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Liu X, Chen J, Chen J, Jin H. Shrinking lakes of rift valley system in southern Tibet: Is it the climate? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160016. [PMID: 36368400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global warming, the plateau lakes generally expand, but some lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau appear to shrinkage, such as Duoqing Co Lake. We analyzed Duoqing Co which is located on the Yadong-Gulu Rift zone and two surrounding lakes using satellite and meteorological data. Optical and radar images were used to construct a time series of these lakes from 1988 to 2021. By comparing the area changes of surrounding lakes, it is found that Como Chamling Lake has shrunk, while Puma Yum Co Lake has shown an expansion trend. The interference deformation results show that both sides of the Yadong-Gulu Rift zone where the Duoqing Co Lake is located have experienced strong uplift and subsidence, sinking in the east and uplifting in the west. Under the northward compression of the Indian plate, the blocks on both sides of the Yadong-Gulu Rift zone have been relatively displaced. The disappearance of Duoqing Co Lake could be attributed to the existence of leakage channels in the Yadong-Gulu Rift zone. The north-south rift zones of the Tibetan Plateau pass through the Qiangtang Basin, and some lakes in this basin are shrinking, which could be related to the leakage of these rift zones. This work provides a new perspective for studying lake changes on the Tibetan Plateau and is a good reference for studying the lake water cycle on the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Liu
- School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiansheng Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Haixia Jin
- School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
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2
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Guo Y, Gan F, Yan B, Bai J, Xing N, Zhuo Y. Evaluation of Terrestrial Water Storage Changes and Major Driving Factors Analysis in Inner Mongolia, China. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9665. [PMID: 36560032 PMCID: PMC9787910 DOI: 10.3390/s22249665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes and the major driving factors have been hindered by the lack of direct observations in Inner Mongolia, China. In this study, the spatial and temporal changes of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS) in Inner Mongolia during 2003-2021 were evaluated using the satellite gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow On combined with data from land surface models. The results indicated that Inner Mongolia has experienced a widespread TWS loss of approximately 1.82 mm/yr from 2003-2021, with a more severe depletion rate of 4.15 mm/yr for GWS. Meteorological factors were the driving factors for water storage changes in northeastern and western regions. The abundant precipitation increased TWS in northeast regions at 2.36 mm/yr. Anthropogenic activities (agricultural irrigation and coal mining) were the driving factors for water resource decline in the middle and eastern regions (especially in the agropastoral transitional zone), where the decrease rates were 4.09 mm/yr and 3.69 mm/yr, respectively. In addition, the severities of hydrological drought events were identified based on water storage deficits, with average severity values of 17 mm, 18 mm, 24 mm, and 33 mm for the west, middle, east, and northeast regions, respectively. This study established a basic framework for water resource changes in Inner Mongolia and provided a scientific foundation for further water resources investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerial Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuping Gan
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerial Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baikun Yan
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerial Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juan Bai
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerial Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Naichen Xing
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Weady S, Tong J, Zidovska A, Ristroph L. Anomalous Convective Flows Carve Pinnacles and Scallops in Melting Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:044502. [PMID: 35148162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.044502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the shape dynamics of ice suspended in cold fresh water and subject to the natural convective flows generated during melting. Experiments reveal shape motifs for increasing far-field temperature: Sharp pinnacles directed downward at low temperatures, scalloped waves for intermediate temperatures between 5 °C and 7 °C, and upward pointing pinnacles at higher temperatures. Phase-field simulations reproduce these morphologies, which are closely linked to the anomalous density-temperature profile of liquid water. Boundary layer flows yield pinnacles that sharpen with accelerating growth of tip curvature while scallops emerge from a Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability caused by counterflowing currents that roll up to form vortex arrays. By linking the molecular-scale effects underlying water's density anomaly to the macroscale flows that imprint the surface, these results show that the morphology of melted ice is a sensitive indicator of ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weady
- Applied Math Lab, Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Joshua Tong
- Applied Math Lab, Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Alexandra Zidovska
