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Jia D, Luo G, Guan H, Yu T, Sun X, Du Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Wei T. Arboviruses antagonize insect Toll antiviral immune signaling to facilitate the coexistence of viruses with their vectors. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012318. [PMID: 38865374 PMCID: PMC11198909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many plant arboviruses are persistently transmitted by piercing-sucking insect vectors. However, it remains largely unknown how conserved insect Toll immune response exerts antiviral activity and how plant viruses antagonize it to facilitate persistent viral transmission. Here, we discover that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a devastating planthopper-transmitted rice reovirus, activates the upstream Toll receptors expression but suppresses the downstream MyD88-Dorsal-defensin cascade, resulting in the attenuation of insect Toll immune response. Toll pathway-induced the small antibacterial peptide defensin directly interacts with viral major outer capsid protein P10 and thus binds to viral particles, finally blocking effective viral infection in planthopper vector. Furthermore, viral tubular protein P7-1 directly interacts with and promotes RING E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitinated degradation of Toll pathway adaptor protein MyD88 through the 26 proteasome pathway, finally suppressing antiviral defensin production. This virus-mediated attenuation of Toll antiviral immune response to express antiviral defensin ensures persistent virus infection without causing evident fitness costs for the insects. E3 ubiquitin ligase also is directly involved in the assembly of virus-induced tubules constructed by P7-1 to facilitate viral spread in planthopper vector, thereby acting as a pro-viral factor. Together, we uncover a previously unknown mechanism used by plant arboviruses to suppress Toll immune response through the ubiquitinated degradation of the conserved adaptor protein MyD88, thereby facilitating the coexistence of arboviruses with their vectors in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guozhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Heran Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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2
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Mpamhanga CD, Kounatidis I. The utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a fungal infection model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349027. [PMID: 38550600 PMCID: PMC10973011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases have profound effects upon human health and are on increase globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 published the fungal priority list calling for improved public health interventions and advance research. Drosophila melanogaster presents an excellent model system to dissect host-pathogen interactions and has been proved valuable to study immunopathogenesis of fungal diseases. In this review we highlight the recent advances in fungal-Drosophila interplay with an emphasis on the recently published WHO's fungal priority list and we focus on available tools and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai D Mpamhanga
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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3
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Na SJ, Kim YK, Park JM. Nectar Characteristics and Honey Production Potential of Five Rapeseed Cultivars and Two Wildflower Species in South Korea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:419. [PMID: 38337952 PMCID: PMC10856812 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The growing beekeeping industry in South Korea has led to the establishment of new honey plant complexes. However, studies on honey production from each species are limited. This study aimed to assess the honey production potential of various Brassica napus cultivars and two wildflower species. The nectar characteristics of B. napus varied significantly among the cultivars. Absolute sugar concentrations differed among the cultivars, but sugar composition ratios were similar. In contrast, the amino acid content remained relatively uniform regarding percentage values, irrespective of the absolute concentrations. Estimations of honey potential production per hectare (kg/ha) resulted in the following ranking among cultivars: 'JM7003' (107.1) > 'YS' (73.0) > 'JM7001' (63.7) > 'TL' (52.7) > 'TM' (42.4). The nectar volume of Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum and Leonurus japonicus increased during the flowering stage. P. rotundum var. subintegrum was sucrose-rich and L. japonicus was sucrose-dominant. Both species predominantly contained phenylalanine, P. rotundum var. subintegrum had glutamine as the second most abundant amino acid, and L. japonicus had tyrosine. The honey production potential was 152.4 kg/ha for P. rotundum var. subintegrum and 151.3 kg/ha for L. japonicus. These findings provide a basis for identifying food resources for pollinators and selecting plant species to establish honey plant complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Joon Na
- Department of Forest Bioresources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (J.-M.P.)
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4
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Saab SA, Zhang X, Zeineddine S, Morejon B, Michel K, Osta MA. Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105245. [PMID: 37918462 PMCID: PMC10872705 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease cascades regulate important insect immune responses, including melanization and Toll pathway activation. In the context of melanization, central components of these cascades are clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs) including the catalytic, clip domain serine proteases (cSPs) and their non-catalytic homologs (cSPHs). Here, we define partially the structural hierarchy of An. gambiae cSPs of the CLIPB family, central players in melanization, and characterize their relative contributions to bacterial melanization and to mosquito susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using in vivo genetic analysis we show that the protease cascade branches downstream of the cSPs CLIPB4 and CLIPB17 into two branches one converging on CLIPB10 and the second on CLIPB8. We also show that the contribution of key cSPHs to melanization in vivo in response to diverse microbial challenges is more significant than any of the individual cSPs, possibly due to partial functional redundancy among the latter. Interestingly, we show that the key cSPH CLIPA8 which is essential for the efficient activation cleavage of CLIPBs in vivo is efficiently cleaved itself by several CLIPBs in vitro, suggesting that cSPs and cSPHs regulate signal amplification and propagation in melanization cascades by providing positive reinforcement upstream and downstream of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Saab
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Suheir Zeineddine
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bianca Morejon
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mike A Osta
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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5
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Liu Y, He Y, Cao J, Lu H, Zou R, Zuo Z, Li R, Zhang Y, Sun J. Correlative analysis of transcriptome and proteome in Penaeus vannamei reveals key signaling pathways are involved in IFN-like antiviral regulation mediated by interferon regulatory factor (PvIRF). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127138. [PMID: 37776923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors that regulate interferon (IFN) induction in response to pathogen invasion. The regulatory mechanism of IRF has been well studied in vertebrates, but little has been known in arthropods. Therefore, in order to obtain new insights into the potential molecular mechanism of Peneaus vannamei IRF (PvIRF) in response to viral infection, comprehensive comparative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome profiles in shrimp infected with WSSV after knocking down PvIRF was conducted by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The sequence characterization, molecular functional evolution and 3D spatial structure of PvIRF were analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. PvIRF share the higher homology with different species in N-terminal end (containing DNA binding domain (DBD) including DNA sequence recognition sites and metal binding site) than that in C-terminal end. Within 4 IRF subfamilies of vertebrates, PvIRF had closer relationship with IRF1 subfamily. The DBD of PvIRF and C. gigas IRF1a were composed of α-helices and β-folds which was similar with the DBD structure of M. musculus IRF2. Interestingly, different from the five Tryptophan repeats highly homologous in the DBD of vertebrate IRF, the first and fifth tryptophans of PvIRF mutate to Phenylalanine and Leucine respectively, while the mutations were conserved among shrimp IRFs. RNAi knockdown of PvIRF gene by double-strand RNA could obviously promote the in vivo propagation of WSSV in shrimp and increase the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. It suggested that PvIRF was involved in inhibiting the replication of WSSV in shrimp. A total of 8787 transcripts and 2846 proteins were identified with significantly differential abundances in WSSV-infected shrimp after PvIRF knockdown, among which several immune-related members were identified and categorized into 10 groups according to their possible functions. Furthermore, the variation of expression profile from members of key signaling pathways involving JAK/STAT and Toll signaling pathway implied that they might participate IRF-mediated IFN-like regulation in shrimp. Correlative analyses indicated that 722 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) shared the same expression profiles with their corresponding transcripts, including recognition-related proteins (CTLs and ITGs), chitin-binding proteins (peritrophin), and effectors (ALFs and SWD), while 401 DEPs with the opposite expression profiles across the two levels emphasized the critical role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modification. The results provide candidate signaling pathway including pivotal genes and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanism of interferon mediated by IRF on shrimp antiviral response. This is the first report in crustacean to explore the IFN-like antiviral regulation pathway mediated by IRF on the basis of transcriptome and proteomics correlative analysis, and will provide new ideas for further research on innate immune and defense mechanisms of crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinlai Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hangjia Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruifeng Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhihan Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ran Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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6
