, 2% IP and a specific inhibitor of TLR4, CLI-095, down-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-α and Bax, and up-regulated IκB-α and Bcl-2 expression compared with OGD group. Moreover, IP and CLI-095 attenuated microglial activation-induced neuronal apoptosis, and overexpression of the TLR4 gene reversed the neuroprotective effects of IP. In conclusion, IP provided neuroprotection by regulating TLR4 expression directly, alleviating microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Thus, inhibiting the activation of microglial activation via TLR4 may be a new avenue for stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Daihua Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Lintong Sanatorium of PLA Lanzhou Military District, Lintong, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Lixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nave General Hospital, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Thushara Vijayakumar N, Sangwan A, Sharma B, Majid A, Rajanikant GK. Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning: the Road So Far…. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2579-93. [PMID: 26081149 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral preconditioning constitutes the brain's adaptation to lethal ischemia when first exposed to mild doses of a subtoxic stressor. The phenomenon of preconditioning has been largely studied in the heart, and data from in vivo and in vitro models from past 2-3 decades have provided sufficient evidence that similar machinery exists in the brain as well. Since preconditioning results in a transient protective phenotype labeled as ischemic tolerance, it can open many doors in the medical warfare against stroke, a debilitating cerebrovascular disorder that kills or cripples thousands of people worldwide every year. Preconditioning can be induced by a variety of stimuli from hypoxia to pharmacological anesthetics, and each, in turn, induces tolerance by activating a multitude of proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and other biomolecules eventually leading to genomic reprogramming. The intracellular signaling pathways and molecular cascades behind preconditioning are extensively being investigated, and several first-rate papers have come out in the last few years centered on the topic of cerebral ischemic tolerance. However, translating the experimental knowledge into the clinical scaffold still evades practicality and faces several challenges. Of the various preconditioning strategies, remote ischemic preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning appears to be more clinically relevant for the management of ischemic stroke. In this review, we discuss current developments in the field of cerebral preconditioning and then examine the potential of various preconditioning agents to confer neuroprotection in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Thushara Vijayakumar
- School of Biotechnology, DBT-Centre for Bioinformatics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India
| | - Amit Sangwan
- School of Biotechnology, DBT-Centre for Bioinformatics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India
| | - Bhargy Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, DBT-Centre for Bioinformatics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India
| | - Arshad Majid
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - G K Rajanikant
- School of Biotechnology, DBT-Centre for Bioinformatics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chronic monitoring of vascular progression after ischemic stroke using multiexposure speckle imaging and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:933-42. [PMID: 25712498 PMCID: PMC4640252 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the progression of the vascular structure and cerebral blood flow (CBF) after brain injury is vital to understand the neurovascular recovery process. Multiexposure speckle imaging (MESI) provides a quantitatively accurate technique for chronically measuring the postocclusion CBF perfusion of the infarct and peri-infarct regions in rodent stroke models, while multiphoton microscopy offers direct visualization of the microvascular structure. In this paper, we present imaging outcomes extending 35 days after photo-thrombotic occlusion, tracking the progression of the vasculature throughout this period. We compare MESI flow estimates within the unresolvable parenchyma with subsurface microvascular volume fractions taken with two-photon microscopy in the same regions to assess how the vascular density influences the surface-integrated MESI flow values. The MESI flow measurements and volume fractions are shown to have high correlations (r=0.90) within areas of recovering vasculature in the peri-infarct region. We also observe vascular reorientation occurring within the microvascular structure throughout the 35-day postocclusion period. With the combination of a chronic mouse model and relatively noninvasive optical imaging techniques, we present an imaging protocol for monitoring long-term vascular progression after photo-thrombotic occlusion with the potential to test the efficacy of rehabilitation and pharmacological therapies.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ulbrich F, Kaufmann KB, Coburn M, Lagrèze WA, Roesslein M, Biermann J, Buerkle H, Loop T, Goebel U. Neuroprotective effects of Argon are mediated via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heme-oxygenase-1 in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurochem 2015; 134:717-27. [PMID: 25876941 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries (R-IRI) damage neuronal tissue permanently. Recently, we demonstrated that Argon exerts anti-apoptotic and protective properties. The molecular mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that Argon inhalation exert neuroprotective effects in rats retinal ganglion cells (RGC) via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heat-shock proteins. Inhalation of Argon (75 Vol%) was performed after R-IRI on the rats' left eyes for 1 h immediately or with delay. Retinal tissue was harvested after 24 h to analyze mRNA and protein expression of heat-shock proteins -70, -90 and heme-oxygenase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK, ERK-1/2) and histological changes. To analyze ERK dependent effects, the ERK inhibitor PD98059 was applicated prior to Argon inhalation. RGC count was analyzed 7 days after injury. Statistics were performed using anova. Argon significantly reduced the R-IRI-affected heat-shock protein expression (p < 0.05). While Argon significantly induced ERK-1/2 expression (p < 0.001), inhibition of ERK-1/2 before Argon inhalation resulted in significantly lower vital RGCs (p < 0.01) and increase in heme-oxygenase-1 (p < 0.05). R-IRI-induced RGC loss was reduced by Argon inhalation (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry suggested ERK-1/2 activation in Müller cells. We conclude, that Argon treatment protects R-IRI-induced apoptotic loss of RGC via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heme-oxygenase-1. We proposed the following possible mechanism for Argon-mediated neuroprotection: Argon exerts its protective effects via an induction of an ERK with subsequent suppression of the heat shock response. In conclusion, ischemia and reperfusion injuries and subsequent neuronal apoptosis are attenuated. These novel findings may open up new opportunities for Argon as a therapeutic option, especially since Argon is not toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai B Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Roesslein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:26-40. [PMID: 25900056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the area of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, a plethora of experimental and clinical evidence strongly indicates