1
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Pedre B. A guide to genetically-encoded redox biosensors: State of the art and opportunities. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 758:110067. [PMID: 38908743 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Genetically-encoded redox biosensors have become invaluable tools for monitoring cellular redox processes with high spatiotemporal resolution, coupling the presence of the redox-active analyte with a change in fluorescence signal that can be easily recorded. This review summarizes the available fluorescence recording methods and presents an in-depth classification of the redox biosensors, organized by the analytes they respond to. In addition to the fluorescent protein-based architectures, this review also describes the recent advances on fluorescent, chemigenetic-based redox biosensors and other emerging chemigenetic strategies. This review examines how these biosensors are designed, the biosensors sensing mechanism, and their practical advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandán Pedre
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Unit, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Alazem M, Burch-Smith TM. Roles of ROS and redox in regulating cell-to-cell communication: Spotlight on viral modulation of redox for local spread. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2830-2841. [PMID: 38168864 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules that influence many aspects of plant biology. One way in which ROS influence plant growth and development is by modifying intercellular trafficking through plasmodesmata (PD). Viruses have evolved to use PD for their local cell-to-cell spread between plant cells, so it is therefore not surprising that they have found ways to modulate ROS and redox signalling to optimise PD function for their benefit. This review examines how intracellular signalling via ROS and redox pathways regulate intercellular trafficking via PD during development and stress. The relationship between viruses and ROS-redox systems, and the strategies viruses employ to control PD function by interfering with ROS-redox in plants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Wu Q, Li Y, Chen M, Kong X. Companion cell mediates wound-stimulated leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400639121. [PMID: 38838018 PMCID: PMC11181143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400639121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf wounding triggers rapid long-range electrical signaling that initiates systemic defense responses to protect the plants from further attack. In Arabidopsis, this process largely depends on clade three GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. In the cellular context, phloem sieve elements and xylem contact cells where GLRs were mostly present are implicated in the signaling events. In spite of that, the spatial requirements of different leaf cell types for leaf-to-leaf signaling remain poorly investigated. In this study, we dissected cell-type-specific long-distance wound signaling mediated by GLR3s and showed that phloem companion cells are critical in shaping the functions of GLR3.3 and GLR3.6 in the signaling pathway. GLR3.3-mediated response is phloem-specific, during which, GLR3.3 has to be renewed from companion cells to allow its function in sieve elements. GLR3.6 functions dually in ectopic phloem companion cells, in addition to xylem contact cells. Furthermore, the action of GLR3.6 in phloem is independent of its paralog GLR3.3 and probably requires synthesis of GLR3.6 from xylem contact cells. Overall, our work highlights that the phloem companion cell is crucial for both GLRs in controlling leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohang Kong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
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4
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Chen Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Jia L, Li L, Xu Z, Zhang N, Liu Y, Fan X, Xuan W, Xu G, Zhang R. The beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis SQR9 regulates plant nitrogen uptake via an endogenous signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3388-3400. [PMID: 38497798 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer is widely used in agriculture to boost crop yields. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can increase plant nitrogen use efficiency through nitrogen fixation and organic nitrogen mineralization. However, it is not known whether they can activate plant nitrogen uptake. In this study, we investigated the effects of volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by the PGPR strain Bacillus velezensis SQR9 on plant nitrogen uptake. Strain SQR9 VCs promoted nitrogen accumulation in both rice and Arabidopsis. In addition, isotope labeling experiments showed that strain SQR9 VCs promoted the absorption of nitrate and ammonium. Several key nitrogen-uptake genes were up-regulated by strain SQR9 VCs, such as AtNRT2.1 in Arabidopsis and OsNAR2.1, OsNRT2.3a, and OsAMT1 family members in rice, and the deletion of these genes compromised the promoting effect of strain SQR9 VCs on plant nitrogen absorption. Furthermore, calcium and the transcription factor NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 play an important role in nitrate uptake promoted by strain SQR9 VCs. Taken together, our results indicate that PGPRs can promote nitrogen uptake through regulating plant endogenous signaling and nitrogen transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yucong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansong Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Letian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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5
