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Rubinić I, Kurtov M, Likić R. Novel Pharmaceuticals in Appetite Regulation: Exploring emerging gut peptides and their pharmacological prospects. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1243. [PMID: 39016695 PMCID: PMC11253306 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, necessitates innovative approaches for effective management. Targeting gut peptides in the development of anti-obesity pharmaceuticals has already demonstrated significant efficacy. Ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and amylin are crucial in appetite regulation offering promising targets for pharmacological interventions in obesity treatment using both peptide-based and small molecule-based pharmaceuticals. Ghrelin, a sole orexigenic gut peptide, has a potential for anti-obesity therapies through various approaches, including endogenous ghrelin neutralization, ghrelin receptor antagonists, ghrelin O-acyltransferase, and functional inhibitors. Anorexigenic gut peptides, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and amylin, have exhibited appetite-reducing effects in animal models and humans. Overcoming substantial obstacles is imperative for translating these findings into clinically effective pharmaceuticals. Peptide YY and cholecystokinin analogues, characterized by prolonged half-life and resistance to proteolytic enzymes, present viable options. Positive allosteric modulators emerge as a novel approach for modulating the cholecystokinin pathway. Amylin is currently the most promising, with both amylin analogues and dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) progressing to advanced stages of clinical trials. Despite persistent challenges, innovative pharmaceutical strategies provide a glimpse into the future of anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rubinić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of RijekaRijekaCroatia
- Clinical Pharmacology unitClinical Hospital Center RijekaRijekaCroatia
| | - Marija Kurtov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital “Sveti Duh”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Robert Likić
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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2
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Melo-Carrillo A, Strassman AM, Broide R, Adams A, Dabruzzo B, Brin M, Burstein R. Novel insight into atogepant mechanisms of action in migraine prevention. Brain 2024; 147:2884-2896. [PMID: 38411458 PMCID: PMC11292906 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that while atogepant-a small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist-does not fully prevent activation of meningeal nociceptors, it significantly reduces a cortical spreading depression (CSD)-induced early response probability in C fibres and late response probability in Aδ fibres. The current study investigates atogepant effect on CSD-induced activation and sensitization of high threshold (HT) and wide dynamic range (WDR) central dura-sensitive trigeminovascular neurons. In anaesthetized male rats, single-unit recordings were used to assess effects of atogepant (5 mg/kg) versus vehicle on CSD-induced activation and sensitization of HT and WDR trigeminovascular neurons. Single cell analysis of atogepant pretreatment effects on CSD-induced activation and sensitization of central trigeminovascular neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus revealed the ability of this small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist to prevent activation and sensitization of nearly all HT neurons (8/10 versus 1/10 activated neurons in the control versus treated groups, P = 0.005). In contrast, atogepant pretreatment effects on CSD-induced activation and sensitization of WDR neurons revealed an overall inability to prevent their activation (7/10 versus 5/10 activated neurons in the control versus treated groups, P = 0.64). Unexpectedly however, in spite of atogepant's inability to prevent activation of WDR neurons, it prevented their sensitization (as reflected their responses to mechanical stimulation of the facial receptive field before and after the CSD). Atogepant' ability to prevent activation and sensitization of HT neurons is attributed to its preferential inhibitory effects on thinly myelinated Aδ fibres. Atogepant's inability to prevent activation of WDR neurons is attributed to its lesser inhibitory effects on the unmyelinated C fibres. Molecular and physiological processes that govern neuronal activation versus sensitization can explain how reduction in CGRP-mediated slow but not glutamate-mediated fast synaptic transmission between central branches of meningeal nociceptors and nociceptive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus can prevent their sensitization but not activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew M Strassman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron Broide
- Allergan, an Abbvie Company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Aubrey Adams
- Allergan, an Abbvie Company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Brin
- Allergan, an Abbvie Company, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697USA
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhang N, Ma X, He X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Shen Z, Guo X, Zhang D, Tian S, Ma X, Xing Y. Inhibition of YIPF2 Improves the Vulnerability of Oligodendrocytes to Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01263-6. [PMID: 39078594 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive secretion of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is an important pathological basis of diabetic encephalopathy (DE). In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential implications of hIAPP in DE pathogenesis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive scales were applied to evaluate white matter damage and cognitive function. We found that the concentration of serum hIAPP was positively correlated with white matter damage but negatively correlated with cognitive scores in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In vitro assays revealed that oligodendrocytes, compared with neurons, were more prone to acidosis under exogenous hIAPP stimulation. Moreover, western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that hIAPP interfered with the binding process of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1 to its accessory protein CD147 but had no effect on the binding of MCT2 to its accessory protein gp70. Proteomic differential analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with CD147 in oligodendrocytes revealed Yeast Rab GTPase-Interacting protein 2 (YIPF2, which modulates the transfer of CD147 to the cell membrane) as a significant target. Furthermore, YIPF2 inhibition significantly improved hIAPP-induced acidosis in oligodendrocytes and alleviated cognitive dysfunction in DE model mice. These findings suggest that increased CD147 translocation by inhibition of YIPF2 optimizes MCT1 and CD147 binding, potentially ameliorating hIAPP-induced acidosis and the consequent DE-related demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xinyu He
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiaosu Guo
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Danshen Zhang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shujuan Tian
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Yuan Xing
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Dahl K, Raun K, Hansen JL, Poulsen C, de la Cour CD, Clausen TR, Hansen AMK, John LM, Plesner A, Sun G, Schlein M, Skyggebjerg RB, Kruse T. NN1213 - A Potent, Long-Acting, and Selective Analog of Human Amylin. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11688-11700. [PMID: 38960379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amylin, a member of the calcitonin family, acts via amylin receptors in the hindbrain and hypothalamus to suppress appetite. Native ligands of these receptors are peptides with short half-lives. Conjugating fatty acids to these peptides can increase their half-lives. The long-acting human amylin analog, NN1213, was generated from structure-activity efforts optimizing solubility, stability, receptor affinity, and selectivity, as well as in vivo potency and clearance. In both rats and dogs, a single dose of NN1213 reduced appetite in a dose-dependent manner and with a long duration of action. Consistent with the effect on appetite, studies in obese rats demonstrated that daily NN1213 dosing resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in body weight over a 21-day period. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated that this was primarily driven by loss of fat mass. Based on these data, NN1213 could be considered an attractive option for weight management in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Dahl
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linu M John
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Annette Plesner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Gao Sun
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Morten Schlein
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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Leibold NS, Despa F. Neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-forming pancreatic amylin: Rationale for a mechanistic hypothesis. Biophys Chem 2024; 310:107252. [PMID: 38663120 PMCID: PMC11111340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Amylin is a systemic neuroendocrine hormone co-expressed and co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells. In persons with thype-2 diabetes, amylin forms pancreatic amyloid triggering inflammasome and interleukin-1β signaling and inducing β-cell apoptosis. Here, we summarize recent progress in understanding the potential link between amyloid-forming pancreatic amylin and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical data describing amylin pathology in AD alongside mechanistic studies in animals are reviewed. Data from multiple research teams indicate higher amylin concentrations are associated with increased frequency of cognitive impairment and amylin co-aggregates with β-amyloid in AD-type dementia. Evidence from rodent models further suggests cerebrovascular amylin accumulation as a causative factor underlying neurological deficits. Analysis of relevant literature suggests that modulating the amylin-interleukin-1β pathway may provide an approach for counteracting neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Leibold
