1
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Perkins CM, Mao Y, Jiang J, Wilkie DJ, Han B, Chen QY, Luesch H, Ali J, Schmittgen TD. Small molecular weight epigenetic inhibitors modulate the extracellular matrix during pancreatic acinar ductal metaplasia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 736:150496. [PMID: 39128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor microenvironment is distinguished by a high degree of fibrosis and inflammation, known as desmoplasia. Desmoplasia increases the stromal deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness observed in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to the dampened penetration of pharmacological agents. The molecular and biophysical composition of the ECM during the earliest cellular changes in the development of PDAC, i.e. acinar ductal metaplasia (ADM), has not been extensively explored. We report that the mRNA expression of key protein components of the ECM increases during ADM in p48Cre/+;LSL-KrasG12D (KC) mouse acinar organoids cultured in Matrigel. Treatment of the organoids with small molecular weight epigenetic modulating compounds that inhibit or reverse ADM (largazole, FK228 and chaetocin) dramatically reduced the tissue mRNA expression of collagens, hyaluronan synthase, laminin and fibronectin. The storage moduli, determined by video tracking of fluorescent nanoparticles embedded into the Matrigel, increased during ADM and was reduced following treatment with the epigenetic modulating compounds. We report that the ECM of mouse organoids stiffens during ADM and is further enhanced by the presence of mutant Kras. Moreover, select HDAC and HMT inhibitors reduced the mRNA expression of ECM components and ECM stiffness during inhibition and reversal of ADM, suggesting that these compounds may be useful as adjuvants to enhance the tumor penetration of agents used to treat PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M Perkins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA
| | - Yating Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA
| | - Jinmai Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA
| | - Diana J Wilkie
- Department of Behavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA
| | - Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamel Ali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA.
| | - Thomas D Schmittgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Florida-California Cancer Research Education and Engagement (CaRE (2)) Health Equity Center, USA.
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2
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Eliahoo P, Setayesh H, Hoffman T, Wu Y, Li S, Treweek JB. Viscoelasticity in 3D Cell Culture and Regenerative Medicine: Measurement Techniques and Biological Relevance. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:354-384. [PMID: 39006396 PMCID: PMC11240420 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of mechanobiology is gaining prominence due to recent findings that show cells sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their environment through a process called mechanotransduction. The mechanical properties of cells, cell organelles, and the extracellular matrix are understood to be viscoelastic. Various technologies have been researched and developed for measuring the viscoelasticity of biological materials, which may provide insight into both the cellular mechanisms and the biological functions of mechanotransduction. Here, we explain the concept of viscoelasticity and introduce the major techniques that have been used to measure the viscoelasticity of various soft materials in different length- and timescale frames. The topology of the material undergoing testing, the geometry of the probe, the magnitude of the exerted stress, and the resulting deformation should be carefully considered to choose a proper technique for each application. Lastly, we discuss several applications of viscoelasticity in 3D cell culture and tissue models for regenerative medicine, including organoids, organ-on-a-chip systems, engineered tissue constructs, and tunable viscoelastic hydrogels for 3D bioprinting and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Eliahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 United States
| | - Hesam Setayesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 United States
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 United States
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3
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Laakko T, Korkealaakso A, Yildirir BF, Batys P, Liljeström V, Hokkanen A, Nonappa, Penttilä M, Laukkanen A, Miserez A, Södergård C, Mohammadi P. Accelerated Engineering of ELP-Based Materials through Hybrid Biomimetic-De Novo Predictive Molecular Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312299. [PMID: 38710202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to engineer high-performance protein-based materials inspired by nature have mostly focused on altering naturally occurring sequences to confer the desired functionalities, whereas de novo design lags significantly behind and calls for unconventional innovative approaches. Here, using partially disordered elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) as initial building blocks this work shows that de novo engineering of protein materials can be accelerated through hybrid biomimetic design, which this work achieves by integrating computational modeling, deep neural network, and recombinant DNA technology. This generalizable approach involves incorporating a series of de novo-designed sequences with α-helical conformation and genetically encoding them into biologically inspired intrinsically disordered repeating motifs. The new ELP variants maintain structural conformation and showed tunable supramolecular self-assembly out of thermal equilibrium with phase behavior in vitro. This work illustrates the effective translation of the predicted molecular designs in structural and functional materials. The proposed methodology can be applied to a broad range of partially disordered biomacromolecules and potentially pave the way toward the discovery of novel structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Laakko
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | | | - Burcu Firatligil Yildirir
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow, PL-30239, Poland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Ari Hokkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Anssi Laukkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Caj Södergård
