1
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Hargreaves AL, Ensing J, Rahn O, Oliveira FMP, Burkiewicz J, Lafond J, Haeussler S, Byerley-Best MB, Lazda K, Slinn HL, Martin E, Carlson ML, Sformo TL, Dawson-Glass E, Chiuffo MC, Vargas-Rodriguez YL, García-Jiménez CI, Gomes IJMT, Klemet-N'Guessan S, Paolucci L, Joly S, Mehltreter K, Muñoz J, Buono C, Brodie JF, Rodriguez-Campbell A, Veen T, Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Muñoz JC, Paquette A, Butler J, Suaréz E. Latitudinal gradients in seed predation persist in urbanized environments. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02504-7. [PMID: 39237759 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization is creating a new global biome, in which cities and suburbs around the world often resemble each other more than the local natural areas they replaced. But while urbanization can profoundly affect ecology at local scales, we know little about whether it disrupts large-scale ecological patterns. Here we test whether urbanization disrupts a macroecological pattern central to ecological and evolutionary theory: the increase in seed predation intensity from high to low latitudes. Across 14,000 km of latitude spanning the Americas, we compared predation intensity on two species of standardized experimental seeds in urbanized and natural areas. In natural areas, predation on both seed species increased fivefold from high latitudes to the tropics, one of the strongest latitudinal gradients in species interactions documented so far. Surprisingly, latitudinal gradients in predation were equally strong in urbanized areas despite significant habitat modification. Nevertheless, urbanization did affect seed predation. Compared with natural areas, urbanization reduced overall predation and vertebrate predation, did not affect predation by invertebrates in general, and increased predation by ants. Our results show that macroecological patterns in predation intensity can persist in urbanized environments, even as urbanization alters the relative importance of predators and potentially the evolutionary trajectory of urban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Ensing
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olivia Rahn
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernanda M P Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológica, Universidade de Pernambuco; Campus Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Jérôme Burkiewicz
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joëlle Lafond
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sybille Haeussler
- University of Northern British Columbia, Smithers, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Brooke Byerley-Best
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth Botanic Garden, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kira Lazda
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather L Slinn
- Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Vive Crop Protection, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Martin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew L Carlson
- Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Todd L Sformo
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Mariana C Chiuffo
- INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | | | - Inácio J M T Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Paolucci
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simon Joly
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Klaus Mehltreter
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jenny Muñoz
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carmela Buono
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Biological Science and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Thor Veen
- Quest University Canada, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Esteban Suaréz
- Instituto Biósfera and Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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2
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Sadiki KG, Yessoufou K, Suinyuy TN. Resource dilution effect rather than resource concentration hypothesis explains the patterns of pre-dispersal seed predation of an African cycad along an elevational gradient in South Africa. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70209. [PMID: 39193172 PMCID: PMC11347868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Encephalartos is entirely endemic to Africa, and like most cycad species, the genus is at risk of extinction. One of the threats jeopardising the future of the genus is reproduction failure, a failure that is still poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate what predisposes Encephalartos species to seed damages through predation, a potential cause of reproduction failure. We collected functional traits of 430 individuals of Encephalartos villosus, as well as data on pre-dispersal seed predation, habitat type and elevation in the Origi Gorge Nature Reserve, South Africa. Then, we analysed our data by fitting a structural equation model. We found that plants tend to be taller when moving from open to close habitat, whereas plant height tends to increase along elevation. In addition, taller plants tend to have more leaves, and plant canopy size shows significant positive relationship with elevation, plant height and number of leaves. These findings suggest a leaf height-canopy dimension strategy perhaps in response to environmental stresses imposed by elevation. We tested the effects of habitat types on seed production. Although there were significantly more seeds in open habitats, open habitats showed the lowest proportion of predated seeds. Finally, we tested the effects of elevation on seed production. We found that seed production decreases along elevation while the proportion of predated seeds increases. Under the resource concentration hypothesis, these findings (where there are more resources, predation is low) are unexpected, suggesting rather that it is the resource dilution effect that matches the pre-dispersal seed predation patterns in our study area. We suggest that anthropogenic pressures at lower elevation due to easy access may cause seed predators to shift towards higher elevation where they cause heavier damage to seed, thus perhaps contributing to the extinction risk of the genus Encephalartos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantakwa Grégoire Sadiki
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy StudiesUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Kowiyou Yessoufou
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy StudiesUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Terence N. Suinyuy
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural SciencesUniversity of MpumalangaMbombelaSouth Africa
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Kwazulu‐NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
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3
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Huang X, Wang J, Dumack K, Anantharaman K, Ma B, He Y, Liu W, Di H, Li Y, Xu J. Temperature-dependent trophic associations modulate soil bacterial communities along latitudinal gradients. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae145. [PMID: 39113591 PMCID: PMC11334336 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental and biological mechanisms shaping latitudinal patterns in microbial diversity is challenging in the field of ecology. Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain these patterns, a consensus has rarely been reached. Here, we conducted a large-scale field survey and microcosm experiments to investigate how environmental heterogeneity and putative trophic interactions (exerted by protist-bacteria associations and T4-like virus-bacteria associations) affect soil bacterial communities along a latitudinal gradient. We found that the microbial latitudinal diversity was kingdom dependent, showing decreasing, clumped, and increasing trends in bacteria, protists, and T4-like viruses, respectively. Climatic and edaphic drivers played predominant roles in structuring the bacterial communities; the intensity of the climatic effect increased sharply from 30°N to 32°N, whereas the intensity of the edaphic effect remained stable. Biotic associations were also essential in shaping the bacterial communities, with protist-bacteria associations showing a quadratic distribution, whereas virus-bacteria associations were significant only at high latitudes. The microcosm experiments further revealed that the temperature component, which is affiliated with climate conditions, is the primary regulator of trophic associations along the latitudinal gradient. Overall, our study highlights a previously underestimated mechanism of how the putative biotic interactions influence bacterial communities and their response to environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kenneth Dumack
- Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Karthik Anantharaman
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongjie Di
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Moore NA, Morales-Castilla I, Hargreaves AL, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ, Villalobos F, Calosi P, Clusella-Trullas S, Rubalcaba JG, Algar AC, Martínez B, Rodríguez L, Gravel S, Bennett JM, Vega GC, Rahbek C, Araújo MB, Bernhardt JR, Sunday JM. Temperate species underfill their tropical thermal potentials on land. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1993-2003. [PMID: 37932384 PMCID: PMC10697837 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how temperature determines the distribution of life is necessary to assess species' sensitivities to contemporary climate change. Here, we test the importance of temperature in limiting the geographic ranges of ectotherms by comparing the temperatures and areas that species occupy to the temperatures and areas species could potentially occupy on the basis of their physiological thermal tolerances. We find that marine species across all latitudes and terrestrial species from the tropics occupy temperatures that closely match their thermal tolerances. However, terrestrial species from temperate and polar latitudes are absent from warm, thermally tolerable areas that they could potentially occupy beyond their equatorward range limits, indicating that extreme temperature is often not the factor limiting their distributions at lower latitudes. This matches predictions from the hypothesis that adaptation to cold environments that facilitates survival in temperate and polar regions is associated with a performance trade-off that reduces species' abilities to contend in the tropics, possibly due to biotic exclusion. Our findings predict more direct responses to climate warming of marine ranges and cool range edges of terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Moore
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Department of Life Sciences, Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Universidad de Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Olalla-Tárraga
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Piero Calosi
- Marine Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology Laboratory, Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- Department of Botany and Zoology and School for Climate Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Juan G Rubalcaba
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Adam C Algar
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brezo Martínez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Biology (Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA), Marine Sciences Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de G.C., Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Sarah Gravel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Greta C Vega
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Miguel B Araújo
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair, MED Institute, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Nepal S, Trunschke J, Ren ZX, Burgess KS, Wang H. Community-wide patterns in pollen and ovule production, their ratio (P/O), and other floral traits along an elevation gradient in southwestern China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:425. [PMID: 37710175 PMCID: PMC10500814 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants, pollen and ovules largely determine the upper and lower boundaries of plant reproductive success. It is commonly predicted that pollen and ovule number per flower should increase, and pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) per flower should decrease with increasing elevation in response to a more stochastic pollination environment. Here, we aimed to determine the response of pollen number, ovule number, and P/O to other floral traits and elevation gradients for 84 insect-pollinated herbaceous flowering plant species in five sub-alpine and alpine communities (2709 to 3896 m a.s.l.) on Yulong Snow Mountain, southwestern China. RESULTS Six floral traits, including P/O, floral display area, flower number, tube depth, flower shape, and pollen presentation, were highly correlated with pollen and ovule number per flower. With increasing elevation, pollen number and P/O per flower increased marginally and significantly, respectively; ovule number per individual, flower number per individual, stigma stamen separation, and inflorescence height decreased significantly. However, ovule number per flower and other floral traits (i.e., floral display area, tube depth, stigma height, stamen height, and pollen and P/O per individual) did not change with elevation. We detected significant phylogenetic signals for pollen number, ovule number, and P/O, suggesting that these traits may be highly conserved and with limited response to changing environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed patterns of plant reproductive character evolution along elevation gradients and the potential factors governing their spatial variation in high-elevation environments. Plant species at high elevations are more likely adapted to cross-pollination, indicated by increased P/O per flower at high elevations on Yulong Mountain. Combined effects of phylogenetic history and plant-pollinator interactions should determine plant trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristhi Nepal
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Judith Trunschke
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Department of Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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6
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Yu F, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yi X, Zhang S, Ma J, Dong Z, Chen G, Ma K. High rodent abundance increases seed removal but decreases scatter-hoarding and seedling recruitment along an elevational gradient. Integr Zool 2023; 18:843-858. [PMID: 36300758 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of small rodents in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information regarding the effects of climate change on the dispersal of plant species. However, few studies of oak forest ecosystems have compared the elevational patterns of sympatric rodent diversity, seed dispersal, seed bank, and seedling abundance. Thus, we tested the differences in the seed disperser composition and abundance, seed dispersal, seed bank abundance, and seedling recruitment for Quercus wutaishanica along 10 elevation levels in the Taihang Mountains, China. Our results provide strong evidence that complex asymmetric seed dispersal and seedling regeneration exist along an elevational gradient. The abundance of rodents had a significant negative correlation with the elevation and the seed removal rates peaked and then declined with increasing elevation. The seed removal rates were higher at middle and lower elevations than higher elevations but acorns were predated by 5 species of seed predators at middle and lower elevations, and thus, there was a lower likelihood of recruitment compared with those dropped beneath mother oaks at higher elevations. More importantly, the number of individual seeds in the seed bank and seedlings increased with the elevation, although dispersal services were reduced at sites lacking rodents. As conditional mutualists, the rodents could possibly act as antagonistic seed predators rather than mutualistic seed dispersers at low and middle elevations, thereby resulting in the asymmetric pattern of rodent and seedling abundance with increasing elevation to affect the community assembly and ecosystem functions on a large spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Linjun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Keming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Chen Y, McConkey KR, Fan P. Sympatric primate seed dispersers and predators jointly contribute to plant diversity in a subtropical forest. Oecologia 2023; 202:715-727. [PMID: 37553533 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic and antagonistic plant-animal interactions differentially contribute to the maintenance of species diversity in ecological communities. Although both seed dispersal and predation by fruit-eating animals are recognized as important drivers of