1
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Yamauchi A, Yanai N. Toward Quantum Noses: Quantum Chemosensing Based on Molecular Qubits in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39324781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusQuantum sensing leverages quantum properties to enhance the sensitivity and resolution of sensors beyond their classical sensing limits. Quantum sensors, such as diamond defect centers, have been developed to detect various physical properties, including magnetic fields and temperature. However, the spins of defects are buried within dense solids, making it difficult for them to strongly interact with molecular analytes. Therefore, nanoporous materials have been implemented in combination with electron spin center of molecules (molecular qubits) to produce quantum chemosensors that can distinguish various chemical substances. Molecular qubits have a uniform structure, and their properties can be precisely controlled by changing their chemical structure. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are suitable for supporting molecular qubits because of their high porosity, structural regularity, and designability. Molecular qubits can be inserted in the MOF structures or adsorbed as guest molecules. The qubits in the MOF can interact with analytes upon exposure, providing an effective and tunable sensing platform.In this Account, we review the recent progress in qubit-MOF hybrids toward the realization of room-temperature quantum chemosensing. Molecular qubits can be introduced in controlled concentrations at targeted positions by exploiting metal ions, ligands, or guests that compose the MOF. Heavy metal-free organic chromophores have several outstanding features as molecular qubits; namely, they can be initialized by light irradiation and exhibit relatively long coherence times of submicroseconds to microseconds, even at room temperature. One detection method involves monitoring the hyperfine interaction between the electron spins of the molecular qubits and the nuclear spins of the analyte incorporated in the pore. There is also an indirect detection method that relies on the motional change in molecular qubits. If the motion of the molecular qubit changes with the adsorption of the analyte, it can be detected as a change in the spin relaxation process. This mechanism is unique to qubits exposed in nanopores, not observed in conventional qubits embedded in dense solids.By maximizing the guest recognition ability of MOFs and the environmental sensitivity of qubits, quantum chemosensing that recognizes specific chemical species in a highly selective and sensitive manner may be possible. It is difficult to distinguish between diverse chemical species by employing only one combination of MOF and qubit, but by creating arrays of different qubit-MOF hybrids, it would become possible to distinguish between various analytes based on pattern recognition. Inspired by the human olfactory mechanism, we propose the use of multiple qubit-MOF hybrids and pattern recognition to identify specific molecules. This system represents a quantum version of olfaction, and thus we propose the concept of a "quantum nose." Quantum noses may be used to recognize biometabolites and biomarkers and enable new medical diagnostic technologies and olfactory digitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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2
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Ermakova A. Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for High-Resolution Thermometry in Biology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1318. [PMID: 39120422 PMCID: PMC11313720 DOI: 10.3390/nano14151318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Optically active color centers in diamond and nanodiamonds can be utilized as quantum sensors for measuring various physical parameters, particularly magnetic and electric fields, as well as temperature. Due to their small size and possible surface functionalization, fluorescent nanodiamonds are extremely attractive systems for biological and medical applications since they can be used for intracellular experiments. This review focuses on fluorescent nanodiamonds for thermometry with high sensitivity and a nanoscale spatial resolution for the investigation of living systems. The current state of the art, possible further development, and potential limitations of fluorescent nanodiamonds as thermometers will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ermakova
- Physics Department, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- Department of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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4
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Zeng K, Yu X, Plenio MB, Wang ZY. Wide-Band Unambiguous Quantum Sensing via Geodesic Evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250801. [PMID: 38996246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We present a quantum sensing technique that utilizes a sequence of π pulses to cyclically drive the qubit dynamics along a geodesic path of adiabatic evolution. This approach effectively suppresses the effects of both decoherence noise and control errors while simultaneously removing unwanted resonance terms, such as higher harmonics and spurious responses commonly encountered in dynamical decoupling control. As a result, our technique offers robust, wide-band, unambiguous, and high-resolution quantum sensing capabilities for signal detection and individual addressing of quantum systems, including spins. To demonstrate its versatility, we showcase successful applications of our method in both low-frequency and high-frequency sensing scenarios. The significance of this quantum sensing technique extends to the detection of complex signals and the control of intricate quantum environments. By enhancing detection accuracy and enabling precise manipulation of quantum systems, our method holds considerable promise for a variety of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Delord T, Monge R, Meriles CA. Correlated Spectroscopy of Electric Noise with Color Center Clusters. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6474-6479. [PMID: 38767585 PMCID: PMC11157654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Experimental noise often contains information about the interactions of a system with its environment, but establishing a relation between the measured time fluctuations and the underlying physical observables is rarely apparent. Here, we leverage a multidimensional and multisensor analysis of spectral diffusion to investigate the dynamics of trapped carriers near subdiffraction clusters of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We establish statistical correlations in the spectral fluctuations we measure as we recursively probe the cluster optical resonances, which we then exploit to reveal proximal traps. Further, we deterministically induce Stark shifts in the cluster spectrum, ultimately allowing us to pinpoint the relative three-dimensional positions of interacting NVs as well as the location and charge sign of surrounding traps. Our results can be generalized to other color centers and provide opportunities for the characterization of photocarrier dynamics in semiconductors and the manipulation of nanoscale spin-qubit clusters connected via electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Delord
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Richard Monge
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate
Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
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6
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Bian K, Zheng W, Chen X, Zhang S, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Yang S, Wrachtrup J, Jiang Y. A scanning probe microscope compatible with quantum sensing at ambient conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:053707. [PMID: 38819258 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We designed and built up a new type of ambient scanning probe microscope (SPM), which is fully compatible with state-of-the-art quantum sensing technology based on the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We chose a qPlus-type tuning fork (Q up to ∼4400) as the current/force sensor of SPM for its high stiffness and stability under various environments, which yields atomic resolution under scanning tunneling microscopy mode and 1.2-nm resolution under atomic force microscopy mode. The tip of SPM can be used to directly image the topography of nanoscale targets on diamond surfaces for quantum sensing and to manipulate the electrostatic environment of NV centers to enhance their sensitivity up to a single proton spin. In addition, we also demonstrated scanning magnetometry and electrometry with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Our new system not only paves the way for integrating atomic/molecular-scale color-center qubits onto SPM tips to produce quantum tips but also provides the possibility of fabricating color-center qubits with nanoscale or atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wentian Zheng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiakun Chen
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Hu Z, Jiang F, He J, Dai Y, Wang Y, Xu N, Du J. Four-Order Power Reduction in Nanoscale Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance with a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2846-2852. [PMID: 38391130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Detecting nuclear spins using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is of particular importance in nanoscale science and engineering but often suffers from the heating effect of microwave fields for spin manipulation, especially under high magnetic fields. Here, we realize an energy-efficient nanoscale nuclear-spin detection using a phase-modulation electron-nuclear double resonance scheme. The microwave field can be reduced to 1/250 of the previous requirements, and the corresponding power is over four orders lower. Meanwhile, the microwave-induced broadening to the line-width of the spectroscopy is significantly canceled, and we achieve a nuclear-spin spectrum with a resolution down to 2.1 kHz under a magnetic field at 1840 Gs. The spectral resolution can be further improved by upgrading the experimental control precision. This scheme can also be used in sensing microwave fields and can be extended to a wide range of applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Hu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Fengjian Jiang
- School of Information Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jingyan He
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Kageura T, Sasama Y, Teraji T, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yamada K, Kimura K, Onoda S, Takahide Y. Spin-State Control of Shallow Single NV Centers in Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38426213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability to control the charge and spin states of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers near the diamond surface is of pivotal importance for quantum applications. Hydrogen-terminated diamond is promising for long spin coherence times and ease of controlling the charge states due to the low density of surface defects. However, it has so far been challenging to create negatively charged single NV centers with controllable spin states beneath a hydrogen-terminated surface because atmospheric adsorbates that act as acceptors induce surface holes. In this study, we optically detected the magnetic resonance of shallow single NV centers in hydrogen-terminated diamond through precise control of the nitrogen implantation fluence. Furthermore, we found that the probability of detecting the resonance was enhanced by reducing the surface acceptor density through passivation of the hydrogen-terminated surface with hexagonal boron nitride without air exposure. This control method opens up new opportunities for using NV centers in quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kageura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tosu 841-0052, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasama
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yamaguchi Takahide
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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9
