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Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland. Nature 2022; 609:529-534. [PMID: 36104557 PMCID: PMC9477742 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport1-4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 107-108 m3 of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.
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2
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Cofano A, Cigna F, Santamaria Amato L, Siciliani de Cumis M, Tapete D. Exploiting Sentinel-5P TROPOMI and Ground Sensor Data for the Detection of Volcanic SO 2 Plumes and Activity in 2018-2021 at Stromboli, Italy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21216991. [PMID: 34770296 PMCID: PMC8587145 DOI: 10.3390/s21216991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) degassing at Strombolian volcanoes is directly associated with magmatic activity, thus its monitoring can inform about the style and intensity of eruptions. The Stromboli volcano in southern Italy is used as a test case to demonstrate that the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite has the suitable spatial resolution and sensitivity to carry out local-scale SO2 monitoring of relatively small-size, nearly point-wise volcanic sources, and distinguish periods of different activity intensity. The entire dataset consisting of TROPOMI Level 2 SO2 geophysical products from UV sensor data collected over Stromboli from 6 May 2018 to 31 May 2021 is processed with purposely adapted Python scripts. A methodological workflow is developed to encompass the extraction of total SO2 Vertical Column Density (VCD) at given coordinates (including conditional VCD for three different hypothetical peaks at 0-1, 7 and 15 km), as well as filtering by quality in compliance with the Sentinel-5P Validation Team's recommendations. The comparison of total SO2 VCD time series for the main crater and across different averaging windows (3 × 3, 5 × 5 and 4 × 2) proves the correctness of the adopted spatial sampling criterion, and practical recommendations are proposed for further implementation in similar volcanic environments. An approach for detecting SO2 VCD peaks at the volcano is trialed, and the detections are compared with the level of SO2 flux measured at ground-based instrumentation. SO2 time series analysis is complemented with information provided by contextual Sentinel-2 multispectral (in the visible, near and short-wave infrared) and Suomi NPP VIIRS observations. The aim is to correctly interpret SO2 total VCD peaks when they either (i) coincide with medium to very high SO2 emissions as measured in situ and known from volcanological observatory bulletins, or (ii) occur outside periods of significant emissions despite signs of activity visible in Sentinel-2 data. Finally, SO2 VCD peaks in the time series are further investigated through daily time lapses during the paroxysms in July-August 2019, major explosions in August 2020 and a more recent period of activity in May 2021. Hourly wind records from ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data are used to identify local wind direction and SO2 plume drift during the time lapses. The proposed analysis approach is successful in showing the SO2 degassing associated with these events, and warning whenever the SO2 VCD at Stromboli may be overestimated due to clustering with the plume of the Mount Etna volcano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cofano
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico s.n.c., 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.T.)
- Mathematics Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS), National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cigna
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico s.n.c., 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.T.)
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Luigi Santamaria Amato
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Località Terlecchia s.n.c., 75100 Matera, Italy; (L.S.A.); (M.S.d.C.)
| | - Mario Siciliani de Cumis
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Località Terlecchia s.n.c., 75100 Matera, Italy; (L.S.A.); (M.S.d.C.)
| | - Deodato Tapete
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Via del Politecnico s.n.c., 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.T.)
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Cigala V, Kueppers U, Fernández JJP, Dingwell DB. Linking gas and particle ejection dynamics to boundary conditions in scaled shock-tube experiments. BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY 2021; 83:53. [PMID: 34720320 PMCID: PMC8550467 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-021-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Predicting the onset, style and duration of explosive volcanic eruptions remains a great challenge. While the fundamental underlying processes are thought to be known, a clear correlation between eruptive features observable above Earth's surface and conditions and properties in the immediate subsurface is far from complete. Furthermore, the highly dynamic nature and inaccessibility of explosive events means that progress in the field investigation of such events remains slow. Scaled experimental investigations represent an opportunity to study individual volcanic processes separately and, despite their highly dynamic nature, to quantify them systematically. Here, impulsively generated vertical gas-particle jets were generated using rapid decompression shock-tube experiments. The angular deviation from the vertical, defined as the "spreading angle", has been quantified for gas and particles on both sides of the jets at different time steps using high-speed video analysis. The experimental variables investigated are 1) vent geometry, 2) tube length, 3) particle load, 4) particle size, and 5) temperature. Immediately prior to the first above-vent observations, gas expansion accommodates the initial gas overpressure. All experimental jets inevitably start with a particle-free gas phase (gas-only), which is typically clearly visible due to expansion-induced cooling and condensation. We record that the gas spreading angle is directly influenced by 1) vent geometry and 2) the duration of the initial gas-only phase. After some delay, whose length depends on the experimental conditions, the jet incorporates particles becoming a gas-particle jet. Below we quantify how our experimental conditions affect the temporal evolution of these two phases (gas-only and gas-particle) of each jet. As expected, the gas spreading angle is always at least as large as the particle spreading angle. The latter is positively correlated with particle load and negatively correlated with particle size. Such empirical experimentally derived relationships between the observable features of the gas-particle jets and known initial conditions can serve as input for the parameterisation of equivalent observations at active volcanoes, alleviating the circumstances where an a priori knowledge of magma textures and ascent rate, temperature and gas overpressure and/or the geometry of the shallow plumbing system is typically chronically lacking. The generation of experimental parameterisations raises the possibility that detailed field investigations on gas-particle jets at frequently erupting volcanoes might be used for elucidating subsurface parameters and their temporal variability, with all the implications that may have for better defining hazard assessment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-021-01473-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cigala
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Theresienstr 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kueppers
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Theresienstr 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Donald B. Dingwell
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Theresienstr 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Overcoming financial limitations in global volcano monitoring. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1976. [PMID: 33828101 PMCID: PMC8027019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equitable partnerships among the international volcano science community are important now more than ever, to cope with financial disparities and ultimately allow for worldwide volcano monitoring oriented to hazard mitigation.