plant population dynamics, the mechanisms underlying how seed dispersers and predators jointly affect plant diversity remain largely unexplored. Based on mediating roles of seed size and species abundance, we investigated the effects of seed dispersal and predation by two sympatric primates (Nomascus concolor and Trachypithecus crepusculus) on local plant recruitment in a subtropical forest of China. Over a 26 month period, we confirmed that these primates were functionally distinct: gibbons were legitimate seed dispersers who dispersed seeds of 44 plant species, while langurs were primarily seed predators who destroyed seeds of 48 plant species. Gibbons dispersed medium-seeded species more effectively than small- and large-seeded species, and dispersed more seeds of rare species than common and dominant species. Langurs showed a similar predation rate across different sizes of seeds, but destroyed a large number of seeds from common species. Due to gut passage effects, gibbons significantly shortened the duration of seed germination for 58% of the dispersed species; however, for 54% of species, seed germination rates were reduced significantly. Our study underlined the contrasting contributions of two primate species to local plant recruitment processes. By dispersing rare species and destroying the seeds of common species, both primates might jointly maintain plant species diversity. To maintain healthy ecosystems, the conservation of mammals that play critical functional roles needs to receive further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kim R McConkey
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pengfei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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8
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Animal-mediated plant niche tracking in a changing climate. Trends Ecol Evol 2023:S0169-5347(23)00034-4. [PMID: 36932024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Over half of plant species are animal-dispersed, and our understanding of how animals can help plants move in response to climate change - a process known as niche tracking - is limited, but advancing rapidly. Recent research efforts find evidence that animals are helping plants track their niches. They also identify key conditions needed for animal-mediated niche tracking to occur, including alignment of the timing of seed availability, the directionality of animal movements, and microhabitat conditions where seeds are deposited. A research framework that measures niche tracking effectiveness by considering all parts of the niche-tracking process, and links together data and models from multiple disciplines, will lead to further insight and inform actions to help ecosystems adapt to a changing world.
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9
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Yuan ML, Westeen EP, Wogan GOU, Wang IJ. Female dewlap ornaments are evolutionarily labile and associated with increased diversification rates in Anolis lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221871. [PMID: 36382524 PMCID: PMC9667357 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of costly signalling traits has largely focused on male ornaments. However, our understanding of ornament evolution is necessarily incomplete without investigating the causes and consequences of variation in female ornamentation. Here, we study the Anolis lizard dewlap, a trait extensively studied as a male secondary sexual characteristic but present in females of several species. We characterized female dewlaps for 339 species to test hypotheses about their evolution. Our results did not support the hypothesis that female dewlaps are selected against throughout the anole phylogeny. Rather, we found that female dewlaps were evolutionary labile. We also did not find support for the adaptive hypothesis that interspecific competition drove the evolution of female dewlaps. However, we did find support for the pleiotropy hypothesis as species with larger females and reduced sexual size dimorphism were more likely to possess female dewlaps. Lastly, we found that female dewlap presence influenced diversification rates in anoles, but only secondarily to a hidden state. Our results demonstrate that female ornamentation is widespread in anoles and the traditional hypothesis of divergent selection between the sexes does not fully explain their evolution. Instead, female ornamentation is likely to be subject to complex adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Yuan
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erin P. Westeen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guinevere O. U. Wogan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Kozlov MV, Zverev V, Zvereva EL. Elevational changes in insect herbivory on woody plants in six mountain ranges of temperate Eurasia: Sources of variation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9468. [PMID: 36349250 PMCID: PMC9636509 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theory predicts that the intensity of biotic interactions, particularly herbivory, decreases with increasing latitude and elevation. However, recent studies have revealed substantial variation in both the latitudinal and elevational patterns of herbivory. This variation is often attributed to differences in study design and the type of data collected by different researchers. Here, we used a similar sampling protocol along elevational gradients in six mountain ranges, located at different latitudes within temperate Eurasia, to uncover the sources of variation in elevational patterns in insect herbivory on woody plant leaves. We discovered a considerable variation in elevational patterns among different mountain ranges; nevertheless, herbivory generally decreased with increasing elevation at both the community-wide and individual plant species levels. This decrease was mostly due to openly living defoliators, whereas no significant association was detected between herbivory and elevation among insects living within plant tissues (i.e., miners and gallers). The elevational decrease in herbivory was significant for deciduous plants but not for evergreen plants, and for tall plants but not for low-stature plants. The community-wide herbivory increased with increases in both specific leaf area and leaf size. The strength of the negative correlation between herbivory and elevation increased from lower to higher latitudes. We conclude that despite the predicted overall decrease with elevation, elevational gradients in herbivory demonstrate considerable variation, and this variation is mostly associated with herbivore feeding habits, some plant traits, and latitude of the mountain range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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11
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Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Meta-analysis of elevational changes in the intensity of trophic interactions: Similarities and dissimilarities with latitudinal patterns. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2076-2087. [PMID: 35950788 PMCID: PMC9545790 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The premise that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increasing latitudes and elevations is broadly accepted; however, whether these geographical patterns can be explained within a common theoretical framework remains unclear. Our goal was to identify the general pattern of elevational changes in trophic interactions and to explore the sources of variation among the outcomes of individual studies. Meta-analysis of 226 effect sizes calculated from 134 publications demonstrated a significant but interaction-specific decrease in the intensity of herbivory, carnivory and parasitism with increasing elevation. Nevertheless, this decrease was not significant at high latitudes and for interactions involving endothermic organisms, for herbivore outbreaks or for herbivores living within plant tissues. Herbivory similarly declined with increases in latitude and elevation, whereas carnivory showed a fivefold stronger decrease with elevation than with latitude and parasitism increased with latitude but decreased with elevation. Thus, although these gradients share a general pattern and several sources of variation in trophic interaction intensity, we discovered important dissimilarities, indicating that elevational and latitudinal changes in these interactions are partly driven by different factors. We conclude that the scope of the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis cannot be extended to incorporate elevational gradients.