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Shan T, Wang Y, Bhattarai K, Jiang H. An evolutionarily conserved serine protease network mediates melanization and Toll activation in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk2756. [PMID: 38117884 PMCID: PMC10732536 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanization and Toll pathway activation are essential innate immune mechanisms in insects, which result in the generation of reactive compounds and antimicrobial peptides, respectively, to kill pathogens. These two processes are mediated by phenoloxidase (PO) and Spätzle (Spz) through an extracellular network of serine proteases. While some proteases have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster in genetic studies, the exact order of proteolytic activation events remains controversial. Here, we reconstituted the serine protease framework in Drosophila by biochemical methods. This system comprises 10 proteases, i.e., ModSP, cSP48, Grass, Psh, Hayan-PA, Hayan-PB, Sp7, MP1, SPE and Ser7, which form cascade pathways that recognize microbial molecular patterns and virulence factors, and generate PO1, PO2, and Spz from their precursors. Furthermore, the serpin Necrotic negatively regulates the immune response progression by inhibiting ModSP and Grass. The biochemical approach, when combined with genetic analysis, is crucial for addressing problems that long stand in this important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisheng Shan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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7
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Saab SA, Zhang X, Zeineddine S, Morejon B, Michel K, Osta MA. Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.13.548954. [PMID: 37503117 PMCID: PMC10369957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.13.548954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease cascades regulate important insect immune responses, including melanization and Toll pathway activation. In the context of melanization, central components of these cascades are clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs) including the catalytic, clip domain serine proteases (cSPs) and their non-catalytic homologs (cSPHs). Here, we define partially the structural hierarchy of An. gambiae cSPs of the CLIPB family, central players in melanization, and characterize their relative contributions to bacterial melanization and to mosquito susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using in vivo genetic analysis we show that the protease cascade branches downstream of the cSPs CLIPB4 and CLIPB17 into two branches one converging on CLIPB10 and the second on CLIPB8. We also show that the contribution of key cSPHs to melanization in vivo in response to diverse microbial challenges is more significant than any of the individual cSPs, possibly due to partial functional redundancy among the latter. Interestingly, we show that the key cSPH CLIPA8 which is essential for the efficient activation cleavage of CLIPBs in vivo is efficiently cleaved itself by several CLIPBs in vitro, suggesting that cSPs and cSPHs regulate signal amplification and propagation in melanization cascades by providing positive reinforcement upstream and downstream of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Saab
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Present address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Suheir Zeineddine
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bianca Morejon
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mike A. Osta
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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Chen WF, Wang HF, Wang Y, Liu ZG, Xu BH. Honey bee larval culture in vitro: gut emptying determines the transition from larva to prepupa and recombinant AccApidaecin improves antibacterial activity. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:368-379. [PMID: 36849462 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro rearing of honey bee larvae is ideal for bioassay studies; no honey bee stable cell lines are available. Inconsistency of internal development staging of reared larvae and a susceptibility to contamination are common problems encountered. Standardized protocols on rearing larvae in vitro to make the larvae growth and development more similar to that of natural colonies are necessary to ensure the accuracy of experimental results and promote honey bee research as a model organism. Here, we concluded that when larval fasting weight was >160 mg, the time point of gut emptying can be defined as the critical point separating the larval and prepupal stages. In this way, we can conduct precise studies on the prepupal stage, such as organ remodeling during metamorphosis. Simultaneously, we further verified that recombinant AccApidaecin in genetic engineered bacteria added to the larval diet upregulated antibacterial peptide gene expression, and did not stimulate the stress response in larvae, nor did it affect the pupation rate or eclosion rate. This demonstrated that feeding recombinant AccApidaecin can enhance the individual antibacterial ability at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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9
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Nakano S, Kashio S, Nishimura K, Takeishi A, Kosakamoto H, Obata F, Kuranaga E, Chihara T, Yamauchi Y, Isobe T, Miura M. Damage sensing mediated by serine proteases Hayan and Persephone for Toll pathway activation in apoptosis-deficient flies. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010761. [PMID: 37319131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses damage have been extensively explored in multicellular organisms. In Drosophila, various types of tissue damage, including epidermal injury, tumor formation, cell competition, and apoptosis deficiency, induce sterile activation of the Toll pathway, a process that requires the use of extracellular serine protease (SP) cascades. Upon infection, the SP Spätzle (Spz)-processing enzyme (SPE) cleaves and activates the Toll ligand Spz downstream of two paralogous SPs, Hayan and Persephone (Psh). However, upon tissue damage, it is not fully understood which SPs establish Spz activation cascades nor what damage-associated molecules can activate SPs. In this study, using newly generated uncleavable spz mutant flies, we revealed that Spz cleavage is required for the sterile activation of the Toll pathway, which is induced by apoptosis-deficient damage of wing epidermal cells in adult Drosophila. Proteomic analysis of hemolymph, followed by experiments with Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells, revealed that among hemolymph SPs, both SPE and Melanization Protease 1 (MP1) have high capacities to cleave Spz. Additionally, in S2 cells, MP1 acts downstream of Hayan and Psh in a similar manner to SPE. Using genetic analysis, we found that the upstream SPs Hayan and Psh contributes to the sterile activation of the Toll pathway. While SPE/MP1 double mutants show more impairment of Toll activation upon infection than SPE single mutants, Toll activation is not eliminated in these apoptosis-deficient flies. This suggests that Hayan and Psh sense necrotic damage, inducing Spz cleavage by SPs other than SPE and MP1. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide, a representative damage-associated molecule, activates the Psh-Spz cascade in S2 cells overexpressing Psh. Considering that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in apoptosis-deficient wings, our findings highlight the importance of ROS as signaling molecules that induce the activation of SPs such as Psh in response to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakano
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Nishimura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Takeishi
- Neural Circuit of Multisensory Integration RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Hina Kosakamoto
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science and Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Urbański A, Johnston P, Bittermann E, Keshavarz M, Paris V, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Konopińska N, Marciniak P, Rolff J. Tachykinin-related peptides modulate immune-gene expression in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17277. [PMID: 36241888 PMCID: PMC9568666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) are a group of conserved neuropeptides. In insects, tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) are important modulators of several functions such as nociception and lipid metabolism. Recently, it has become clear that TRPs also play a role in regulating the insect immune system. Here, we report a transcriptomic analysis of changes in the expression levels of immune-related genes in the storage pest Tenebrio molitor after treatment with Tenmo-TRP-7. We tested two concentrations (10-8 and 10-6 M) at two time points, 6 and 24 h post-injection. We found significant changes in the transcript levels of a wide spectrum of immune-related genes. Some changes were observed 6 h after the injection of Tenmo-TRP-7, especially in relation to its putative anti-apoptotic action. Interestingly, 24 h after the injection of 10-8 M Tenmo-TRP-7, most changes were related to the regulation of the cellular response. Applying 10-6 M Tenmo-TRP-7 resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with humoral responses. Injecting Tenmo-TRP-7 did not affect beetle survival but led to a reduction in haemolymph lysozyme-like antibacterial activity, consistent with the transcriptomic data. The results confirmed the immunomodulatory role of TRP and shed new light on the functional homology between TRPs and TKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Urbański
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Johnston
- Berlin Centre for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany ,grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Bittermann
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Paris
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XBio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Karolina Walkowiak-Nowicka
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Konopińska
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jens Rolff
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.452299.1Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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11
