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Yuan Y, Patel RK, Banik S, Reta TB, Bisht RS, Fong DD, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Ramanathan S. Proton Conducting Neuromorphic Materials and Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9733-9784. [PMID: 39038231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing and artificial intelligence hardware generally aims to emulate features found in biological neural circuit components and to enable the development of energy-efficient machines. In the biological brain, ionic currents and temporal concentration gradients control information flow and storage. It is therefore of interest to examine materials and devices for neuromorphic computing wherein ionic and electronic currents can propagate. Protons being mobile under an external electric field offers a compelling avenue for facilitating biological functionalities in artificial synapses and neurons. In this review, we first highlight the interesting biological analog of protons as neurotransmitters in various animals. We then discuss the experimental approaches and mechanisms of proton doping in various classes of inorganic and organic proton-conducting materials for the advancement of neuromorphic architectures. Since hydrogen is among the lightest of elements, characterization in a solid matrix requires advanced techniques. We review powerful synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques for characterizing hydrogen doping in various materials as well as complementary scattering techniques to detect hydrogen. First-principles calculations are then discussed as they help provide an understanding of proton migration and electronic structure modification. Outstanding scientific challenges to further our understanding of proton doping and its use in emerging neuromorphic electronics are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yuan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ranjan Kumar Patel
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Suvo Banik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tadesse Billo Reta
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ravindra Singh Bisht
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Dillon D Fong
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Linker TM, Krishnamoorthy A, Daemen LL, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Nomura K, Nakano A, Cheng YQ, Hicks WR, Kolesnikov AI, Vashishta PD. Neutron scattering and neural-network quantum molecular dynamics investigation of the vibrations of ammonia along the solid-to-liquid transition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3911. [PMID: 38724541 PMCID: PMC11082248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy allows us to understand complex physical and chemical interactions of molecular crystals and liquids such as ammonia, which has recently emerged as a strong hydrogen fuel candidate to support a sustainable society. We report inelastic neutron scattering measurement of vibrational properties of ammonia along the solid-to-liquid phase transition with high enough resolution for direct comparisons to ab-initio simulations. Theoretical analysis reveals the essential role of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) for correctly describing the intermolecular spectrum as well as high energy intramolecular N-H stretching modes. This is achieved by training neural network models using ab-initio path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulations, thereby encompassing large spatiotemporal trajectories required to resolve low energy dynamics while retaining NQEs. Our results not only establish the role of NQEs in ammonia but also provide general computational frameworks to study complex molecular systems with NQEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - A Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - L L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - A J Ramirez-Cuesta
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - K Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
| | - A Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
| | - Y Q Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - W R Hicks
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - A I Kolesnikov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - P D Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA.
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Gu R, Juvé V, Laulhé C, Bouyanfif H, Vaudel G, Poirier A, Dkhil B, Hollander P, Paillard C, Weber MC, Sando D, Fusil S, Garcia V, Ruello P. Temporal and spatial tracking of ultrafast light-induced strain and polarization modulation in a ferroelectric thin film. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1160. [PMID: 37967179 PMCID: PMC10651133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort light pulses induce rapid deformations of crystalline lattices. In ferroelectrics, lattice deformations couple directly to the polarization, which opens the perspective to modulate the electric polarization on an ultrafast time scale. Here, we report on the temporal and spatial tracking of strain and polar modulation in a single-domain BiFeO3 thin film by ultrashort light pulses. To map the light-induced deformation of the BiFeO3 unit cell, we perform time-resolved optical reflectivity and time-resolved x-ray diffraction. We show that an optical femtosecond laser pulse generates not only longitudinal but also shear strains. The longitudinal strain peaks at a large amplitude of 0.6%. The access of both the longitudinal and shear strains enables to quantitatively reconstruct the ultrafast deformation of the unit cell and to infer the corresponding reorientation of the ferroelectric polarization direction in space and time. Our findings open new perspectives for ultrafast manipulation of strain-coupled ferroic orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhe Gu
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Vincent Juvé
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Claire Laulhé
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR8502, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Houssny Bouyanfif
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, UR2081, Université Jules Vernes Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Vaudel
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Aurélie Poirier
