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Cui W, Ge J, Chen D, Nie X, Dong L, Wang X, Kang L. Dibutyl phthalate released by solitary female locusts mediates sexual communication at low density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401926121. [PMID: 39018190 PMCID: PMC11287119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401926121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex pheromones play a crucial role in mate location and reproductive success. Insects face challenges in finding mates in low-density environments. The population dynamics of locusts vary greatly, ranging from solitary individuals to high-density swarms, leading to multiple-trait divergence between solitary and gregarious phases. However, differences in sexual communication between solitary and gregarious locusts have not been sufficiently explored. Herein, we found that solitary locusts but not gregarious ones heavily rely on a single compound, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), for sexual communication. DBP is abundantly released by solitary female locusts and elicits strong attraction of male solitary and gregarious locusts. Solitary adult males display much higher electrophysiological responses to DBP than adult females. Additionally, LmigOr13 was identified as the DBP-specific odorant receptor expressed in neurons housed in basiconic sensilla. Male LmigOr13-/- mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 have low electrophysiological responses and behavioral attraction to DBP in both laboratory and field cage experiments. Notably, the attractiveness of DBP to male locusts becomes more evident at lower population densities imposed by controlling the cage size. This finding sheds light on the utilization of a sex pheromone to promote reproductive success in extremely low-density conditions and provides important insights into alternative approaches for population monitoring of locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Dafeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Liushu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding071002, China
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2
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Petelski I, Günzel Y, Sayin S, Kraus S, Couzin-Fuchs E. Synergistic olfactory processing for social plasticity in desert locusts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5476. [PMID: 38942759 PMCID: PMC11213921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Desert locust plagues threaten the food security of millions. Central to their formation is crowding-induced plasticity, with social phenotypes changing from cryptic (solitarious) to swarming (gregarious). Here, we elucidate the implications of this transition on foraging decisions and corresponding neural circuits. We use behavioral experiments and Bayesian modeling to decompose the multi-modal facets of foraging, revealing olfactory social cues as critical. To this end, we investigate how corresponding odors are encoded in the locust olfactory system using in-vivo calcium imaging. We discover crowding-dependent synergistic interactions between food-related and social odors distributed across stable combinatorial response maps. The observed synergy was specific to the gregarious phase and manifested in distinct odor response motifs. Our results suggest a crowding-induced modulation of the locust olfactory system that enhances food detection in swarms. Overall, we demonstrate how linking sensory adaptations to behaviorally relevant tasks can improve our understanding of social modulation in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Petelski
- International Max Planck Research School for Quantitative Behavior, Ecology and Evolution from lab to field, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yannick Günzel
- International Max Planck Research School for Quantitative Behavior, Ecology and Evolution from lab to field, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Sercan Sayin
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Susanne Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Einat Couzin-Fuchs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
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3
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Li Y, Fang Z, Tan L, Wu Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Weng Q, Chen Q. Gene redundancy and gene compensation of insulin-like peptides in the oocyte development of bean beetle. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302992. [PMID: 38713664 PMCID: PMC11075890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bean beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) exhibits clear phenotypic plasticity depending on population density; However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Compared to low-density individuals, high-density individuals showed a faster terminal oocyte maturity rate. Four insulin-like peptide (ILP) genes were identified in the bean beetle, which had higher expression levels in the head than in the thorax and abdomen. The population density could regulate the expression levels of CmILP1-3, CmILP2-3, and CmILP1 as well as CmILP3 in the head, thorax, and abdomen, respectively. RNA interference results showed that each CmILP could regulate terminal oocyte maturity rate, indicating that there was functional redundancy among CmILPs. Silencing each CmILP could lead to down-regulation of some other CmILPs, however, CmILP3 was up-regulated in the abdomen after silencing CmILP1 or CmILP2. Compared to single gene silencing, silencing CmILP3 with CmILP1 or CmILP2 at the same time led to more serious retardation in oocyte development, suggesting CmILP3 could be up-regulated to functionally compensate for the down-regulation of CmILP1 and CmILP2. In conclusion, population density-dependent plasticity in terminal oocyte maturity rate of bean beetle was regulated by CmILPs, which exhibited gene redundancy and gene compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Leitao Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingshan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuping Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Yeying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingbei Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
- Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China
| | - Qianquan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Gui’an, Guizhou, China
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4
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Liu M, Li S. Nitrile biosynthesis in nature: how and why? Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:649-671. [PMID: 38193577 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2023Natural nitriles comprise a small set of secondary metabolites which however show intriguing chemical and functional diversity. Various patterns of nitrile biosynthesis can be seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms with the characteristics of both evolutionary divergence and convergence. These specialized compounds play important roles in nitrogen metabolism, chemical defense against herbivores, predators and pathogens, and inter- and/or intraspecies communications. Here we review the naturally occurring nitrile-forming pathways from a biochemical perspective and discuss the biological and ecological functions conferred by diversified nitrile biosyntheses in different organisms. Elucidation of the mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories of nitrile biosynthesis underpins better understandings of nitrile-related biology, chemistry, and ecology and will ultimately benefit the development of desirable nitrile-forming biocatalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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5