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Leibold N, Bain JR, Despa F. Type-2 Diabetes, Pancreatic Amylin, and Neuronal Metabolic Remodeling in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2200405. [PMID: 36708219 PMCID: PMC10374875 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes raises the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type dementia and the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, yet mechanisms connecting type-2 diabetes to AD remain largely unknown. Amylin, a pancreatic β-cell hormone co-secreted with insulin, participates in the central regulation of satiation, but also forms pancreatic amyloid in persons with type-2 diabetes and synergistically interacts with brain amyloid β (Aβ) pathology, in both sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidence from studies of tumor growth, together with early observations in skeletal muscle, indicates amylin as a potential trigger of cellular metabolic reprogramming. Because the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain parenchyma in humans with AD have increased concentrations of amylin, amylin-mediated pathological processes in the brain may involve neuronal metabolic remodeling. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the link between prediabetic hypersecretion of amylin and risk of neuronal metabolic remodeling and AD and suggests nutritional and medical effects of food constituents that might prevent and/or ameliorate amylin-mediated neuronal metabolic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Leibold
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James R. Bain
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Tarhan M, Hartl T, Shchyglo O, Colitti-Klausnitzer J, Kuhla A, Breuer TM, Manahan-Vaughan D. Changes in hippocampal volume, synaptic plasticity and amylin sensitivity in an animal model of type 2 diabetes are associated with increased vulnerability to amyloid-beta in advancing age. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1373477. [PMID: 38974903 PMCID: PMC11224464 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1373477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder that is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment can arise due to hypoglycemia associated with T2D, and hyperamylinemia associated with insulin resistance can enhance AD pathology. We explored whether changes occur in the hippocampus in aging (6-12 months old) female V-Lep○b-/- transgenic (tg) mice, comprising an animal model of T2D. We also investigated whether an increase in vulnerability to Aβ (1-42), a known pathological hallmark of AD, is evident. Using magnetic resonance imaging we detected significant decreases in hippocampal brain volume in female tg-mice compared to wild-type (wt) littermates. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was impaired in tg compared to wt mice. Treatment of the hippocampus with Aβ (1-42) elicited a stronger debilitation of LTP in tg compared to wt mice. Treatment with an amylin antagonist (AC187) significantly enhanced LTP in wt and tg mice, and rescued LTP in Aβ (1-42)-treated tg mice. Taken together our data indicate that a T2D-like state results in an increased vulnerability of the hippocampus to the debilitating effects of Aβ (1-42) and that effects are mediated in part by changes in amylin receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Tarhan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Hartl
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany
| | - Olena Shchyglo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Angela Kuhla
- Rudolf Zenker Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany
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Kern KA, DiBrog AM, Kaur K, Przybysz JT, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Chronic pramlintide decreases feeding via a reduction in meal size in male rats. Peptides 2024; 176:171197. [PMID: 38493922 PMCID: PMC11323829 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Amylin, a pancreatic hormone, is well-established to suppress feeding by enhancing satiation. Pramlintide, an amylin analog that is FDA-approved for the treatment of diabetes, has also been shown to produce hypophagia. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the ability of pramlintide to suppress feeding are unresolved. We hypothesized that systemic pramlintide administration in rats would reduce energy intake, specifically by reducing meal size. Male rats were given b.i.d. administration of intraperitoneal pramlintide or vehicle for 1 week, and chow intake, meal patterns, and body weight were monitored throughout the test period. Consistent with our hypothesis, pramlintide decreased chow intake mainly via suppression of meal size, with corresponding reductions in meal duration on several days. Fewer effects on meal number or feeding rate were detected. Pramlintide also reduced weight gain over the 1-week study. These results highlight that the behavioral mechanisms by which pramlintide produces hypophagia are similar to those driven by amylin itself, and provide important insight into the ability of this pharmacotherapy to promote negative energy balance over a period of chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Kiran Kaur
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Duda-Madej A, Stecko J, Szymańska N, Miętkiewicz A, Szandruk-Bender M. Amyloid, Crohn's disease, and Alzheimer's disease - are they linked? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393809. [PMID: 38779559 PMCID: PMC11109451 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that most frequently affects part of the distal ileum, but it may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. CD may also be related to systemic inflammation and extraintestinal manifestations. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, gradually worsening behavioral and cognitive functions. Despite the meaningful progress, both diseases are still incurable and have a not fully explained, heterogeneous pathomechanism that includes immunological, microbiological, genetic, and environmental factors. Recently, emerging evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory condition corresponds to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and intestinal inflammation, including CD, increases the risk of AD. Even though it is now known that CD increases the risk of AD, the exact pathways connecting these two seemingly unrelated diseases remain still unclear. One of the key postulates is the gut-brain axis. There is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota with its proteins, DNA, and metabolites influence several processes related to the etiology of AD, including β-amyloid abnormality, Tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. Considering the role of microbiota in both CD and AD pathology, in this review, we want to shed light on bacterial amyloids and their potential to influence cerebral amyloid aggregation and neuroinflammation and provide an overview of the current literature on amyloids as a potential linker between AD and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Stecko
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Marta Szandruk-Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Gogineni P, Melson E, Papamargaritis D, Davies M. Oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones as treatments for adults with type 2 diabetes: where are we now? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:801-818. [PMID: 38753454 PMCID: PMC11195668 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2356254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) have changed the landscape of type 2 diabetes (T2D) management due to their cardio-renal benefits, their glucose-lowering efficacy and weight loss (WL) maintenance. However, the response to GLP-1 RA monotherapy is heterogeneous. Additionally, the majority of GLP-1 RAs are injectable treatments. Oral GLP-1 RAs and injectable combinations of GLP-1 with other entero-pancreatic hormones (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon and amylin) are under development for T2D and obesity management. AREAS COVERED Herein, we review the data on (i) oral GLP-1 RAs (oral semaglutide 25/50 mg and orforglipron) and (ii) dual/triple agonists (tirzepatide, cagrilintide 2.4 mg/semaglutide 2.4 mg, survodutide, mazdutide, retatrutide) that have recently completed phase 3 trials for T2D or are currently in phase 3 clinical trials. Tirzepatide is the first approved dual agonist (GLP-1/GIP) for T2D and obesity management. EXPERT OPINION We are in a new era in T2D management where entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments can result in ≥15% WL and euglycemia for many people with T2D. Multiple molecules with different mechanisms of action are under development for T2D, obesity and other metabolic complications. Data on their cardio-renal benefits, long-term efficacy and safety as well as their cost-effectiveness will better inform their position in treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Gogineni
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Eka Melson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Melanie Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
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Mazzini G, Le Foll C, Boyle CN, Garelja ML, Zhyvoloup A, Miller MET, Hay DL, Raleigh DP, Lutz TA. The processing intermediate of human amylin, pro-amylin(1-48), has in vivo and in vitro bioactivity. Biophys Chem 2024; 308:107201. [PMID: 38452520 PMCID: PMC11223094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Amylin is released by pancreatic beta-cells in response to a meal and its major soluble mature form (37 amino acid-peptide) produces its biological effects by activating amylin receptors. Amylin is derived from larger propeptides that are processed within the synthesizing beta-cell. There are suggestions that a partially processed form, pro-amylin(1-48) is also secreted. We tested the hypothesis that pro-amylin(1-48) has biological activity and that human pro-amylin(1-48) may also form toxic pre-amyloid species. Amyloid formation, the ability to cross-seed and in vitro toxicity were similar between human pro-amylin(1-48) and amylin. Human pro-amylin(1-48) was active at amylin-responsive receptors, though its potency was reduced at rat, but not human amylin receptors. Pro-amylin(1-48) was able to promote anorexia by activating neurons of the area postrema, amylin's primary site of action, indicating that amylin can tolerate significant additions at the N-terminus without losing bioactivity. Our studies help to shed light on the possible roles of pro-amylin(1-48) which may be relevant for the development of future amylin-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzini
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Garelja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Zhyvoloup
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel P Raleigh
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, USA; Laufer Center for Quantitative Biology Stony Brook University, USA.