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Grote U, Arvand M, Brinkwirth S, Brunke M, Buchholz U, Eckmanns T, von Kleist M, Niebank M, Ruehe B, Schulze K, Stoliaroff-Pépin A, Thanheiser M, Schaade L, Said D, Haas W. [Measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:435-445. [PMID: 33787944 PMCID: PMC8010780 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When the emerging novel SARS-CoV‑2 virus first appeared in December 2019, neither specific therapeutic options nor vaccinations were available. The role of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) became of central importance. At the Robert Koch Institute, a multilayer strategy consisting of population-based and individual preventive measures to control the pandemic was developed, which built upon existing influenza pandemic plans as well as generic plans. This paper explains the recommended NPIs and illustrates the pharmaceutical approaches developed in parallel.Among others, general contact bans, providing material for infection prevention and control, ban of events, closing educational institutions, and restricting travel are counted among population-based measures. Additional individual preventive measures are necessary, e.g., keeping a minimum distance, reducing contacts, and wearing a mouth-nose covering as well as quarantine and isolation. Measures within the health system are based on recommendations of the Commission on Hospital Hygiene and Infection Protection (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO)) and specified and implemented by professional societies. Since November 2020, an antiviral therapy with remdesivir and treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone have been available as pharmaceutical interventions. Monoclonal antibodies are at this time not approved. Therapeutic anticoagulation is recommended.Recommendations are constantly adapted to the increasing knowledge on the pathogen and its means of transmission. A challenge is to strengthen the trust of the population. Many measures have to be applied on an individual basis in order to work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grote
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland.
- ÖGD Kontaktstelle: Infektionsepidemiologisches Krisenmanagement, Ausbruchsuntersuchungen und Trainingsprogramme (Fachgebiet 38), Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Mardjan Arvand
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Simon Brinkwirth
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Melanie Brunke
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Udo Buchholz
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Max von Kleist
- MF Methodenentwicklung und Forschungsinfrastruktur, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Michaela Niebank
- Zentrum für Biologische Gefahren und Spezielle Pathogene (ZBS), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Bettina Ruehe
- Zentrum für Biologische Gefahren und Spezielle Pathogene (ZBS), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kai Schulze
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - Marc Thanheiser
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Lars Schaade
- Zentrum für Biologische Gefahren und Spezielle Pathogene (ZBS), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Dunja Said
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Walter Haas
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
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Wood K, Liu EJ, Richardson T, Clarke R, Freer J, Aiuppa A, Giudice G, Bitetto M, Mulina K, Itikarai I. BVLOS UAS Operations in Highly-Turbulent Volcanic Plumes. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:549716. [PMID: 33501316 PMCID: PMC7805736 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.549716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range, high-altitude Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) operations now enable in-situ measurements of volcanic gas chemistry at globally-significant active volcanoes. However, the extreme environments encountered within volcanic plumes present significant challenges for both air frame development and in-flight control. As part of a multi-disciplinary field deployment in May 2019, we flew fixed wing UAS Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) over Manam volcano, Papua New Guinea, to measure real-time gas concentrations within the volcanic plume. By integrating aerial gas measurements with ground- and satellite-based sensors, our aim was to collect data that would constrain the emission rate of environmentally-important volcanic gases, such as carbon dioxide, whilst providing critical insight into the state of the subsurface volcanic system. Here, we present a detailed analysis of three BVLOS flights into the plume of Manam volcano and discuss the challenges involved in operating in highly turbulent volcanic plumes. Specifically, we report a detailed description of the system, including ground and air components, and flight plans. We present logged flight data for two successful flights to evaluate the aircraft performance under the atmospheric conditions experienced during plume traverses. Further, by reconstructing the sequence of events that led to the failure of the third flight, we identify a number of lessons learned and propose appropriate recommendations to reduce risk in future flight operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Wood
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Richardson
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freer
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Saskatchewan Centre for Hydrology, Canmore, AB, Canada
| | - Alessandro Aiuppa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marcello Bitetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kila Mulina
- Rabaul Volcanological Observatory, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ima Itikarai
- Rabaul Volcanological Observatory, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
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