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Guan DL, Chen YZ, Qin YC, Li XD, Deng WA. Chromosomal-Level Reference Genome for the Chinese Endemic Pygmy Grasshopper, Zhengitettix transpicula, Sheds Light on Tetrigidae Evolution and Advancing Conservation Efforts. INSECTS 2024; 15:223. [PMID: 38667352 PMCID: PMC11049975 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The pygmy grasshopper, Zhengitettix transpicula, is a Chinese endemic species with an exceedingly limited distribution and fragile population structure, rendering it vulnerable to extinction. We present a high-continuity, chromosome-scale reference genome assembly to elucidate this species' distinctive biology and inform conservation. Employing an integrated sequencing approach, we achieved a 970.40 Mb assembly with 96.32% coverage across seven pseudo-chromosomes and impressive continuity (N50 > 220 Mb). Genome annotation achieves identification with 99.2% BUSCO completeness, supporting quality. Comparative analyses with 14 genomes from Orthoptera-facilitated phylogenomics and revealed 549 significantly expanded gene families in Z. transpicula associated with metabolism, stress response, and development. However, genomic analysis exposed remarkably low heterozygosity (0.02%), implying a severe genetic bottleneck from small, fragmented populations, characteristic of species vulnerable to extinction from environmental disruptions. Elucidating the genetic basis of population dynamics and specialization provides an imperative guideline for habitat conservation and restoration of this rare organism. Moreover, divergent evolution analysis of the CYP305m2 gene regulating locust aggregation highlighted potential structural and hence functional variations between Acrididae and Tetrigidae. Our chromosomal genomic characterization of Z. transpicula advances Orthopteran resources, establishing a framework for evolutionary developmental explorations and applied conservation genomics, reversing the trajectory of this unique grasshopper lineage towards oblivion.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Long Guan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China;
| | - Ya-Zhen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China;
| | - Ying-Can Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China;
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China;
| | - Wei-An Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China;
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6
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Yamaguchi T, Asano Y. Nitrile-synthesizing enzymes and biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:20-28. [PMID: 38395363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles (R-CN) comprise a broad group of chemicals industrially produced and used in fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and bulk applications, polymer chemistry, solvents, etc. Nitriles are important starting materials for producing carboxylic acids, amides, amines, and several other compounds. In addition, some volatile nitriles have been evaluated for their potential as ingredients in fragrance and flavor formulations. However, many nitrile synthesis methods have drawbacks, such as drastic reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, lack of readily available reagents, poor yields, and long reaction times. In contrast to chemical synthesis, biocatalytic approaches using enzymes can produce nitriles without harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and pressures, or toxic compounds. In this review, we summarize the nitrile-synthesizing enzymes from microorganisms, plants, and animals. Furthermore, we introduce several examples of biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds, particularly those using aldoxime dehydratase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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7
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Unni AP, Knaden M, Hansson BS. Olfactory Mating Signals in the Migratory Locust Locusta migratoria. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:11-17. [PMID: 37851278 PMCID: PMC10991065 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Swarming locusts cause huge plagues across the world threatening food production. Before swarms form, locust populations exhibit a dramatic phase change from a solitary to a gregarious phase. The cause of this phase change is a complicated interplay of conspecific and environmental cues and is, especially for one of the major pests, the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, still not well understood. Here we study the behavior of both solitary and gregarious L. migratoria towards the headspace odors of conspecifics. As we do not find a general attraction of gregarious animals to the headspace of gregarious conspecifics, swarm formation does not seem to be mainly governed by olfactory aggregation cues. When testing for potential mating signals, we observe that the headspace of virgin gregarious females is highly attractive only towards virgin males of the same phase, while mated gregarious males and solitary males, regardless of their mating state, do not become attracted. Interestingly, this phase-specific attraction goes along with the finding, that mating behavior in experiments with inter-phasic pairings is extremely rare. Our data suggest that odor emissions in L. migratoria play a significant role in a mating context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana P Unni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Chang H, Unni AP, Tom MT, Cao Q, Liu Y, Wang G, Llorca LC, Brase S, Bucks S, Weniger K, Bisch-Knaden S, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Odorant detection in a locust exhibits unusually low redundancy. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5427-5438.e5. [PMID: 38070506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory coding, from insects to humans, is canonically considered to involve considerable across-fiber coding already at the peripheral level, thereby allowing recognition of vast numbers of odor compounds. We show that the migratory locust has evolved an alternative strategy built on highly specific odorant receptors feeding into a complex primary processing center in the brain. By collecting odors from food and different life stages of the locust, we identified 205 ecologically relevant odorants, which we used to deorphanize 48 locust olfactory receptors via ectopic expression in Drosophila. Contrary to the often broadly tuned olfactory receptors of other insects, almost all locust receptors were found to be narrowly tuned to one or very few ligands. Knocking out a single receptor using CRISPR abolished physiological and behavioral responses to the corresponding ligand. We conclude that the locust olfactory system, with most olfactory receptors being narrowly tuned, differs from the so-far described olfactory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetan Chang
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Anjana P Unni
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megha Treesa Tom
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Qian Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Brase
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Bucks
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weniger
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sonja Bisch-Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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9
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Yin X, Xiao Y, Wang K, Wu W, Huang J, Liu S, Zhang S. Effect of shaking manners on floral aroma quality and identification of key floral-aroma-active compounds in Hunan black tea. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113515. [PMID: 37986507 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Shaking is a key process effecting the floral aroma of Hunan black tea (HBT). In this study, the aroma composition of HBTs shaken in the early withering stage (ES1, ES1 + LS1, and ES2), shaken in the late withering stage (LS1), and not shaken (NS), and the identification of main floral aroma compounds were analyzed using sensory evaluation combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and aroma recombination experiments. Sensory evaluation results showed that the floral aroma of HBT shaken in the early withering stage was with high intensity, whereas HBT shaken in the late withering stage had low-intensity floral aroma. GC-MS identified a total number of 81 differential volatile compounds in HBT, including 30 esters, 18 aldehydes, 15 alcohols, 12 terpenes, 4 ketones, and 2 nitrogen-containing compounds. Further screening of important floral aroma differential compounds was performed using sensory-guided, odor activity value (OAV), and GC-O analysis, which identified three critical floral aroma differential compounds. Eventually, absolute quantification analysis and aroma recombination experiments confirmed that indole and methyl jasmonate were the most critical compounds of HBT determining floral aroma intensity. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the production of HBT with rich floral aroma attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yangbo Xiao