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Hill TG, Hill DJ. The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4070. [PMID: 38612880 PMCID: PMC11012451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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13
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Kuroda KO, Fukumitsu K, Kurachi T, Ohmura N, Shiraishi Y, Yoshihara C. Parental brain through time: The origin and development of the neural circuit of mammalian parenting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1534:24-44. [PMID: 38426943 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review consolidates current knowledge on mammalian parental care, focusing on its neural mechanisms, evolutionary origins, and derivatives. Neurobiological studies have identified specific neurons in the medial preoptic area as crucial for parental care. Unexpectedly, these neurons are characterized by the expression of molecules signaling satiety, such as calcitonin receptor and BRS3, and overlap with neurons involved in the reproductive behaviors of males but not females. A synthesis of comparative ecology and paleontology suggests an evolutionary scenario for mammalian parental care, possibly stemming from male-biased guarding of offspring in basal vertebrates. The terrestrial transition of tetrapods led to prolonged egg retention in females and the emergence of amniotes, skewing care toward females. The nocturnal adaptation of Mesozoic mammalian ancestors reinforced maternal care for lactation and thermal regulation via endothermy, potentially introducing metabolic gate control in parenting neurons. The established maternal care may have served as the precursor for paternal and cooperative care in mammals and also fostered the development of group living, which may have further contributed to the emergence of empathy and altruism. These evolution-informed working hypotheses require empirical validation, yet they offer promising avenues to investigate the neural underpinnings of mammalian social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi O Kuroda
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kansai Fukumitsu
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takuma Kurachi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Ohmura
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Shiraishi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Kawamura Gakuen Woman's University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshihara
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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Huang T, Su J, Wang X, Shi N, Zhang X, He J, Li J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Functional Analysis and Tissue-Specific Expression of Calcitonin and CGRP with RAMP-Modulated Receptors CTR and CLR in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1058. [PMID: 38612299 PMCID: PMC11010885 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are critical regulators of calcium balance and have extensive implications for vertebrate physiological processes. This study explores the CT and CGRP signaling systems in chickens through cloning and characterization of the chicken calcitonin receptor (CTR) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), together with three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). We illuminated the functional roles for chickens between the receptors examined alone and in RAMP-associated complexes using luciferase reporter assays. Chicken CTRs and CLRs stimulated the cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, signifying their functional receptor status, with CT showing appreciable ligand activity at nanomolar concentrations across receptor combinations. Notably, it is revealed that chicken CLR can act as a functional receptor for CT without or with RAMPs. Furthermore, we uncovered a tissue-specific expression profile for CT, CGRP, CTR, CLR, and RAMPs in chickens, indicating the different physiological roles across various tissues. In conclusion, our data establish a clear molecular basis to reveal information on CT, CGRP, CTR, CLR, and RAMPs in chickens and contribute to understanding the conserved or divergent functions of this family in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (T.H.)
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (T.H.)
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15
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Rees TA, Tasma Z, Garelja ML, O'Carroll SJ, Walker CS, Hay DL. Calcitonin receptor, calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin distribution in C1/2 dorsal root ganglia. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:36. [PMID: 38481170 PMCID: PMC10938748 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are important for the transmission of sensory information associated with the back of the head and neck, contributing to head pain. Calcitonin receptor (CTR)-based receptors, such as the amylin 1 (AMY1) receptor, and ligands, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and amylin, have been linked to migraine and pain. However, the contribution of this system to nociception involving the cervical DRG is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relative distribution of the CTR, CGRP, and amylin in upper cervical DRG. METHODS CTR, CGRP, and amylin immunofluorescence was examined relative to neural markers in C1/2 DRG from male and female mice, rats, and human cases. Immunofluorescence was supported by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization examining amylin mRNA distribution in rat DRG. RESULTS Amylin immunofluorescence was observed in neuronal soma and fibres. Amylin mRNA (Iapp) was also detected. Amylin and CGRP co-expression was observed in 19% (mouse), 17% (rat), and 36% (human) of DRG neurons in distinct vesicle-like neuronal puncta from one another. CTR immunoreactivity was present in DRG neurons, and both peptides produced receptor signalling in primary DRG cell cultures. CTR-positive neurons frequently co-expressed amylin and/or CGRP (66% rat; 84% human), with some sex differences. CONCLUSIONS Amylin and CGRP could both be local peptide agonists for CTR-based receptors in upper cervical DRG, potentially acting through autocrine and/or paracrine signalling mechanisms to modulate neuron function. Amylin and its receptors could represent novel pain targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael L Garelja
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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16
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Chiang CC, Porreca F, Robertson CE, Dodick DW. Potential treatment targets for migraine: emerging options and future prospects. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:313-324. [PMID: 38365382 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite the recent approval of several calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted therapies, many people with migraine do not achieve satisfactory headache improvement with currently available therapies and there continues to be an unmet need for effective and tolerable migraine-specific treatments. Exploring additional targets that have compelling evidence for their involvement in modulating migraine pathways is therefore imperative. Potential new therapies for migraine include pathways involved in nociception, regulation of homoeostasis, modulation of vasodilation, and reward circuits. Animal and human studies show that these targets are expressed in regions of the CNS and peripheral nervous system that are involved in pain processing, indicating that these targets might be regarded as promising for the discovery of new migraine therapies. Future studies will require assessment of whether targets are suitable for therapeutic modulation, including assessment of specificity, affinity, solubility, stability, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - David W Dodick
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Atria Academy of Science and Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Hay DL. A future treatment horizon for migraine? Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:226-227. [PMID: 38365364 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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18
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Melson E, Ashraf U, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y. [PMID: 38302593 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with increased risk of obesity-related complications and mortality. Our better understanding of the weight regulation mechanisms and the role of gut-brain axis on appetite has led to the development of safe and effective entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments for obesity such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RA). Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly, a subcutaneously administered GLP-1 RA approved for obesity treatment in 2021, results in 15-17% mean weight loss (WL) with evidence of cardioprotection. Oral GLP-1 RA are also under development and early data shows similar WL efficacy to semaglutide 2.4 mg. Looking to the next generation of obesity treatments, combinations of GLP-1 with other entero-pancreatic hormones with complementary actions and/or synergistic potential (such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and amylin) are under investigation to enhance the WL and cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 RA. Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist has been approved for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes as well as for obesity management leading in up to 22.5% WL in phase 3 obesity trials. Other combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones including cagrisema (GLP-1/amylin RA) and the triple agonist retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon RA) have also progressed to phase 3 trials as obesity treatments and early data suggests that may lead to even greater WL than tirzepatide. Additionally, agents with different mechanisms of action to entero-pancreatic hormones (e.g. bimagrumab) may improve the body composition during WL and are in early phase clinical trials. We are in a new era for obesity pharmacotherapy where combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones approach the WL achieved with bariatric surgery. In this review, we present the efficacy and safety data for the pipeline of obesity pharmacotherapies with a focus on entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments and we consider the clinical implications and challenges that the new era in obesity management may bring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Melson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Dimitris Papamargaritis
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK.
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, NN16 8UZ, UK.
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
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19
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Domingo E, Marques P, Francisco V, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Targeting systemic inflammation in metabolic disorders. A therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107058. [PMID: 38218355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While many factors can contribute to CVD, atherosclerosis is the cardinal underlying pathology, and its development is associated with several metabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent studies have definitively demonstrated a link between low-grade systemic inflammation and two relevant metabolic abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Interestingly, both metabolic disorders are also associated with endothelial dysfunction/activation, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype of the endothelium that involves leukocyte infiltration into the arterial wall, one of the earliest stages of atherogenesis. This article reviews the current literature on the intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia and obesity and the associated systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and discusses the effectiveness of present, emerging and in-development pharmacological therapies used to treat these metabolic disorders with a focus on their effects on the associated systemic inflammatory state and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domingo
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
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20
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Furió-Novejarque C, Sala-Mira I, Díez JL, Bondia J. A model of subcutaneous pramlintide pharmacokinetics and its effect on gastric emptying: Proof-of-concept based on populational data. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 244:107968. [PMID: 38064957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Pramlintide, an amylin analog, has been coming up as an agent in type 1 diabetes dual-hormone therapies (insulin/pramlintide). Since pramlintide slows down gastric emptying, it allows for easing glucose control and reducing the burden of meal announcements. Pre-clinical in silico evaluations are a key step in the development of any closed-loop strategy. However, mathematical models are needed, and pramlintide models in the literature are scarce. This work proposes a proof-of-concept pramlintide model, describing its subcutaneous pharmacokinetics (PK) and its effect on gastric emptying (PD). The model is validated with published populational (clinical) data. The model development is divided into three stages: intravenous PK, subcutaneous PK, and PD modeling. In each stage, a set of model structures are proposed, and their performance is assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). In order to evaluate the modulation of the rate of gastric emptying, a literature meal model was used. The final pramlintide model comprises four compartments and a function that modulates gastric emptying depending on plasma pramlintide. Results show an appropriate fit for the data. Some aspects are left as open questions due to the lack of specific data (e.g., the influence of meal composition on the pramlintide effect). Moreover, further validation with individual data is necessary to propose a virtual cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Furió-Novejarque
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain.