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García-Gómez ML, Ten Tusscher K. Multi-scale mechanisms driving root regeneration: From regeneration competence to tissue repatterning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38824611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Plants possess an outstanding capacity to regenerate enabling them to repair damages caused by suboptimal environmental conditions, biotic attacks, or mechanical damages impacting the survival of these sessile organisms. Although the extent of regeneration varies greatly between localized cell damage and whole organ recovery, the process of regeneration can be subdivided into a similar sequence of interlinked regulatory processes. That is, competence to regenerate, cell fate reprogramming, and the repatterning of the tissue. Here, using root tip regeneration as a paradigm system to study plant regeneration, we provide a synthesis of the molecular responses that underlie both regeneration competence and the repatterning of the root stump. Regarding regeneration competence, we discuss the role of wound signaling, hormone responses and synthesis, and rapid changes in gene expression observed in the cells close to the cut. Then, we consider how this rapid response is followed by the tissue repatterning phase, where cells experience cell fate changes in a spatial and temporal order to recreate the lost stem cell niche and columella. Lastly, we argue that a multi-scale modeling approach is fundamental to uncovering the mechanisms underlying root regeneration, as it allows to integrate knowledge of cell-level gene expression, cell-to-cell transport of hormones and transcription factors, and tissue-level growth dynamics to reveal how the bi-directional feedbacks between these processes enable self-organized repatterning of the root apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L García-Gómez
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental and Computational Plant Development Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CropXR Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Translational Plant Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental and Computational Plant Development Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CropXR Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Peláez-Vico MÁ, Fichman Y, Zandalinas SI, Foyer CH, Mittler R. ROS are universal cell-to-cell stress signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102540. [PMID: 38643747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the redox state of cells is deeply rooted in the biology of almost all organisms, regulating development, growth, and responses to the environment. Recent studies revealed that the ROS levels and redox state of one cell can be transmitted, as an information 'state' or 'currency', to other cells and spread by cell-to-cell communication within an entire community of cells or an organism. Here, we discuss the different pathways that mediate cell-to-cell signaling in plants, their hierarchy, and the different mechanisms that transmit ROS/redox signaling between different cells. We further hypothesize that ROS/redox signaling between different organisms could play a key role within the 'one world' principle, impacting human health and our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Peláez-Vico
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins St., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yosef Fichman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sara I Zandalinas
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, University Jaume I. Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins St., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins St., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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7
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Barbosa-Caro JC, Wudick MM. Revisiting plant electric signaling: Challenging an old phenomenon with novel discoveries. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102528. [PMID: 38552341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Higher plants efficiently orchestrate rapid systemic responses to diverse environmental stimuli through electric signaling. This review explores the mechanisms underlying two main types of electric signals in plants, action potentials (APs) and slow wave potentials (SWPs), and how new discoveries challenge conventional neurophysiological paradigms traditionally forming their theoretical foundations. Animal APs are biophysically well-defined, whereas plant APs are often classified based on their shape, lacking thorough characterization. SWPs are depolarizing electric signals deviating from this shape, leading to an oversimplified classification of plant electric signals. Indeed, investigating the generation and propagation of plant APs and SWPs showcases a complex interplay of mechanisms that sustain self-propagating signals and internally propagating stimuli, resulting in membrane depolarization, cytosolic calcium increase, and alterations in reactive oxygen species and pH. A holistic understanding of plant electric signaling will rely on unraveling the network of ion-conducting proteins, signaling molecules, and mechanisms for signal generation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Barbosa-Caro
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Watanabe K, Hashimoto K, Hasegawa K, Shindo H, Tsuruda Y, Kupisz K, Koselski M, Wasko P, Trebacz K, Kuchitsu K. Rapid Propagation of Ca2+ Waves and Electrical Signals in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:660-670. [PMID: 38195149 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
In response to both biotic and abiotic stresses, vascular plants transmit long-distance Ca2+ and electrical signals from localized stress sites to distant tissues through their vasculature. Various models have been proposed for the mechanisms underlying the long-distance signaling, primarily centered around the presence of vascular bundles. We here demonstrate that the non-vascular liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses a mechanism for propagating Ca2+ waves and electrical signals in response to wounding. The propagation velocity of these signals was approximately 1-2 mm s-1, equivalent to that observed in vascular plants. Both Ca2+ waves and electrical signals were inhibited by La3+ as well as tetraethylammonium chloride, suggesting the crucial importance of both Ca2+ channel(s) and K+ channel(s) in wound-induced membrane depolarization as well as the subsequent long-distance signal propagation. Simultaneous recordings of Ca2+ and electrical signals indicated a tight coupling between the dynamics of these two signaling modalities. Furthermore, molecular genetic studies revealed that a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) channel plays a central role in the propagation of both Ca2+ waves and electrical signals. Conversely, none of the three two-pore channels were implicated in either signal propagation. These findings shed light on the evolutionary conservation of rapid long-distance Ca2+ wave and electrical signal propagation involving GLRs in land plants, even in the absence of vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shindo