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Leif Ristroph
- Applied Math Lab, Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
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4
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Chen J, Cazenave A, Dahle C, Llovel W, Panet I, Pfeffer J, Moreira L. Applications and Challenges of GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Satellite Gravimetry. SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 2022; 43:305-345. [PMID: 35535258 PMCID: PMC9050784 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-021-09685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Time-variable gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have opened up a new avenue of opportunities for studying large-scale mass redistribution and transport in the Earth system. Over the past 19 years, GRACE/GRACE-FO time-variable gravity measurements have been widely used to study mass variations in different components of the Earth system, including the hydrosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and solid Earth, and significantly improved our understanding of long-term variability of the climate system. We carry out a comprehensive review of GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite gravimetry, time-variable gravity fields, data processing methods, and major applications in several different fields, including terrestrial water storage change, global ocean mass variation, ice sheets and glaciers mass balance, and deformation of the solid Earth. We discuss in detail several major challenges we need to face when using GRACE/GRACE-FO time-variable gravity measurements to study mass changes, and how we should address them. We also discuss the potential of satellite gravimetry in detecting gravitational changes that are believed to originate from the deep Earth. The extended record of GRACE/GRACE-FO gravity series, with expected continuous improvements in the coming years, will lead to a broader range of applications and improve our understanding of both climate change and the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78759 USA
| | - Anny Cazenave
- Legos/CNES, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
- International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dahle
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - William Llovel
- LOPS, University of Brest/IFREMER/IRD/CNRS, 29280 Brest, France
| | | | | | - Lorena Moreira
- International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Earth’s Time-Variable Gravity from GRACE Follow-On K-Band Range-Rates and Pseudo-Observed Orbits. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During its science phase from 2002–2017, the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking mission Gravity Field Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) provided an insight into Earth’s time-variable gravity (TVG). The unprecedented quality of gravity field solutions from GRACE sensor data improved the understanding of mass changes in Earth’s system considerably. Monthly gravity field solutions as the main products of the GRACE mission, published by several analysis centers (ACs) from Europe, USA and China, became indispensable products for quantifying terrestrial water storage, ice sheet mass balance and sea level change. The successor mission GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) was launched in May 2018 and proceeds observing Earth’s TVG. The Institute of Geodesy (IfE) at Leibniz University Hannover (LUH) is one of the most recent ACs. The purpose of this article is to give a detailed insight into the gravity field recovery processing strategy applied at LUH; to compare the obtained gravity field results to the gravity field solutions of other established ACs; and to compare the GRACE-FO performance to that of the preceding GRACE mission in terms of post-fit residuals. We use the in-house-developed MATLAB-based GRACE-SIGMA software to compute unconstrained solutions based on the generalized orbit determination of 3 h arcs. K-band range-rates (KBRR) and kinematic orbits are used as (pseudo)-observations. A comparison of the obtained solutions to the results of the GRACE-FO Science Data System (SDS) and Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G) ACs, reveals a competitive quality of our solutions. While the spectral and spatial noise levels slightly differ, the signal content of the solutions is similar among all ACs. The carried out comparison of GRACE and GRACE-FO KBRR post-fit residuals highlights an improvement of the GRACE-FO K-band ranging system performance. The overall amplitude of GRACE-FO post-fit residuals is about three times smaller, compared to GRACE. GRACE-FO post-fit residuals show less systematics, compared to GRACE. Nevertheless, the power spectral density of GRACE-FO and GRACE post-fit residuals is dominated by similar spikes located at multiples of the orbital and daily frequencies. To our knowledge, the detailed origin of these spikes and their influence on the gravity field recovery quality were not addressed in any study so far and therefore deserve further attention in the future. Presented results are based on 29 monthly gravity field solutions from June 2018 until December 2020. The regularly updated LUH-GRACE-FO-2020 time series of monthly gravity field solutions can be found on the website of the International Centre for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) and in LUH’s research data repository. These operationally published products complement the time series of the already established ACs and allow for a continuous and independent assessment of mass changes in Earth’s system.