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Kuofei Wang
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Education Ministry, Hunan Agricultural University, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Department of Tea Quality Chemistry and Nutrition Health/Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Tea Plant and Tea Processing Observation Station of Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
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10
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Qian J, Liao Y, Jian G, Jia Y, Zeng L, Gu D, Li H, Yang Y. Light induces an increasing release of benzyl nitrile against diurnal herbivore Ectropis grisescens Warren attack in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3464-3480. [PMID: 37553868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are critical compounds that directly or indirectly regulate the tritrophic interactions among herbivores, natural enemies and plants. The synthesis and release of HIPVs are regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the mechanism by which multiple factors synergistically affect HIPVs release remains unclear. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is the object of this study because of its rich and varied volatile metabolites. In this study, benzyl nitrile was released from herbivore-attacked tea plants more in the daytime than at night, which was consistent with the feeding behaviour of tea geometrid (Ectropis grisescens Warren) larvae. The Y-tube olfactometer assay and insect resistance analysis revealed that benzyl nitrile can repel tea geometrid larvae and inhibit their growth. On the basis of enzyme activities in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana plants, CsCYP79 was identified as a crucial regulator in the benzyl nitrile biosynthetic pathway. Light signalling-related transcription factor CsPIF1-like and the jasmonic acid (JA) signalling-related transcription factor CsMYC2 serve as the activator of CsCYP79 under light and damage conditions. Our study revealed that light (abiotic factor) and herbivore-induced damage (biotic stress) synergistically regulate the synthesis and release of benzyl nitrile to protect plants from diurnal herbivorous tea geometrid larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Guo X, He H, Sun J, Kang L. Plasticity of aggregation pheromones in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101098. [PMID: 37541387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Pheromone plasticity is widely observed in insects and enhances their survival, adaptation, and reproductive success. Aggregation pheromones, which cause notable individual aggregation and consequently impact agriculture and human life, are renowned for their special function. Here, we present a review of research progress regarding pheromone plasticity in three typical aggregative insects: locusts, bark beetles, and cockroaches. These insects are major pest species with considerable impacts on the social economy and public health. Numerous studies have demonstrated the plasticity of aggregation pheromones in different populations of these insect species. Although pheromone chemicals and compositions vary across the three groups, the plasticity of aggregation pheromones is significantly impacted by population density, location, food resources, and gut symbiotic microorganisms, indicating the complexity of pheromone plasticity regulated by multiple factors. Finally, we discuss the potential application of pheromone plasticity in basic research and pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helen He
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
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12
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Yang J, Yu Q, Yu J, Kang L, Guo X. 4-Vinylanisole promotes conspecific interaction and acquisition of gregarious behavior in the migratory locust. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306659120. [PMID: 37669362 PMCID: PMC10500268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306659120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signals from conspecifics are essential in insect group formation and maintenance. Migratory locusts use the aggregation pheromone 4-vinylanisole (4VA), specifically released by gregarious locusts, to attract and recruit conspecific individuals, leading to the formation of large-scale swarms. However, how 4VA contributes to the transition from solitary phase to gregarious phase remains unclear. We investigated the occurrence of locust behavioral phase changes in the presence and absence of 4VA perception. The findings indicated that solitary locusts require crowding for 48 and 72 h to adopt partial and analogous gregarious behavior. However, exposure to increased concentrations of 4VA enabled solitary locusts to display behavioral changes within 24 h of crowding. Crowded solitary locusts with RNAi knockdown of Or35, the specific olfactory receptor for 4VA, failed to exhibit gregarious behaviors. Conversely, the knockdown of Or35 in gregarious locusts resulted in the appearance of solitary behavior. Additionally, a multi-individual behavioral assay system was developed to evaluate the interactions among locust individuals, and four behavioral parameters representing the inclination and conduct of social interactions were positively correlated with the process of crowding. Our data indicated that exposure to 4VA accelerated the behavioral transition from solitary phase to gregarious phase by enhancing the propensity toward proximity and body contact among conspecific individuals. These results highlight the crucial roles of 4VA in the behavioral phase transition of locusts. Furthermore, this study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of behavioral plasticity that promote the formation of locust swarms and suggests the potential for 4VA application in locust control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Yu
- Beijing Institutes of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Le Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaojiao Guo
- Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
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13