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Amparyup P, Sungkaew S, Charoensapsri W, Chumtong P, Yocawibun P, Tapaneeyaworawong P, Wongpanya R, Imjongjirak C. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and identification of the theromacin antimicrobial peptide of the copepod Apocyclops royi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104464. [PMID: 35691054 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copepods, including Apocyclops royi, are small aquatic crustaceans and one of the important foods for fish and shellfish larvae. However, studies of the host-pathogen interactions and understanding of infectious disease in copepods are still very limited, yet they are likely to be a significant factor in the sustainable development of copepod aquaculture. In the present study, we performed de novo RNA sequence analysis of A. royi-TH (a Thai isolate of A. royi), which yielded 4.80 Gb bases of clean data and a total of 29,786 unigenes. Annotation was then performed by comparison against seven functional databases, yielding 17,617 (NR: 59.15%), 2,969 (NT: 9.97%), 15,023 (SwissProt: 50.44%), 14,543 (KOG: 48.82%), 15,077 (KEGG: 50.62%), 6,763(GO: 22.71%), and 15,841 (InterPro: 53.18%) unigenes. In comparison to the components of the shrimp Toll pathway, LGBP, Spätzle, Toll receptors, MyD88, Pelle, TRAF6, Dorsal, and Cactus homologs were successfully identified in A. royi-TH. Additionally, a novel antimicrobial peptide (Theromacin-like) was characterized in A. royi (ArTM-like). The ArTM-like ORF was 279 bp and predicted to encode for 92 amino acid residues, with a mature peptide of 75 amino acids and a molecular mass of 8.56 kDa. The genomic organization of the ArTM-like gene consisted of three exons and two introns. Expression analysis indicated that ArTM-like mRNA was abundantly expressed in copepodid and adult stages as an immune responsive gene after infection with the pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus-(AHPND)-causing strain. Altogether, the knowledge obtained in this study will provide a basis for future functional studies of the molecular mechanisms in copepod immunity that may eventually be applied for disease prevention in copepod aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piti Amparyup
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Supakarn Sungkaew
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parichat Chumtong
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patchari Yocawibun
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Paveena Tapaneeyaworawong
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratree Wongpanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanprapa Imjongjirak
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Bai J, Cao J, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li L, Liang L, Ma X, Han R, Ma W, Xu L, Ma L. Comparative analysis of the immune system and expression profiling of Lymantria dispar infected by Beauveria bassiana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105212. [PMID: 36127056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lymantria dispar is one of the most devastating forest pests worldwide. Fungal biopesticides have great potential as alternatives owing to their high lethality to pests and eco-friendly feature, which is, however, often severely compromised by the pests' innate immunity. A better understanding of the antifungal immune system in L. dispar would significantly facilitate the development of the biopesticide. Here, we investigated phylogenetic characteristics of immunity-related genes as well as the tissue expression patterns in L. dispar after the infection of an entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana using RNA-sequencing data. Results showed most immune genes remain at a low level of response after 24 h post-infection (HPI). Almost all genes in the Toll pathway were significantly up-regulated at 48 HPI, and SPH1, SPN6, Toll6, Toll12, Myd88, pelle, and Drosal were significantly down-regulated at 72 HPI. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the protein levels of βGRP3 and PPO1 were significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 HPI, while Myd88 was downregulated at 24 HPI, which was further confirmed by Quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Moreover, the relative content of H2O2, a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS), was significantly increased with the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity, indicating that oxidative stress system positively participates in the clearance of the pathogenic fungus. Together, our study provides detailed genetic characteristics of antifungal immunity as well as profiling of the host defense against entomopathogenic infection, and comprehensive insight into molecular interaction between L. dispar and the entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Runhua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China.
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13
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Zheng Y, Zha S, Zhang W, Dong Y, He J, Lin Z, Bao Y. Integrated RNA-seq and RNAi Analysis of the Roles of the Hsp70 and SP Genes in Red-Shell Meretrix meretrix Tolerance to the Pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:942-955. [PMID: 36030481 PMCID: PMC9420185 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The "Wanlihong" Meretrix meretrix (WLH-M) clam is a new variety of this species that has a red shell and stronger Vibrio tolerance than ordinary M. meretrix (ORI-M). To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the WLH-M strain's tolerance to Vibrio, we challenged clams with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and then assessed physiological indexes and conducted transcriptome analysis and RNA interference experiments. The mortality, tissue bacterial load, and hemocyte reactive oxygen species level of ORI-M were significantly higher than those of WLH-M, whereas the content and activity of lysozyme were significantly lower. Gene Ontology functional annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that immune and metabolic pathways were enriched in Vibrio-challenged clams. The expressions of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and serine protease (SP) genes, which are involved in antibacterial immunity, were significantly upregulated in WLH-M but not in ORI-M, while the expression of the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene, a proinflammatory factor, was significantly downregulated in WLH-M. RNA interference experiments confirmed that Hsp70 and SP downregulation could result in increased mortality of WLH-M. Therefore, we speculate that Hsp70 and SP may be involved in the antibacterial immunity of WLH-M in vivo. Our data provided a valuable resource for further studies of the antibacterial mechanism of WLH-M and provided a foundation for the breeding of pathogen-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315823 China
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
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14
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Ji Y, Lu T, Zou Z, Wang Y. Aedes aegypti CLIPB9 activates prophenoloxidase-3 in the presence of CLIPA14 after fungal infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927322. [PMID: 35967454 PMCID: PMC9365933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanization is an integral part of the insect defense system and is often induced by pathogen invasion. Phenoloxidases (POs) are critical enzymes that catalyze melanin formation. PO3 is associated with the antifungal response of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, but the molecular mechanism of the prophenoloxidase-3 (PPO3) activation is unclear. Here we report that PPO3 cleavage activation is mediated by a clip-domain serine protease, CLIPB9. We purified recombinant CLIPB9 and found that it cleaved PPO3 and increased PO activity in the hemolymph. We then identified CLIPA14 (a serine protease homolog) by co-immunoprecipitation using anti-CLIPB9 antibody. After being cleaved by CLIPB9, Ae. aegypti CLIPA14 acted as a cofactor for PPO3 activation. In addition, dsRNA co-silencing of CLIPB9 and CLIPA14 genes reduced melanization after infection with the entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana, making the adult mosquitoes more sensitive to fungal infection. These results illustrate the roles of CLIPB9 and CLIPA14 in the PPO activation pathway and revealed the complexity of the upstream serine protease network controlling melanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhong Wang, ; Zhen Zou,
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhong Wang, ; Zhen Zou,
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15
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Waring AL, Hill J, Allen BM, Bretz NM, Le N, Kr P, Fuss D, Mortimer NT. Meta-Analysis of Immune Induced Gene Expression Changes in Diverse Drosophila melanogaster Innate Immune Responses. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050490. [PMID: 35621824 PMCID: PMC9147463 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Organisms can be infected by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Following infection, the host mounts an immune response to attempt to eliminate the pathogen. These responses are often specific to the type of pathogen and mediated by the expression of specialized genes. We have characterized the expression changes induced in host Drosophila fruit flies following infection by multiple types of pathogens, and identified a small number of genes that show expression changes in each infection. This includes genes that are known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and others that have not been previously studied as immune response genes. These findings provide new insight into transcriptional changes that accompany Drosophila immunity. They may suggest possible roles for the differentially expressed genes in innate immune responses to diverse classes of pathogens, and serve to identify candidate genes for further empirical study of these processes. Abstract Organisms are commonly infected by a diverse array of pathogens and mount functionally distinct responses to each of these varied immune challenges. Host immune responses are characterized by the induction of gene expression, however, the extent to which expression changes are shared among responses to distinct pathogens is largely unknown. To examine this, we performed meta-analysis of gene expression data collected from Drosophila melanogaster following infection with a wide array of pathogens. We identified 62 genes that are significantly induced by infection. While many of these infection-induced genes encode known immune response factors, we also identified 21 genes that have not been previously associated with host immunity. Examination of the upstream flanking sequences of the infection-induced genes lead to the identification of two conserved enhancer sites. These sites correspond to conserved binding sites for GATA and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) family transcription factors and are associated with higher levels of transcript induction. We further identified 31 genes with predicted functions in metabolism and organismal development that are significantly downregulated following infection by diverse pathogens. Our study identifies conserved gene expression changes in Drosophila melanogaster following infection with varied pathogens, and transcription factor families that may regulate this immune induction.