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yushin Tsuruda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kamila Kupisz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Piotr Wasko
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Trebacz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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9
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Ladeynova M, Kuznetsova D, Pecherina A, Vodeneev V. pH change accompanying long-distance electrical signal controls systemic jasmonate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154225. [PMID: 38522214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Local damaging stimuli cause a rapid increase in the content of the defense phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its biologically active derivative jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in undamaged distal tissues. The increase in JA and JA-Ile levels was coincident with a rapid decrease in the levels of the precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). The propagation of a stimulus-induced long-distance electrical signal, variation potential (VP), which is accompanied by intracellular changes in pH and Ca2+ levels, preceded systemic changes in jasmonate content. The decrease in pH during VP, mediated by transient inactivation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, induced the conversion of OPDA to JA, probably by regulating the availability of the OPDA substrate to JA biosynthetic enzymes. The regulation of systemic synthesis of JA and JA-Ile by the Ca2+ wave accompanying VP most likely occurs by the same mechanism of pH-induced conversion of OPDA to JA due to Ca2+-mediated decrease in pH as a result of H+-ATPase inactivation. Thus, the transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels and the transient decrease in intracellular pH are most likely the key mechanisms of VP-mediated regulation of jasmonate production in systemic tissues upon local stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ladeynova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Darya Kuznetsova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna Pecherina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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10
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Gasperini D, Howe GA. Phytohormones in a universe of regulatory metabolites: lessons from jasmonate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:135-154. [PMID: 38290050 PMCID: PMC11060663 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Small-molecule phytohormones exert control over plant growth, development, and stress responses by coordinating the patterns of gene expression within and between cells. Increasing evidence indicates that currently recognized plant hormones are part of a larger group of regulatory metabolites that have acquired signaling properties during the evolution of land plants. This rich assortment of chemical signals reflects the tremendous diversity of plant secondary metabolism, which offers evolutionary solutions to the daunting challenges of sessility and other unique aspects of plant biology. A major gap in our current understanding of plant regulatory metabolites is the lack of insight into the direct targets of these compounds. Here, we illustrate the blurred distinction between classical phytohormones and other bioactive metabolites by highlighting the major scientific advances that transformed the view of jasmonate from an interesting floral scent to a potent transcriptional regulator. Lessons from jasmonate research generally apply to other phytohormones and thus may help provide a broad understanding of regulatory metabolite-protein interactions. In providing a framework that links small-molecule diversity to transcriptional plasticity, we hope to stimulate future research to explore the evolution, functions, and mechanisms of perception of a broad range of plant regulatory metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 42284, USA
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11
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Pavlovič A, Ševčíková L, Hřivňacký M, Rác M. Effect of the General Anaesthetic Ketamine on Electrical and Ca 2+ Signal Propagation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:894. [PMID: 38592882 PMCID: PMC10975207 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The systemic electrical signal propagation in plants (i.e., from leaf to leaf) is dependent on GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE proteins (GLRs). The GLR receptors are the homologous proteins to the animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) which are ligand-gated non-selective cation channels that mediate neurotransmission in the animal's nervous system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the general anaesthetic ketamine, a well-known non-competitive channel blocker of human iGluRs, on systemic electrical signal propagation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We monitored the electrical signal propagation, intracellular calcium level [Ca2+]cyt and expression of jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes in response to heat wounding. Although ketamine affected the shape and the parameters of the electrical signals (amplitude and half-time, t1/2) mainly in systemic leaves, it was not able to block a systemic response. Increased [Ca2+]cyt and the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes were detected in local as well as in systemic leaves in response to heat wounding in ketamine-treated plants. This is in contrast with the effect of the volatile general anaesthetic diethyl ether which completely blocked the systemic response. This low potency of ketamine in plants is probably caused by the fact that the critical amino acid residues needed for ketamine binding in human iGluRs are not conserved in plants' GLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Š.); (M.H.); (M.R.)