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Bussandri S, Shimon D, Equbal A, Ren Y, Takahashi S, Ramanathan C, Han S. P1 Center Electron Spin Clusters Are Prevalent in Type Ib Diamonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5088-5099. [PMID: 38112330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of the P1 centers is crucial for diamond-based sensors and quantum devices. P1 centers serve as polarization sources for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) quantum sensing and play a significant role in the relaxation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. Additionally, the distribution of NV centers correlates with the distribution of P1 centers, as NV centers are formed through the conversion of P1 centers. We utilized DNP and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques that revealed strong clustering of a significant population of P1 centers that exhibit exchange coupling and produce asymmetric line shapes. The 13C DNP frequency profile at a high magnetic field revealed a pattern that requires an asymmetric EPR line shape of the P1 clusters with electron-electron (e-e) coupling strengths exceeding the 13C nuclear Larmor frequency. EPR and DNP characterization at high magnetic fields was necessary to resolve energy contributions from different e-e couplings. We employed a two-frequency pump-probe pulsed electron double resonance technique to show cross-talk between the isolated and clustered P1 centers. This finding implies that the clustered P1 centers affect all of the P1 populations. Direct observation of clustered P1 centers and their asymmetric line shape offers a novel and crucial insight into understanding magnetic noise sources for quantum information applications of diamonds and for designing diamond-based polarizing agents with optimized DNP efficiency for 13C and other nuclear spins of analytes. We propose that room temperature 13C DNP at a high field, achievable through straightforward modifications to existing solution-state NMR systems, is a potent tool for evaluating and controlling diamond defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Bussandri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daphna Shimon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Quantum and Topological Systems, New York University, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuhang Ren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 600208, United States
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10
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Guo Y, Ji W, Kong X, Wang M, Sun H, Zhou J, Chai Z, Rong X, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Single-Shot Readout of a Solid-State Electron Spin Qutrit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:060601. [PMID: 38394571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Quantum systems usually feature a rich multilevel structure with promising resources for developing superior quantum technologies compared with their binary counterpart. Single-shot readout of these high-dimensional quantum systems is essential for exploiting their potential. Although there have been various high-spin systems, the single-shot readout of the overall state of high-spin systems remains a challenging issue. Here we demonstrate a reliable single-shot readout of spin qutrit state in a low-temperature solid-state system utilizing a binary readout scheme. We achieve a single-shot readout of an electron spin qutrit associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with an average fidelity of 87.80%. We use this spin qutrit system to verify quantum contextuality, a fundamental test of quantum mechanics. We observe a violation of the noncontextual hidden variable inequality with the developed single-shot readout in contrast to the conventional binary readout. These results pave the way for developing quantum information processing based on spin qutrits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Lamichhane S, Timalsina R, Schultz C, Fescenko I, Ambal K, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetic Relaxometry of Nanoclustered Cytochrome C Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:873-880. [PMID: 38207217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry offers an alternative tool to detect paramagnetic centers in cells with a favorable combination of magnetic sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we employ NV magnetic relaxometry to detect cytochrome C (Cyt-C) nanoclusters. Cyt-C is a water-soluble protein that plays a vital role in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Under ambient conditions, the heme group in Cyt-C remains in the Fe3+ state, which is paramagnetic. We vary the concentration of Cyt-C from 6 to 54 μM and observe a reduction of the NV spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) from 1.2 ms to 150 μs, which is attributed to the spin noise originating from the Fe3+ spins. NV T1 imaging of Cyt-C drop-casted on a nanostructured diamond chip allows us to detect the relaxation rates from the adsorbed Fe3+ within Cyt-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Cody Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kapildeb Ambal
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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12
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Zhu T, Zeng J, Wen F, Wang H. Determining the Dependence of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Light Extraction in Diamond Nanostructures on Emitter Positions with Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:99. [PMID: 38202554 PMCID: PMC10780712 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we obtained a diamond nanocone structure using the thermal annealing method, which was proposed in our previous work. Using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, we demonstrate that the extraction efficiencies of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center emitters in nanostructures are dependent on the geometries of the nanocone/nanopillar, emitter polarizations and axis depths. Our results show that nanocones and nanopillars have advantages in extraction from emitter dipoles with s- and p-polarizations, respectively. In our simulations, the best results of collection efficiency were achieved from the emitter in a nanocone with s-polarization (57.96%) and the emitter in a nanopillar with p-polarization (38.40%). Compared with the nanopillar, the photon extraction efficiency of the emitters in the nanocone is more sensitive to the depth and polarization angle. The coupling differences between emitters and the nanocone/nanopillar are explained by the evolution of photon propagation modes and the internal reflection effects in diamond nanostructures. Our results could have positive impacts on the design and fabrication of NV center-based micro- and nano-optics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Zhu