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16
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Shields A, Amcheslavsky A, Brown E, Lee TV, Nie Y, Tanji T, Ip YT, Bergmann A. Toll-9 interacts with Toll-1 to mediate a feedback loop during apoptosis-induced proliferation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110817. [PMID: 35584678 PMCID: PMC9211775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Toll-1 and all mammalian Toll-like receptors regulate innate immunity. However, the functions of the remaining eight Toll-related proteins in Drosophila are not fully understood. Here, we show that Drosophila Toll-9 is necessary and sufficient for a special form of compensatory proliferation after apoptotic cell loss (undead apoptosis-induced proliferation [AiP]). Mechanistically, for AiP, Toll-9 interacts with Toll-1 to activate the intracellular Toll-1 pathway for nuclear translocation of the NF-κB-like transcription factor Dorsal, which induces expression of the pro-apoptotic genes reaper and hid. This activity contributes to the feedback amplification loop that operates in undead cells. Given that Toll-9 also functions in loser cells during cell competition, we define a general role of Toll-9 in cellular stress situations leading to the expression of pro-apoptotic genes that trigger apoptosis and apoptosis-induced processes such as AiP. This work identifies conceptual similarities between cell competition and AiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Shields
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alla Amcheslavsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tom V Lee
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yingchao Nie
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Takahiro Tanji
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Y Tony Ip
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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17
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Glittenberg MT, Kounatidis I, Atilano M, Ligoxygakis P. A genetic screen in Drosophila reveals the role of fucosylation in host susceptibility to Candida infection. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049218. [PMID: 35142345 PMCID: PMC9118035 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infections constitute a blind spot in global public health as very few new anti-fungal drugs are being developed. Genetic surveys of host susceptibilities to such infections using mammalian models have certain disadvantages in that obtaining results is time-consuming, owing to relatively long lifespans, and these results have low statistical resolution because sample sizes are usually small. Here, we report a targeted genetic screening of 5698 RNAi lines encompassing 4135 Drosophila genes with human homologues, several of which we identify as important for host survival after Candida albicans infection. These include genes in a variety of functional classes encompassing gene expression, intracellular signalling, metabolism and enzymatic regulation. Analysis of one of the screen hits, the infection-induced α-(1,3)-fucosylase FucTA, showed that N-glycan fucosylation has several targets among proteins involved in host defence, which provides multiple avenues of investigation for the mechanistic analysis of host survival to systemic C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T. Glittenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Magda Atilano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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18
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Abstract
Inflammatory response in Drosophila to sterile (axenic) injury in embryos and adults has received some attention in recent years, and most concentrate on the events at the injury site. Here we focus on the effect sterile injury has on the hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland, and the circulating blood cells in the larva, the developmental stage at which major events of hematopoiesis are evident. In mammals, injury activates Toll-like receptor/NF-κB signaling in macrophages, which then express and secrete secondary, proinflammatory cytokines. In Drosophila larvae, distal puncture injury of the body wall epidermis causes a rapid activation of Toll and Jun kinase (JNK) signaling throughout the hematopoietic system and the differentiation of a unique blood cell type, the lamellocyte. Furthermore, we find that Toll and JNK signaling are coupled in their activation. Secondary to this Toll/JNK response, a cytokine, Upd3, is induced as a Toll pathway transcriptional target, which then promotes JAK/STAT signaling within the blood cells. Toll and JAK/STAT signaling are required for the emergence of the injury-induced lamellocytes. This is akin to the derivation of specialized macrophages in mammalian systems. Upstream, at the injury site, a Duox- and peroxide-dependent signal causes the activation of the proteases Grass and SPE, needed for the activation of the Toll-ligand Spz, but microbial sensors or the proteases most closely associated with them during septic injury are not involved in the axenic inflammatory response.
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19
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Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:35-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Kaur P, Chua EHZ, Lim WK, Liu J, Harmston N, Tolwinski NS. Wnt Signaling Rescues Amyloid Beta-Induced Gut Stem Cell Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020281. [PMID: 35053396 PMCID: PMC8774390 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease suffer from a decrease in brain mass and a prevalence of amyloid-β plaques. These plaques are thought to play a role in disease progression, but their exact role is not entirely established. We developed an optogenetic model to induce amyloid-β intracellular oligomerization to model distinct disease etiologies. Here, we examine the effect of Wnt signaling on amyloid in an optogenetic, Drosophila gut stem cell model. We observe that Wnt activation rescues the detrimental effects of amyloid expression and oligomerization. We analyze the gene expression changes downstream of Wnt that contribute to this rescue and find changes in aging related genes, protein misfolding, metabolism, and inflammation. We propose that Wnt expression reduces inflammation through repression of Toll activating factors. We confirm that chronic Toll activation reduces lifespan, but a decrease in the upstream activator Persephone extends it. We propose that the protective effect observed for lithium treatment functions, at least in part, through Wnt activation and the inhibition of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prameet Kaur
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Ellora Hui Zhen Chua
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Wen Kin Lim
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Nicholas S. Tolwinski
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore; (P.K.); (E.H.Z.C.); (W.K.L.); (J.L.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-66013092
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21
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Bahuguna S, Atilano M, Glittenberg M, Lee D, Arora S, Wang L, Zhou J, Redhai S, Boutros M, Ligoxygakis P. Bacterial recognition by PGRP-SA and downstream signalling by Toll/DIF sustain commensal gut bacteria in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009992. [PMID: 35007276 PMCID: PMC8782595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut sets the immune and metabolic parameters for the survival of commensal bacteria. We report that in Drosophila, deficiency in bacterial recognition upstream of Toll/NF-κB signalling resulted in reduced density and diversity of gut bacteria. Translational regulation factor 4E-BP, a transcriptional target of Toll/NF-κB, mediated this host-bacteriome interaction. In healthy flies, Toll activated 4E-BP, which enabled fat catabolism, which resulted in sustaining of the bacteriome. The presence of gut bacteria kept Toll signalling activity thus ensuring the feedback loop of their own preservation. When Toll activity was absent, TOR-mediated suppression of 4E-BP made fat resources inaccessible and this correlated with loss of intestinal bacterial density. This could be overcome by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TOR, which restored bacterial density. Our results give insights into how an animal integrates immune sensing and metabolism to maintain indigenous bacteria in a healthy gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivohum Bahuguna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Atilano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Glittenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dohun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Srishti Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Zhou
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Division Signalling and Functional Genomics, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siamak Redhai
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Division Signalling and Functional Genomics, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Division Signalling and Functional Genomics, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors were discovered as proteins playing a crucial role in the dorsoventral patterning during embryonic development in the Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) almost 40 years ago. Subsequently, further research also showed a role of the Toll protein or Toll receptor in the recognition of Gram-positive bacterial and fungal pathogens infecting D. melanogaster. In 1997, the human homolog was reported and the receptor was named the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the Gram-negative bacteria as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Identification of TLR4 in humans filled the long existing gap in the field of infection and immunity, addressing the mystery surrounding the recognition of foreign pathogens/microbes by the immune system. It is now known that mammals (mice and humans) express 13 different TLRs that are expressed on the outer cell membrane or intracellularly, and which recognize different PAMPs or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and death/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate the protective immune response. However, their dysregulation generates profound and prolonged pro-inflammatory immune responses responsible for different inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This chapter provides an overview of TLRs in the control of the immune response, their association with different diseases, including TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), interactions with microRNAs (miRs), use in drug development and vaccine design, and expansion in neurosciences to include pain, addiction, metabolism, reproduction, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - James E Barrett
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neural Sciences, Centre for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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23
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Takeuchi KI, Honda D, Okumura M, Miura M, Chihara T. Systemic innate immune response induces death of olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 27:113-123. [PMID: 34921694 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural functions are known to decline during normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms of functional impairment owing to the normal aging of the brain are poorly understood. Previously, we reported that caspase-3-like protease, the protease responsible for inducing apoptosis, is activated in a subset of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), especially in Drosophila Or42b neurons, during normal aging. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying age-related caspase-3-like protease activation and cell death in Or42b neurons. Gene expression profiling of young and aged fly antenna showed that the expression of antimicrobial peptides was significantly upregulated, suggesting an activated innate immune response. Consistent with this observation, inhibition or activation of the innate immune pathway caused delayed or precocious cell death, respectively, in Or42b neurons. Accordingly, autonomous cell activation of the innate immune pathway in Or42b neurons is not likely required for their age-related death, whereas the systemic innate immune response induces caspase-3-like protease activation in Or42b neurons; this indicated that the death of these neurons is regulated non-cell autonomously. We propose a possible link between the innate immune response and the death of olfactory neurons during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Takeuchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Daichi Honda