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
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4
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Golo M, Newman PLH, Kempe D, Biro M. Mechanoimmunology in the solid tumor microenvironment. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1489-1502. [PMID: 38856041 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that adjoins the cancer cells within solid tumors and comprises distinct components such as extracellular matrix, stromal and immune cells, blood vessels, and an abundance of signaling molecules. In recent years, the mechanical properties of the TME have emerged as critical determinants of tumor progression and therapeutic response. Aberrant mechanical cues, including altered tissue architecture and stiffness, contribute to tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Moreover, burgeoning immunotherapies hold great promise for harnessing the immune system to target and eliminate solid malignancies; however, their success is hindered by the hostile mechanical landscape of the TME, which can impede immune cell infiltration, function, and persistence. Consequently, understanding TME mechanoimmunology - the interplay between mechanical forces and immune cell behavior - is essential for developing effective solid cancer therapies. Here, we review the role of TME mechanics in tumor immunology, focusing on recent therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating the mechanical properties of the TME to potentiate T cell immunotherapies, and innovative assays tailored to evaluate their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Golo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter L H Newman
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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5
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Leartprapun N, Zeng Z, Hajjarian Z, Bossuyt V, Nadkarni SK. Laser speckle rheological microscopy reveals wideband viscoelastic spectra of biological tissues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1586. [PMID: 38718128 PMCID: PMC11078189 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Viscoelastic transformation of tissue drives aberrant cellular functions and is an early biomarker of disease pathogenesis. Tissues scale a range of viscoelastic moduli, from biofluids to bone. Moreover, viscoelastic behavior is governed by the frequency at which tissue is probed, yielding distinct viscous and elastic responses modulated over a wide frequency band. Existing tools do not quantify wideband viscoelastic spectra in tissues, leaving a vast knowledge gap. We present wideband laser speckle rheological microscopy (WB-SHEAR) that reveals elastic and viscous response over sub-megahertz frequencies previously not investigated in tissue. WB-SHEAR uses an optical, noncontact approach to quantify wideband viscoelastic spectra in specimens spanning a range of moduli from low-viscosity fibrin to highly elastic bone. Via laser scanning, micromechanical imaging is enabled to access wideband viscoelastic spectra in heterogeneous tumor specimens with high spatial resolution (25 micrometers). The ability to interrogate the viscoelastic landscape of diverse biospecimens could transform our understanding of mechanobiological processes in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zeinab Hajjarian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seemantini K. Nadkarni
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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6
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Janssen ML, Liu T, Özel M, Bril M, Prasad Thelu HV, E Kieltyka R. Dynamic Exchange in 3D Cell Culture Hydrogels Based on Crosslinking of Cyclic Thiosulfinates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314738. [PMID: 38055926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic polymer materials are highly valued substrates for 3D cell culture due to their viscoelasticity, a time-dependent mechanical property that can be tuned to resemble the energy dissipation of native tissues. Herein, we report the coupling of a cyclic thiosulfinate, mono-S-oxo-4-methyl asparagusic acid, to a 4-arm PEG-OH to prepare a disulfide-based dynamic covalent hydrogel with the addition of 4-arm PEG-thiol. Ring opening of the cyclic thiosulfinate by nucleophilic substitution results in the rapid formation of a network showing a viscoelastic fluid-like behaviour and relaxation rates modulated by thiol content through thiol-disulfide exchange, whereas its viscoelastic behaviour upon application as a small molecule linear crosslinker is solid-like. Further introduction of 4-arm PEG-vinylsulfone in the network yields a hydrogel with weeks-long cell culture stability, permitting 3D culture of cell types that lack robust proliferation, such as human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). These cells display native behaviours such as cell elongation and spontaneous beating as a function of the hydrogel's mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the mode of dynamic cyclic thiosulfinate crosslinker presentation within the network can result in different stress relaxation profiles, opening the door to model tissues with disparate mechanics in 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel L Janssen
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingxian Liu
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mertcan Özel
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Bril
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hari Veera Prasad Thelu
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E Kieltyka