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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13
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Giri R, Jensen RH, Khurana D, Bocquel J, Radko IP, Lang J, Osterkamp C, Jelezko F, Berg-So̷rensen K, Andersen UL, Huck A. Charge Stability and Charge-State-Based Spin Readout of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:6603-6610. [PMID: 38162528 PMCID: PMC10753810 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Spin-based applications of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds require an efficient spin readout. One approach is the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC), relying on mapping the spin states onto the neutral (NV0) and negative (NV-) charge states followed by a subsequent charge readout. With high charge-state stability, SCC enables extended measurement times, increasing precision and minimizing noise in the readout compared to the commonly used fluorescence detection. Nanoscale sensing applications, however, require shallow NV centers within a few nanometers distance from the surface where surface related effects might degrade the NV charge state. In this article, we investigate the charge state initialization and stability of single NV centers implanted ≈5 nm below the surface of a flat diamond plate. We demonstrate the SCC protocol on four shallow NV centers suitable for nanoscale sensing, obtaining a reduced readout noise of 5-6 times the spin-projection noise limit. We investigate the general applicability of the SCC for shallow NV centers and observe a correlation between the NV charge-state stability and readout noise. Coating the diamond with glycerol improves both the charge initialization and stability. Our results reveal the influence of the surface-related charge environment on the NV charge properties and motivate further investigations to functionalize the diamond surface with glycerol or other materials for charge-state stabilization and efficient spin-state readout of shallow NV centers suitable for nanoscale sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshyakar Giri
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ho̷y Jensen
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Deepak Khurana
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ilya P. Radko
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Osterkamp
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ulrik L. Andersen
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Zhao Z, Ye X, Xu S, Yu P, Yang Z, Kong X, Wang Y, Xie T, Shi F, Du J. Sub-nanotesla sensitivity at the nanoscale with a single spin. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad100. [PMID: 37954192 PMCID: PMC10632795 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity detection of the microscopic magnetic field is essential in many fields. Good sensitivity and high spatial resolution are mutually contradictory in measurement, which is quantified by the energy resolution limit. Here we report that a sensitivity of 0.5 nT/[Formula: see text] at the nanoscale is achieved experimentally by using nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond with depths of tens of nanometers. The achieved sensitivity is substantially enhanced by integrating with multiple quantum techniques, including real-time-feedback initialization, dynamical decoupling with shaped pulses and repetitive readout via quantum logic. Our magnetic sensors will shed new light on searching new physics beyond the standard model, investigating microscopic magnetic phenomena in condensed matters, and detection of life activities at the sub-cellular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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15
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Zhu Y, Su H, Xu P, Xu Y, Wang Y, Dong CH, Lu J, Le Z, Yang X, Xuan Q, Zou CL, Ren H. Data augmentation using continuous conditional generative adversarial networks for regression and its application to improved spectral sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37722-37739. [PMID: 38017896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning-assisted spectroscopy analysis faces a prominent constraint in the form of insufficient spectral samples, which hinders its effectiveness. Meanwhile, there is a lack of effective algorithms to simulate synthetic spectra from limited samples of real spectra for regression models in continuous scenarios. In this study, we introduced a continuous conditional generative adversarial network (CcGAN) to autonomously generate synthetic spectra. The labels employed for generating the spectral data can be arbitrarily selected from within the range of labels associated with the real spectral data. Our approach effectively produced spectra using a small spectral dataset obtained from a self-interference microring resonator (SIMRR)-based sensor. The generated synthetic spectra were subjected to evaluation using principal component analysis, revealing an inability to discern them from the real spectra. Finally, to enhance the DNN regression model, these synthetic spectra are incorporated into the original training dataset as an augmentation technique. The results demonstrate that the synthetic spectra generated by CcGAN exhibit exceptional quality and significantly enhance the predictive performance of the DNN model. In conclusion, CcGAN exhibits promising potential in generating high-quality synthetic spectra and delivers a superior data augmentation effect for regression tasks.