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Kang X, Yang M, Cui X, Wang H, Kang L. Spatially differential regulation of ATF2 phosphorylation contributes to warning coloration of gregarious locusts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5168. [PMID: 37611100 PMCID: PMC10446495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Warning coloration are common defense strategies used by animals to deter predators. Pestilential gregarious locusts exhibit a notable black-brown pattern as a form of warning coloration. However, the mechanisms regulating this distinctive pattern remain largely unknown. Here, we revealed that the black and brown integuments of locusts are governed by varying amounts of β-carotene and β-carotene-binding protein (βCBP) complexes. βCBP expression is regulated by the bZIP transcription factor activation transcription factor 2 (ATF2), which is activated by protein kinase C alpha in response to crowding. Specifically, ATF2 is phosphorylated at Ser327 and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to the βCBP promoter and stimulates overexpression. Differential phosphorylation of ATF2 leads to the divergent black and brown coloration in gregarious locusts. The accumulation of red pigments vital for creating the brown sternum depends on βCBP overexpression. The spatial variation in ATF2 phosphorylation enables locusts to rapidly adapt to changing environment for aposematism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Le Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Guo S, Hou L, Dong L, Nie X, Kang L, Wang X. PLIN2-induced ectopic lipid accumulation promotes muscle ageing in gregarious locusts. Nat Ecol Evol 2023:10.1038/s41559-023-02059-z. [PMID: 37156891 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing plasticity represents the flexibility of the ageing process in response to non-genetic factors, occurring commonly in animals. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ageing plasticity are largely unclear. The density-dependent polyphenism of locusts, Locusta migratoria, displays dramatic lifespan divergence between solitary and gregarious phases, providing a useful system for studying ageing plasticity. Here, we found that gregarious locusts displayed faster locomotor deficits and increased muscle degeneration on ageing than solitary locusts. Comparative transcriptome analysis in flight muscles revealed significant differences in transcriptional patterns on ageing between two phases. RNA interference screening showed that the knockdown of the upregulated PLIN2 gene significantly relieved the ageing-related flight impairments in gregarious locusts. Mechanistically, the gradual upregulation of PLIN2 could induce the accumulation of ectopic lipid droplets and triacylglycerols in flight muscles during the ageing process. Further experiments suggested that ectopic lipid accumulation led to an ageing-related β-oxidation decline through limiting fatty acid transport and content. These findings reveal the key roles of lipid metabolism in the differences of muscle ageing between solitary and gregarious locusts and provide a potential mechanism underlying environment-induced muscle ageing plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liushu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Couzin ID, Couzin-Fuchs E. The chemical ecology of locust cannibalism. Science 2023; 380:454-455. [PMID: 37141343 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An anticannibalistic signaling pathway offers a new understanding of locust swarm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Couzin
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Einat Couzin-Fuchs
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Chang H, Cassau S, Krieger J, Guo X, Knaden M, Kang L, Hansson BS. A chemical defense deters cannibalism in migratory locusts. Science 2023; 380:537-543. [PMID: 37141362 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many animals engage in cannibalism to supplement their diets. Among dense populations of migratory locusts, cannibalism is prevalent. We show that under crowded conditions, locusts produce an anticannibalistic pheromone called phenylacetonitrile. Both the degree of cannibalism and the production of phenylacetonitrile are density dependent and covary. We identified the olfactory receptor that detects phenylacetonitrile and used genome editing to make this receptor nonfunctional, thereby abolishing the negative behavioral response. We also inactivated the gene underlying phenylacetonitrile production and show that locusts that lack this compound lose its protection and are more frequently exposed to intraspecific predation. Thus, we reveal an anticannibalistic feature built on a specifically produced odor. The system is very likely to be of major importance in locust population ecology, and our results might therefore provide opportunities in locust management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetan Chang
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sina Cassau
- Department of Animal Physiology, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Department of Animal Physiology, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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17
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Vijendravarma RK. Diverse strategies that animals use to deter intraspecific predation. J Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Pei Y, Liu B, Qi H. Extinction and stationary distribution of stochastic predator-prey model with group defense behavior. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:13062-13078. [PMID: 36654035 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Considering that many prey populations in nature have group defense behavior, and the relationship between predator and prey is usually affected by environmental noise, a stochastic predator-prey model with group defense behavior is established in this paper. Some dynamical properties of the model, including the existence and uniqueness of global positive solution, sufficient conditions for extinction and unique ergodic stationary distribution, are investigated by using qualitative theory of stochastic differential equations, Lyapunov function analysis method, Itô formula, etc. Furthermore, the effects of group defense behavior and environmental noise on population stability are also discussed. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate that the effects of environmental noise on both populations are negative, the appropriate group defense level of prey can maintain the stability of the relationship between two populations, and the survival threshold is strongly influenced by the intrinsic growth rate of prey population and the intensity of environmental noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Pei
- Department of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Haokun Qi
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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19
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Cullen DA, Sword GA, Rosenthal GG, Simpson SJ, Dekempeneer E, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Caes R, Mannaerts L, Vanden Broeck J. Sexual repurposing of juvenile aposematism in locusts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200759119. [PMID: 35969777 PMCID: PMC9407653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200759119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive plasticity requires an integrated suite of functional responses to environmental variation, which can include social communication across life stages. Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) exhibit an extreme example of phenotypic plasticity called phase polyphenism, in which a suite of behavioral and morphological traits differ according to local population density. Male and female juveniles developing at low population densities exhibit green- or sand-colored background-matching camouflage, while at high densities they show contrasting yellow and black aposematic patterning that deters predators. The predominant background colors of these phenotypes (green/sand/yellow) all depend on expression of the carotenoid-binding "Yellow Protein" (YP). Gregarious (high-density) adults of both sexes are initially pinkish, before a YP-mediated yellowing reoccurs upon sexual maturation. Yellow color is especially prominent in gregarious males, but the reason for this difference has been unknown since phase polyphenism was first described in 1921. Here, we use RNA interference to show that gregarious male yellowing acts as an intrasexual warning signal, which forms a multimodal signal with the antiaphrodisiac pheromone phenylacetonitrile (PAN) to prevent mistaken sexual harassment from other males during scramble mating in a swarm. Socially mediated reexpression of YP thus adaptively repurposes a juvenile signal that deters predators into an adult signal that deters undesirable mates. These findings reveal a previously underappreciated sexual dimension to locust phase polyphenism, and promote locusts as a model for investigating the relative contributions of natural versus sexual selection in the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darron A Cullen