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Wu Z, Huang D, Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun W, Shen X. Engineering Heterogeneous Tumor Models for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304160. [PMID: 37946674 PMCID: PMC10767453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor tissue engineering holds great promise for replicating the physiological and behavioral characteristics of tumors in vitro. Advances in this field have led to new opportunities for studying the tumor microenvironment and exploring potential anti-cancer therapeutics. However, the main obstacle to the widespread adoption of tumor models is the poor understanding and insufficient reconstruction of tumor heterogeneity. In this review, the current progress of engineering heterogeneous tumor models is discussed. First, the major components of tumor heterogeneity are summarized, which encompasses various signaling pathways, cell proliferations, and spatial configurations. Then, contemporary approaches are elucidated in tumor engineering that are guided by fundamental principles of tumor biology, and the potential of a bottom-up approach in tumor engineering is highlighted. Additionally, the characterization approaches and biomedical applications of tumor models are discussed, emphasizing the significant role of engineered tumor models in scientific research and clinical trials. Lastly, the challenges of heterogeneous tumor models in promoting oncology research and tumor therapy are described and key directions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
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8
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Brunel LG, Christakopoulos F, Kilian D, Cai B, Hull SM, Myung D, Heilshorn SC. Embedded 3D Bioprinting of Collagen Inks into Microgel Baths to Control Hydrogel Microstructure and Cell Spreading. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2303325. [PMID: 38134346 PMCID: PMC11192865 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting into support baths has emerged as a promising technique to pattern soft biomaterials into complex, macroscopic structures. It is hypothesized that interactions between inks and support baths, which are often composed of granular microgels, can be modulated to control the microscopic structure within these macroscopic-printed constructs. Using printed collagen bioinks crosslinked either through physical self-assembly or bioorthogonal covalent chemistry, it is demonstrated that microscopic porosity is introduced into collagen inks printed into microgel support baths but not bulk gel support baths. The overall porosity is governed by the ratio between the ink's shear viscosity and the microgel support bath's zero-shear viscosity. By adjusting the flow rate during extrusion, the ink's shear viscosity is modulated, thus controlling the extent of microscopic porosity independent of the ink composition. For covalently crosslinked collagen, printing into support baths comprised of gelatin microgels (15-50 µm) results in large pores (≈40 µm) that allow human corneal mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to readily spread, while control samples of cast collagen or collagen printed in non-granular support baths do not allow cell spreading. Taken together, these data demonstrate a new method to impart controlled microscale porosity into 3D printed hydrogels using granular microgel support baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia G. Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fotis Christakopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M. Hull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Myung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Debruyne AC, Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI. Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:55-66. [PMID: 36117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Debruyne
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Irina A Okkelman
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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10
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Leartprapun N, Zeng Z, Hajjarian Z, Bossuyt V, Nadkarni SK. Speckle rheological spectroscopy reveals wideband viscoelastic spectra of biological tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544037. [PMID: 37333220 PMCID: PMC10274797 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical transformation of tissue is not merely a symptom but a decisive driver in pathological processes. Comprising intricate network of cells, fibrillar proteins, and interstitial fluid, tissues exhibit distinct solid-(elastic) and liquid-like (viscous) behaviours that span a wide band of frequencies. Yet, characterization of wideband viscoelastic behaviour in whole tissue has not been investigated, leaving a vast knowledge gap in the higher frequency range that is linked to fundamental intracellular processes and microstructural dynamics. Here, we present wideband Speckle rHEologicAl spectRoScopy (SHEARS) to address this need. We demonstrate, for the first time, analysis of frequency-dependent elastic and viscous moduli up to the sub-MHz regime in biomimetic scaffolds and tissue specimens of blood clots, breast tumours, and bone. By capturing previously inaccessible viscoelastic behaviour across the wide frequency spectrum, our approach provides distinct and comprehensive mechanical signatures of tissues that may provide new mechanobiological insights and inform novel disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zeinab Hajjarian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Seemantini K. Nadkarni
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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11
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Yang H, Berthier E, Li C, Ronceray P, Han YL, Broedersz CP, Cai S, Guo M. Local response and emerging nonlinear elastic length scale in biopolymer matrices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304666120. [PMID: 37252962 PMCID: PMC10265995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304666120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear stiffening is a ubiquitous property of major types of biopolymers that make up the extracellular matrices (ECM) including collagen, fibrin, and basement membrane. Within the ECM, many types of cells such as fibroblasts and cancer cells have a spindle-like shape that acts like two equal and opposite force monopoles, which anisotropically stretch their surroundings and locally stiffen the matrix. Here, we first use optical tweezers to study the nonlinear force-displacement response to localized monopole forces. We then propose an effective-probe scaling argument that a local point force application can induce a stiffened region in the matrix, which can be characterized by a nonlinear length scale R* that increases with the increasing force magnitude; the local nonlinear force-displacement response is a result of the nonlinear growth of this effective probe that linearly deforms an increasing portion of the surrounding matrix. Furthermore, we show that this emerging nonlinear length scale R* can be observed around living cells and can be perturbed by varying matrix concentration or inhibiting cell contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Estelle Berthier