| | - Iván Sala-Mira
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain.
| | - José-Luis Díez
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Jorge Bondia
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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21
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Cao J, Belousoff MJ, Gerrard E, Danev R, Fletcher MM, Dal Maso E, Schreuder H, Lorenz K, Evers A, Tiwari G, Besenius M, Li Z, Johnson RM, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Structural insight into selectivity of amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:162-169. [PMID: 37537379 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Amylin receptors (AMYRs), heterodimers of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins, are promising obesity targets. A hallmark of AMYR activation by Amy is the formation of a 'bypass' secondary structural motif (residues S19-P25). This study explored potential tuning of peptide selectivity through modification to residues 19-22, resulting in a selective AMYR agonist, San385, as well as nonselective dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs), with San45 being an exemplar. We determined the structure and dynamics of San385-bound AMY3R, and San45 bound to AMY3R or CTR. San45, via its conjugated lipid at position 21, was anchored at the edge of the receptor bundle, enabling a stable, alternative binding mode when bound to the CTR, in addition to the bypass mode of binding to AMY3R. Targeted lipid modification may provide a single intervention strategy for design of long-acting, nonselective, Amy-based DACRAs with potential anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cao
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elliot Gerrard
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madeleine M Fletcher
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- GlaxoSmithKline, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Dal Maso
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Herman Schreuder
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Evers
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Garima Tiwari
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Besenius
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- OMass Therapeutics, Oxford, UK
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Eržen S, Tonin G, Jurišić Eržen D, Klen J. Amylin, Another Important Neuroendocrine Hormone for the Treatment of Diabesity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1517. [PMID: 38338796 PMCID: PMC10855385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a devastating chronic metabolic disease. Since the majority of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are overweight or obese, a novel term-diabesity-has emerged. The gut-brain axis plays a critical function in maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis and involves a variety of peptides. Amylin is a neuroendocrine anorexigenic polypeptide hormone, which is co-secreted with insulin from β-cells of the pancreas in response to food consumption. Aside from its effect on glucose homeostasis, amylin inhibits homeostatic and hedonic feeding, induces satiety, and decreases body weight. In this narrative review, we summarized the current evidence and ongoing studies on the mechanism of action, clinical pharmacology, and applications of amylin and its analogs, pramlintide and cagrilintide, in the field of diabetology, endocrinology, and metabolism disorders, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Eržen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gašper Tonin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dubravka Jurišić Eržen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Centre, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasna Klen
- Division of Surgery, Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kommera SP, Kumar A, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:81-90. [PMID: 37863489 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of various glucoregulatory hormones lead to failure of insulin monotherapy in patients with diabetes mellitus due to various reasons, including severe hypoglycemia, glycemic hypervariability, and an increased risk of microvascular complications. However, pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy enhances glucagon suppression and thereby offers improved glycemic control. Clinical studies have shown that pramlintide improves glycemic control, reduces postprandial glucose excursions, and promotes weight loss in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although clinical benefits of pramlintide are well reported, there still exists a high patient resistance for the therapy, as separate injections for pramlintide and insulin must be administered. Although marketed insulin formulations generally demonstrate a peak action in 60-90 minutes, pramlintide elicits its peak concentration at around 20-30 minutes after administration. Thus, owing to the significant differences in pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered pramlintide and insulin, the therapy fails to elicit its action otherwise produced by the endogenous hormones. Hence, strategies such as delaying the release of pramlintide by using inorganic polymers like silica, synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone, and lipids have been employed. Also, approaches like noncovalent conjugation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and use of amphiphilic excipients for codelivery of insulin and pramlintide have been explored to address the issues with pramlintide delivery and improve patient adherence to the therapy. This approach may usher in a new era of diabetes management, offering patients multiple options to tailor their treatment and improve their quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first report that summarizes various challenges in insulin and pramlintide codelivery and strategies to overcome them. The paper also provides deeper insights into various novel formulation strategies for pramlintide that could further broaden the reader's understanding of peptide codelivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Pradyuth Kommera
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Al-Horani RA, Aliter KF, Aliter HF. Future is Brighter: New Potential Paradigm-Shifting Medications and Regimens for Diabetes and Obesity. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:84-97. [PMID: 38275036 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998276832231124170324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic illness that can become debilitating owing to its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Its prevalence is increasing and so is its cost. Diabetes, particularly type 2, appears to have a very close relationship with obesity. While lifestyle modifications, exercises, and current therapeutics have substantially improved clinical outcomes, the need for new therapeutics and regimens continue to exist. Several new medications and regimens for diabetes, obesity, and diabesity are showing promising results in advanced clinical trials. For type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), they include teplizumab, ustekinumab, jakinibs, and cell therapies, whereas for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), they include once-weakly insulin, tirzepatide, high oral dose of semaglutide, orforglipron, retatrutide, CagriSema, and survodutide. Given their structural and mechanistic diversity as well as their substantial efficacy and safety profiles, these medications and regimens are paradigm shifting and promise a brighter future. They will likely enable better disease prevention and management. This review will provide details about each of the above strategies to keep the scientific community up to date about progress in the fields of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, USA
| | - Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122, USA
| | - Hashem F Aliter
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhouise University, Halifax, NS B3H 3A6, Canada
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25
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Pocai A. G protein-coupled receptors and obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1301017. [PMID: 38161982 PMCID: PMC10757641 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as important drug targets for various chronic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that requires long term management predisposing to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. The therapeutic landscape for GPCR as targets of anti-obesity medications has undergone significant changes with the approval of semaglutide, the first peptide glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) achieving double digit weight loss (≥10%) and cardiovascular benefits. The enhanced weight loss, with the expected beneficial effect on obesity-related complications and reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), has propelled the commercial opportunity for the obesity market leading to new players entering the space. Significant progress has been made on approaches targeting GPCRs such as single peptides that simultaneously activate GIP and/or GCGR in addition to GLP1, oral tablet formulation of GLP-1, small molecules nonpeptidic oral GLP1R and fixed-dose combination as well as add-on therapy for patients already treated with a GLP-1 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pocai
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine Research & Development, Spring House, PA, United States
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26
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Kurachi T, Shinozuka K, Yoshihara C, Yano-Nashimoto S, Murayama AY, Hata J, Haga Y, Okano H, Kuroda KO. Distinct roles of amylin and oxytocin signaling in intrafamilial social behaviors at the medial preoptic area of common marmosets. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1231. [PMID: 38052969 PMCID: PMC10698028 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor (Calcr) and its brain ligand amylin in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) are found to be critically involved in infant care and social contact behaviors in mice. In primates, however, the evidence is limited to an excitotoxic lesion study of the Calcr-expressing MPOA subregion (cMPOA) in a family-living primate species, the common marmoset. The present study utilized pharmacological manipulations of the cMPOA and shows that reversible inactivation of the cMPOA abolishes infant-care behaviors in sibling marmosets without affecting other social or non-social behaviors. Amylin-expressing neurons in the marmoset MPOA are distributed in the vicinity of oxytocin neurons in the anterior paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. While amylin infusion facilitates infant carrying selectively, an oxytocin's inverse agonist, atosiban, reduces physical contact with non-infant family members without grossly affecting infant care. These data suggest that the amylin and oxytocin signaling mediate intrafamilial social interactions in a complementary manner in marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kurachi
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shinozuka
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Saori Yano-Nashimoto
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayako Y Murayama
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yawara Haga
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kumi O Kuroda