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Gil G Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Elfie Dekempeneer
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Caes
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Mannaerts
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Kannan K, Galizia CG, Nouvian M. Olfactory Strategies in the Defensive Behaviour of Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:470. [PMID: 35621804 PMCID: PMC9145661 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most animals must defend themselves in order to survive. Defensive behaviour includes detecting predators or intruders, avoiding them by staying low-key or escaping or deterring them away by means of aggressive behaviour, i.e., attacking them. Responses vary across insect species, ranging from individual responses to coordinated group attacks in group-living species. Among different modalities of sensory perception, insects predominantly use the sense of smell to detect predators, intruders, and other threats. Furthermore, social insects, such as honeybees and ants, communicate about danger by means of alarm pheromones. In this review, we focus on how olfaction is put to use by insects in defensive behaviour. We review the knowledge of how chemical signals such as the alarm pheromone are processed in the insect brain. We further discuss future studies for understanding defensive behaviour and the role of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kannan
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - C. Giovanni Galizia
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Morgane Nouvian
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Wang H, Jiang F, Liu X, Liu Q, Fu Y, Li R, Hou L, Zhang J, He J, Kang L. Piwi/piRNAs control food intake by promoting neuropeptide F expression in locusts. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e50851. [PMID: 34985794 PMCID: PMC8892266 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeding, which directly affects growth and metabolism, is an important physiological process. However, the contribution of PIWI proteins and PIWI‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) to the regulatory mechanism of animal feeding is unknown. Here, we report a novel function of Piwi and piRNAs in regulating food intake in locusts. Our study shows that the locust can serve as a representative species for determining PIWI function in insects. Knockdown of Piwi1 expression suppresses anabolic processes and reduces food consumption and body weight. The reduction in food intake by knockdown of Piwi1 expression results from decreased expression of neuropeptide NPF1 in a piRNA‐dependent manner. Mechanistically, intronic piRNAs might enhance RNA splicing of NPF1 by preventing hairpin formation at the branch point sites. These results suggest a novel nuclear PIWI/piRNA‐mediated mechanism that controls food intake in the locust nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Sino‐Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yunyun Fu
- College of Life Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Ran Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Le Kang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Life Science Hebei University Baoding China
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22
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Nakano M, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA, Clavijo-McCormick A. Chemical Ecology and Olfaction in Short-Horned Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:121-140. [PMID: 35001201 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemoreception plays a crucial role in the reproduction and survival of insects, which often rely on their sense of smell and taste to find partners, suitable habitats, and food sources, and to avoid predators and noxious substances. There is a substantial body of work investigating the chemoreception and chemical ecology of Diptera (flies) and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies); but less is known about the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, and wēta). Within the Orthoptera, the family Acrididae contains about 6700 species of short-horned grasshoppers. Grasshoppers are fascinating organisms to study due to their significant taxonomic and ecological divergence, however, most chemoreception and chemical ecology studies have focused on locusts because they are agricultural pests (e.g., Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria). Here we review studies of chemosensory systems and chemical ecology of all short-horned grasshoppers. Applications of genome editing tools and entomopathogenic microorganism to control locusts in association with their chemical ecology are also discussed. Finally, we identify gaps in the current knowledge and suggest topics of interest for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nakano
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Steven A Trewick
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
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23
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Locust density shapes energy metabolism and oxidative stress resulting in divergence of flight traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115753118. [PMID: 34969848 PMCID: PMC8740713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115753118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory locusts display striking phenotypical plasticity. Gregarious locusts at high density can migrate long distances and cause huge economic losses of crops. By contrast, solitary locusts at low density have limited ability in long-distance flight. However, the mechanisms underlying such flight capacity variation are poorly understood. Here, we found that the flight muscle of solitary locusts has a higher catabolic capacity that is associated with greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during high-velocity flights. By contrast, a relatively lower catabolic capacity in gregarious locusts is associated with lower ROS generation during long-distance flights. This finding uncovers the metabolic mechanism of locust flight trait alteration in response to density changes and enhances our understanding of the biological processes enabling locust migration. Flight ability is essential for the enormous diversity and evolutionary success of insects. The migratory locusts exhibit flight capacity plasticity in gregarious and solitary individuals closely linked with different density experiences. However, the differential mechanisms underlying flight traits of locusts are largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the variation of flight capacity by using behavioral, physiological, and multiomics approaches. Behavioral assays showed that solitary locusts possess high initial flight speeds and short-term flight, whereas gregarious locusts can fly for a longer distance at a relatively lower speed. Metabolome–transcriptome analysis revealed that solitary locusts have more active flight muscle energy metabolism than gregarious locusts, whereas gregarious locusts show less evidence of reactive oxygen species production during flight. The repression of metabolic activity by RNA interference markedly reduced the initial flight speed of solitary locusts. Elevating the oxidative stress by paraquat injection remarkably inhibited the long-distance flight of gregarious locusts. In respective crowding and isolation treatments, energy metabolic profiles and flight traits of solitary and gregarious locusts were reversed, indicating that the differentiation of flight capacity depended on density and can be reshaped rapidly. The density-dependent flight traits of locusts were attributed to the plasticity of energy metabolism and degree of oxidative stress production but not energy storage. The findings provided insights into the mechanism underlying the trade-off between velocity and sustainability in animal locomotion and movement.