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, MünchenD-80333, Germany
| | - Chenghai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Pierre Ronceray
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CINAM, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288Marseille, France
| | - Yu Long Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Chase P. Broedersz
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, MünchenD-80333, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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12
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Zhou C, Wu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu J, Wang W, Chen S, Wu W, Wang J, Qian G, He A. Standardization of organoid culture in cancer research. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37081739 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing a valid in vitro model to represent tumor heterogeneity and biology is critical but challenging. Tumor organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional cell clusters which are of great significance for recapitulating the histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of primary tissues. The organoid has emerged as an attractive in vitro platform for tumor biology research and high-throughput drug screening in cancer medicine. Organoids offer unique advantages over cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models, but there are no standardized methods to guide the culture of organoids, leading to confusion in organoid studies that may affect accurate judgments of tumor biology. This review summarizes the shortcomings of current organoid culture methods, presents the latest research findings on organoid standardization, and proposes an outlook for organoid modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Zhou
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbo Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Yangxin County People's Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunrui Chen
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Qian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Hull SM, Lou J, Lindsay CD, Navarro RS, Cai B, Brunel LG, Westerfield AD, Xia Y, Heilshorn SC. 3D bioprinting of dynamic hydrogel bioinks enabled by small molecule modulators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7880. [PMID: 37000873 PMCID: PMC10065439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as a promising tool for spatially patterning cells to fabricate models of human tissue. Here, we present an engineered bioink material designed to have viscoelastic mechanical behavior, similar to that of living tissue. This viscoelastic bioink is cross-linked through dynamic covalent bonds, a reversible bond type that allows for cellular remodeling over time. Viscoelastic materials are challenging to use as inks, as one must tune the kinetics of the dynamic cross-links to allow for both extrudability and long-term stability. We overcome this challenge through the use of small molecule catalysts and competitors that temporarily modulate the cross-linking kinetics and degree of network formation. These inks were then used to print a model of breast cancer cell invasion, where the inclusion of dynamic cross-links was found to be required for the formation of invasive protrusions. Together, we demonstrate the power of engineered, dynamic bioinks to recapitulate the native cellular microenvironment for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Hull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junzhe Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Renato S. Navarro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucia G. Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Wagle SR, Jones M, Lewkowicz M, Wong EYM, Đanić M, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Impact of Novel Teflon-DCA Nanogel Matrix on Cellular Bioactivity. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:700-707. [PMID: 36150468 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility and effects on cells' bioactivity of developed pharmaceuticals are crucial properties, required to permit their safe delivery. Nanogel matrices offer a promising role in emerging pharmaceutics; however, it is crucial that they and their excipients do not demonstrate detrimental effects on the cells to which they interact. This study investigated the use of Teflon and the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid in the formation of novel nanogel matrices. Each has properties which may be of benefit for the nanogels created and their use in the pharmaceutical industry. Rheological parameters and scanning electron microscopy studies were conducted. In order to assess the developed nanogels' impacts on cellular bioactivity, studies using Seahorse assays were conducted on three cell types, hepatic, muscle and pancreatic beta cells. Results demonstrated the addition of Teflon did not alter the morphological characteristics of resulting nanogels or the metabolic profiles of the cell lines. Interestingly, pancreatic beta cells highlighted the potential of Teflon to exert a protective profile from mitochondrial damage. Overall, the developed nanogels showed potentially promising profiles in certain studies conducted which may lead to future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Lewkowicz
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elaine Y M Wong
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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15