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12
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Giovannetti M, Binci F, Navazio L, Genre A. Nonbinary fungal signals and calcium-mediated transduction in plant immunity and symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1393-1400. [PMID: 38013492 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitin oligomers (COs) are among the most common and active fungal elicitors of plant responses. Short-chain COs from symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activate accommodation responses in the host root, while long-chain COs from pathogenic fungi are acknowledged to trigger defence responses. The modulation of intracellular calcium concentration - a common second messenger in a wide variety of plant signal transduction processes - plays a central role in both signalling pathways with distinct signature features. Nevertheless, mounting evidence suggests that plant immunity and symbiosis signalling partially overlap at multiple levels. Here, we elaborate on recent findings on this topic, highlighting the nonbinary nature of chitin-based fungal signals, their perception and their interpretation through Ca2+ -mediated intracellular signals. Based on this, we propose that plant perception of symbiotic and pathogenic fungi is less clear-cut than previously described and involves a more complex scenario in which partially overlapping and blurred signalling mechanisms act upstream of the unambiguous regulation of gene expression driving accommodation or defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
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13
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Ohtsu M, Jennings J, Johnston M, Breakspear A, Liu X, Stark K, Morris RJ, de Keijzer J, Faulkner C. Assaying Effector Cell-to-Cell Mobility in Plant Tissues Identifies Hypermobility and Indirect Manipulation of Plasmodesmata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:84-92. [PMID: 37942798 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0052-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata establish cytoplasmic continuity between cells to allow for communication and resource exchange across the cell wall. While plant pathogens use plasmodesmata as a pathway for both molecular and physical invasion, the benefits of molecular invasion (cell-to-cell movement of pathogen effectors) are poorly understood. To establish a methodology for identification and characterization of the cell-to-cell mobility of effectors, we performed a quantitative live imaging-based screen of candidate effectors of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. We predicted C. higginsianum effectors by their expression profiles, the presence of a secretion signal, and their predicted and in planta localization when fused to green fluorescent protein. We assayed for cell-to-cell mobility of nucleocytosolic effectors and identified 14 that are cell-to-cell mobile. We identified that three of these effectors are "hypermobile," showing cell-to-cell mobility greater than expected for a protein of that size. To explore the mechanism of hypermobility, we chose two hypermobile effectors and measured their impact on plasmodesmata function and found that even though they show no direct association with plasmodesmata, each increases the transport capacity of plasmodesmata. Thus, our methods for quantitative analysis of cell-to-cell mobility of candidate microbe-derived effectors, or any suite of host proteins, can identify cell-to-cell hypermobility and offer greater understanding of how proteins affect plasmodesmal function and intercellular connectivity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ohtsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Joanna Jennings
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Matthew Johnston
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Andrew Breakspear
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Kara Stark
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, U.K
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14
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Gao YQ, Morin H, Marcourt L, Yang TH, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Chloride, glutathiones, and insect-derived elicitors introduced into the xylem trigger electrical signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1091-1103. [PMID: 37925642 PMCID: PMC10828190 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ricca assays allow the direct introduction of compounds extracted from plants or the organisms that attack them into the leaf vasculature. Using chromatographic fractionation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf extracts, we found glutamate was the most active low mass elicitor of membrane depolarization. However, other known elicitors of membrane depolarization are generated in the wound response. These include unstable aglycones generated by glucosinolate (GSL) breakdown. None of the aglycone-derived GSL-breakdown products, including nitriles and