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24
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Yan YM, Chen H, Chen WL, Wang DW, Liao L, Lu Q, Cheng YX. Alkyl-modified nucleobases with 6/5/7/5 ring systems from the insect Cyclopelta parva. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01603b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(±)-Cyclopeltains A and B (1 and 2), two pairs of unusual alkylated adenine derivatives, were isolated from the insect Cyclopelta parva and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Heng Chen
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Chen
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Dai-Wei Wang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Li Liao
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Qing Lu
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
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Mori N, Noge K. Recent advances in chemical ecology: complex interactions mediated by molecules. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:33-41. [PMID: 33577654 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical ecology is the highly interdisciplinary study of biochemicals that mediate the behavior of organisms and the regulation of physiological changes that alter intraspecific and/or interspecific interactions. Significant advances are often achieved through the collaboration of chemists and biologists working to understand organismal survival strategies with an eye on the development of targeted technologies for controlling agricultural, forestry, medical, and veterinary pests in a sustainable world. We highlight recent advances in chemical ecology from multiple viewpoints and discuss future prospects for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
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Foquet B, Song H. The role of the neuropeptide [His 7]-corazonin on phase-related characteristics in the Central American locust. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104244. [PMID: 33891938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Density-dependent phase polyphenism in locusts is one of the most extreme forms of phenotypic plasticity. Locusts exist along the continuum between two density-dependent phenotypes that differ in nymphal coloration, behavior, morphology, physiology, and reproduction among others. Nymphs of the solitarious phase, found in low population densities, are usually green, relatively inactive, and avoid each other, while gregarious nymphs, found in high density, exhibit a very obvious yellow/orange background with black patterning, and are highly active and attracted to each other. The multifunctional neuropeptide [His7]-corazonin has been shown to strongly affect black coloration and several other phase-related characteristics in at least two locust species, even though no effect on phase-related behavioral traits has been found. In this study, we investigate the role of [His7]-corazonin in the Central American locust Schistocerca piceifrons (Walker), which evolved density-dependent phase polyphenism independently from the two previously studied locust species. After successfully knocking down the transcript encoding [His7]-corazonin (CRZ) using RNA interference, we show that such a knockdown influences both color and morphometrics in this species, but does not influence phase-related behavioral traits. Our results suggest that the role of [His7]-corazonin is conserved in different locust species. Finally, our study represents the first controlled study of behavioral solitarization in S. piceifrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Foquet
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Hojun Song
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T, Feyereisen R. Diversity and evolution of the P450 family in arthropods. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103490. [PMID: 33169702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The P450 family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions. The P450 sequences (CYPome) from 40 arthropod species were manually curated, including 31 complete CYPomes, and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of nearly 3000 sequences is presented. Arthropod CYPomes are assembled from members of six CYP clans of variable size, the CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial clans, as well as the CYP20 and CYP16 clans that are not found in Neoptera. CYPome sizes vary from two dozen genes in some parasitic species to over 200 in species as diverse as collembolans or ticks. CYPomes are comprised of few CYP families with many genes and many CYP families with few genes, and this distribution is the result of dynamic birth and death processes. Lineage-specific expansions or blooms are found throughout the phylogeny and often result in genomic clusters that appear to form a reservoir of catalytic diversity maintained as heritable units. Among the many P450s with physiological functions, six CYP families are involved in ecdysteroid metabolism. However, five so-called Halloween genes are not universally represented and do not constitute the unique pathway of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The diversity of arthropod CYPomes has only partially been uncovered to date and many P450s with physiological functions regulating the synthesis and degradation of endogenous signal molecules (including ecdysteroids) and semiochemicals (including pheromones and defense chemicals) remain to be discovered. Sequence diversity of arthropod P450s is extreme, and P450 sequences lacking the universally conserved Cys ligand to the heme have evolved several times. A better understanding of P450 evolution is needed to discern the relative contributions of stochastic processes and adaptive processes in shaping the size and diversity of CYPomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Feyereisen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Guo X, Yu Q, Chen D, Wei J, Yang P, Yu J, Wang X, Kang L. 4-Vinylanisole is an aggregation pheromone in locusts. Nature 2020; 584:584-588. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abdellaoui K, Miladi M, Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Ben Hamouda A, Hajji-Hedfi L, Tlili H, Acheuk F. The aggregation pheromone phenylacetonitrile: Joint action with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and physiological and transcriptomic effects on Schistocerca gregaria nymphs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104594. [PMID: 32527433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and sublethal rate of chemical insecticides or other biological control agents have been proposed as an environmentally and sustainable strategy in the control of locust pests. In this paper, the quarter and the half of the recommended dose of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (¼ and ½ Ma) and the aggregation pheromone (Phenylacetonitrile: PAN) were applied simultaneously and sequentially to Schistocerca gregaria fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, the physiological effects of PAN on locusts were assessed at the behavior, immune response, and biochemical level by evaluating for glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE), and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA). Results showed that simultaneous application of PAN and the entomopathogenic fungus exhibited additive interaction. Synergistic interaction was