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12
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Liu Y, Riley WJ, Keenan TF, Mekonnen ZA, Holm JA, Zhu Q, Torn MS. Dispersal and fire limit Arctic shrub expansion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3843. [PMID: 35788612 PMCID: PMC9253140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic shrub expansion alters carbon budgets, albedo, and warming rates in high latitudes but remains challenging to predict due to unclear underlying controls. Observational studies and models typically use relationships between observed shrub presence and current environmental suitability (bioclimate and topography) to predict shrub expansion, while omitting shrub demographic processes and non-stationary response to changing climate. Here, we use high-resolution satellite imagery across Alaska and western Canada to show that observed shrub expansion has not been controlled by environmental suitability during 1984-2014, but can only be explained by considering seed dispersal and fire. These findings provide the impetus for better observations of recruitment and for incorporating currently underrepresented processes of seed dispersal and fire in land models to project shrub expansion and climate feedbacks. Integrating these dynamic processes with projected fire extent and climate, we estimate shrubs will expand into 25% of the non-shrub tundra by 2100, in contrast to 39% predicted based on increasing environmental suitability alone. Thus, using environmental suitability alone likely overestimates and misrepresents shrub expansion pattern and its associated carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - William J Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Holm
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Day NJ, Johnstone JF, Reid KA, Cumming SG, Mack MC, Turetsky MR, Walker XJ, Baltzer JL. Material Legacies and Environmental Constraints Underlie Fire Resilience of a Dominant Boreal Forest Type. Ecosystems 2022; 26:473-490. [PMID: 37179797 PMCID: PMC10167110 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resilience of plant communities to disturbance is supported by multiple mechanisms, including ecological legacies affecting propagule availability, species' environmental tolerances, and biotic interactions. Understanding the relative importance of these mechanisms for plant community resilience supports predictions of where and how resilience will be altered with disturbance. We tested mechanisms underlying resilience of forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) to fire disturbance across a heterogeneous forest landscape in the Northwest Territories, Canada. We combined surveys of naturally regenerating seedlings at 219 burned plots with experimental manipulations of ecological legacies via seed addition of four tree species and vertebrate exclosures to limit granivory and herbivory at 30 plots varying in moisture and fire severity. Black spruce recovery was greatest where it dominated pre-fire, at wet sites with deep residual soil organic layers, and fire conditions of low soil or canopy combustion and longer return intervals. Experimental addition of seed indicated all species were seed-limited, emphasizing the importance of propagule legacies. Black spruce and birch (Betula papyrifera) recruitment were enhanced with vertebrate exclusion. Our combination of observational and experimental studies demonstrates black spruce is vulnerable to effects of increased fire activity that erode ecological legacies. Moreover, black spruce relies on wet areas with deep soil organic layers where other species are less competitive. However, other species can colonize these areas if enough seed is available or soil moisture is altered by climate change. Testing mechanisms underlying species' resilience to disturbance aids predictions of where vegetation will transform with effects of climate change. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10021-022-00772-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Day
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jill F. Johnstone
- YukonU Research Centre, Yukon University, Whitehorse, Yukon Canada
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA
| | - Kirsten A. Reid
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- Present Address: Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Steven G. Cumming
- Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona USA
| | - Merritt R. Turetsky
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado USA
| | - Xanthe J. Walker
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona USA
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14
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Ashton GV, Freestone AL, Duffy JE, Torchin ME, Sewall BJ, Tracy B, Albano M, Altieri AH, Altvater L, Bastida-Zavala R, Bortolus A, Brante A, Bravo V, Brown N, Buschmann AH, Buskey E, Barrera RC, Cheng B, Collin R, Coutinho R, De Gracia L, Dias GM, DiBacco C, Flores AAV, Haddad MA, Hoffman Z, Erquiaga BI, Janiak D, Campeán AJ, Keith I, Leclerc JC, Lecompte-Pérez OP, Longo GO, Matthews-Cascon H, McKenzie CH, Miller J, Munizaga M, Naval-Xavier LPD, Navarrete SA, Otálora C, Palomino-Alvarez LA, Palomo MG, Patrick C, Pegau C, Pereda SV, Rocha RM, Rumbold C, Sánchez C, Sanjuan-Muñoz A, Schlöder C, Schwindt E, Seemann J, Shanks A, Simoes N, Skinner L, Suárez-Mozo NY, Thiel M, Valdivia N, Velez-Zuazo X, Vieira EA, Vildoso B, Wehrtmann IS, Whalen M, Wilbur L, Ruiz GM. Predator control of marine communities increases with temperature across 115 degrees of latitude. Science 2022; 376:1215-1219. [PMID: 35679394 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early naturalists suggested that predation intensity increases toward the tropics, affecting fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes by latitude, but empirical support is still limited. Several studies have measured consumption rates across latitude at large scales, with variable results. Moreover, how predation affects prey community composition at such geographic scales remains unknown. Using standardized experiments that spanned 115° of latitude, at 36 nearshore sites along both coasts of the Americas, we found that marine predators have both higher consumption rates and consistently stronger impacts on biomass and species composition of marine invertebrate communities in warmer tropical waters, likely owing to fish predators. Our results provide robust support for a temperature-dependent gradient in interaction strength and have potential implications for how marine ecosystems will respond to ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail V Ashton
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Tiburon, CA and Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Freestone
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Tiburon, CA and Edgewater, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - J Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Tracy
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Tiburon, CA and Edgewater, MD, USA.,United States Naval Academy Oceanography Department, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Mariano Albano
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Andrew H Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luciana Altvater
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rolando Bastida-Zavala
- Laboratorio de Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LABSIM), Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bortolus
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Antonio Brante
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustenables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana Bravo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Norah Brown
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Edward Buskey
- Mission-Aransas NERR, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian Cheng
- Gloucester Marine Station, Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Collin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis De Gracia
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustenables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo M Dias
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio DiBacco
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Augusto A V Flores
- Centre for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Zvi Hoffman
- Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | | | - Dean Janiak
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Analí Jiménez Campeán
- Laboratorio MARINAR, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Asociacion Conservaccion, Lima, Peru
| | - Inti Keith
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Jean-Charles Leclerc
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia H McKenzie
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL Canada
| | - Jessica Miller