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Labrador Sea freshening linked to Beaufort Gyre freshwater release. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1229. [PMID: 33623045 PMCID: PMC7902633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Beaufort Gyre (BG), the largest Arctic Ocean freshwater reservoir, has drastically increased its liquid freshwater content by 40% in the past two decades. If released within a short period, the excess freshwater could potentially impact the large-scale ocean circulation by freshening the upper subpolar North Atlantic. Here, we track BG-sourced freshwater using passive tracers in a global ocean sea-ice model and show that this freshwater exited the Arctic mostly through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, rather than Fram Strait, during an historical release event in 1983-1995. The Labrador Sea is the most affected region in the subpolar North Atlantic, with a freshening of 0.2 psu on the western shelves and 0.4 psu in the Labrador Current. Given that the present BG freshwater content anomaly is twice the historical analog studied here, the impact of a future rapid release on Labrador Sea salinity could be significant, easily exceeding similar fluxes from Greenland meltwater.
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7
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Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Changes of Ice Sheet Mass and Driving Factors in Greenland. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the warming of the global climate, the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet is intensifying, having a profound impact on the rising of the global sea level. Here, we used Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) RL06 data to retrieve the time series variations of ice sheet mass in Greenland from January 2003 to December 2015. Meanwhile, the spatial changes of ice sheet mass and its relationship with land surface temperature are studied by means of Theil–Sen median trend analysis, the Mann–Kendall (MK) test, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and wavelet transform analysis. The results showed: (1) in terms of time, we found that the total mass of ice sheet decreases steadily at a speed of −195 ± 21 Gt/yr and an acceleration of −11 ± 2 Gt/yr2 from 2003 to 2015. This mass loss was relatively stable in the two years after 2012, and then continued a decreasing trend; (2) in terms of space, the mass loss areas of the Greenland ice sheet mainly concentrates in the southeastern, southwestern, and northwestern regions, and the southeastern region mass losses have a maximum rate of more than 27 cm/yr (equivalent water height), while the northeastern region show a minimum rate of less than 3 cm/yr, showing significant changes as a whole. In addition, using spatial distribution and the time coefficients of the first two models obtained by EOF decomposition, ice sheet quality in the southeastern and northwestern regions of Greenland show different significant changes in different periods from 2003 to 2015, while the other regions showed relatively stable changes; (3) in terms of driving factors temperature, there is an anti-phase relationship between ice sheet mass change and land surface temperature by the mean XWT-based semblance value of −0.34 in a significant oscillation period variation of 12 months. Meanwhile, XWT-based semblance values have the largest relative change in 2005 and 2012, and the smallest relative change in 2009 and 2010, indicating that the influence of land surface temperature on ice sheet mass significantly varies in different years.
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Ryan JC, Smith LC, van As D, Cooley SW, Cooper MG, Pitcher LH, Hubbard A. Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3738. [PMID: 30854432 PMCID: PMC6402853 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss has recently increased because of enhanced surface melt and runoff. Since melt is critically modulated by surface albedo, understanding the processes and feedbacks that alter albedo is a prerequisite for accurately forecasting mass loss. Using satellite imagery, we demonstrate the importance of Greenland's seasonally fluctuating snowline, which reduces ice sheet albedo and enhances melt by exposing dark bare ice. From 2001 to 2017, this process drove 53% of net shortwave radiation variability in the ablation zone and amplified ice sheet melt five times more than hydrological and biological processes that darken bare ice itself. In a warmer climate, snowline fluctuations will exert an even greater control on melt due to flatter ice sheet topography at higher elevations. Current climate models, however, inaccurately predict snowline elevations during high melt years, portending an unforeseen uncertainty in forecasts of Greenland's runoff contribution to global sea level rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Ryan
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L. C. Smith
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - D. van As
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. W. Cooley
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - M. G. Cooper
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L. H Pitcher
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. Hubbard
- Centre for Glaciology, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway
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9
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Abstract
Precision gravimetry is key to a number of scientific and industrial applications, including climate change research, space exploration, geological surveys and fundamental investigations into the nature of gravity. A variety of quantum systems, such as atom interferometry and on-chip-Bose–Einstein condensates have thus far been investigated to this aim. Here, we propose a new method which involves using a quantum optomechanical system for measurements of gravitational acceleration. As a proof-of-concept, we investigate the fundamental sensitivity for gravitational accelerometry of a cavity optomechanical system with a trilinear radiation pressure light-matter interaction. The phase of the optical output encodes the gravitational acceleration g and is the only component which needs to be measured. We prove analytically that homodyne detection is the optimal readout method and we predict an ideal fundamental sensitivity of Δg = 10−15 ms−2 for state-of-the-art parameters of optomechanical systems, showing that they could, in principle, surpass the best atomic interferometers even for low optical intensities. Further, we show that the scheme is strikingly robust to the initial thermal state of the oscillator. Precise gravimetric measurements are an important but challenging task. Here, Qvarfort et al. theoretically show that, in an optomechanical cavity, only the phase of the optical output needs to be measured to obtain a precise value for the gravitational acceleration with high sensitivity.