also demonstrated when nymphs were exposed to PAN first, then treated with M. anisopliae var. acridum. Behavioral bioassay revealed that fifth-instar nymphs avoided the PAN odour and tended to remain away from the stimulus cup. In the choice assay, the pheromone significantly repelled the locusts at 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure which selected the PAN-free arena chamber. Moreover, treated nymphs become hyperactive and disoriented as evidenced by the cumulative distance travelled and the trajectory of locusts during the experiment. Immunological studies showed that PAN significantly decreased the differential haemocyte counts (prohemocytes and plasmatocytes) with a dose-response relationship. Data of biochemical analyzes showed that the PAN exposure reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase and induced significantly the glutathione S-transferases and MDA concentration in the desert locust fifth-instar nymphs. Moreover, transcriptomic responses to the PAN exposure were evaluated using gene expression levels of CYP540 and GST. The transcript levels showed an up-regulation in GST expression level particularly in nymphs exposed for 4 and 6 h. A significant increase in CYP450 transcript level was also observed after 2 h of exposure, which decreased significantly after 4 and 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemais Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Miladi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Hamouda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Tlili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources "Valcore" Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
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Guo W, Song J, Yang P, Chen X, Chen D, Ren D, Kang L, Wang X. Juvenile hormone suppresses aggregation behavior through influencing antennal gene expression in locusts. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008762. [PMID: 32348297 PMCID: PMC7213744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals often exhibit dramatically behavioral plasticity depending on their internal physiological state, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, provides an excellent model for addressing these questions because of their famous phase polyphenism involving remarkably behavioral plasticity between gregarious and solitarious phases. Here, we report that a major insect hormone, juvenile hormone, is involved in the regulation of this behavioral plasticity related to phase change by influencing the expression levels of olfactory-related genes in the migratory locust. We found that the treatment of juvenile hormone analog, methoprene, can significantly shift the olfactory responses of gregarious nymphs from attraction to repulsion to the volatiles released by gregarious nymphs. In contrast, the repulsion behavior of solitarious nymphs significantly decreased when they were treated with precocene or injected with double-stranded RNA of JHAMT, a juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase. Further, JH receptor Met or JH-response gene Kr-h1 knockdown phenocopied the JH-deprivation effects on olfactory behavior. RNA-seq analysis identified 122 differentially expressed genes in antennae after methoprene application on gregarious nymphs. Interestingly, several olfactory-related genes were especially enriched, including takeout (TO) and chemosensory protein (CSP) which have key roles in behavioral phase change of locusts. Furthermore, methoprene application and Met or Kr-h1 knockdown resulted in simultaneous changes of both TO1 and CSP3 expression to reverse pattern, which mediated the transition between repulsion and attraction responses to gregarious volatiles. Our results suggest the regulatory roles of a pleiotropic hormone in locust behavioral plasticity through modulating gene expression in the peripheral olfactory system. A behavioral change from shy solitarious individuals to highly social gregarious individuals is critical to the formation of disastrous swarms of locusts. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of behavioral plasticity regulated by hormones is still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of juvenile hormone (JH) on the behavioral transition in fourth-instar gregarious and solitarious locusts. We found that JH induced the behavioral shift of the gregarious locust from attraction to repulsion to the volatiles of gregarious locusts. The solitarious locust significantly decreased repulsion behavior after deprivation of JH by precocene or knockdown of JHAMT, a key enzyme to synthesize JH. JH application on gregarious locusts caused significant expression alteration of genes, especially the olfactory genes TO and CSP in the antennae. We further demonstrated that the JH signaling pathway suppressed aggregation behavior in gregarious locusts by increasing TO1 expression and decreasing CSP3 expression at the same time. Our results suggested that internal physiological factors can directly modulate periphery olfactory system to produce behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dafeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dani Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LK); (XW)
| | - Xianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LK); (XW)
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Brückner A, Parker J. Molecular evolution of gland cell types and chemical interactions in animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb211938. [PMID: 32034048 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Across the Metazoa, the emergence of new ecological interactions has been enabled by the repeated evolution of exocrine glands. Specialized glands have arisen recurrently and with great frequency, even in single genera or species, transforming how animals interact with their environment through trophic resource exploitation, pheromonal communication, chemical defense and parental care. The widespread convergent evolution of animal glands implies that exocrine secretory cells are a hotspot of metazoan cell type innovation. Each evolutionary origin of a novel gland involves a process of 'gland cell type assembly': the stitching together of unique biosynthesis pathways; coordinated changes in secretory systems to enable efficient chemical release; and transcriptional deployment of these machineries into cells constituting the gland. This molecular evolutionary process influences what types of compound a given species is capable of secreting, and, consequently, the kinds of ecological interactions that species can display. Here, we discuss what is known about the evolutionary assembly of gland cell types and propose a framework for how it may happen. We posit the existence of 'terminal selector' transcription factors that program gland function via regulatory recruitment of biosynthetic enzymes and secretory proteins. We suggest ancestral enzymes are initially co-opted into the novel gland, fostering pleiotropic conflict that drives enzyme duplication. This process has yielded the observed pattern of modular, gland-specific biosynthesis pathways optimized for manufacturing specific secretions. We anticipate that single-cell technologies and gene editing methods applicable in diverse species will transform the study of animal chemical interactions, revealing how gland cell types are assembled and functionally configured at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brückner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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33