- Oregon State University, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Martín Munizaga
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Lais P D Naval-Xavier
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Navarrete
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Carlos Otálora
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Lilian A Palomino-Alvarez
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México.,Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal (UMDI-SISAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Yucatán, México
| | | | - Chris Patrick
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, VA, USA
| | - Cormack Pegau
- Oil Spill Recovery Institute/PWSSC, Cordova, AK, USA
| | - Sandra V Pereda
- Centro i-mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rosana M Rocha
- Zoology Department, University Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rumbold
- CIT Santa Cruz (CONICET-UNPA), IlMyC (CONICET-FCEyN, UNMdP), Argentina
| | - Carlos Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Sanjuan-Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Carmen Schlöder
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Evangelina Schwindt
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Janina Seemann
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Zukunft Umwelt Gesellschaft (ZUG) gGmbH, International Climate Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan Shanks
- University of Oregon, Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR, USA
| | - Nuno Simoes
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal (UMDI-SISAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Yucatán, México.,Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), CONACYT, Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico.,International Chair for Ocean and Coastal Studies, Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi (TAMUCC), Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Skinner
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nancy Yolimar Suárez-Mozo
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México.,Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal (UMDI-SISAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Yucatán, México
| | - Martin Thiel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ximena Velez-Zuazo
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edson A Vieira
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Ingo S Wehrtmann
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Matt Whalen
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD, USA.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn Wilbur
- University of Aberdeen, Oceanlab, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Tiburon, CA and Edgewater, MD, USA
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15
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Journé V, Andrus R, Aravena MC, Ascoli D, Berretti R, Berveiller D, Bogdziewicz M, Boivin T, Bonal R, Caignard T, Calama R, Camarero JJ, Chang-Yang CH, Courbaud B, Courbet F, Curt T, Das AJ, Daskalakou E, Davi H, Delpierre N, Delzon S, Dietze M, Donoso Calderon S, Dormont L, Maria Espelta J, Fahey TJ, Farfan-Rios W, Gehring CA, Gilbert GS, Gratzer G, Greenberg CH, Guo Q, Hacket-Pain A, Hampe A, Han Q, Lambers JHR, Hoshizaki K, Ibanez I, Johnstone JF, Kabeya D, Kays R, Kitzberger T, Knops JMH, Kobe RK, Kunstler G, Lageard JGA, LaMontagne JM, Leininger T, Limousin JM, Lutz JA, Macias D, McIntire EJB, Moore CM, Moran E, Motta R, Myers JA, Nagel TA, Noguchi K, Ourcival JM, Parmenter R, Pearse IS, Perez-Ramos IM, Piechnik L, Poulsen J, Poulton-Kamakura R, Qiu T, Redmond MD, Reid CD, Rodman KC, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Sanguinetti JD, Scher CL, Marle HSV, Seget B, Sharma S, Silman M, Steele MA, Stephenson NL, Straub JN, Swenson JJ, Swift M, Thomas PA, Uriarte M, Vacchiano G, Veblen TT, Whipple AV, Whitham TG, Wright B, Wright SJ, Zhu K, Zimmerman JK, Zlotin R, Zywiec M, Clark JS. Globally, tree fecundity exceeds productivity gradients. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1471-1482. [PMID: 35460530 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lack of tree fecundity data across climatic gradients precludes the analysis of how seed supply contributes to global variation in forest regeneration and biotic interactions responsible for biodiversity. A global synthesis of raw seedproduction data shows a 250-fold increase in seed abundance from cold-dry to warm-wet climates, driven primarily by a 100-fold increase in seed production for a given tree size. The modest (threefold) increase in forest productivity across the same climate gradient cannot explain the magnitudes of these trends. The increase in seeds per tree can arise from adaptive evolution driven by intense species interactions or from the direct effects of a warm, moist climate on tree fecundity. Either way, the massive differences in seed supply ramify through food webs potentially explaining a disproportionate role for species interactions in the wet tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Journé
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Robert Andrus
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Aravena
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberta Berretti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Universite Paris-Saclay, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Michal Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Boivin
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Raul Bonal
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Caignard
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Rafael Calama
- Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Benoit Courbaud
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Francois Courbet
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Thomas Curt
- Aix Marseille universite, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (IN-RAE), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Adrian J Das
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Evangelia Daskalakou
- Institute of Mediterranean and Forest Ecosystems, HellenicAgricultural Organization ¨ DEMETER¨, Athens, Greece
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forets Mediterranennes, Avignon, France
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Universite Paris-Saclay, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Michael Dietze
- Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sergio Donoso Calderon
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Josep Maria Espelta
- Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Timothy J Fahey
- Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptive Western Landscapes, University of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Georg Gratzer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences and Institute of Forest Ecology, Wien, Austria
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- Bent Creek Experimental Forest, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arndt Hampe
- Universite Bordeaux, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversity, Genes, and Communities (BIOGECO), Pessac, France
| | - Qingmin Han
- Department of Plant Ecology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant Ecology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Richard K Kobe
- Department of Plant Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Jonathan G A Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jalene M LaMontagne
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodor Leininger
- USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Diana Macias
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Moran
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of forestry and renewable forest resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kyotaro Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Robert Parmenter
- Valles Caldera National Preserve, National Park Service, Jemez Springs, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ian S Pearse
- Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ignacio M Perez-Ramos
- Inst. de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Andalucia, Spain
| | - Lukasz Piechnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Tong Qiu
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda D Redmond
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chantal D Reid
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Javier D Sanguinetti
- Bilogo Dpto. Conservacin y Manejo Parque Nacional Lanin Elordi y Perito Moreno 8370, San Marten de los Andes, Argentina
| | - C Lane Scher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harald Schmidt Van Marle
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FCFCN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Seget
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shubhi Sharma