the promise of therapeutically exploiting the endogenous adaptive system at various levels like triggers, mediators and the end-effectors to stimulate and mobilize intrinsic protective capacities against brain injuries. It is believed that ischemic pre-conditioning and post-conditioning are actually the strongest known interventions to stimulate the innate neuroprotective mechanism to prevent or reverse neurodegenerative diseases including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Recently, studies showed the effectiveness of ischemic per-conditioning in some organs. Therefore the term ischemic conditioning, including all interventions applied pre-, per- and post-ischemia, which spans therapeutic windows in 3 time periods, has recently been broadly accepted by scientific communities. In addition, it is extensively acknowledged that ischemia-mediated protection not only affects the neurons but also all the components of the neurovascular network (consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and venule/veins). The concept of cerebroprotection has been widely used in place of neuroprotection. Intensive studies on the cellular signaling pathways involved in ischemic conditioning have improved the mechanistic understanding of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. This has added impetus to exploration for potential pharmacologic mimetics, which could possibly induce and maximize inherent protective capacities. However, most of these studies were performed in rodents, and the efficacy of these mimetics remains to be evaluated in human patients. Several classical signaling pathways involving apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidation have been elaborated in the past decades. Newly characterized mechanisms are emerging with the advances in biotechnology and conceptual renewal. In this review we are going to focus on those recently reported methodological and mechanistic discoveries in the realm of ischemic conditioning. Due to the varied time differences of ischemic conditioning in different animal models and clinical trials, it is important to define optimal timing to achieve the best conditioning induced neuroprotection. This brings not only an opportunity in the treatment of stroke, but challenges as well, as data is just becoming available and the procedures are not yet optimized. The purpose of this review is to shed light on exploiting these ischemic conditioning modalities to protect the cerebrovascular system against diverse injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee JH, Zhang J, Wei L, Yu SP. Neurodevelopmental implications of the general anesthesia in neonate and infants. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:50-60. [PMID: 25862287 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Each year, about six million children, including 1.5 million infants, in the United States undergo surgery with general anesthesia, often requiring repeated exposures. However, a crucial question remains of whether neonatal anesthetics are safe for the developing central nervous system (CNS). General anesthesia encompasses the administration of agents that induce analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects. Although the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics are still not completely understood, recent data have suggested that anesthetics primarily modulate two major neurotransmitter receptor groups, either by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, or conversely by activating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Both of these mechanisms result in the same effect of inhibiting excitatory activity of neurons. In developing brains, which are more sensitive to disruptions in activity-dependent plasticity, this transient inhibition may have longterm neurodevelopmental consequences. Accumulating reports from preclinical studies show that anesthetics in neonates cause cellular toxicity including apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Importantly, animal and clinical studies indicate that exposure to general anesthetics may affect CNS development, resulting in long-lasting cognitive and behavioral deficiencies, such as learning and memory deficits, as well as abnormalities in social memory and social activity. While the casual relationship between cellular toxicity and neurological impairments is still not clear, recent reports in animal experiments showed that anesthetics in neonates can affect neurogenesis, which could be a possible mechanism underlying the chronic effect of anesthetics. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of anesthetic effects will help to define the scope of the problem in humans and may lead to preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current evidence on neonatal anesthetic effects in the developmental CNS and discuss how factors influencing these processes can be translated into new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Milner E, Johnson AW, Nelson JW, Harries MD, Gidday JM, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. HIF-1α Mediates Isoflurane-Induced Vascular Protection in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:325-37. [PMID: 25909079 PMCID: PMC4402079 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) depends critically on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) – a process driven primarily by vascular events including cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and microvascular dysfunction. This study sought to determine the impact of postconditioning – the phenomenon whereby endogenous protection against severe injury is enhanced by subsequent exposure to a mild stressor – on SAH-induced DCI. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham, SAH, or SAH plus isoflurane postconditioning. Neurological outcome was assessed daily via sensorimotor scoring. Contributors to DCI including cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and microvascular dysfunction were measured 3 days later. Isoflurane-induced changes in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent genes were assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HIF-1α was inhibited pharmacologically via 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) or genetically via endothelial cell HIF-1α-null mice (EC-HIF-1α-null). All experiments were performed in a randomized and blinded fashion. Results Isoflurane postconditioning initiated at clinically relevant time points after SAH significantly reduced cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, microvascular dysfunction, and neurological deficits in wild-type (WT) mice. Isoflurane modulated HIF-1α-dependent genes – changes that were abolished in 2ME2-treated WT mice and EC-HIF-1α-null mice. Isoflurane-induced DCI protection was attenuated in 2ME2-treated WT mice and EC-HIF-1α-null mice. Interpretation Isoflurane postconditioning provides strong HIF-1α-mediated macro- and microvascular protection in SAH, leading to improved neurological outcome. These results implicate cerebral vessels as a key target for the brain protection afforded by isoflurane postconditioning, and HIF-1α as a critical mediator of this vascular protection. They also identify isoflurane postconditioning as a promising novel therapeutic for SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Milner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 ; Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - Andrew W Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - James W Nelson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - Michael D Harries
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 ; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 ; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 ; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 ; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri, 63108
| |
Collapse
|