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16
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Staudenmaier N, Vijayakumar-Sreeja A, Genov G, Cohen D, Findler C, Lang J, Retzker A, Jelezko F, Oviedo-Casado S. Optimal Sensing Protocol for Statistically Polarized Nano-NMR with NV Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:150801. [PMID: 37897751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.150801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion noise represents a major constraint to successful liquid state nano-NMR spectroscopy. Using the Fisher information as a faithful measure, we theoretically calculate and experimentally show that phase sensitive protocols are superior in most experimental scenarios, as they maximize information extraction from correlations in the sample. We derive the optimal experimental parameters for quantum heterodyne detection (Qdyne) and present the most accurate statistically polarized nano-NMR Qdyne detection experiments to date, leading the way to resolve chemical shifts and J couplings at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Staudenmaier
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Genko Genov
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christoph Findler
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena 91125, California, USA
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Casado
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena E-30202, Spain
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17
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Neuling NR, Allert RD, Bucher DB. Prospects of single-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with quantum sensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 83:102975. [PMID: 37573624 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis can unravel functional heterogeneity within cell populations otherwise obscured by ensemble measurements. However, noninvasive techniques that probe chemical entities and their dynamics are still lacking. This challenge could be overcome by novel sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, which enable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on unprecedented sample volumes. In this perspective, we briefly introduce NV-based quantum sensing and review the progress made in microscale NV-NMR spectroscopy. Last, we discuss approaches to enhance the sensitivity of NV ensemble magnetometers to detect biologically relevant concentrations and provide a roadmap toward their application in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Neuling
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany
| | - Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany.
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18
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Lin N, van Zomeren K, van Veen T, Mzyk A, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Plosch T, Tietge UJF, Cantineau A, Hoek A, Schirhagl R. Quantum Sensing of Free Radicals in Primary Human Granulosa Cells with Nanoscale Resolution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1784-1798. [PMID: 37780363 PMCID: PMC10540281 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cumulus granulosa cells (cGCs) and mural granulosa cells (mGCs), although derived from the same precursors, are anatomically and functionally heterogeneous. They are critical for female fertility by supporting oocyte competence and follicular development. There are various techniques used to investigate the role of free radicals in mGCs and cCGs. Yet, temporospatial resolution remains a challenge. We used a quantum sensing approach to study free radical generation at nanoscale in cGCs and mGCs isolated from women undergoing oocyte retrieval during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Cells were incubated with bare fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) or mitochondria targeted FNDs to detect free radicals in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. After inducing oxidative stress with menadione, we continued to detect free radical generation for 30 min. We observed an increase in free radical generation in cGCs and mGCs from 10 min on. Although cytoplasmic and mitochondrial free radical levels are indistinguishable in the physiological state in both cGCs and mGCs, the free radical changes measured in mitochondria were significantly larger in both cell types, suggesting mitochondria are sites of free radical generation. Furthermore, we observed later occurrence and a smaller percentage of cytoplasmic free radical change in cGCs, indicating that cGCs may be more resistant to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Lin
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, China
| | - Koen van Zomeren
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teelkien van Veen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Center
for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University
Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Torsten Plosch
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J. F. Tietge
- Division
of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical
Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Cantineau
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Hoek
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Le T, Hsin R, Vo D, Tzeng Y, Le, T, Hsiao W. Nanoscale Thermometry with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. NANODIAMONDS IN ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023:156-170. [DOI: 10.1002/9781394202164.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
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20
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Bruckmaier F, Allert RD, Neuling NR, Amrein P, Littin S, Briegel KD, Schätzle P, Knittel P, Zaitsev M, Bucher DB. Imaging local diffusion in microstructures using NV-based pulsed field gradient NMR. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3484. [PMID: 37595048 PMCID: PMC10438442 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding diffusion in microstructures plays a crucial role in many scientific fields, including neuroscience, medicine, or energy research. While magnetic resonance (MR) methods are the gold standard for diffusion measurements, spatial encoding in MR imaging has limitations. Here, we introduce nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center-based nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy as a powerful tool to probe diffusion within microscopic sample volumes. We have developed an experimental scheme that combines pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) with optically detected NV-NMR spectroscopy, allowing local quantification of molecular diffusion and flow. We demonstrate correlated optical imaging with spatially resolved PGSE NV-NMR experiments probing anisotropic water diffusion within an individual model microstructure. Our optically detected PGSE NV-NMR technique opens up prospects for extending the current capabilities of investigating diffusion processes with the future potential of probing single cells, tissue microstructures, or ion mobility in thin film materials for battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleming Bruckmaier