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jacob N Straub
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, State University of New York-Brockport, Brockport, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer J Swenson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy V Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Boyd Wright
- Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Roman Zlotin
- Geography Department and Russian and East European Institute, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Magdalena Zywiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - James S Clark
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire EcoSystemes et Societes En Montagne (LESSEM), St. Martin-d'Heres, France.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Alexander JM, Atwater DZ, Colautti RI, Hargreaves AL. Effects of species interactions on the potential for evolution at species' range limits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210020. [PMID: 35184598 PMCID: PMC8859514 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Species' ranges are limited by both ecological and evolutionary constraints. While there is a growing appreciation that ecological constraints include interactions among species, like competition, we know relatively little about how interactions contribute to evolutionary constraints at species' niche and range limits. Building on concepts from community ecology and evolutionary biology, we review how biotic interactions can influence adaptation at range limits by impeding the demographic conditions that facilitate evolution (which we term a 'demographic pathway to adaptation'), and/or by imposing evolutionary trade-offs with the abiotic environment (a 'trade-offs pathway'). While theory for the former is well-developed, theory for the trade-offs pathway is not, and empirical evidence is scarce for both. Therefore, we develop a model to illustrate how fitness trade-offs along biotic and abiotic gradients could affect the potential for range expansion and niche evolution following ecological release. The model shows that which genotypes are favoured at species' range edges can depend strongly on the biotic context and the nature of fitness trade-offs. Experiments that characterize trade-offs and properly account for biotic context are needed to predict which species will expand their niche or range in response to environmental change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Species' ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M. Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Z. Atwater
- Biology Department, Earlham College, 801 National Rd. W, Richmond, IN 47374, USA
| | - Robert I. Colautti
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie, St. Kingston, ON, Canada, K7 L 3N6
| | - Anna L. Hargreaves
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Av, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1
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17
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Wang Y, Tüzün N, Sentis A, Stoks R. Thermal plasticity and evolution shape predator‐prey interactions differently in clear and turbid water. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:883-894. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Jie Wang
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology University of Leuven Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology University of Leuven Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille Université, UMR RECOVER, 3275 route Cézanne, 13182 Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology University of Leuven Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven Belgium
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18
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Freeman BG, Weeks T, Schluter D, Tobias JA. The latitudinal gradient in rates of evolution for bird beaks, a species interaction trait. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:635-646. [PMID: 35199924 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Where is evolution fastest? The biotic interactions hypothesis proposes that greater species richness creates more ecological opportunity, driving faster evolution at low latitudes, whereas the 'empty niches' hypothesis proposes that ecological opportunity is greater where diversity is low, spurring faster evolution at high latitudes. We tested these contrasting predictions by analysing rates of beak evolution for a global dataset of 1141 avian sister species. Rates of beak size evolution are similar across latitudes, with some evidence that beak shape evolves faster in the temperate zone, consistent with the empty niches hypothesis. The empty niches hypothesis is further supported by a meta-analysis showing that rates of trait evolution and recent speciation are generally faster in the temperate zone, whereas rates of molecular evolution are slightly faster in the tropics. Our results suggest that drivers of evolutionary diversification are either similar across latitudes or more potent in the temperate zone, thus calling into question multiple hypotheses that invoke faster tropical evolution to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Thomas Weeks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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McFadden IR, Fritz SA, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L, Kissling WD, Tobias JA, Schleuning M, Graham CH. Global plant-frugivore trait matching is shaped by climate and biogeographic history. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:686-696. [PMID: 35199916 PMCID: PMC9302656 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions are influenced by the trait structure of local multi‐trophic communities. However, it remains unclear whether mutualistic interactions in particular can drive trait patterns at the global scale, where climatic constraints and biogeographic processes gain importance. Here we evaluate global relationships between traits of frugivorous birds and palms (Arecaceae), and how these relationships are affected, directly or indirectly, by assemblage richness, climate and biogeographic history. We leverage a new and expanded gape size dataset for nearly all avian frugivores, and find a positive relationship between gape size and fruit size, that is, trait matching, which is influenced indirectly by palm richness and climate. We also uncover a latitudinal gradient in trait matching strength, which increases towards the tropics and varies among zoogeographic realms. Taken together, our results suggest trophic interactions have consistent influences on trait structure, but that abiotic, biogeographic and richness effects also play important, though sometimes indirect, roles in shaping the functional biogeography of mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McFadden
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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20
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Stemmelen A, Jactel H, Brockerhoff E, Castagneyrol B. Meta-analysis of tree diversity effects on the abundance, diversity and activity of herbivores' enemies. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Shay JE, Pennington LK, Mandussi Montiel-Molina JA, Toews DJ, Hendrickson BT, Sexton JP. Rules of Plant Species Ranges: Applications for Conservation Strategies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.700962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earth is changing rapidly and so are many plant species’ ranges. Here, we synthesize eco-evolutionary patterns found in plant range studies and how knowledge of species ranges can inform our understanding of species conservation in the face of global change. We discuss whether general biogeographic “rules” are reliable and how they can be used to develop adaptive conservation strategies of native plant species across their ranges. Rules considered include (1) factors that set species range limits and promote range shifts; (2) the impact of biotic interactions on species range limits; (3) patterns of abundance and adaptive properties across species ranges; (4) patterns of gene flow and their implications for genetic rescue, and (5) the relationship between range size and conservation risk. We conclude by summarizing and evaluating potential species range rules to inform future conservation and management decisions. We also outline areas of research to better understand the adaptive capacity of plants under environmental change and the properties that govern species ranges. We advise conservationists to extend their work to specifically consider peripheral and novel populations, with a particular emphasis on small ranges. Finally, we call for a global effort to identify, synthesize, and analyze prevailing patterns or rules in ecology to help speed conservation efforts.