isothiocyanates, that we tested using Ricca assays triggered electrical activity. Instead, we found that glutathione and the GSL-derived compound sulforaphane glutathione triggered membrane depolarizations. These findings identify a potential link between GSL breakdown and glutathione in the generation of membrane depolarizing signals. Noting that the chromatographic fractionation of plant extracts can dilute or exchange ions, we found that Cl- caused glutamate receptor-like3.3-dependent membrane depolarizations. In summary, we show that, in addition to glutamate, glutathione derivatives as well as chloride ions will need to be considered as potential elicitors of wound-response membrane potential change. Finally, by introducing aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) extracts or the flagellin-derived peptide flg22 into the leaf vasculature we extend the use of Ricca assays for the exploration of insect/plant and bacteria/plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Morin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
| | - Tsu-Hao Yang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva 1206, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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15
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Yan C, Gao Q, Yang M, Shao Q, Xu X, Zhang Y, Luan S. Ca 2+/calmodulin-mediated desensitization of glutamate receptors shapes plant systemic wound signalling and anti-herbivore defence. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:145-160. [PMID: 38168609 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants rely on systemic signalling mechanisms to establish whole-body defence in response to insect and nematode attacks. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes have been implicated in long-distance transmission of wound signals to initiate the accumulation of the defence hormone jasmonate (JA) at undamaged distal sites. The systemic signalling entails the activation of Ca2+-permeable GLR channels by wound-released glutamate, triggering membrane depolarization and cytosolic Ca2+ influx throughout the whole plant. The systemic electrical and calcium signals rapidly dissipate to restore the resting state, partially due to desensitization of the GLR channels. Here we report the discovery of calmodulin-mediated, Ca2+-dependent desensitization of GLR channels, revealing a negative feedback loop in the orchestration of plant systemic wound responses. A CRISPR-engineered GLR3.3 allele with impaired desensitization showed prolonged systemic electrical signalling and Ca2+ waves, leading to enhanced plant defence against herbivores. Moreover, this Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated desensitization of GLR channels is a highly conserved mechanism in plants, providing a potential target for engineering anti-herbivore defence in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mai Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaolin Shao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbiao Zhang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Reissig GN, de Carvalho Oliveira TF, Parise AG, Costa ÁVL, Posso DA, Rombaldi CV, Souza GM. Approximate entropy: a promising tool to understand the hidden electrical activity of fruit. Commun Integr Biol 2023; 16:2195236. [PMID: 37007213 PMCID: PMC10054301 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2023.2195236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits, like other parts of the plant, appear to have a rich electrical activity that may contain information. Here, we present data showing differences in the electrome complexity of tomato fruits through ripening and discuss possible physiological processes involved. The complexity of the signals, measured through approximate entropy, varied along the fruit ripening process. When analyzing the fruits individually, a decrease in entropy values was observed when they entered the breaker stage, followed by a tendency to increase again when they entered the light red stage. Consequently, the data obtained showed a decrease in signal complexity in the breaker stage, probably due to some physiological process that ends up predominating to the detriment of others. This result may be linked to processes involved in ripening, such as climacteric. Electrophysiological studies in the reproductive stage of the plant are still scarce, and research in this direction is of paramount importance to understand whether the electrical signals observed can transmit information from reproductive structures to other modules of plants. This work opens the possibility of studying the relationship between the electrical activity and fruit ripening through the analysis of approximate entropy. More studies are necessary to understand whether there is a correlation or a cause-response relationship in the phenomena involved. There is a myriad of possibilities for the applicability of this knowledge to different areas, from understanding the cognitive processes of plants to achieving more accurate and sustainable agriculture.