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robin D. Allert
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nick R. Neuling
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Amrein
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Littin
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl D. Briegel
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Schätzle
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Str. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastr. 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Zaitsev
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik B. Bucher
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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21
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Lamichhane S, McElveen KA, Erickson A, Fescenko I, Sun S, Timalsina R, Guo Y, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometry of Individual Fe-Triazole Spin Crossover Nanorods. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8694-8704. [PMID: 37093121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
[Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) (Fe-triazole) spin crossover molecules show thermal, electrical, and optical switching between high spin (HS) and low spin (LS) states, making them promising candidates for molecular spintronics. The LS and HS transitions originate from the electronic configurations of Fe(II) and are considered to be diamagnetic and paramagnetic, respectively. The Fe(II) LS state has six paired electrons in the ground states with no interaction with the magnetic field and a diamagnetic behavior is usually observed. While the bulk magnetic properties of Fe-triazole compounds are widely studied by standard magnetometry techniques, their magnetic properties at the individual level are missing. Here we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) based magnetometry to study the magnetic properties of the Fe-triazole LS state of nanoparticle clusters and individual nanorods of size varying from 20 to 1000 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are performed to determine the size of the nanoparticles/nanorods and to confirm their respective spin states. The magnetic field patterns produced by the nanoparticles/nanorods are imaged by NV magnetic microscopy as a function of applied magnetic field (up to 350 mT) and correlated with SEM and Raman. We found that in most of the nanorods the LS state is slightly paramagnetic, possibly originating from the surface oxidation and/or the greater Fe(III) presence along the nanorods' edges. NV measurements on the Fe-triazole LS state nanoparticle clusters revealed both diamagnetic and paramagnetic behavior. Our results highlight the potential of NV quantum sensors to study the magnetic properties of spin crossover molecules and molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kayleigh A McElveen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Adam Erickson
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St 3, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yinsheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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22
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Xu N, Zhou F, Ye X, Lin X, Chen B, Zhang T, Yue F, Chen B, Wang Y, Du J. Noise Prediction and Reduction of Single Electron Spin by Deep-Learning-Enhanced Feedforward Control. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2460-2466. [PMID: 36942925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Noise-induced control imperfection is an important problem in applications of diamond-based nanoscale sensing, where measurement-based strategies are generally utilized to correct low-frequency noises in realtime. However, the spin-state readout requires a long time due to the low photon-detection efficiency. This inevitably introduces a delay in the noise-reduction process and limits its performance. Here we introduce the deep learning approach to relax this restriction by predicting the trend of noise and compensating for the delay. We experimentally implement feedforward quantum control of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to protect its spin coherence and improve the sensing performance against noise. The new approach effectively enhances the decoherence time of the electron spin, which enables exploration of more physics from its resonant spectroscopy. A theoretical model is provided to explain the improvement. This scheme could be applied in general sensing schemes and extended to other quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Bao Chen
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industrial Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Neethirajan J, Hache T, Paone D, Pinto D, Denisenko A, Stöhr R, Udvarhelyi P, Pershin A, Gali A, Wrachtrup J, Kern K, Singha A. Controlled Surface Modification to Revive Shallow NV - Centers. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2563-2569. [PMID: 36927005 PMCID: PMC10103335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-surface negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers hold excellent promise for nanoscale magnetic imaging and quantum sensing. However, they often experience charge-state instabilities, leading to strongly reduced fluorescence and NV coherence time, which negatively impact magnetic imaging sensitivity. This occurs even more severely at 4 K and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, p = 2 × 10-10 mbar). We demonstrate that in situ adsorption of H2O on the diamond surface allows the partial recovery of the shallow NV sensors. Combining these with band-bending calculations, we conclude that controlled surface treatments are essential for implementing NV-based quantum sensing protocols under cryogenic UHV conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Hache
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenico Paone
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3rd
Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dinesh Pinto
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd
Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd
Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Péter Udvarhelyi