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McCraw MR, Uluutku B, Solomon HD, Anderson MS, Sarkar K, Solares SD. Optimizing the accuracy of viscoelastic characterization with AFM force-distance experiments in the time and frequency domains. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:451-467. [PMID: 36530043 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) force-distance (FD) experiments have emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional micro-rheology measurement techniques owing to their versatility of use in materials of a wide range of mechanical properties. Here, we show that the range of time dependent behaviour which can reliably be resolved from the typical method of FD inversion (fitting constitutive FD relations to FD data) is inherently restricted by the experimental parameters: sampling frequency, experiment length, and strain rate. Specifically, we demonstrate that violating these restrictions can result in errors in the values of the parameters of the complex modulus. In the case of complex materials, such as cells, whose behaviour is not specifically understood a priori, the physical sensibility of these parameters cannot be assessed and may lead to falsely attributing a physical phenomenon to an artifact of the violation of these restrictions. We use arguments from information theory to understand the nature of these inconsistencies as well as devise limits on the range of mechanical parameters which can be reliably obtained from FD experiments. The results further demonstrate that the nature of these restrictions depends on the domain (time or frequency) used in the inversion process, with the time domain being far more restrictive than the frequency domain. Finally, we demonstrate how to use these restrictions to better design FD experiments to target specific timescales of a material's behaviour through our analysis of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R McCraw
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Berkin Uluutku
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Halen D Solomon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Megan S Anderson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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16
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Leartprapun N, Adie SG. Recent advances in optical elastography and emerging opportunities in the basic sciences and translational medicine [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:208-248. [PMID: 36698669 PMCID: PMC9842001 DOI: 10.1364/boe.468932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical elastography offers a rich body of imaging capabilities that can serve as a bridge between organ-level medical elastography and single-molecule biophysics. We review the methodologies and recent developments in optical coherence elastography, Brillouin microscopy, optical microrheology, and photoacoustic elastography. With an outlook toward maximizing the basic science and translational clinical impact of optical elastography technologies, we discuss potential ways that these techniques can integrate not only with each other, but also with supporting technologies and capabilities in other biomedical fields. By embracing cross-modality and cross-disciplinary interactions with these parallel fields, optical elastography can greatly increase its potential to drive new discoveries in the biomedical sciences as well as the development of novel biomechanics-based clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Present affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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17
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Mao Y, Nielsen P, Ali J. Passive and Active Microrheology for Biomedical Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916354. [PMID: 35866030 PMCID: PMC9294381 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrheology encompasses a range of methods to measure the mechanical properties of soft materials. By characterizing the motion of embedded microscopic particles, microrheology extends the probing length scale and frequency range of conventional bulk rheology. Microrheology can be characterized into either passive or active methods based on the driving force exerted on probe particles. Tracer particles are driven by thermal energy in passive methods, applying minimal deformation to the assessed medium. In active techniques, particles are manipulated by an external force, most commonly produced through optical and magnetic fields. Small-scale rheology holds significant advantages over conventional bulk rheology, such as eliminating the need for large sample sizes, the ability to probe fragile materials non-destructively, and a wider probing frequency range. More importantly, some microrheological techniques can obtain spatiotemporal information of local microenvironments and accurately describe the heterogeneity of structurally complex fluids. Recently, there has been significant growth in using these minimally invasive techniques to investigate a wide range of biomedical systems both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the latest applications and advancements of microrheology in mammalian cells, tissues, and biofluids and discuss the current challenges and potential future advances on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Paige Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jamel Ali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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18
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Tai CW, Narsimhan V. Experimental and theoretical studies of cross-stream migration of non-spherical particles in a quadratic flow of a viscoelastic fluid. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4613-4624. [PMID: 35697338 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the cross-stream migration of spherical, prolate, and oblate particles in a circular tube flow of a weakly viscoelastic fluid (De = O(10-2)) with negligible inertia (Re ≈ 0). From our previous theoretical studies, we developed mathematical models based on a second order fluid (i.e., retarded expansion for De ≪ 1) to characterize the migration trajectory of the particles in the absence of wall effects. The theory shows that the particle migration speed is proportional to the length the particle spans in the shear gradient direction (Lsg), and furthermore quantifies how particle shape alters the migration timescale. For particles with identical volume, spherical particles show the fastest migration speed among all the particles. The distinctive orientation behavior of prolate and oblate spheroids leads to a faster migration speed for an oblate particle compared to a prolate particle of the same aspect ratio. In this work, we verify our theory with microfluidic flow experiments using a model suspension of polystyrene (PS) micro-particles in a density-matched polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution (a Boger fluid). The experimental results show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the theoretically predicted particle migration speed, indicating that the theory is able to provide reasonable predictions for real microfluidic systems.