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
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27
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Zhang Y, Ben Nathan J, Moreno A, Merkel R, Kahng MW, Hayes MR, Reiner BC, Crist RC, Schmidt HD. Calcitonin receptor signaling in nucleus accumbens D1R- and D2R-expressing medium spiny neurons bidirectionally alters opioid taking in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1878-1888. [PMID: 37355732 PMCID: PMC10584857 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The high rates of relapse associated with current medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) necessitate research that expands our understanding of the neural mechanisms regulating opioid taking to identify molecular substrates that could be targeted by novel pharmacotherapies to treat OUD. Recent studies show that activation of calcitonin receptors (CTRs) is sufficient to reduce the rewarding effects of addictive drugs in rodents. However, the role of central CTR signaling in opioid-mediated behaviors has not been studied. Here, we used single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize cell type-specific patterns of CTR expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region that plays a critical role in voluntary drug taking. Using these approaches, we identified CTRs expressed on D1R- and D2R-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the medial shell subregion of the NAc. Interestingly, Calcr transcripts were expressed at higher levels in D2R- versus D1R-expressing MSNs. Cre-dependent viral-mediated miRNA knockdown of CTRs in transgenic male rats was then used to determine the functional significance of endogenous CTR signaling in opioid taking. We discovered that reduced CTR expression specifically in D1R-expressing MSNs potentiated/augmented opioid self-administration. In contrast, reduced CTR expression specifically in D2R-expressing MSNs attenuated opioid self-administration. These findings highlight a novel cell type-specific mechanism by which CTR signaling in the ventral striatum bidirectionally modulates voluntary opioid taking and support future studies aimed at targeting central CTR-expressing circuits to treat OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Zhang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Ben Nathan
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Moreno
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Riley Merkel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle W Kahng
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard C Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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28
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Chen W, Binbin G, Lidan S, Qiang Z, Jing H. Evolution of peptide YY analogs for the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106808. [PMID: 37666110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a gastrointestinal hormone consisting of 36 amino acids, that is predominantly secreted by intestinal l-cells. Originally extracted from pig intestines, it belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family, but has functions distinct from those of PP and neuropeptide Y (NPY). PYY is a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of its ability to delay gastric emptying, reduce appetite, decrease weight, and lower blood glucose. However, the clinical use of PYY is limited because it is rapidly cleared by the kidneys and degraded by enzymes. In recent years, researchers have conducted various structural modifications, including amino acid substitution, PEGylation, lipidation, and fusion of PYY with other proteins to prolong its half-life and enhance its biological activity. This study presents an overview of the recent progress on PYY, including its physiological functions, metabolites and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Gong Binbin
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Sun Lidan
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zhou Qiang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Han Jing
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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29
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Bortoletto AS, Parchem RJ. A pancreatic player in dementia: pathological role for islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2141-2146. [PMID: 37056121 PMCID: PMC10328265 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.369095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have a markedly higher risk of developing dementia. While multiple factors contribute to this predisposition, one of these involves the increased secretion of amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide, that accompanies the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation has undoubtedly been implicated in various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, but the exact mechanisms underlying islet amyloid polypeptide's causative role in dementia are unclear. In this review, we have summarized the literature supporting the various mechanisms by which islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation may cause neuronal damage, ultimately leading to the clinical symptoms of dementia. We discuss the evidence for islet amyloid polypeptide deposition in the brain, islet amyloid polypeptide interaction with other amyloids implicated in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation caused by islet amyloid polypeptide deposition, vascular damage induced by islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation, and islet amyloid polypeptide-induced cytotoxicity. There are very few therapies approved for the treatment of dementia, and of these, clinical responses have been controversial at best. Therefore, investigating new, targetable pathways is vital for identifying novel therapeutic strategies for treating dementia. As such, we conclude this review by discussing islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation as a potential therapeutic target not only in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus but as a future target in treating or even preventing dementia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S. Bortoletto
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald J. Parchem
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Li MH, Zhang X, London E, Raleigh DP. Impact of Ca 2+ on membrane catalyzed IAPP amyloid formation and IAPP induced vesicle leakage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184161. [PMID: 37121365 PMCID: PMC10735052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP, also known as amylin) is a 37 amino acid pancreatic polypeptide hormone that plays a role in regulating glucose levels, but forms pancreatic amyloid in type-2 diabetes. The process of amyloid formation by hIAPP contributes to β-cell death in the disease. Multiple mechanisms of hIAPP induced toxicity of β-cells have been proposed including disruption of cellular membranes. However, the nature of hIAPP membrane interactions and the effect of ions and other molecules on hIAPP membrane interactions are not fully understood. Many studies have used model membranes with a high content of anionic lipids, often POPS, however the concentration of anionic lipids in the β-cell plasma membrane is low. Here we study the concentration dependent effect of Ca2+ (0 to 50 mM) on hIAPP membrane interactions using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with anionic lipid content ranging from 0 to 50 mol%. We find that Ca2+ does not effectively inhibit hIAPP amyloid formation and hIAPP induced membrane leakage from binary LUVs with a low percentage of POPS, but has a greater effect on LUVs with a high percentage of POPS. Mg2+ had very similar effects, and the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ can be largely rationalized by the neutralization of POPS charge. The implications for hIAPP-membrane interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Li
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Erwin London
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Daniel P Raleigh
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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31
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Hansen KE, Murali S, Chaves IZ, Suen G, Ney DM. Glycomacropeptide Impacts Amylin-Mediated Satiety, Postprandial Markers of Glucose Homeostasis, and the Fecal Microbiome in Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr 2023; 153:1915-1929. [PMID: 37116657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity with metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent and shortens lifespan. OBJECTIVES In a dose-finding crossover study, we evaluated the effect of glycomacropeptide (GMP) on satiety, glucose homeostasis, amino acid concentrations, inflammation, and the fecal microbiome in 13 obese women. METHODS Eligible women were ≤10 yr past menopause with a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)] of 28 to 35 and no underlying inflammatory condition affecting study outcomes. Participants consumed GMP supplements (15 g GMP + 10 g whey protein) twice daily for 1 wk and thrice daily for 1 wk, with a washout period between the 2 wk. Women completed a meal tolerance test (MTT) on day 1 (soy MTT) and day 7 (GMP MTT) of each week. During each test, subjects underwent measures of glucose homeostasis, satiety, cytokines, and the fecal microbiome compared with that of usual diet, and rated the acceptability of consuming GMP supplements. RESULTS The mean ± SE age of the 13 women was 57 ± 1 yr, with a median of 8 yr (range: 3-9 yr) past menopause and a BMI of 30 (IQR: 29-32). GMP was highly acceptable to participants, permitting high adherence. Metabolic effects were similar for twice or thrice daily GMP supplementation. Glucose, insulin, and cytokine concentrations were no different. The postprandial area under the curve (AUC) for glucagon concentrations was significantly lower, and the insulin-glucagon ratio was significantly higher with GMP than that with the soy MTT. Postprandial AUC amylin concentration was significantly higher with GMP than that with the soy MTT and correlated with C-peptide (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.52) and greater satiety. Ingestion of GMP supplements twice daily reduced members of the genus Streptococcus (P = 0.009) and thrice daily consumption reduced overall α diversity. CONCLUSIONS GMP is shown to increase amylin concentrations, improve glucose homeostasis, and alter the fecal microbiome. GMP can be a helpful nutritional supplement in obese postmenopausal women at risk for metabolic syndrome. Further investigation is warranted. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05551091.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Hansen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sangita Murali
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ibrahim Z Chaves