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, POB 49, H-1525, Hungary
- Department
of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anton Pershin
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, POB 49, H-1525, Hungary
- Department
of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, POB 49, H-1525, Hungary
- Department
of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3rd
Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aparajita Singha
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Center
for
Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Munuera-Javaloy C, Tobalina A, Casanova J. High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy at Large Fields with Nitrogen Vacancy Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133603. [PMID: 37067301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are used as sensors to detect nuclear magnetic resonance signals from micron-sized samples at room temperature. In this scenario, the regime of large magnetic fields is especially interesting as it leads to a large nuclear thermal polarization-thus, to a strong sensor response even in low concentration samples-while chemical shifts and J couplings become more accessible. Nevertheless, this regime remains largely unexplored owing to the difficulties of coupling NV-based sensors with high-frequency nuclear signals. In this Letter, we circumvent this problem with a method that maps the relevant energy shifts in the amplitude of an induced nuclear spin signal that is subsequently transferred to the sensor. This stage is interspersed with free-precession periods of the sample nuclear spins where the sensor does not participate. Thus, our method leads to high spectral resolutions ultimately limited by the coherence of the nuclear spin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munuera-Javaloy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - A Tobalina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Casanova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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25
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Koppenhöfer M, Padgett C, Cady JV, Dharod V, Oh H, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Clerk AA. Single-Spin Readout and Quantum Sensing Using Optomechanically Induced Transparency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:093603. [PMID: 36930901 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state spin defects are promising quantum sensors for a large variety of sensing targets. Some of these defects couple appreciably to strain in the host material. We propose to use this strain coupling for mechanically mediated dispersive single-shot spin readout by an optomechanically induced transparency measurement. Surprisingly, the estimated measurement times for negatively charged silicon-vacancy defects in diamond are an order of magnitude shorter than those for single-shot optical fluorescence readout. Our scheme can also be used for general parameter-estimation metrology and offers a higher sensitivity than conventional schemes using continuous position detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koppenhöfer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Carl Padgett
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Cady
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Systems and Processes Engineering Corporation, Austin, Texas 78737, USA
| | - Viraj Dharod
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Hyunseok Oh
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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26
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Aslam N, Zhou H, Urbach EK, Turner MJ, Walsworth RL, Lukin MD, Park H. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2023; 5:157-169. [PMID: 36776813 PMCID: PMC9896461 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors are finding their way from laboratories to the real world, as witnessed by the increasing number of start-ups in this field. The atomic length scale of quantum sensors and their coherence properties enable unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity. Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques. This Review sheds light on these questions, presenting the status of quantum sensing applications and discussing their path towards commercialization. The focus is on two promising quantum sensing platforms: optically pumped atomic magnetometers, and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The broad spectrum of biomedical applications is highlighted by four case studies ranging from brain imaging to single-cell spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Aslam
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Elana K. Urbach
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Ronald L. Walsworth
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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27
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Widmann M, Benke M, Kübler M, Dasari D, Klotz T, Gizzi L, Röhrle O, Brenner P, Wrachtrup J. Optimizing NV magnetometry for Magnetoneurography and Magnetomyography applications. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1034391. [PMID: 36726853 PMCID: PMC9885266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1034391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetometers based on color centers in diamond are setting new frontiers for sensing capabilities due to their combined extraordinary performances in sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range, and spatial resolution, with stable operability in a wide range of conditions ranging from room to low temperatures. This has allowed for its wide range of applications, from biology and chemical studies to industrial applications. Among the many, sensing of bio-magnetic fields from muscular and neurophysiology has been one of the most attractive applications for NV magnetometry due to its compact and proximal sensing capability. Although SQUID magnetometers and optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) have made huge progress in Magnetomyography (MMG) and Magnetoneurography (MNG), exploring the same with NV magnetometry is scant at best. Given the room temperature operability and gradiometric applications of the NV magnetometer, it could be highly sensitive in the pT / Hz -range even without magnetic shielding, bringing it close to industrial applications. The presented work here elaborates on the performance metrics of these magnetometers to the state-of-the-art techniques by analyzing the sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth, and discusses the potential benefits of using NV magnetometers for MMG and MNG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Quantum Technology R&D Center, Beijing Automation Control Equipment Institute, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhang ✉