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19
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Liu K, Wiendels M, Yuan H, Ruan C, Kouwer PH. Cell-matrix reciprocity in 3D culture models with nonlinear elasticity. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:316-331. [PMID: 34820573 PMCID: PMC8586441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) matrix models using hydrogels are powerful tools to understand and predict cell behavior. The interactions between the cell and its matrix, however is highly complex: the matrix has a profound effect on basic cell functions but simultaneously, cells are able to actively manipulate the matrix properties. This (mechano)reciprocity between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is central in regulating tissue functions and it is fundamentally important to broadly consider the biomechanical properties of the in vivo ECM when designing in vitro matrix models. This manuscript discusses two commonly used biopolymer networks, i.e. collagen and fibrin gels, and one synthetic polymer network, polyisocyanide gel (PIC), which all possess the characteristic nonlinear mechanics in the biological stress regime. We start from the structure of the materials, then address the uses, advantages, and limitations of each material, to provide a guideline for tissue engineers and biophysicists in utilizing current materials and also designing new materials for 3D cell culture purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizheng Liu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maury Wiendels
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- Institute of Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Paul H.J. Kouwer
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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20
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LeSavage BL, Suhar RA, Broguiere N, Lutolf MP, Heilshorn SC. Next-generation cancer organoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:143-159. [PMID: 34385685 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic models of patient-specific tumours are revolutionizing our understanding of cancer heterogeneity and its implications for personalized medicine. These advancements are, in part, attributed to the ability of organoid models to stably preserve genetic, proteomic, morphological and pharmacotypic features of the parent tumour in vitro, while also offering unprecedented genomic and environmental manipulation. Despite recent innovations in organoid protocols, current techniques for cancer organoid culture are inherently uncontrolled and irreproducible, owing to several non-standardized facets including cancer tissue sources and subsequent processing, medium formulations, and animal-derived three-dimensional matrices. Given the potential for cancer organoids to accurately recapitulate the intra- and intertumoral biological heterogeneity associated with patient-specific cancers, eliminating the undesirable technical variability accompanying cancer organoid culture is necessary to establish reproducible platforms that accelerate translatable insights into patient care. Here we describe the current challenges and recent multidisciplinary advancements and opportunities for standardizing next-generation cancer organoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Riley A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Koorman T, Jansen KA, Khalil A, Haughton PD, Visser D, Rätze MAK, Haakma WE, Sakalauskaitè G, van Diest PJ, de Rooij J, Derksen PWB. Spatial collagen stiffening promotes collective breast cancer cell invasion by reinforcing extracellular matrix alignment. Oncogene 2022; 41:2458-2469. [PMID: 35292774 PMCID: PMC9033577 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The tumor micro-environment often contains stiff and irregular-bundled collagen fibers that are used by tumor cells to disseminate. It is still unclear how and to what extent, extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness versus ECM bundle size and alignment dictate cancer cell invasion. Here, we have uncoupled Collagen-I bundling from stiffness by introducing inter-collagen crosslinks, combined with temperature induced aggregation of collagen bundling. Using organotypic models from mouse invasive ductal and invasive lobular breast cancers, we show that increased collagen bundling in 3D induces a generic increase in breast cancer invasion that is independent of migration mode. However, systemic collagen stiffening using advanced glycation end product (AGE) crosslinking prevents collective invasion, while leaving single cell invasion unaffected. Collective invasion into collagen matrices by ductal breast cancer cells depends on Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (Loxl3), a factor produced by tumor cells that reinforces local collagen stiffness. Finally, we present clinical evidence that collectively invading cancer cells at the invasive front of ductal breast carcinoma upregulate LOXL3. By uncoupling the mechanical, chemical, and structural cues that control invasion of breast cancer in three dimensions, our data reveal that spatial control over stiffness and bundling underlie collective dissemination of ductal-type breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Koorman