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denise M Ney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Al-Hassany L, Boucherie DM, Creeney H, van Drie RWA, Farham F, Favaretto S, Gollion C, Grangeon L, Lyons H, Marschollek K, Onan D, Pensato U, Stanyer E, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Wiels W, Chen HZ, Amin FM. Future targets for migraine treatment beyond CGRP. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:76. [PMID: 37370051 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder. Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This knowledge has led to the development of CGRP(-receptor) therapies. Yet, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, alternative targets for future therapies are warranted. The current narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of these possible non-CGRP targets in migraine. FINDINGS We covered targets of the metabotropic receptors (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), amylin, and adrenomedullin), intracellular targets (nitric oxide (NO), phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) and -5 (PDE5)), and ion channels (potassium, calcium, transient receptor potential (TRP), and acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)). The majority of non-CGRP targets were able to induce migraine-like attacks, except for (i) calcium channels, as it is not yet possible to directly target channels to elucidate their precise involvement in migraine; (ii) TRP channels, activation of which can induce non-migraine headache; and (iii) ASICs, as their potential in inducing migraine attacks has not been investigated thus far. Drugs that target its receptors exist for PACAP, NO, and the potassium, TRP, and ASIC channels. No selective drugs exist for the other targets, however, some existing (migraine) treatments appear to indirectly antagonize responses to amylin, adrenomedullin, and calcium channels. Drugs against PACAP, NO, potassium channels, TRP channels, and only a PAC1 antibody have been tested for migraine treatment, albeit with ambiguous results. CONCLUSION While current research on these non-CGRP drug targets has not yet led to the development of efficacious therapies, human provocation studies using these targets have provided valuable insight into underlying mechanisms of migraine headaches and auras. Further studies are needed on these alternative therapies in non-responders of CGRP(-receptor) targeted therapies with the ultimate aim to pave the way towards a headache-free future for all migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Al-Hassany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deirdre M Boucherie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Creeney
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruben W A van Drie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Department of Headache, Iranian Centre of Neurological Researchers, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Silvia Favaretto
- Headache Center, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Neurology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karol Marschollek
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dilara Onan
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Pensato
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emily Stanyer
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wietse Wiels
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Zhou Chen
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Guglielmi V, Bettini S, Sbraccia P, Busetto L, Pellegrini M, Yumuk V, Colao AM, El Ghoch M, Muscogiuri G. Beyond Weight Loss: Added Benefits Could Guide the Choice of Anti-Obesity Medications. Curr Obes Rep 2023:10.1007/s13679-023-00502-7. [PMID: 37209215 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the added benefits of approved and upcoming, centrally-acting, anti-obesity drugs, focusing not only on the most common metabolic and cardiovascular effects but also on their less explored clinical benefits and drawbacks, in order to provide clinicians with a tool for more comprehensive, pharmacological management of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity is increasingly prevalent worldwide and has become a challenge for healthcare systems and societies. Reduced life expectancy and cardiometabolic complications are some of the consequences of this complex disease. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of obesity have led to the development of several promising pharmacologic targets, so that even more effective drugs are on the horizon. The perspective of having a wider range of treatments increases the chance to personalize therapy. This primarily has the potential to take advantage of the long-term use of anti-obesity medication for safe, effective and sustainable weight loss, and to concomitantly address obesity complications/comorbidities when already established. The evolving scenario of the availability of anti-obesity drugs and the increasing knowledge of their added effects on obesity complications will allow clinicians to move into a new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit - Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Internal Medicine 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit - Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Internal Medicine 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Anna Maria Colao
- Italian Centre for the Care and Well-Being of Patients With Obesity (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Università Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Diabetologia E Andrologia, Unità Di Endocrinologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marwan El Ghoch
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Diabetologia E Andrologia, Unità Di Endocrinologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Kotiya D, Leibold N, Verma N, Jicha GA, Goldstein LB, Despa F. Rapid, scalable assay of amylin-β amyloid co-aggregation in brain tissue and blood. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104682. [PMID: 37030503 PMCID: PMC10192925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) secreted from the pancreas crosses from the blood to the brain parenchyma and forms cerebral mixed amylin-β amyloid (Aβ) plaques in persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebral amylin-Aβ plaques are found in both sporadic and early-onset familial AD; however, the role of amylin-Aβ co-aggregation in potential mechanisms underlying this association remains unknown, in part due to lack of assays for detection of these complexes. Here, we report the development of an ELISA to detect amylin-Aβ hetero-oligomers in brain tissue and blood. The amylin-Aβ ELISA relies on a monoclonal anti-Aβ mid-domain antibody (detection) and a polyclonal anti-amylin antibody (capture) designed to recognize an epitope that is distinct from the high affinity amylin-Aβ binding sites. The utility of this assay is supported by the analysis of molecular amylin-Aβ codeposition in postmortem brain tissue obtained from persons with and without AD pathology. By using transgenic AD-model rats, we show that this new assay can detect circulating amylin-Aβ hetero-oligomers in the blood and is sensitive to their dissociation to monomers. This is important because therapeutic strategies to block amylin-Aβ co-aggregation could reduce or delay the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kotiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Noah Leibold
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Larry B Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Moracci L, Crotti S, Traldi P, Agostini M, Cosma C, Lapolla A. Role of mass spectrometry in the study of interactions between amylin and metal ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:984-1007. [PMID: 34558100 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide [IAPP]) is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized with insulin in the beta cells of pancreatic islets. The two hormones act in different ways: in fact insulin triggers glucose uptake in muscle and liver cells, removing glucose from the bloodstream and making it available for energy use and storage, while amylin regulates glucose homeostasis. Aside these positive physiological aspects, human amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) readily forms amyloid in vitro. Amyloids are aggregates of proteins and in the human body amyloids are considered responsible of the development of various diseases. These aspects have been widely described and discussed in literature and to give a view of the highly complexity of this biochemical behavior the different physical, chemical, biological and medical aspects are shortly described in this review. It is strongly affected by the presence on metal ions, responsible for or inhibiting the formation of fibrils. Mass spectrometry resulted (and still results) to be a particularly powerful tool to obtain valid and effective experimental data to describe the hIAPP behavior. Aside classical approaches devoted to investigation on metal ion-hIAPP structures, which reflects on the identification of metal-protein interaction site(s) and of possible metal-induced conformational changes of the protein, interesting results have been obtained by ion mobility mass spectrometry, giving, on the basis of collisional cross-section data, information on both the oligomerization processes and the conformation changes. Laser ablation electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LAESI-IMS-MS), allowed to obtain information on the binding stoichiometry, complex dissociation constant, and the oxidation state of the copper for the amylin-copper interaction. Alternatively to inorganic ions, small organic molecules have been tested by ESI-IMS-MS as inhibitor of amyloid assembly. Also in this case the obtained data demonstrate the validity of the ESI-IMS-MS approach as a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of amyloid assembly, providing valid information concerning the identity of the interacting species, the nature of binding and the effect of the ligand on protein aggregation. Effects of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in the degradation of human and murine IAPP by insulin-degrading enzyme were studied by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The literature data show that mass spectrometry is a highly valid and effective tool in the study of the amylin behavior, so to individuate medical strategies to avoid the undesired formation of amyloids in in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moracci
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Fukumitsu K, Kuroda KO. Behavioral and histochemical characterization of sexually dimorphic responses to acute social isolation and reunion in mice. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00071-8. [PMID: 37030575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
In many mammalian species, females exhibit higher sociability and gregariousness than males, presumably due to the benefit of group living for maternal care. We have previously reported that adult female mice exhibit contact-seeking behaviors upon acute social isolation via amylin-calcitonin receptor (Calcr) signaling in the medial preoptic area (MPOA). In this study, we examined the sex differences in the behavioral responses to acute social isolation and reunion, and the levels of amylin and Calcr expression in the MPOA. We found that male mice exhibited significantly less contact-seeking upon social isolation. Upon reunion, male mice contacted each other to a similar extent as females, but their interactions were more aggressive and less affiliative compared with females. While Calcr-expressing neurons were activated during social contacts in males as in females, the amylin and Calcr expression were significantly lower in males than in females. Together with our previous findings, these findings suggested that the lower expression of both amylin and Calcr may explain the lower contact-seeking and social affiliation of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kansai Fukumitsu
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan.
| | - Kumi O Kuroda
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan.