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17
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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18
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Benitez-Alfonso Y, Soanes BK, Zimba S, Sinanaj B, German L, Sharma V, Bohra A, Kolesnikova A, Dunn JA, Martin AC, Khashi U Rahman M, Saati-Santamaría Z, García-Fraile P, Ferreira EA, Frazão LA, Cowling WA, Siddique KHM, Pandey MK, Farooq M, Varshney RK, Chapman MA, Boesch C, Daszkowska-Golec A, Foyer CH. Enhancing climate change resilience in agricultural crops. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1246-R1261. [PMID: 38052178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens global food and nutritional security through negative effects on crop growth and agricultural productivity. Many countries have adopted ambitious climate change mitigation and adaptation targets that will exacerbate the problem, as they require significant changes in current agri-food systems. In this review, we provide a roadmap for improved crop production that encompasses the effective transfer of current knowledge into plant breeding and crop management strategies that will underpin sustainable agriculture intensification and climate resilience. We identify the main problem areas and highlight outstanding questions and potential solutions that can be applied to mitigate the impacts of climate change on crop growth and productivity. Although translation of scientific advances into crop production lags far behind current scientific knowledge and technology, we consider that a holistic approach, combining disciplines in collaborative efforts, can drive better connections between research, policy, and the needs of society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth K Soanes
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sibongile Zimba
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Horticulture Department, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Liam German
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Vinay Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Anastasia Kolesnikova
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jessica A Dunn
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Azahara C Martin
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Muhammad Khashi U Rahman
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Villamayor de la Armuña 37185, Spain
| | - Zaki Saati-Santamaría
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Villamayor de la Armuña 37185, Spain; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paula García-Fraile
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain; Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Villamayor de la Armuña 37185, Spain
| | - Evander A Ferreira
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Universitária 1000, 39404547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leidivan A Frazão
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Universitária 1000, 39404547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wallace A Cowling
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Li X, Chen L, Zeng X, Wu K, Huang J, Liao M, Xi Y, Zhu G, Zeng X, Hou X, Zhang Z, Peng X. Wounding induces a peroxisomal H 2 O 2 decrease via glycolate oxidase-catalase switch dependent on glutamate receptor-like channel-supported Ca 2+ signaling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1325-1341. [PMID: 37596913 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of environmental challenges, such as mechanical injury, by a single plant tissue results in the activation of systemic signaling, which attunes the plant's physiology and morphology for better survival and reproduction. As key signals, both calcium ions (Ca2+ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) interplay with each other to mediate plant systemic signaling. However, the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ -H2 O2 crosstalk are not fully revealed. Our previous study showed that the interaction between glycolate oxidase and catalase, key enzymes of photorespiration, serves as a molecular switch (GC switch) to dynamically modulate photorespiratory H2 O2 fluctuations via metabolic channeling. In this study, we further demonstrate that local wounding induces a rapid shift of the GC switch to a more interactive state in systemic leaves, resulting in a sharp decrease in peroxisomal H2 O2 levels, in contrast to a simultaneous outburst of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived apoplastic H2 O2 . Moreover, the systemic response of the two processes depends on the transmission of Ca2+ signaling, mediated by glutamate-receptor-like Ca2+ channels 3.3 and 3.6. Mechanistically, by direct binding and/or indirect mediation by some potential biochemical sensors, peroxisomal Ca2+ regulates the GC switch states in situ, leading to changes in H2 O2 levels. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of photorespiratory H2 O2 in plant systemic acclimation and an optimized systemic H2 O2 signaling via spatiotemporal interplay between the GC switch and NADPH oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linru Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Lu J, Dreyer I, Dickinson MS, Panzer S, Jaślan D, Navarro-Retamal C, Geiger D, Terpitz U, Becker D, Stroud RM, Marten I, Hedrich R. Vicia faba SV channel VfTPC1 is a hyperexcitable variant of plant vacuole Two Pore Channels. eLife 2023; 12:e86384. [PMID: 37991833 PMCID: PMC10665017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To fire action-potential-like electrical signals, the vacuole membrane requires the two-pore channel TPC1, formerly called SV channel. The TPC1/SV channel functions as a depolarization-stimulated, non-selective cation channel that is inhibited by luminal Ca2+. In our search for species-dependent functional TPC1 channel variants with different luminal Ca2+ sensitivity, we found in total three acidic residues present in Ca2+ sensor sites 2 and 3 of the Ca2+-sensitive AtTPC1 channel from Arabidopsis thaliana that were neutral in its Vicia faba ortholog and also in those of many other Fabaceae. When expressed in the Arabidopsis AtTPC1-loss-of-function background, wild-type VfTPC1 was hypersensitive to vacuole depolarization and only weakly sensitive to blocking luminal Ca2+. When AtTPC1 was mutated for these VfTPC1-homologous polymorphic residues, two neutral substitutions in Ca2+ sensor site 3 alone were already sufficient for the Arabidopsis At-VfTPC1 channel mutant to gain VfTPC1-like voltage and luminal Ca2+ sensitivity that together rendered vacuoles hyperexcitable. Thus, natural TPC1 channel variants exist in plant families which may fine-tune vacuole excitability and adapt it to environmental settings of the particular ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Lu
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Universidad de Talca, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and ModelingTalcaChile