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10
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Moon T, Ahlstrøm A, Goelzer H, Lipscomb W, Nowicki S. Rising Oceans Guaranteed: Arctic Land Ice Loss and Sea Level Rise. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS 2018; 4:211-222. [PMID: 30956936 PMCID: PMC6428231 DOI: 10.1007/s40641-018-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews sea level contributions from land ice across the Arctic, including Greenland. We summarize ice loss measurement methods, ice loss mechanisms, and recent observations and projections, and highlight research advances over the last 3-5 years and remaining scientific challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Mass loss across the Arctic began to accelerate during the late twentieth century, with projections of continued loss across all future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Recent research has improved knowledge of ice hydrology and surface processes, influences of atmospheric and oceanic changes on land ice, and boundary conditions such as subglacial topography. New computer models can also more accurately simulate glacier and ice sheet evolution. SUMMARY Rapid Arctic ice loss is underway, and future ice loss and sea level rise are guaranteed. Research continues to better understand and model physical processes and to improve projections of ice loss rates, especially after 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twila Moon
- National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), 449 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0449 USA
| | - Andreas Ahlstrøm
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Goelzer
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Lipscomb
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO USA
| | - Sophie Nowicki
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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11
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Drift-dependent changes in iceberg size-frequency distributions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15991. [PMID: 29167443 PMCID: PMC5700179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the size-frequency distributions of icebergs can provide insight into how they disintegrate, our understanding of this process is incomplete. Fundamentally, there is a discrepancy between iceberg power-law size-frequency distributions observed at glacial calving fronts and lognormal size-frequency distributions observed globally within open waters that remains unexplained. Here we use passive seismic monitoring to examine mechanisms of iceberg disintegration as a function of drift. Our results indicate that the shift in the size-frequency distribution of iceberg sizes observed is a product of fracture-driven iceberg disintegration and dimensional reductions through melting. We suggest that changes in the characteristic size-frequency scaling of icebergs can be explained by the emergence of a dominant set of driving processes of iceberg degradation towards the open ocean. Consequently, the size-frequency distribution required to model iceberg distributions accurately must vary according to distance from the calving front.
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12
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Global Surface Mass Variations from Continuous GPS Observations and Satellite Altimetry Data. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Hardman KS, Everitt PJ, McDonald GD, Manju P, Wigley PB, Sooriyabandara MA, Kuhn CCN, Debs JE, Close JD, Robins NP. Simultaneous Precision Gravimetry and Magnetic Gradiometry with a Bose-Einstein Condensate: A High Precision, Quantum Sensor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:138501. [PMID: 27715130 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.138501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A Bose-Einstein condensate is used as an atomic source for a high precision sensor. A 5×10^{6} atom F=1 spinor condensate of ^{87}Rb is released into free fall for up to 750 ms and probed with a T=130 ms Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer based on Bragg transitions. The Bragg interferometer simultaneously addresses the three magnetic states |m_{f}=1,0,-1⟩, facilitating a simultaneous measurement of the acceleration due to gravity with a 1000 run precision of Δg/g=1.45×10^{-9} and the magnetic field gradient to a precision of 120 pT/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hardman
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - P J Everitt
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - G D McDonald
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - P Manju
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - P B Wigley
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - M A Sooriyabandara
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - C C N Kuhn
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - J E Debs
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - J D Close
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - N P Robins
- Quantum Sensors and Atomlaser Lab, Department of Quantum Science, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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14