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22
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Paquette A, Hargreaves AL. Biotic interactions are more often important at species' warm versus cool range edges. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2427-2438. [PMID: 34453406 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Predicting which ecological factors constrain species distributions is a fundamental ecological question and critical to forecasting geographic responses to global change. Darwin hypothesised that abiotic factors generally impose species' high-latitude and high-elevation (typically cool) range limits, whereas biotic interactions more often impose species' low-latitude/low-elevation (typically warm) limits, but empirical support has been mixed. Here, we clarify three predictions arising from Darwin's hypothesis and show that previously mixed support is partially due to researchers testing different predictions. Using a comprehensive literature review (885 range limits), we find that biotic interactions, including competition, predation and parasitism, contributed to >60% of range limits and influenced species' warm limits more often than cool limits. Abiotic factors contributed more often than biotic interactions to cool range limits, but temperature contributed frequently to both cool and warm limits. Our results suggest that most range limits will be sensitive to climate warming, but warm-limit responses in particular will depend strongly on biotic interactions.
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23
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Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2506-2520. [PMID: 34322961 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH) states that the intensity of biotic interactions increases from high to low latitudes. This hypothesis, which may partly explain latitudinal gradients in biodiversity, remains hotly debated, largely due to variable outcomes of published studies. We used meta-analysis to identify the scope of the LBIH in terrestrial ecosystems. For this purpose, we explored the sources of variation in the strength of latitudinal changes in herbivory, carnivory and parasitism (119 publications) and compared these gradients with gradients in the diversity of the respective groups of animals (102 publications). Overall, both herbivory and carnivory decreased towards the poles, while parasitism increased. The latitudinal gradient in herbivory and carnivory was threefold stronger above 50-60° than at lower latitudes and was significant due to interactions involving ectothermic consumers, studies using standardised prey (i.e. prey lacking local anti-predator adaptations) and studies aimed at testing LBIH. The poleward decrease in biodiversity did not differ between ectothermic and endothermic animals or among climate zones and was fourfold stronger than decrease in herbivory and carnivory. The discovered differences between the gradients in biotic interactions and biodiversity suggest that these two global macroecological patterns are likely shaped by different factors.
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24
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Freestone AL, Torchin ME, Jurgens LJ, Bonfim M, López DP, Repetto MF, Schlöder C, Sewall BJ, Ruiz GM. Stronger predation intensity and impact on prey communities in the tropics. Ecology 2021; 102:e03428. [PMID: 34105781 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that biotic interactions strengthen toward lower latitudes provides a framework for linking community-scale processes with the macroecological scales that define our biosphere. Despite the importance of this hypothesis for understanding community assembly and ecosystem functioning, the extent to which interaction strength varies across latitude and the effects of this variation on natural communities remain unresolved. Predation in particular is central to ecological and evolutionary dynamics across the globe, yet very few studies explore both community-scale causes and outcomes of predation across latitude. Here we expand beyond prior studies to examine two important components of predation strength: intensity of predation (including multiple dimensions of the predator guild) and impact on prey community biomass and structure, providing one of the most comprehensive examinations of predator-prey interactions across latitude. Using standardized experiments, we tested the hypothesis that predation intensity and impact on prey communities were stronger at lower latitudes. We further assessed prey recruitment to evaluate the potential for this process to mediate predation effects. We used sessile marine invertebrate communities and their fish predators in nearshore environments as a model system, with experiments conducted at 12 sites in four regions spanning the tropics to the subarctic. Our results show clear support for an increase in both predation intensity and impact at lower relative to higher latitudes. The predator guild was more diverse at low latitudes, with higher predation rates, longer interaction durations, and larger predator body sizes, suggesting stronger predation intensity in the tropics. Predation also reduced prey biomass and altered prey composition at low latitudes, with no effects at high latitudes. Although recruitment rates were up to three orders of magnitude higher in the tropics than the subarctic, prey replacement through this process was insufficient to dampen completely the strong impacts of predators in the tropics. Our study provides a novel perspective on the biotic interaction hypothesis, suggesting that multiple components of the predator community likely contribute to predation intensity at low latitudes, with important consequences for the structure of prey communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Freestone
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037-0028, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Mark E Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Laura J Jurgens
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037-0028, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Mariana Bonfim
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Diana P López
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Michele F Repetto
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Carmen Schlöder
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037-0028, USA
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25
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Boyer BW, Morán‐López T, Amico G, Arana C, Espíndola WD, Caraballo‐Ortiz MA, Morales JM, Carlo TA. Effects of latitude and plant relative abundance on predispersal granivory. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brady W. Boyer
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Teresa Morán‐López
- Laboratorio Ecotono INIBIOMA CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche, Río Negro Argentina
| | - Guillermo Amico
- Laboratorio Ecotono INIBIOMA CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche, Río Negro Argentina
| | - César Arana
- Departamento de Ecología Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Perú
| | - Walter D. Espíndola
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Departamento de Ecología Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Perú
| | - Marcos A. Caraballo‐Ortiz
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - Juan M. Morales
- Laboratorio Ecotono INIBIOMA CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche, Río Negro Argentina
| | - Tomás A. Carlo
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Departamento de Ecología Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Perú
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26
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Whitehead SR, Schneider GF, Dybzinski R, Nelson AS, Gelambi M, Jos E, Beckman NG. Fruits, frugivores, and the evolution of phytochemical diversity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | | | - Ray Dybzinski
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola Univ. Chicago IL USA
| | - Annika S. Nelson
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Elsa Jos
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
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27
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Stephan P, Bramon Mora B, Alexander JM. Positive species interactions shape species' range limits. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Stephan
- Dept of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Jake M. Alexander
- Dept of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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28