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misako Okumura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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24
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Kanoh H, Iwashita S, Kuraishi T, Goto A, Fuse N, Ueno H, Nimura M, Oyama T, Tang C, Watanabe R, Hori A, Momiuchi Y, Ishikawa H, Suzuki H, Nabe K, Takagaki T, Fukuzaki M, Tong LL, Yamada S, Oshima Y, Aigaki T, Dow JAT, Davies SA, Kurata S. cGMP signaling pathway that modulates NF-κB activation in innate immune responses. iScience 2021; 24:103473. [PMID: 34988396 PMCID: PMC8710550 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that plays a central role in immune responses and inflammation. Here, we show that Drosophila NF-κB signaling is activated via a pathway in parallel with the Toll receptor by receptor-type guanylate cyclase, Gyc76C. Gyc76C produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and modulates NF-κB signaling through the downstream Tollreceptor components dMyd88, Pelle, Tube, and Dif/Dorsal (NF-κB). The cGMP signaling pathway comprises a membrane-localized cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) called DG2 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and is crucial for host survival against Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila. A membrane-bound cGK, PRKG2, also modulates NF-κB activation via PP2A in human cells, indicating that modulation of NF-κB activation in innate immunity by the cGMP signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved. Drosophila NF-κB signaling is activated by Gyc76C in parallel with the Toll receptor Gyc76C modulates NF-κB signaling through downstream Toll receptor components In Drosophila, the pathway comprises a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and PP2A In human cells, a membrane-bound cGK, PRKG2, also modulates NF-κB signaling via PP2A
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinzo Iwashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Haruna Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mariko Nimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomohito Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chang Tang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Aki Hori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Momiuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takagaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masataka Fukuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Li-Li Tong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sinya Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shireen-Anne Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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25
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An ELISA-based method for rapid genetic screens in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107427118. [PMID: 34686600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107427118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila is a powerful model in which to perform genetic screens, but screening assays that are both rapid and can be used to examine a wide variety of cellular and molecular pathways are limited. Drosophila offer an extensive toolbox of GFP-based transcriptional reporters, GFP-tagged proteins, and driver lines, which can be used to express GFP in numerous subpopulations of cells. Thus, a tool that can rapidly and quantitatively evaluate GFP levels in Drosophila tissue would provide a broadly applicable screening platform. We developed a GFP-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that can detect GFP in Drosophila lysates collected from whole animals and dissected tissues across all stages of Drosophila development. We demonstrate that this assay can detect membrane-localized GFP in a variety of neuronal and glial populations and validate that it can identify genes that change the morphology of these cells, as well as changes in STAT and JNK transcriptional activity. We found that this assay can detect endogenously GFP-tagged proteins, including Draper, Cryptochrome, and the synaptic marker Brp. This approach is able to detect changes in Brp-GFP signal during developmental synaptic remodeling, and known genetic regulators of glial synaptic engulfment could be identified using this ELISA method. Finally, we used the assay to perform a small-scale screen, which identified Syntaxins as potential regulators of astrocyte-mediated synapse elimination. Together, these studies establish an ELISA as a rapid, easy, and quantitative in vivo screening method that can be used to assay a wide breadth of fundamental biological questions.
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26
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Prakash P, Roychowdhury-Sinha A, Goto A. Verloren negatively regulates the expression of IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15549. [PMID: 34330981 PMCID: PMC8324896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. Recent studies highlighted the importance of IMD pathway regulation as it is tightly controlled by numbers of negative regulators at multiple levels. Here, we report a new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, Verloren (Velo). Silencing of Velo led to constitutive expression of the IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Escherichia coli stimulation further enhanced the AMP expression. Epistatic analysis indicated that Velo knock-down mediated AMP upregulation is dependent on the canonical members of the IMD pathway. The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. We also observed from in vivo analysis that Velo knock-down flies exhibit significant upregulation of the AMP expression and reduced bacterial load. Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prakash
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Akira Goto
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France.
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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27
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Lima LF, Torres AQ, Jardim R, Mesquita RD, Schama R. Evolution of Toll, Spatzle and MyD88 in insects: the problem of the Diptera bias. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:562. [PMID: 34289811 PMCID: PMC8296651 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropoda, the most numerous and diverse metazoan phylum, has species in many habitats where they encounter various microorganisms and, as a result, mechanisms for pathogen recognition and elimination have evolved. The Toll pathway, involved in the innate immune system, was first described as part of the developmental pathway for dorsal-ventral differentiation in Drosophila. Its later discovery in vertebrates suggested that this system was extremely conserved. However, there is variation in presence/absence, copy number and sequence divergence in various genes along the pathway. As most studies have only focused on Diptera, for a comprehensive and accurate homology-based approach it is important to understand gene function in a number of different species and, in a group as diverse as insects, the use of species belonging to different taxonomic groups is essential. RESULTS We evaluated the diversity of Toll pathway gene families in 39 Arthropod genomes, encompassing 13 different Insect Orders. Through computational methods, we shed some light into the evolution and functional annotation of protein families involved in the Toll pathway innate immune response. Our data indicates that: 1) intracellular proteins of the Toll pathway show mostly species-specific expansions; 2) the different Toll subfamilies seem to have distinct evolutionary backgrounds; 3) patterns of gene expansion observed in the Toll phylogenetic tree indicate that homology based methods of functional inference might not be accurate for some subfamilies; 4) Spatzle subfamilies are highly divergent and also pose a problem for homology based inference; 5) Spatzle subfamilies should not be analyzed together in the same phylogenetic framework; 6) network analyses seem to be a good first step in inferring functional groups in these cases. We specifically show that understanding Drosophila's Toll functions might not indicate the same function in other species. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of using species representing the different orders to better understand insect gene content, origin and evolution. More specifically, in intracellular Toll pathway gene families the presence of orthologues has important implications for homology based functional inference. Also, the different evolutionary backgrounds of Toll gene subfamilies should be taken into consideration when functional studies are performed, especially for TOLL9, TOLL, TOLL2_7, and the new TOLL10 clade. The presence of Diptera specific clades or the ones lacking Diptera species show the importance of overcoming the Diptera bias when performing functional characterization of Toll pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Ferreira Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Quintanilha Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Jardim
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular-INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Kim JC, Lee MR, Kim S, Park SE, Lee SJ, Shin TY, Kim WJ, Kim J. Transcriptome Analysis of the Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus alternatus, Infected with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-197. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050373. [PMID: 34068801 PMCID: PMC8151162 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese pine sawyer (JPS) beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), damages pine trees and transmits the pine wilt nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle. Chemical agents have been used to control JPS beetle, but due to various issues, efforts are being made to replace these chemical agents with entomopathogenic fungi. We investigated the expression of immune-related genes in JPS beetle in response to infection with JEF-197, a Metarhizium anisopliae isolate, using RNA-seq. RNA samples were obtained from JEF-197, JPS adults treated with JEF-197, and non-treated JPS adults on the 8th day after fungal treatment, and RNA-seq was performed using Illumina sequencing. JPS beetle transcriptome was assembled de novo and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed. There were 719 and 1953 up- and downregulated unigenes upon JEF-197 infection, respectively. Upregulated contigs included genes involved in RNA transport, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, spliceosome-related genes, and genes involved in immune-related signaling pathways such as the Toll and Imd pathways. Forty-two fungal DEGs related to energy and protein metabolism were upregulated, and genes involved in the stress response were also upregulated in the infected JPS beetles. Together, our results indicate that infection of JPS beetles by JEF-197 induces the expression of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Mi-Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Sihyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - So-Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Tae-Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2525 (J.K.)
| | - Jaesu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2525 (J.K.)