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Yi H, Wen L. Satellite gravity measurement monitoring terrestrial water storage change and drought in the continental United States. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19909. [PMID: 26813800 PMCID: PMC4728606 DOI: 10.1038/srep19909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We use satellite gravity measurements in the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) change in the continental United States (US) from 2003 to 2012, and establish a GRACE-based Hydrological Drought Index (GHDI) for drought monitoring. GRACE-inferred TWS exhibits opposite patterns between north and south of the continental US from 2003 to 2012, with the equivalent water thickness increasing from -4.0 to 9.4 cm in the north and decreasing from 4.1 to -6.7 cm in the south. The equivalent water thickness also decreases by -5.1 cm in the middle south in 2006. GHDI is established to represent the extent of GRACE-inferred TWS anomaly departing from its historical average and is calibrated to resemble traditional Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) in the continental US. GHDI exhibits good correlations with PHDI in the continental US, indicating its feasibility for drought monitoring. Since GHDI is GRACE-based and has minimal dependence of hydrological parameters on the ground, it can be extended for global drought monitoring, particularly useful for the countries that lack sufficient hydrological monitoring infrastructures on the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yi
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lianxing Wen
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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15
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Humphrey V, Gudmundsson L, Seneviratne SI. Assessing Global Water Storage Variability from GRACE: Trends, Seasonal Cycle, Subseasonal Anomalies and Extremes. SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 2016; 37:357-395. [PMID: 27471333 PMCID: PMC4944666 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-016-9367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past decade, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has given an unprecedented view on global variations in terrestrial water storage. While an increasing number of case studies have provided a rich overview on regional analyses, a global assessment on the dominant features of GRACE variability is still lacking. To address this, we survey key features of temporal variability in the GRACE record by decomposing gridded time series of monthly equivalent water height into linear trends, inter-annual, seasonal, and subseasonal (intra-annual) components. We provide an overview of the relative importance and spatial distribution of these components globally. A correlation analysis with precipitation and temperature reveals that both the inter-annual and subseasonal anomalies are tightly related to fluctuations in the atmospheric forcing. As a novelty, we show that for large regions of the world high-frequency anomalies in the monthly GRACE signal, which have been partly interpreted as noise, can be statistically reconstructed from daily precipitation once an adequate averaging filter is applied. This filter integrates the temporally decaying contribution of precipitation to the storage changes in any given month, including earlier precipitation. Finally, we also survey extreme dry anomalies in the GRACE record and relate them to documented drought events. This global assessment sets regional studies in a broader context and reveals phenomena that had not been documented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Humphrey
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Gudmundsson
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonia I. Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zou R, Wang Q, Freymueller JT, Poutanen M, Cao X, Zhang C, Yang S, He P. Seasonal Hydrological Loading in Southern Tibet Detected by Joint Analysis of GPS and GRACE. SENSORS 2015; 15:30525-38. [PMID: 26690157 PMCID: PMC4721735 DOI: 10.3390/s151229815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In southern Tibet, ongoing vertical and horizontal motions due to the collision between India and Eurasia are monitored by large numbers of global positioning system (GPS) continuous and campaign sites installed in the past decade. Displacements measured by GPS usually include tectonic deformation as well as non-tectonic, time-dependent signals. To estimate the regional long-term tectonic deformation using GPS more precisely, seasonal elastic deformation signals associated with surface loading must be removed from the observations. In this study, we focus on seasonal variation in vertical and horizontal motions of southern Tibet by performing a joint analysis of GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GPS data, not only using continuous sites but also GPS campaign-mode sites. We found that the GPS-observed and GRACE-modeled seasonal oscillations are in good agreements, and a seasonal displacement model demonstrates that the main reason for seasonal variations in southern Tibet is from the summer monsoon and its precipitation. The biggest loading appears from July to August in the summer season. Vertical deformations observed by GPS and modeled by GRACE are two to three times larger than horizontal oscillations, and the north components demonstrate larger amplitudes than the east components. We corrected the GPS position time series using the GRACE-modeled seasonal variations, which gives significant reductions in the misfit and weighted root-mean-squares (WRMS). Misfit (χ2 divided by degree of freedom) reductions for campaign sites range between 20% and 56% for the vertical component, and are much smaller for the horizontal components. Moreover, time series of continuous GPS (cGPS) sites near the 2015 Nepal earthquakes must be corrected using appropriate models of seasonal loading for analyzing postseismic deformation to avoid biasing estimates of the postseismic relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zou
- Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
- Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, Masala 02430, Finland.