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Sun R, Jiang X, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Giddings Vassão D. Tritrophic metabolism of plant chemical defenses and its effects on herbivore and predator performance. eLife 2019; 8:e51029. [PMID: 31841109 PMCID: PMC6934381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores are frequently reported to metabolize plant defense compounds, but the physiological and ecological consequences are not fully understood. It has rarely been studied whether such metabolism is genuinely beneficial to the insect, and whether there are any effects on higher trophic levels. Here, we manipulated the detoxification of plant defenses in the herbivorous pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) to evaluate changes in fitness, and additionally examined the effects on a predatory lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea). Silencing glucosinolate sulfatase genes resulted in the systemic accumulation of toxic isothiocyanates in P. xylostella larvae, impairing larval development and adult reproduction. The predatory lacewing C. carnea, however, efficiently degraded ingested isothiocyanates via a general conjugation pathway, with no negative effects on survival, reproduction, or even prey preference. These results illustrate how plant defenses and their detoxification strongly influence herbivore fitness but might only subtly affect a third trophic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xingcong Jiang
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Sagar Subhash Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology LabIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
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Pregitzer P, Jiang X, Lemke RS, Krieger J, Fleischer J, Breer H. A Subset of Odorant Receptors from the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Is Co-Expressed with the Sensory Neuron Membrane Protein 1. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100350. [PMID: 31627262 PMCID: PMC6835626 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (S. gregaria), pheromones are considered to be crucial for governing important behaviors and processes, including phase transition, reproduction, aggregation and swarm formation. The receptors mediating pheromone detection in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) on the antenna of S. gregaria are unknown. Since pheromone receptors in other insects belong to the odorant receptor (OR) family and are typically co-expressed with the “sensory neuron membrane protein 1” (SNMP1), in our search for putative pheromone receptors of S. gregaria, we have screened the OR repertoire for receptor types that are expressed in SNMP1-positive OSNs. Based on phylogenetic analyses, we categorized the 119 ORs of S. gregaria into three groups (I–III) and analyzed a substantial number of ORs for co-expression with SNMP1 by two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. We have identified 33 ORs that were co-expressed with SNMP1. In fact, the majority of ORs from group I and II were found to be expressed in SNMP1-positive OSNs, but only very few receptors from group III, which comprises approximately 60% of all ORs from S. gregaria, were co-expressed with SNMP1. These findings indicate that numerous ORs from group I and II could be important for pheromone communication. Collectively, we have identified a broad range of candidate pheromone receptors in S. gregaria that are not randomly distributed throughout the OR family but rather segregate into phylogenetically distinct receptor clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pregitzer
- Institute of Physiology (230), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Xingcong Jiang
- Institute of Physiology (230), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - René-Sebastian Lemke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jörg Fleischer
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology (230), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Xie P, Shi J, Tang S, Chen C, Khan A, Zhang F, Xiong Y, Li C, He W, Wang G, Lei F, Wu Y, Xie Q. Control of Bird Feeding Behavior by Tannin1 through Modulating the Biosynthesis of Polyphenols and Fatty Acid-Derived Volatiles in Sorghum. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1315-1324. [PMID: 31557534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bird predation during seed maturation causes great loss to agricultural production. In this study, through GWAS analysis of a large-scale sorghum germplasm diversity panel, we identified that Tannin1, which encodes a WD40 protein functioning in the WD40/MYB/bHLH complex, controls bird feeding behavior in sorghum. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a group of sorghum accessions preferred by birds contain mutated tan1-a/b alleles and accumulate significantly lower levels of anthocyanins and condensed tannin compounds. In contrast, a variety of aromatic and fatty acid-derived volatiles accumulate at significantly higher levels in these bird-preference accessions. We subsequently conducted both sparrow feeding and sparrow volatile attractant assays, which confirmed, respectively, the antifeedant and attractant functions of these differentially accumulated metabolites. In addition, the connection between the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin and the pathway of fatty acid-derived volatile biosynthesis was demonstrated by discovering that Tannin1 complex modulates fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of SbGL2 in sorghum, thus affecting the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles. Taken together, our study identified Tannin1 as the gene underlying the major locus controlling bird feeding behavior in sorghum, illustrating an example of the identification of an ecologically impactful molecular mechanism from field observation and providing significant insights into the chemistry of bird-plant ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiayang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chengxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aimal Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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Ayali A. The puzzle of locust density-dependent phase polyphenism. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:41-47. [PMID: 31326696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Locust density-dependent phase polyphenism presents a quintessential example of environmentally induced plasticity. Almost a century of research has yielded ample knowledge regarding the multitude of ecological, physiological, and molecular phase-dependent characteristics. This short review highlights the considerable advances that have been made in our understanding of the locust's extreme plasticity and the highly complex nature of the phase phenomenon. Several challenges in locust research resulting from this unique complexity are also presented. It is concluded that the joint, interdisciplinary collaborative efforts, already underway, hold the promise of translating our ample knowledge into a complete solution to untangling the locust phase puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ayali
- The School of Zoology and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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