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29
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Kosakamoto H, Yamauchi T, Akuzawa-Tokita Y, Nishimura K, Soga T, Murakami T, Mori H, Yamamoto K, Miyazaki R, Koto A, Miura M, Obata F. Local Necrotic Cells Trigger Systemic Immune Activation via Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107938. [PMID: 32698005 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic cells elicit an inflammatory response through their endogenous factors with damage-associated molecular patterns. Blocking apoptosis in Drosophila wings leads to the necrosis-driven systemic immune response by unknown mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that immune activation in response to necrotic cells is mediated by commensal gut microbiota. Removing the microbiome attenuates hyperactivation of the innate immune signaling IMD pathway in necrosis-induced flies. Necrotic cells in wings trigger Gluconobacter expansion in the gut. An isolated Gluconobacter sp. strain is sufficient for pathological IMD activation in necrosis-induced flies, while it is not inflammatory for control animals. In addition, bacterial colonization shifts the host metabolome and shortens the lifespan of necrosis-induced flies. This study shows that local necrosis triggers a pathological systemic inflammatory response through interaction between the host and the dysbiotic gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kosakamoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Yamauchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoriko Akuzawa-Tokita
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Nishimura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takumi Murakami
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyazaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Koto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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30
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Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040263. [PMID: 33806225 PMCID: PMC8065498 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, a pathogenic fungus to insects, infects the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, a devastating pest of plantation trees in the tropics. Electron microscopy and proteomics were used to investigate the infection and developmental process of M. anisopliae in C. curvignathus. Fungal infection was initiated by germ tube penetration through the host's cuticle as observed at 6 h post-inoculation (PI), after which it elongated into the host's integumental tissue. The colonization process continued as seen from dissemination of blastospores in the hemocoel at 96 h PI. At this time point, the emergent mycelia had mummified the host and forty-eight hours later, new conidia were dispersed on the termites' body surface. Meanwhile, hyphal bodies were observed in abundance in the intercellular space in the host's body. The proteomes of the pathogen and host were isolated separately using inoculated termite samples withdrawn at each PI-time point and analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels. Proteins expressed in termites showed evidence of being related to cell regulation and the immune response, while those expressed in M. anisopliae, to transportation and fungal virulence. This study provides new information on the interaction between termites and its entomopathogen, with potential utilization for developing future biopesticide to control the termite population.
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31
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Kr P, Lee J, Mortimer NT. The S1A protease family members CG10764 and CG4793 regulate cellular immunity in Drosophila. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33644706 PMCID: PMC7900826 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In nature, Drosophila melanogaster larvae are infected by parasitoid wasps and mount a cellular immune response to this infection. Several conserved signaling pathways have been implicated in coordinating this response, however our understanding of the integration and regulation of these pathways is incomplete. Members of the S1A serine protease family have been previously linked to immune functions, and our findings suggest roles for two S1A family members, CG10764 and CG4793 in the cellular immune response to parasitoid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kr
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University
| | - Jonathan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University
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32
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Narayanankutty A, Sasidharan A, Job JT. Targeting Toll like Receptors in Cancer: Role of TLR Natural and Synthetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5040-5053. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200720235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the
broad class pattern recognition receptors (PRR), involved in recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) thereby inducing an immune response. Apart from these exogenous PAMPs, numerous endogenous
PAMPs are also ligands for various TLRs thereby activating the TLR dependent immune response, subsequently
leading to the onset of an inflammatory response. Prolonged activation of TLR by these endogenous
PAMPs leads to chronic inflammatory insults to the body and which in turn alters the proliferative patterns of the
cells, which ultimately leads to the development of cancer.
Objectives:
The present review aims to provide a detailed outline of the differential roles of various TLRs in
cancer and the possible use of them as a therapeutic target.
Methods:
Data were collected from PubMed/Sciencedirect/Web of Science database and sorted; the latest literature
on TLRs was incorporated in the review.
Results:
Among the different TLRs, few are reported to be anti-neoplastic, which controls the cell growth and
multiplication in response to the endogenous signals. On the contrary, numerous studies have reported the procarcinogenic
potentials of TLRs. Hence, TLRs have emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment
of various types of cancers. Several molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and
natural products have shown promising anticancer potential by effectively modulating the TLR signalling.
Conclusion:
Toll-like receptors play vital roles in the process of carcinogenesis, hence TLR targeting is a promising
approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
| | | | - Joice T. Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
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Cao X, Lu Y, Li J, Xia X, Gao Q, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. An ShK-domain serine protease of Eriocheir sinensis regulates the PO activity to resist Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:186-194. [PMID: 32615165 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel serine protease contains two ShK-domain was found from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (EsShK-SP). The full-length EsShK-SP cDNA is 1927 bp and contains a 1260-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 420 amino acids, including a signal peptide, two ShK domain, and Tryp-SPC domain. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that EsShK-SP was expressed mainly in the hemocytes, gills, intestine, and nerve, but weakly in heart, muscle, and hepatopancreas. After infected with Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the expression of EsShK-SP was significantly up-regulated from 1 d to 9 d. The Tryp-SPC domain was ligated with pGEX-4T-1 vector and prokaryotic expressed to obtain recombinant protein rSPC. When rSPC and S. eriocheiris stimulated the hemocytes of E. sinensis, the PO activity was significantly up-regulated. The subcellular localization revealed that recombinant EsShK-SP was mainly located in the cytoplasm of Drosophila S2 cells. Both absolute real-time PCR and confocal laser scanning microscope results showed that over-expression of EsShK-SP in S2 cells could decrease the copy number of S. eriocheiris. Meanwhile, the over-expression of EsShK-SP also increased the PO activity and cell viability of S2 cells. After EsShK-SP RNA interference using dsRNA, the expression levels of proPO and activity of PO decreased significantly from 48 h to 96 h. The knockdown of EsShK-SP by RNAi resulted in the copy number of S. eriocheiris in the EsShK-SP silenced group was significantly increased compared to the control groups during S. eriocheiris infection. Meanwhile, the survival rate of crabs decreased in the EsShK-SP-dsRNA group. The above results indicated that EsShK-SP plays an important immune role during E. sinensis against S. eriocheiris through regulation of the proPO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinyue Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences & College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China.
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34
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A Toll-Spätzle Pathway in the Immune Response of Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090586. [PMID: 32882853 PMCID: PMC7564906 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-Spätzle pathway is a crucial defense mechanism in insect innate immunity, it plays an important role in fighting against pathogens through the regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Although Toll and Spätzle (Spz) genes have been identified in Bombyx mori, little is known regarding the specific Spz and Toll genes members involved in innate immunity. There is also limited direct evidence of the interaction between Spz and Toll. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that BmToll11 and BmToll9-1 could activate both drosomycin and diptericin promoters in S2 cells. Furthermore, BmToll11, BmToll9-1, and five BmSpzs genes were found to be significantly upregulated in B. mori infected by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the yeast two-hybrid assay results confirmed that BmSpz2, but not other BmSpzs, could interact with both BmToll11 and BmToll9-1. These findings suggest that the activated BmSpz2 can bind with BmToll11 and BmToll9-1 to induce the expression of AMPs after the silkworm is infected by pathogens.