| | - Qi Wang
- Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | | | - Markku Poutanen
- Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, Masala 02430, Finland.
| | - Xuelian Cao
- Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Institute of seismology, China Earthquake Administration & Hubei Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Institute of seismology, China Earthquake Administration & Hubei Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ping He
- Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
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Khan SA, Aschwanden A, Bjørk AA, Wahr J, Kjeldsen KK, Kjær KH. Greenland ice sheet mass balance: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:046801. [PMID: 25811969 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/4/046801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past quarter of a century the Arctic has warmed more than any other region on Earth, causing a profound impact on the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its contribution to the rise in global sea level. The loss of ice can be partitioned into processes related to surface mass balance and to ice discharge, which are forced by internal or external (atmospheric/oceanic/basal) fluctuations. Regardless of the measurement method, observations over the last two decades show an increase in ice loss rate, associated with speeding up of glaciers and enhanced melting. However, both ice discharge and melt-induced mass losses exhibit rapid short-term fluctuations that, when extrapolated into the future, could yield erroneous long-term trends. In this paper we review the GrIS mass loss over more than a century by combining satellite altimetry, airborne altimetry, interferometry, aerial photographs and gravimetry data sets together with modelling studies. We revisit the mass loss of different sectors and show that they manifest quite different sensitivities to atmospheric and oceanic forcing. In addition, we discuss recent progress in constructing coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere models required to project realistic future sea-level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shfaqat A Khan
- DTU Space-National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Geodesy, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Sultan M, Ahmed M, Wahr J, Yan E, Emil MK. Monitoring Aquifer Depletion from Space. REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL WATER CYCLE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118872086.ch21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Feng L, Hu C, Chen X, Zhao X. Dramatic inundation changes of China's two largest freshwater lakes linked to the Three Gorges Dam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9628-34. [PMID: 23919680 DOI: 10.1021/es4009618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ever since its planning in the 1990s, the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) caused endless debate in China on its potential impacts on the environment and humans. However, to date, synoptic assessment of environmental changes and their potential linkage with the TGD is still lacking. Here, we combine remote sensing, meteorological, and hydrological observations to investigate the potential influence of the TGD on the downstream freshwater lakes. A 10 year Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series from 2000 to 2009 revealed significantly decreasing trends (3.3 and 3.6%/year) in the inundation areas of the two largest freshwater lakes of China (Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake) downstream of the TGD since its impoundment in 2003, after which both relative humidity and surface runoff coefficient of the lakes' drainages also dropped dramatically. These environmental changes appear to be linked to the TGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The melting of polar ice sheets is a major contributor to global sea-level rise. Early estimates of the mass lost from the Greenland ice cap, based on satellite gravity data collected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, have widely varied. Although the continentally and decadally averaged estimated trends have now more or less converged, to this date, there has been little clarity on the detailed spatial distribution of Greenland's mass loss and how the geographical pattern has varied on relatively shorter time scales. Here, we present a spatially and temporally resolved estimation of the ice mass change over Greenland between April of 2002 and August of 2011. Although the total mass loss trend has remained linear, actively changing areas of mass loss were concentrated on the southeastern and northwestern coasts, with ice mass in the center of Greenland steadily increasing over the decade.