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A. Jansen
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Khalil
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Molecular Cancer Research/Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Haughton
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Visser
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Max A. K. Rätze
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wisse E. Haakma
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabrielè Sakalauskaitè
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Molecular Cancer Research/Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W. B. Derksen
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Wang WY, Kent RN, Huang SA, Jarman EH, Shikanov EH, Davidson CD, Hiraki HL, Lin D, Wall MA, Matera DL, Shin JW, Polacheck WJ, Shikanov A, Baker BM. Direct comparison of angiogenesis in natural and synthetic biomaterials reveals that matrix porosity regulates endothelial cell invasion speed and sprout diameter. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:260-273. [PMID: 34469789 PMCID: PMC8595798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of large, diffusion-hindered biomaterial implants requires an understanding of how extracellular matrix (ECM) properties regulate angiogenesis. Sundry biomaterials assessed across many disparate angiogenesis assays have highlighted ECM determinants that influence this complex multicellular process. However, the abundance of material platforms, each with unique parameters to model endothelial cell (EC) sprouting presents additional challenges of interpretation and comparison between studies. In this work we directly compared the angiogenic potential of commonly utilized natural (collagen and fibrin) and synthetic dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) hydrogels in a multiplexed angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform. Modulating matrix density of collagen and fibrin hydrogels confirmed prior findings that increases in matrix density correspond to increased EC invasion as connected, multicellular sprouts, but with decreased invasion speeds. Angiogenesis in synthetic DexVS hydrogels, however, resulted in fewer multicellular sprouts. Characterizing hydrogel Young's modulus and permeability (a measure of matrix porosity), we identified matrix permeability to significantly correlate with EC invasion depth and sprout diameter. Although microporous collagen and fibrin hydrogels produced lumenized sprouts in vitro, they rapidly resorbed post-implantation into the murine epididymal fat pad. In contrast, DexVS hydrogels proved comparatively stable. To enhance angiogenesis within DexVS hydrogels, we incorporated sacrificial microgels to generate cell-scale pores throughout the hydrogel. Microporous DexVS hydrogels resulted in lumenized sprouts in vitro and enhanced cell invasion in vivo. Towards the design of vascularized biomaterials for long-term regenerative therapies, this work suggests that synthetic biomaterials offer improved size and shape control following implantation and that tuning matrix porosity may better support host angiogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding how extracellular matrix properties govern angiogenesis will inform biomaterial design for engineering vascularized implantable grafts. Here, we utilized a multiplexed angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform to compare the angiogenic potential of natural (collagen and fibrin) and synthetic dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) hydrogels. Characterization of matrix properties and sprout morphometrics across these materials points to matrix porosity as a critical regulator of sprout invasion speed and diameter, supported by the observation that nanoporous DexVS hydrogels yielded endothelial cell sprouts that were not perfusable. To enhance angiogenesis into synthetic hydrogels, we incorporated sacrificial microgels to generate microporosity. We find that microporosity increased sprout diameter in vitro and cell invasion in vivo. This work establishes a composite materials approach to enhance the vascularization of synthetic hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert N Kent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Stephanie A Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Evan H Jarman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Eve H Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Christopher D Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Harrison L Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daphne Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Monica A Wall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daniel L Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine & Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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