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Ramond E, Dudzic JP, Lemaitre B. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Drosophila plasmatocytes reveal gene specific signatures in response to clean injury and septic injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235294. [PMID: 32598400 PMCID: PMC7323993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster's blood cells (hemocytes) play essential roles in wound healing and are involved in clearing microbial infections. Here, we report the transcriptional changes of larval plasmatocytes after clean injury or infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to hemocytes recovered from unchallenged larvae via RNA-Sequencing. This study reveals 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hemocytes from clean injury samples compared to unchallenged samples, and 235 and 184 DEGs in E. coli and S. aureus samples respectively compared to clean injury samples. The clean injury samples showed enriched DEGs for immunity, clotting, cytoskeleton, cell migration, hemocyte differentiation, and indicated a metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis, a well-defined metabolic adaptation observed in mammalian macrophages. Microbial infections trigger significant transcription of immune genes, with significant differences between the E. coli and S. aureus samples suggesting that hemocytes have the ability to engage various programs upon infection. Collectively, our data bring new insights on Drosophila hemocyte function and open the route to post-genomic functional analysis of the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Paul Dudzic
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:1044-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Martin M, Hiroyasu A, Guzman RM, Roberts SA, Goodman AG. Analysis of Drosophila STING Reveals an Evolutionarily Conserved Antimicrobial Function. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3537-3550.e6. [PMID: 29924997 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate protein STING, an intracellular sensor of cyclic dinucleotides, is critical to the innate immune response and the induction of type I interferon during pathogenic infection. Here, we show that a STING ortholog (dmSTING) exists in Drosophila, which, similar to vertebrate STING, associates with cyclic dinucleotides to initiate an innate immune response. Following infection with Listeria monocytogenes, dmSTING activates an innate immune response via activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish, part of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. DmSTING-mediated activation of the immune response reduces the levels of Listeria-induced lethality and bacterial load in the host. Of significance, dmSTING triggers an innate immune response in the absence of a known functional cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS) ortholog in the fly. Together, our results demonstrate that STING is an evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial effector between flies and mammals, and it comprises a key component of host defense against pathogenic infection in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martin
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aoi Hiroyasu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Steven A Roberts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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38
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Mishra-Gorur K, Li D, Ma X, Yarman Y, Xue L, Xu T. Spz/Toll-6 signal guides organotropic metastasis in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm039727. [PMID: 31477571 PMCID: PMC6826028 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cell migration plays important roles in developmental biology and disease processes, including in metastasis. Drosophila tumors exhibit traits characteristic of human cancers, providing a powerful model to study developmental and cancer biology. We now find that cells derived from Drosophila eye-disc tumors also display organ-specific metastasis, invading receptive organs but not wing disc. Toll receptors are known to affect innate immunity and the tumor inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the NF-κB pathway. Our RNA interference (RNAi) screen and genetic analyses show that Toll-6 is required for migration and invasion of the tumor cells. Further, receptive organs express Toll ligands [Spätzle (Spz) family molecules], and ectopic Spz expression renders the wing disc receptive to metastasis. Finally, Toll-6 promotes metastasis by activating JNK signaling, a key regulator of cell migration. Hence, we report Toll-6 and Spz as a new pair of guidance molecules mediating organ-specific metastatic behavior and highlight a novel signaling mechanism for Toll-family receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketu Mishra-Gorur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Daming Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yanki Yarman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Lei Xue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Signaling and Diseases, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
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39
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Xue Q. Pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in molluscan infectious diseases. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107214. [PMID: 31348922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of infectious diseases represents an outcome of dynamic interactions between the disease-producing agent's pathogenicity and the host's self-defense mechanism. Proteases secreted by pathogenic microorganisms and protease inhibitors produced by host species play an important role in the process. This review aimed at summarizing major findings in research on pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors that had been proposed to be related to the development of mollusk diseases. Metalloproteases and serine proteases respectively belonging to Family M4 and Family S8 of the MEROPS system are among the most studied proteases that may function as virulence factors in mollusk pathogens. On the other hand, a mollusk-specific family (Family I84) of novel serine protease inhibitors and homologues of the tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease have been studied for their potential in the molluscan host defense. In addition, research at the genomic and transcriptomic levels showed that more proteases of pathogens and protease inhibitor of hosts are likely involved in mollusk disease processes. Therefore, the pathological significance of interactions between pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in the development of molluscan infectious diseases deserves more research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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40
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Jiang L, Liu W, Guo H, Dang Y, Cheng T, Yang W, Sun Q, Wang B, Wang Y, Xie E, Xia Q. Distinct Functions of Bombyx mori Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 in Immune Responses to Bacteria and Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:776. [PMID: 31031766 PMCID: PMC6473039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) is an important pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity that is vital for bacterial recognition and defense in insects. Few studies report the role of PGRP in viral infection. Here we cloned two forms of PGRP from the model lepidopteran Bombyx mori: BmPGRP2-1 is a transmembrane protein, whereas BmPGRP2-2 is an intracellular protein. BmPGRP2-1 bound to diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan (PGN) to activate the canonical immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. BmPGRP2-2 knockdown reduced B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) multiplication and mortality in cell lines and in silkworm larvae, while its overexpression increased viral replication. Transcriptome and quantitative PCR (qPCR) results confirmed that BmPGRP2 negatively regulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). BmPGRP2-2 expression was induced by BmNPV, and the protein suppressed PTEN-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling to inhibit cell apoptosis, suggesting that BmNPV modulates BmPGRP2-2-PTEN-PI3K/Akt signaling to evade host antiviral defense. These results demonstrate that the two forms of BmPGRP2 have different functions in host responses to bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhen Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Dang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enyu Xie
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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41
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Dong WT, Ling XD, Xiao LF, Hu JJ, Zhao XX, Liu JX, Zhang Y. Effects of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus on serpin and antibacterial peptide expression in B. mori. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:137-145. [PMID: 30858008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a typical and economically important lepidopteran species, and research has resulted in the development and accumulation of breeding lines. Studies of immune-related silkworm genes not only promote our understanding of silkworm immune response mechanisms, but they also inform insect immune molecular diversity research. Here, silkworm proteins were screened using proteomics after Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) infection, and 2368 silkworm proteins were identified, including six antimicrobial peptides and 12 serpins. The mRNA expression levels of these 18 proteins were examined at different times. The results indicated that attacin had the highest expression level, while serpin-5 and cecropin-D exhibited a negative regulatory correlation. These results provide a significant step toward a deeper understanding of B. mori immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Long-Fei Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xing-Xu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R & D,Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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42
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The Circulating Protease Persephone Is an Immune Sensor for Microbial Proteolytic Activities Upstream of the Drosophila Toll Pathway. Mol Cell 2019; 69:539-550.e6. [PMID: 29452635 PMCID: PMC5823974 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial or endogenous molecular patterns as well as pathogen functional features can activate innate immune systems. Whereas detection of infection by pattern recognition receptors has been investigated in details, sensing of virulence factors activities remains less characterized. In Drosophila, genetic evidences indicate that the serine protease Persephone belongs to a danger pathway activated by abnormal proteolytic activities to induce Toll signaling. However, neither the activation mechanism of this pathway nor its specificity has been determined. Here, we identify a unique region in the pro-domain of Persephone that functions as bait for exogenous proteases independently of their origin, type, or specificity. Cleavage in this bait region constitutes the first step of a sequential activation and licenses the subsequent maturation of Persephone to the endogenous cysteine cathepsin 26-29-p. Our results establish Persephone itself as an immune receptor able to sense a broad range of microbes through virulence factor activities rather than molecular patterns. All pathogen-secreted proteases activate the danger-sensing arm of the Toll pathway The protease Persephone is the immune sensor for microbial proteolytic activities A sensitive region in Persephone zymogen functions as a bait for exogenous proteases Bait-region hydrolysis primes maturation of Persephone by the host cathepsin 26-29-p
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43
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Widana Gamage SMK, Rotenberg D, Schneweis DJ, Tsai CW, Dietzgen RG. Transcriptome-wide responses of adult melon thrips (Thrips palmi) associated with capsicum chlorosis virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208538. [PMID: 30532222 PMCID: PMC6286046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips palmi is a widely distributed major agricultural pest in the tropics and subtropics, causing significant losses in cucurbit and solanaceous crops through feeding damage and transmission of tospoviruses. Thrips palmi is a vector of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in Australia. The present understanding of transmission biology and potential effects of CaCV on T. palmi is limited. To gain insights into molecular responses to CaCV infection, we performed RNA-Seq to identify thrips transcripts that are differentially-abundant during virus infection of adults. De-novo assembly of the transcriptome generated from whole bodies of T. palmi adults generated 166,445 contigs, of which ~24% contained a predicted open reading frame. We identified 1,389 differentially-expressed (DE) transcripts, with comparable numbers up- (708) and down-regulated (681) in virus-exposed thrips compared to non-exposed thrips. Approximately 59% of these DE transcripts had significant matches to NCBI non-redundant proteins (Blastx) and Blast2GO identified provisional functional categories among the up-regulated transcripts in virus-exposed thrips including innate immune response-related genes, salivary gland and/or gut-associated genes and vitellogenin genes. The majority of the immune-related proteins are known to serve functions in lysosome activity and melanisation in insects. Most of the up-regulated oral and extra-oral digestion-associated genes appear to be involved in digestion of proteins, lipids and plant cell wall components which may indirectly enhance the likelihood or frequency of virus transmission or may be involved in the regulation of host defence responses. Most of the down-regulated transcripts fell into the gene ontology functional category of 'structural constituent of cuticle'. Comparison to DE genes responsive to tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis indicates conservation of some thrips molecular responses to infection by different tospoviruses. This study assembled the first transcriptome in the genus Thrips and provides important data to broaden our understanding of networks of molecular interactions between thrips and tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirani M. K. Widana Gamage
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Shmueli A, Shalit T, Okun E, Shohat-Ophir G. The Toll Pathway in the Central Nervous System of Flies and Mammals. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:419-436. [PMID: 30276585 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll receptors, first identified to regulate embryogenesis and immune responses in the adult fly and subsequently defined as the principal sensors of infection in mammals, are increasingly appreciated for their impact on the homeostasis of the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems. Whereas in the context of immunity, the fly Toll and the mammalian TLR pathways have been researched in parallel, the expression pattern and functionality have largely been researched disparately. Herein, we provide data on the expression pattern of the Toll homologues, signaling components, and downstream effectors in ten different cell populations of the adult fly central nervous system (CNS). We have compared the expression of the different Toll pathways in the fly to the expression of TLRs in the mouse brain and discussed the implications with respect to commonalities, differences, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 901, room 315, Ramat-Gan, 5290000, Israel.