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Russo AF, Hay DL. CGRP physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic targets: migraine and beyond. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1565-1644. [PMID: 36454715 PMCID: PMC9988538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory neurons as well as in other cell types, such as motor neurons and neuroendocrine cells. CGRP acts via at least two G protein-coupled receptors that form unusual complexes with receptor activity-modifying proteins. These are the CGRP receptor and the AMY1 receptor; in rodents, additional receptors come into play. Although CGRP is known to produce many effects, the precise molecular identity of the receptor(s) that mediates CGRP effects is seldom clear. Despite the many enigmas still in CGRP biology, therapeutics that target the CGRP axis to treat or prevent migraine are a bench-to-bedside success story. This review provides a contextual background on the regulation and sites of CGRP expression and CGRP receptor pharmacology. The physiological actions of CGRP in the nervous system are discussed, along with updates on CGRP actions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems and metabolic effects of CGRP in muscle and adipose tissues. We cover how CGRP in these systems is associated with disease states, most notably migraine. In this context, we discuss how CGRP actions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems provide a basis for therapeutic targeting of CGRP in migraine. Finally, we highlight potentially fertile ground for the development of additional therapeutics and combinatorial strategies that could be designed to modulate CGRP signaling for migraine and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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38
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Lutz TA. Mammalian models of diabetes mellitus, with a focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:350-360. [PMID: 36941447 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Although no single animal model replicates all aspects of diabetes mellitus in humans, animal models are essential for the study of energy balance and metabolism control as well as to investigate the reasons for their imbalance that could eventually lead to overt metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The most frequently used animal models in diabetes mellitus research are small rodents that harbour spontaneous genetic mutations or that can be manipulated genetically or by other means to influence their nutrient metabolism and nutrient handling. Non-rodent species, including pigs, cats and dogs, are also useful models in diabetes mellitus research. This Review will outline the advantages and disadvantages of selected animal models of diabetes mellitus to build a basis for their most appropriate use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Demartini C, Francavilla M, Zanaboni AM, Facchetti S, De Icco R, Martinelli D, Allena M, Greco R, Tassorelli C. Biomarkers of Migraine: An Integrated Evaluation of Preclinical and Clinical Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065334. [PMID: 36982428 PMCID: PMC10049673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to identify reliable biomarkers useful in migraine diagnosis and progression or associated with the response to a specific treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the alleged diagnostic and therapeutic migraine biomarkers found in biofluids and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We included the most informative data from clinical or preclinical studies, with a particular emphasis on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cytokines, endocannabinoids, and other biomolecules, the majority of which are related to the inflammatory aspects and mechanisms of migraine, as well as other actors that play a role in the disease. The potential issues affecting biomarker analysis are also discussed, such as how to deal with bias and confounding data. CGRP and other biological factors associated with the trigeminovascular system may offer intriguing and novel precision medicine opportunities, although the biological stability of the samples used, as well as the effects of the confounding role of age, gender, diet, and metabolic factors should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Demartini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Facchetti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Martinelli
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Allena
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0382)-380255
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Expression of the Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor (CALCRL) in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043960. [PMID: 36835377 PMCID: PMC9962437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available concerning protein expression of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) at the protein level. Here, we developed a rabbit monoclonal antibody, 8H9L8, which is directed against human CALCRL but cross-reacts with the rat and mouse forms of the receptor. We confirmed antibody specificity via Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry using the CALCRL-expressing neuroendocrine tumour cell line BON-1 and a CALCRL-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). We then used the antibody for immunohistochemical analyses of various formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of normal and neoplastic tissues. In nearly all tissue specimens examined, CALCRL expression was detected in the capillary endothelium, smooth muscles of the arterioles and arteries, and immune cells. Analyses of normal human, rat, and mouse tissues revealed that CALCRL was primarily present in distinct cell populations in the cerebral cortex; pituitary; dorsal root ganglia; epithelia, muscles, and glands of the larger bronchi; intestinal mucosa (particularly in enteroendocrine cells); intestinal ganglia; exocrine and endocrine pancreas; arteries, capillaries, and glomerular capillary loops in the kidneys; the adrenals; Leydig cells in the testicles; and syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta. In the neoplastic tissues, CALCRL was predominantly expressed in thyroid carcinomas, parathyroid adenomas, small-cell lung cancers, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, renal clear-cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, lymphomas, and melanomas. In these tumours with strong expression of CALCRL, the receptor may represent a useful target structure for future therapies.
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Papiri G, D’Andreamatteo G, Cacchiò G, Alia S, Silvestrini M, Paci C, Luzzi S, Vignini A. Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1443-1470. [PMID: 36826039 PMCID: PMC9954863 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common acquired demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Its pathogenesis, in parallel with the well-established role of mechanisms pertaining to autoimmunity, involves several key functions of immune, glial and nerve cells. The disease's natural history is complex, heterogeneous and may evolve over a relapsing-remitting (RRMS) or progressive (PPMS/SPMS) course. Acute inflammation, driven by infiltration of peripheral cells in the CNS, is thought to be the most relevant process during the earliest phases and in RRMS, while disruption in glial and neural cells of pathways pertaining to energy metabolism, survival cascades, synaptic and ionic homeostasis are thought to be mostly relevant in long-standing disease, such as in progressive forms. In this complex scenario, many mechanisms originally thought to be distinctive of neurodegenerative disorders are being increasingly recognized as crucial from the beginning of the disease. The present review aims at highlighting mechanisms in common between MS, autoimmune diseases and biology of neurodegenerative disorders. In fact, there is an unmet need to explore new targets that might be involved as master regulators of autoimmunity, inflammation and survival of nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Papiri
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Giordano D’Andreamatteo
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cacchiò
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Sonila Alia
- Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Silvestrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Paci
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Simona Luzzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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42
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Fukumitsu K, Huang AJ, McHugh TJ, Kuroda KO. Role of Calcr expressing neurons in the medial amygdala in social contact among females. Mol Brain 2023; 16:10. [PMID: 36658598 PMCID: PMC9850531 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Social animals become stressed upon social isolation, proactively engaging in affiliative contacts among conspecifics after resocialization. We have previously reported that calcitonin receptor (Calcr) expressing neurons in the central part of the medial preoptic area (cMPOA) mediate contact-seeking behaviors in female mice. Calcr neurons in the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdala (MeApd) are also activated by resocialization, however their role in social affiliation is still unclear. Here we first investigated the functional characteristics of MeApd Calcr + cells; these neurons are GABAergic and show female-biased Calcr expression. Next, using an adeno-associated virus vector expressing a short hairpin RNA targeting Calcr we aimed to identify its molecular role in the MeApd. Inhibiting Calcr expression in the MeApd increased social contacts during resocialization without affecting locomotor activity, suggesting that the endogenous Calcr signaling in the MeApd suppresses social contacts. These results demonstrate the distinct roles of Calcr in the cMPOA and MeApd for regulating social affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kansai Fukumitsu
- grid.474690.8Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Arthur J. Huang
- grid.474690.8Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Thomas J. McHugh
- grid.474690.8Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kumi O. Kuroda
- grid.474690.8Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Hirosawa 2-1, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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43