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Brahim Dkhil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS-UMR8580, Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Hollander
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Charles Paillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS-UMR8580, Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- University of Arkansas, Physics Department, 825 W Dickson St., Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Mads C. Weber
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Daniel Sando
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8410 New Zealand
| | - Stéphane Fusil
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91767, France
| | - Vincent Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91767, France
| | - Pascal Ruello
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
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Linker TM, Nomura KI, Fukushima S, Kalia RK, Krishnamoorthy A, Nakano A, Shimamura K, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Induction and Ferroelectric Switching of Flux Closure Domains in Strained PbTiO 3 with Neural Network Quantum Molecular Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7456-7462. [PMID: 37556684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an extension of the Neural Network Quantum Molecular Dynamics (NNQMD) simulation method to incorporate electric-field dynamics based on Born effective charge (BEC), called NNQMD-BEC. We first validate NNQMD-BEC for the switching mechanisms of archetypal ferroelectric PbTiO3 bulk crystal and 180° domain walls (DWs). NNQMD-BEC simulations correctly describe the nucleation-and-growth mechanism during DW switching. In triaxially strained PbTiO3 with strain conditions commonly seen in many superlattice configurations, we find that flux-closure texture can be induced with application of an electric field perpendicular to the original polarization direction. Upon field reversal, the flux-closure texture switches via a pair of transient vortices as the intermediate state, indicating an energy-efficient switching pathway. Our NNQMD-BEC method provides a theoretical guidance to study electro-mechano effects with existing machine learning force fields using a simple BEC extension, which will be relevant for engineering applications such as field-controlled switching in mechanically strained ferroelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
| | - Shogo Fukushima
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
| | - Kohei Shimamura
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Shimojo
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0242, United States
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Linker T, Nomura KI, Fukushima S, Kalia RK, Krishnamoorthy A, Nakano A, Shimamura K, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Squishing Skyrmions: Symmetry-Guided Dynamic Transformation of Polar Topologies Under Compression. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11335-11345. [PMID: 36454058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical controllability of recently discovered topological defects (e.g., skyrmions) in ferroelectric materials is of interest for the development of ultralow-power mechano-electronics that are protected against thermal noise. However, fundamental understanding is hindered by the "multiscale quantum challenge" to describe topological switching encompassing large spatiotemporal scales with quantum mechanical accuracy. Here, we overcome this challenge by developing a machine-learning-based multiscale simulation framework─a hybrid neural network quantum molecular dynamics (NNQMD) and molecular mechanics (MM) method. For nanostructures composed of SrTiO3 and PbTiO3, we find how the symmetry of mechanical loading essentially controls polar topological switching. We find under symmetry-breaking uniaxial compression a squishing-to-annihilation pathway versus formation of a topological composite named skyrmionium under symmetry-preserving isotropic compression. The distinct pathways are explained in terms of the underlying materials' elasticity and symmetry, as well as the Landau-Lifshitz-Kittel scaling law. Such rational control of ferroelectric topologies will likely facilitate exploration of the rich ferroelectric "topotronics" design space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
| | - Shogo Fukushima
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8555, Japan
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
| | - Kohei Shimamura
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8555, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Shimojo
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8555, Japan
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-0242, United States of America
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Linker T, Fukushima S, Kalia RK, Krishnamoorthy A, Nakano A, Nomura KI, Shimamura K, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Towards computational polar-topotronics: Multiscale neural-network quantum molecular dynamics simulations of polar vortex states in SrTiO3/PbTiO3 nanowires. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.884149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of polar topological structures (e.g., skyrmions and merons) in ferroelectric/paraelectric heterostructures have opened a new field of polar topotronics. However, how complex interplay of photoexcitation, electric field and mechanical strain controls these topological structures remains elusive. To address this challenge, we have developed a computational approach at the nexus of machine learning and first-principles simulations. Our multiscale neural-network quantum molecular dynamics molecular mechanics approach achieves orders-of-magnitude faster computation, while maintaining quantum-mechanical accuracy for atoms within the region of interest. This approach has enabled us to investigate the dynamics of vortex states formed in PbTiO3 nanowires embedded in SrTiO3. We find topological switching of these vortex states to topologically trivial, uniformly polarized states using electric field and trivial domain-wall states using shear strain. These results, along with our earlier results on optical control of polar topology, suggest an exciting new avenue toward opto-electro-mechanical control of ultrafast, ultralow-power polar topotronic devices.
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