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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45
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Alpar L, Bergantiños C, Johnston LA. Spatially Restricted Regulation of Spätzle/Toll Signaling during Cell Competition. Dev Cell 2018; 46:706-719.e5. [PMID: 30146479 PMCID: PMC6156939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition employs comparisons of fitness to selectively eliminate cells sensed as less healthy. In Drosophila, apoptotic elimination of the weaker "loser" cells from growing wing discs is induced by a signaling module consisting of the Toll ligand Spätzle (Spz), several Toll-related receptors, and NF-κB factors. How this module is activated and restricted to competing disc cells is unknown. Here, we use Myc-induced cell competition to demonstrate that loser cell elimination requires local wing disc synthesis of Spz. We identify Spz processing enzyme (SPE) and modular serine protease (ModSP) as activators of Spz-regulated competitive signaling and show that "winner" cells trigger elimination of nearby WT cells by boosting SPE production. Moreover, Spz requires both Toll and Toll-8 to induce apoptosis of wing disc cells. Thus, during cell competition, Spz-mediated signaling is strictly confined to the imaginal disc, allowing errors in tissue fitness to be corrected without compromising organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Alpar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cora Bergantiños
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Laura A. Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Correspondence:
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46
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Xu X, Liu J, Wang Y, Si Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Yu H, Wang X. Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor is a novel participator in anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory responses in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:22-30. [PMID: 29859305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KSPI) interacts with serine protease (SP) to regulate cascade reactions in vivo and plays essential roles in innate immunity. Theoretical considerations support various functions of kspi, but further studies are required for full characterization of these functions. In this study, a KSPI molecule was identified from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and was named Pokspi. The full-length cDNA sequence of Pokspi was 2810 nt, containing an open reading frame of 1527 nt, which encoded a polypeptide of 509 amino acid residues. PoKspi protein contained five conversed domains, namely, MANEC, PKD, LDLa and two Kunitz domains. Homology analysis revealed that Pokspi shared the highest similarity (83%) with its homolog in Cynoglossus semilaevis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Pokspi clustered with the homologs in other fishes. The mRNA transcripts of Pokspi were detected in all tested tissues, with the highest expression level in gill, followed by kidney and intestine. Its elevated expression in response to the application of Edwardsiella tarda (in vivo) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (in vitro) suggested the involvement of Pokspi in the essential immune defense against various pathogens. Recombinant PoKspi (rPoKspi) purified from Escherichia coli exhibited not only serine protease inhibitor activities but also a broad spectrum of anti-microbial effect in a manner that was independent of any host factors. In addition, the recombinant PoKspi protein could cause the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. In conclusion, Pokspi is a biologically active serine protease inhibitor endowed with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory property. This study provides strong evidences for understanding the innate immune defense in Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Si
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuangang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Kumar A, Srivastava P, Sirisena P, Dubey SK, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Sunil S. Mosquito Innate Immunity. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030095. [PMID: 30096752 PMCID: PMC6165528 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen's propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito⁻pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Pdnn Sirisena
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
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48
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Wang YH, Chang MM, Wang XL, Zheng AH, Zou Z. The immune strategies of mosquito Aedes aegypti against microbial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:12-21. [PMID: 29217264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits many devastating arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus, which cause great concern to human health. Mosquito control is an effective method to block the spread of infectious diseases. Ae. aegypti uses its innate immune system to fight against arboviruses, parasites, and fungi. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent findings in the immune response of Ae. aegypti against arboviral and entomopathogenic infections. This review enriches our understanding of the mosquito immune system and provides evidence to support the development of novel mosquito control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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49
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Qu S, Wang S. Interaction of entomopathogenic fungi with the host immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:96-103. [PMID: 29355579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can invade wide range of insect hosts in the natural world and have been used as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for pest control. Studies of host-pathogen interactions provide valuable insights into the coevolutionay arms race between fungal pathogens and their hosts. Entomopathogenic fungi have evolved a series of sophisticated strategies to counter insect immune defenses. In response to fungal infection, insect hosts rely on behavior avoidance, physical barrier and innate immune defenses in the fight against invading pathogens. The insect cuticle acts as the first physical barrier against pathogens. It is an inhospitable physiological environment that contains chemicals (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species), which inhibit fungal growth. In addition, innate immune responses, including cellular immunity and humoral immunity, play critical roles in preventing fungal infection. In this review, we outline the current state of our knowledge of insect defenses to fungal infection and discuss the strategies by which entomopathogenic fungi counter the host immune system. Increased knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and the insect host could provide new strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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50
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Yuan M, Ning M, Wei P, Hao W, Jing Y, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. The function of serpin-2 from Eriocheir sinensis in Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:21-26. [PMID: 29475048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serpin families classified serine protease inhibitors regulate various physiological processes. However, there is not study on the role of serpin in immune responses against Spiroplasma eriocheiris as a novel causative pathogen in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. In our study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the mRNA transcripts of Esserpin-2 were ubiquitous in every tissue, relative higher expression in hepatopancreas, gill and hemocytes, while the intestine, muscle, heart and nerve showed relative lower expression. Followed by infection with S. eriocheiris, the transcripts of Esserpin-2 were significantly down-regulated from 1 d to 7 d. After double-stranded RNA injection, the transcripts of Esserpin-2 dramatically declined from 48 h to 96 h. The transcripts of proPO were found to be obviously increased after Esserpin-2 silenced, meanwhile, LGBP with no significant difference. The copy number of S. eriocheiris and subsequently the mortality of crabs in a silencing Esserpin-2 group were significantly less than control groups during infection. The subcellular localization experiment suggested that recombinant Esserpin-2 was mainly located in the cytoplasm. Finally, over-expression assay in Drosophila S2 cells indicated that Esserpin-2 could increase copies of S. eriocheiris and result in cell death. These findings demonstrated that Esserpin-2 involved in the innate immune mechanism of E. sinensis in response to S. eriocheiris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Panpan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunting Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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