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Verma N, Velmurugan GV, Winford E, Coburn H, Kotiya D, Leibold N, Radulescu L, Despa S, Chen KC, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT, Wilcock DM, Jicha GA, Stowe AM, Goldstein LB, Powel DK, Walton JH, Navedo MF, Nystoriak MA, Murray AJ, Biessels GJ, Troakes C, Zetterberg H, Hardy J, Lashley T, Despa F. Aβ efflux impairment and inflammation linked to cerebrovascular accumulation of amyloid-forming amylin secreted from pancreas. Commun Biol 2023; 6:2. [PMID: 36596993 PMCID: PMC9810597 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of vascular pathways of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) elimination contributes to Alzheimer disease (AD). Vascular damage is commonly associated with diabetes. Here we show in human tissues and AD-model rats that bloodborne islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) secreted from the pancreas perturbs cerebral Aβ clearance. Blood amylin concentrations are higher in AD than in cognitively unaffected persons. Amyloid-forming amylin accumulates in circulating monocytes and co-deposits with Aβ within the brain microvasculature, possibly involving inflammation. In rats, pancreatic expression of amyloid-forming human amylin indeed induces cerebrovascular inflammation and amylin-Aβ co-deposits. LRP1-mediated Aβ transport across the blood-brain barrier and Aβ clearance through interstitial fluid drainage along vascular walls are impaired, as indicated by Aβ deposition in perivascular spaces. At the molecular level, cerebrovascular amylin deposits alter immune and hypoxia-related brain gene expression. These converging data from humans and laboratory animals suggest that altering bloodborne amylin could potentially reduce cerebrovascular amylin deposits and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Edric Winford
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Han Coburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deepak Kotiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Noah Leibold
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Laura Radulescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sanda Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kuey C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- UKHC Genomics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - David K Powel
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Troakes
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Kotliar IB, Lorenzen E, Schwenk JM, Hay DL, Sakmar TP. Elucidating the Interactome of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1-34. [PMID: 36757898 PMCID: PMC9832379 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to interact with several other classes of integral membrane proteins that modulate their biology and pharmacology. However, the extent of these interactions and the mechanisms of their effects are not well understood. For example, one class of GPCR-interacting proteins, receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), comprise three related and ubiquitously expressed single-transmembrane span proteins. The RAMP family was discovered more than two decades ago, and since then GPCR-RAMP interactions and their functional consequences on receptor trafficking and ligand selectivity have been documented for several secretin (class B) GPCRs, most notably the calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Recent bioinformatics and multiplexed experimental studies suggest that GPCR-RAMP interactions might be much more widespread than previously anticipated. Recently, cryo-electron microscopy has provided high-resolution structures of GPCR-RAMP-ligand complexes, and drugs have been developed that target GPCR-RAMP complexes. In this review, we provide a summary of recent advances in techniques that allow the discovery of GPCR-RAMP interactions and their functional consequences and highlight prospects for future advances. We also provide an up-to-date list of reported GPCR-RAMP interactions based on a review of the current literature. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) have emerged as modulators of many aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)biology and pharmacology. The application of new methodologies to study membrane protein-protein interactions suggests that RAMPs interact with many more GPCRs than had been previously known. These findings, especially when combined with structural studies of membrane protein complexes, have significant implications for advancing GPCR-targeted drug discovery and the understanding of GPCR pharmacology, biology, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Kotliar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Emily Lorenzen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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46
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Kurtzhals P, Østergaard S, Nishimura E, Kjeldsen T. Derivatization with fatty acids in peptide and protein drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:59-80. [PMID: 36002588 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are widely used to treat a range of medical conditions; however, they often have to be injected and their effects are short-lived. These shortcomings of the native structure can be addressed by molecular engineering, but this is a complex undertaking. A molecular engineering technology initially applied to insulin - and which has now been successfully applied to several biopharmaceuticals - entails the derivatization of peptides and proteins with fatty acids. Various protraction mechanisms are enabled by the specific characteristics and positions of the attached fatty acid. Furthermore, the technology can ensure a long half-life following oral administration of peptide drugs, can alter the distribution of peptides and may hold potential for tissue targeting. Due to the inherent safety and well-defined chemical nature of the fatty acids, this technology provides a versatile approach to peptide and protein drug discovery.
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Tassopoulou VP, Tzara A, Kourounakis AP. Design of Improved Antidiabetic Drugs: A Journey from Single to Multitarget Agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200320. [PMID: 36184571 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multifactorial diseases exhibit a complex pathophysiology with several factors contributing to their pathogenesis and development. Examples of such disorders are neurodegenerative (e. g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) and cardiovascular diseases (e. g. atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, diabetes II). Traditional therapeutic approaches with single-target drugs have been proven, in many cases, unsatisfactory for the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as diabetes II. The well-established by now strategy of multitarget drugs is constantly gaining interest and momentum, as a more effective approach. The development of pharmacomolecules able to simultaneously modulate multiple relevant-to-the-disease targets has already several successful examples in various fields and has, as such, inspired the design of multitarget antidiabetic agents; this review highlights the design aspect and efficacy of this approach for improved antidiabetics by presenting several examples of successful pharmacophore combinations in (multitarget) agents that modulate two or more molecular targets involved in diabetes II, resulting in a superior antihyperglycemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki-Panagiota Tassopoulou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
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Chen Y, Li Q, Li X, Liu H, Li P, Hai R, Guo Y, Wang S, Wang K, Du C. Amylin regulates testosterone levels via steroidogenesis-related enzymes in the central nervous system of male mice. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102288. [PMID: 36279616 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a peripheral satiation signal polypeptide co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. Amylin participates in the eating-inhibitory effect and regulates energy metabolism by acting on the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of amylin in regulating the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, such as testosterone, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) remains unexplored. However, only limited evidence is available on the involvement of amylin in steroid synthesis, we hypothesize that amylin regulates testosterone levels via steroidogenesis-related enzymes in the CNS. In this study, we elucidated the effect of intraperitoneal injection of amylin on the protein expression of steroidogenesis-related enzymes, including 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). Additionally, the effect of amylin on testosterone levels in male mice was examined. Our results suggested that 3β-HSD and CYP17A1 neurons were widely expressed in the CNS of male mice, whereas StAR neurons were mainly expressed in the zona incerta (ZI) and locus coeruleus (LC) regions. Intraperitoneal injection of amylin significantly reduced (p < 0.01) the expression of 3β-HSD, CYP17A1, and StAR in ZI and other areas near the third ventricle (3 V) but increased (p < 0.01) pERK expression, brain testosterone levels, serum FSH, serum LH, and decreased (p < 0.01) serum testosterone levels in mice. In conclusion, amylin regulates testosterone levels via steroidogenesis-related enzymes in the central nervous system of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Chen
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Haodong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Rihan Hai
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050000, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation Physiology and Green Production in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050000, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation Physiology and Green Production in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Chenguang Du
- Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Does receptor balance matter? – Comparing the efficacies of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists cagrilintide and KBP-336 on metabolic parameters in preclinical models. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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Sekiguchi T. Evolution of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family in chordates: Identification of CT/CGRP family peptides in cartilaginous fish genome. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 328:114123. [PMID: 36075341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin (CT)/CT gene-related peptide (CGRP) family is a peptide gene family that is widely found in bilaterians. CT, CGRP, adrenomedullin (AM), amylin (AMY), and CT receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP) are members of the CT/CGRP family. In mammals, CT is involved in calcium homeostasis, while CGRP and AM primarily function in vasodilation. AMY and CRSP are associated with anorectic effects. Diversification of the molecular features and physiological functions of the CT/CGRP family in vertebrate lineages have been extensively reported. However, the origin and diversification mechanisms of the vertebrate CT/CGRP family of peptides remain unclear. In this review, the molecular characteristics of CT/CGRP family peptides and their receptors, along with their major physiological functions in mammals and teleosts, are introduced. Furthermore, novel candidates of the CT/CGRP family in cartilaginous fish are presented based on genomic information. The CT/CGRP family peptides and receptors in urochordates and cephalochordates, which are closely related to vertebrates, are also described. Finally, a putative evolutionary scenario of the CT/CGRP family peptides and receptors in chordates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
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