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Photophysiology and albedo-changing potential of the ice algal community on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet. ISME JOURNAL 2012; 6:2302-13. [PMID: 23018772 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Darkening of parts of the Greenland ice sheet surface during the summer months leads to reduced albedo and increased melting. Here we show that heavily pigmented, actively photosynthesising microalgae and cyanobacteria are present on the bare ice. We demonstrate the widespread abundance of green algae in the Zygnematophyceae on the ice sheet surface in Southwest Greenland. Photophysiological measurements (variable chlorophyll fluorescence) indicate that the ice algae likely use screening mechanisms to downregulate photosynthesis when exposed to high intensities of visible and ultraviolet radiation, rather than non-photochemical quenching or cell movement. Using imaging microspectrophotometry, we demonstrate that intact cells and filaments absorb light with characteristic spectral profiles across ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, whereas inorganic dust particles typical for these areas display little absorption. Our results indicate that the phototrophic community growing directly on the bare ice, through their photophysiology, most likely have an important role in changing albedo, and subsequently may impact melt rates on the ice sheet.
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Royer DL, Pagani M, Beerling DJ. Geobiological constraints on Earth system sensitivity to CO₂ during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. GEOBIOLOGY 2012; 10:298-310. [PMID: 22353368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Earth system climate sensitivity (ESS) is the long-term (>10³ year) response of global surface temperature to doubled CO₂ that integrates fast and slow climate feedbacks. ESS has energy policy implications because global temperatures are not expected to decline appreciably for at least 10³ year, even if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions drop to zero. We report provisional ESS estimates of 3 °C or higher for some of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic based on paleo-reconstructions of CO₂ and temperature. These estimates are generally higher than climate sensitivities simulated from global climate models for the same ancient periods (approximately 3 °C). Climate models probably do not capture the full suite of positive climate feedbacks that amplify global temperatures during some globally warm periods, as well as other characteristic features of warm climates such as low meridional temperature gradients. These absent feedbacks may be related to clouds, trace greenhouse gases (GHGs), seasonal snow cover, and/or vegetation, especially in polar regions. Better characterization and quantification of these feedbacks is a priority given the current accumulation of atmospheric GHGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA.
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Fu Y, Freymueller JT. Seasonal and long-term vertical deformation in the Nepal Himalaya constrained by GPS and GRACE measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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TURRERO P, HORREO JL, GARCIA-VAZQUEZ E. Same oldSalmo? Changes in life history and demographic trends of North Iberian salmonids since the Upper Palaeolithic as revealed by archaeological remains andbeastanalyses. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2318-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen JL, Wilson CR, Tapley BD. Interannual variability of Greenland ice losses from satellite gravimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aoki T, Kuchiki K, Niwano M, Kodama Y, Hosaka M, Tanaka T. Physically based snow albedo model for calculating broadband albedos and the solar heating profile in snowpack for general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schrama EJO, Wouters B. Revisiting Greenland ice sheet mass loss observed by GRACE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen JL, Wilson CR, Tapley BD, Longuevergne L, Yang ZL, Scanlon BR. Recent La Plata basin drought conditions observed by satellite gravimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seo KW, Ryu D, Kim BM, Waliser DE, Tian B, Eom J. GRACE and AMSR-E-based estimates of winter season solid precipitation accumulation in the Arctic drainage region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The Function of Remote Sensing in Support of Environmental Policy. REMOTE SENSING 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/rs2071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Measuring sea level change and understanding its causes has considerably improved in the recent years, essentially because new in situ and remote sensing observations have become available. Here we report on most recent results on contemporary sea level rise. We first present sea level observations from tide gauges over the twentieth century and from satellite altimetry since the early 1990s. We next discuss the most recent progress made in quantifying the processes causing sea level change on timescales ranging from years to decades, i.e., thermal expansion of the oceans, land ice mass loss, and land water-storage change. We show that for the 1993-2007 time span, the sum of climate-related contributions (2.85 +/- 0.35 mm year(-1)) is only slightly less than altimetry-based sea level rise (3.3 +/- 0.4 mm year(-1)): approximately 30% of the observed rate of rise is due to ocean thermal expansion and approximately 55% results from land ice melt. Recent acceleration in glacier melting and ice mass loss from the ice sheets increases the latter contribution up to 80% for the past five years. We also review the main causes of regional variability in sea level trends: The dominant contribution results from nonuniform changes in ocean thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Cazenave
- Laboratoire d'etudes en géophysique et océanographie spatiales LEGOS-CNES, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées.