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
- Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMunichGermany
| | - Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Universidad de Talca, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and ModelingTalcaChile
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Dietmar Geiger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
| | - Robert M Stroud
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Irene Marten
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Biocenter, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsWürzburgGermany
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21
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Paterlini A. A year at the forefront of plasmodesmal biology. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060123. [PMID: 37874138 PMCID: PMC10618598 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a central feature of multicellular organisms, enabling division of labour and coordinated responses. Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined pores that provide regulated cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, facilitating signalling and transport across neighboring cells. Plant development and survival profoundly depend on the existence and functioning of these structures, bringing them to the spotlight for both fundamental and applied research. Despite the rich conceptual and translational rewards in sight, however, the study of plasmodesmata poses significant challenges. This Review will mostly focus on research published between May 2022 and May 2023 and intends to provide a short overview of recent discoveries, innovations, community resources and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paterlini
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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22
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Mudrilov MA, Ladeynova MM, Kuznetsova DV, Vodeneev VA. Ion Channels in Electrical Signaling in Higher Plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1467-1487. [PMID: 38105018 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792310005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals (ESs) appearing in plants under the action of various external factors play an important role in adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Generation of ES in higher plant cells is associated with activation of Ca2+, K+, and anion fluxes, as well as with changes in the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase. In the present review, molecular nature of the ion channels contributing to ESs transmission in higher plants is analyzed based on comparison of the data from molecular-genetic and electrophysiological studies. Based on such characteristics of ion channels as selectivity, activation mechanism, and intracellular and tissue localization, those ion channels that meet the requirements for potential participation in ES generation were selected from a wide variety of ion channels in higher plants. Analysis of the data of experimental studies performed on mutants with suppressed or enhanced expression of a certain channel gene revealed those channels whose activation contributes to ESs formation. The channels responsible for Ca2+ flux during generation of ESs include channels of the GLR family, for K+ flux - GORK, for anions - MSL. Consideration of the prospects of further studies suggests the need to combine electrophysiological and genetic approaches along with analysis of ion concentrations in intact plants within a single study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Maria M Ladeynova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Darya V Kuznetsova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
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23
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Howell AH, Völkner C, McGreevy P, Jensen KH, Waadt R, Gilroy S, Kunz HH, Peters WS, Knoblauch M. Pavement cells distinguish touch from letting go. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:877-882. [PMID: 37188852 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A micro-cantilever technique applied to individual leaf epidermis cells of intact Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum synthesizing genetically encoded calcium indicators (R-GECO1 and GCaMP3) revealed that compressive forces induced local calcium peaks that preceded delayed, slowly moving calcium waves. Releasing the force evoked significantly faster calcium waves. Slow waves were also triggered by increased turgor and fast waves by turgor drops in pressure probe tests. The distinct characteristics of the wave types suggest different underlying mechanisms and an ability of plants to distinguish touch from letting go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Howell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Carsten Völkner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick McGreevy
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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24
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Hedrich R, Müller TD, Marten I, Becker D. TPC1 vacuole SV channel gains further shape - voltage priming of calcium-dependent gating. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:673-684. [PMID: 36740491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Across phyla, voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) allow excitability. The vacuolar two-pore channel AtTPC1 from the tiny mustard plant Arabidopsis thaliana has emerged as a paradigm for deciphering the role of voltage and calcium signals in membrane excitation. Among the numerous experimentally determined structures of VGICs, AtTPC1 was the first to be revealed in a closed and resting state, fueling speculation about structural rearrangements during channel activation. Two independent reports on the structure of a partially opened AtTPC1 channel protein have led to working models that offer promising insights into the molecular switches associated with the gating process. We review new structure-function models and also discuss the evolutionary impact of two-pore channels (TPCs) on K+ homeostasis and vacuolar excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas D Müller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irene Marten
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Cracking the code of plant herbivore defense. Cell 2023; 186:1300-1302. [PMID: 37001494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1916, Ricca hypothesized that plant defense mediators are transported by xylem vessels. While it was discovered that electrical waves generated at plant wounds also transmit information over great distances, the molecular nature of the so-called Ricca factor remained unclear. In this issue of Cell, Gao et al. identify thioglucoside glucohydrolases as a Ricca factor in Arabidopsis.