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Halliday FW, Jalo M, Laine AL. The effect of host community functional traits on plant disease risk varies along an elevational gradient. eLife 2021; 10:67340. [PMID: 33983120 PMCID: PMC8208817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the relative impact of environmental conditions and host community structure on disease is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, as both climate and biodiversity are changing at unprecedented rates. Both increasing temperature and shifting host communities toward more fast-paced life-history strategies are predicted to increase disease, yet their independent and interactive effects on disease in natural communities remain unknown. Here, we address this challenge by surveying foliar disease symptoms in 220, 0.5 m-diameter herbaceous plant communities along a 1100-m elevational gradient. We find that increasing temperature associated with lower elevation can increase disease by (1) relaxing constraints on parasite growth and reproduction, (2) determining which host species are present in a given location, and (3) strengthening the positive effect of host community pace-of-life on disease. These results provide the first field evidence, under natural conditions, that environmental gradients can alter how host community structure affects disease. Climate change is causing shifts in the ecology and biodiversity of different world regions at unprecedented rates. Global warming is also linked with changes in the risk for certain infectious diseases in humans, but also in animals and plants. There are several possible mechanisms for this. For one thing, changing weather patterns may affect how pathogens grow and reproduce. For another, the distribution ranges of animal and plant hosts of certain disease-causing pathogens are changing because of global warming. This means that the distributions of pathogens are also changing, and so is the severity of the diseases that they cause. Increasing temperatures may also influence the physiological traits that make host species suitable for pathogens. This is because the traits that allow species to survive or adapt to changes in their environment may also make them better at hosting and transmitting the pathogens that cause disease. For example, in plant communities, rising temperatures could favor species with faster growth rates, quicker reproduction and high dispersal, and these traits are often associated with more efficient spread of disease. Despite a lot of research into the effects of climate, it remains unclear how temperature, pathogen growth and reproduction, and host species’ traits and distributions combine and interact to alter infectious disease risk, especially in wild plant communities. To investigate this, Halliday, Jalo and Laine studied an area in southeast Switzerland where natural temperature and biodiversity change gradually through the region. The aim was to explore how relationships between plant biodiversity, pathogens and disease risk change with temperature, and to understand whether environmental or biological factors influence infectious disease risk more. Halliday, Jalo and Laine measured the levels of fungal diseases found in the leaves of plant communities spanning 1,100 meters of elevation, showing that higher temperatures increase disease risk both directly and indirectly. Directly, higher temperatures increased pathogen growth and reproduction, and indirectly, they influenced which plants were present and therefore able to act as disease hosts. The results also indicated that temperature can affect how the traits of plants drive the transmission rates of fungal pathogens. Important predictors of disease risk were traits relating to the growth rate of host plants, which tended to increase in areas with low elevation where the surface of the soil was warm. This study represents the first analysis, in wild plants, of how changing temperatures, the traits of shifting host species, and resident parasite populations interact to impact infectious disease risk. The insights Halliday, Jalo and Laine provided could aid in predicting how global climate change will influence infectious disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mikko Jalo
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Skarbek CJ, Ebeling A, Meyer ST, Schulze C, Sepperl A, Pufal G. Testing a highly replicable and standardized method to rapidly assess seed removal probabilities. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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López DP, Freestone AL. History of co‐occurrence shapes predation effects on functional diversity and structure at low latitudes. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. López
- Department of Biology Temple University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Amy L. Freestone
- Department of Biology Temple University Philadelphia PA USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama
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31
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Halliday FW, Rohr JR, Laine A. Biodiversity loss underlies the dilution effect of biodiversity. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1611-1622. [PMID: 32808427 PMCID: PMC7693066 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The dilution effect predicts increasing biodiversity to reduce the risk of infection, but the generality of this effect remains unresolved. Because biodiversity loss generates predictable changes in host community competence, we hypothesised that biodiversity loss might drive the dilution effect. We tested this hypothesis by reanalysing four previously published meta-analyses that came to contradictory conclusions regarding generality of the dilution effect. In the context of biodiversity loss, our analyses revealed a unifying pattern: dilution effects were inconsistently observed for natural biodiversity gradients, but were commonly observed for biodiversity gradients generated by disturbances causing losses of biodiversity. Incorporating biodiversity loss into tests of generality of the dilution effect further indicated that scale-dependency may strengthen the dilution effect only when biodiversity gradients are driven by biodiversity loss. Together, these results help to resolve one of the most contentious issues in disease ecology: the generality of the dilution effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W. Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | - Jason R. Rohr
- Department of Biological SciencesEck Institute of Global HealthEnvironmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research ProgramUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
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32
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Zvereva EL, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Predation and parasitism on herbivorous insects change in opposite directions in a latitudinal gradient crossing a boreal forest zone. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2946-2957. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
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33
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Roesti M, Anstett DN, Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Schluter D, Chavarie L, Rolland J, Holzman R. Pelagic fish predation is stronger at temperate latitudes than near the equator. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1527. [PMID: 32235853 PMCID: PMC7109113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are widely thought to be strongest in the tropics, potentially contributing to the greater number of species at lower latitudes. Yet, empirical tests of this "biotic interactions" hypothesis remain limited and often provide mixed results. Here, we analyze 55 years of catch per unit effort data from pelagic longline fisheries to estimate the strength of predation exerted by large predatory fish in the world's oceans. We test two central tenets of the biotic interactions hypothesis: that predation is (1) strongest near the equator, and (2) positively correlated with species richness. Counter to these predictions, we find that predation is (1) strongest in or near the temperate zone and (2) negatively correlated with oceanic fish species richness. These patterns suggest that, at least for pelagic fish predation, common assumptions about the latitudinal distribution of species interactions do not apply, thereby challenging a leading explanation for the latitudinal gradient in species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Roesti
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel N Anstett
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louise Chavarie
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roi Holzman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, 8810302, Eilat, Israel
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