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Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss from GRACE Monthly Models. GRAVITY, GEOID AND EARTH OBSERVATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10634-7_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Keller BD, Gleason DF, McLeod E, Woodley CM, Airamé S, Causey BD, Friedlander AM, Grober-Dunsmore R, Johnson JE, Miller SL, Steneck RS. Climate change, coral reef ecosystems, and management options for marine protected areas. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 44:1069-88. [PMID: 19636605 PMCID: PMC2791481 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more "traditional" stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Keller
- Southeast Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Region, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Baur O, Kuhn M, Featherstone WE. GRACE-derived ice-mass variations over Greenland by accounting for leakage effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen JL, Wilson CR, Tapley BD, Yang ZL, Niu GY. 2005 drought event in the Amazon River basin as measured by GRACE and estimated by climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fukuda Y, Yamamoto K, Hasegawa T, Nakaegawa T, Nishijima J, Taniguchi M. Monitoring groundwater variation by satellite and implications for in-situ gravity measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:3173-3180. [PMID: 18593639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish a new technique for monitoring groundwater variations in urban areas, the applicability of precise in-situ gravity measurements and extremely high precision satellite gravity data via GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) was tested. Using the GRACE data, regional scale water mass variations in four major river basins of the Indochina Peninsula were estimated. The estimated variations were compared with Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (SVATS) models with a river flow model of 1) globally uniform river velocity, 2) river velocity tuned by each river basin, 3) globally uniform river velocity considering groundwater storage, and 4) river velocity tuned by each river basin considering groundwater storage. Model 3) attained the best fit to the GRACE data, and the model 4) yielded almost the same values. This implies that the groundwater plays an important role in estimating the variation of total terrestrial storage. It also indicates that tuning river velocity, which is based on the in-situ measurements, needs further investigations in combination with the GRACE data. The relationships among GRACE data, SVATS models, and in-situ measurements were also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Fukuda
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Willis JK, Chambers DP, Nerem RS. Assessing the globally averaged sea level budget on seasonal to interannual timescales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Holland MM, Finnis J, Barrett AP, Serreze MC. Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Finnis
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Andrew P. Barrett
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mark C. Serreze
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Shepherd A, Wingham D. Recent Sea-Level Contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. Science 2007; 315:1529-32. [PMID: 17363663 DOI: 10.1126/science.1136776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
After a century of polar exploration, the past decade of satellite measurements has painted an altogether new picture of how Earth's ice sheets are changing. As global temperatures have risen, so have rates of snowfall, ice melting, and glacier flow. Although the balance between these opposing processes has varied considerably on a regional scale, data show that Antarctica and Greenland are each losing mass overall. Our best estimate of their combined imbalance is about 125 gigatons per year of ice, enough to raise sea level by 0.35 millimeters per year. This is only a modest contribution to the present rate of sea-level rise of 3.0 millimeters per year. However, much of the loss from Antarctica and Greenland is the result of the flow of ice to the ocean from ice streams and glaciers, which has accelerated over the past decade. In both continents, there are suspected triggers for the accelerated ice discharge-surface and ocean warming, respectively-and, over the course of the 21st century, these processes could rapidly counteract the snowfall gains predicted by present coupled climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Shepherd
- Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK.
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Luthcke SB, Zwally HJ, Abdalati W, Rowlands DD, Ray RD, Nerem RS, Lemoine FG, McCarthy JJ, Chinn DS. Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from Satellite Gravity Observations. Science 2006; 314:1286-9. [PMID: 17053112 DOI: 10.1126/science.1130776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet resolved by drainage system regions were derived from a local mass concentration analysis of NASA-Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE mission) observations. From 2003 to 2005, the ice sheet lost 101 +/- 16 gigaton/year, with a gain of 54 gigaton/year above 2000 meters and a loss of 155 gigaton/year at lower elevations. The lower elevations show a large seasonal cycle, with mass losses during summer melting followed by gains from fall through spring. The overall rate of loss reflects a considerable change in trend (-113 +/- 17 gigaton/year) from a near balance during the 1990s but is smaller than some other recent estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Luthcke
- Planetary Geodynamics Laboratory, Code 698, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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