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26
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McLachlan DH. Plant physiology: Untangling the roles of glutamate and turgor pressure. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R221-R223. [PMID: 36977382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance wound signalling in plants involves systemic propagation of calcium waves, but the exact process of initiation and transmission of these waves remains elusive. A new study proposes a mechanism whereby pressure changes are the trigger for this response.
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27
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Gao YQ, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Tiwari S, Stolz S, Wang J, Glauser G, Santiago J, Farmer EE. Ricca's factors as mobile proteinaceous effectors of electrical signaling. Cell 2023; 186:1337-1351.e20. [PMID: 36870332 PMCID: PMC10098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-feeding insects trigger high-amplitude, defense-inducing electrical signals called slow wave potentials (SWPs). These signals are thought to be triggered by the long-distance transport of low molecular mass elicitors termed Ricca's factors. We sought mediators of leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana and identified them as β-THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE 1 and 2 (TGG1 and TGG2). SWP propagation from insect feeding sites was strongly attenuated in tgg1 tgg2 mutants and wound-response cytosolic Ca2+ increases were reduced in these plants. Recombinant TGG1 fed into the xylem elicited wild-type-like membrane depolarization and Ca2+ transients. Moreover, TGGs catalyze the deglucosidation of glucosinolates. Metabolite profiling revealed rapid wound-induced breakdown of aliphatic glucosinolates in primary veins. Using in vivo chemical trapping, we found evidence for roles of short-lived aglycone intermediates generated by glucosinolate hydrolysis in SWP membrane depolarization. Our findings reveal a mechanism whereby organ-to-organ protein transport plays a major role in electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satyam Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Gao YQ, Farmer EE. Osmoelectric siphon models for signal and water dispersal in wounded plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1207-1220. [PMID: 36377754 PMCID: PMC9923213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When attacked by herbivores, plants produce electrical signals which can activate the synthesis of the defense mediator jasmonate. These wound-induced membrane potential changes can occur in response to elicitors that are released from damaged plant cells. We list plant-derived elicitors of membrane depolarization. These compounds include the amino acid l-glutamate (Glu), a potential ligand for GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) proteins that play roles in herbivore-activated electrical signaling. How are membrane depolarization elicitors dispersed in wounded plants? In analogy with widespread turgor-driven cell and organ movements, we propose osmoelectric siphon mechanisms for elicitor transport. These mechanisms are based on membrane depolarization leading to cell water shedding into the apoplast followed by membrane repolarization and water uptake. We discuss two related mechanisms likely to occur in response to small wounds and large wounds that trigger leaf-to-leaf electrical signal propagation. To reduce jasmonate pathway activation, a feeding insect must cut through tissues cleanly. If their mandibles become worn, the herbivore is converted into a robust plant defense activator. Our models may therefore help to explain why numerous plants produce abrasives which can blunt herbivore mouthparts. Finally, if verified, the models we propose may be generalizable for cell to cell transport of water and pathogen-derived regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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30
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Integration of Electrical Signals and Phytohormones in the Control of Systemic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010847. [PMID: 36614284 PMCID: PMC9821543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses. Local stimuli sensed by one part of a plant are translated into long-distance signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Changes in levels of phytohormones in distant parts of the plant occur in response to various local stimuli. The regulation of hormone levels can be mediated by long-distance electrical signals, which are also induced by local stimulation. We consider the crosstalk between electrical signals and phytohormones and identify interaction points, as well as provide insights into the integration nodes that involve changes in pH, Ca2+ and ROS levels. This review also provides an overview of our current knowledge of how electrical signals and hormones work together to induce a systemic response.
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