| | - Jixing Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Magnus Benke
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Kübler
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Department of Biomechatronic Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Brenner
- ZEISS Innovation Hub @ KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Jörg Wrachtrup ✉
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28
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Wu K, Nie L, Nusantara AC, Woudstra W, Vedelaar T, Sigaeva A, Schirhagl R. Diamond Relaxometry as a Tool to Investigate the Free Radical Dialogue between Macrophages and Bacteria. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1100-1111. [PMID: 36630151 PMCID: PMC9878971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although free radicals, which are generated by macrophages play a key role in antimicrobial activities, macrophages sometimes fail to kill Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as bacteria have evolved mechanisms to withstand oxidative stress. In the past decades, several ROS-related staphylococcal proteins and enzymes were characterized to explain the microorganism's antioxidative defense system. Yet, time-resolved and site-specific free radical/ROS detection in bacterial infection were full of challenges. In this work, we utilize diamond-based quantum sensing for studying alterations of the free radical response near S. aureus in macrophages. To achieve this goal we used S. aureus-fluorescent nanodiamond conjugates and measured the spin-lattice relaxation (T1) of NV defects embedded in nanodiamonds. We observed an increase of intracellular free radical generation when macrophages were challenged with S. aureus. However, under a high intracellular oxidative stress environment elicited by lipopolysaccharides, a lower radical load was recorded on the bacteria surfaces. Moreover, by performing T1 measurements on the same particles at different times postinfection, we found that radicals were dominantly scavenged by S. aureus from 80 min postinfection under a high intracellular oxidative stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linyan Nie
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek C. Nusantara
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Woudstra
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Vedelaar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Liu KS, Ma X, Rizzato R, Semrau AL, Henning A, Sharp ID, Fischer RA, Bucher DB. Using Metal-Organic Frameworks to Confine Liquid Samples for Nanoscale NV-NMR. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9876-9882. [PMID: 36480706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale magnetic field sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamonds are an exciting platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The detection of NMR signals from a few zeptoliters to single molecules or even single nuclear spins has been demonstrated using NV centers close to the diamond surface. However, fast molecular diffusion of sample molecules in and out of the nanoscale detection volumes impedes their detection and limits current experiments to solid-state or highly viscous samples. Here, we show that restricting diffusion by confinement enables nanoscale NMR spectroscopy of liquid samples. Our approach uses metal-organic frameworks (MOF) with angstrom-sized pores on a diamond chip to trap sample molecules near the NV centers. This enables the detection of NMR signals from a liquid sample, which would not be detectable without confinement. These results set the route for nanoscale liquid-phase NMR with high spectral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Anna L Semrau
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
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30
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Dasari DBR, Yang S, Chakrabarti A, Finkler A, Kurizki G, Wrachtrup J. Anti-Zeno purification of spin baths by quantum probe measurements. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7527. [PMID: 36473849 PMCID: PMC9726817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno paradigms have thus far addressed the evolution control of a quantum system coupled to an immutable bath via non-selective measurements performed at appropriate intervals. We fundamentally modify these paradigms by introducing, theoretically and experimentally, the concept of controlling the bath state via selective measurements of the system (a qubit). We show that at intervals corresponding to the anti-Zeno regime of the system-bath exchange, a sequence of measurements has strongly correlated outcomes. These correlations can dramatically enhance the bath-state purity and yield a low-entropy steady state of the bath. The purified bath state persists long after the measurements are completed. Such purification enables the exploitation of spin baths as long-lived quantum memories or as quantum-enhanced sensors. The experiment involved a repeatedly probed defect center dephased by a nuclear spin bath in a diamond at low-temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 97133.Physics Institute, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arnab Chakrabarti
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Finkler
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gershon Kurizki
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 97133.Physics Institute, Center for Applied Quantum Technologies, IQST, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany ,grid.419552.e0000 0001 1015 6736Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Allert RD, Bruckmaier F, Neuling NR, Freire-Moschovitis FA, Liu KS, Schrepel C, Schätzle P, Knittel P, Hermans M, Bucher DB. Microfluidic quantum sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4831-4840. [PMID: 36398977 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications have emerged as invaluable physical and life sciences tools. The advantages stem from advanced system miniaturization, thus, requiring far less sample volume while allowing for complex functionality, increased reproducibility, and high throughput. However, LOC applications necessitate extensive sensor miniaturization to leverage these inherent advantages fully. Atom-sized quantum sensors are highly promising to bridge this gap and have enabled measurements of temperature, electric and magnetic fields on the nano- to microscale. Nevertheless, the technical complexity of both disciplines has so far impeded an uncompromising combination of LOC systems and quantum sensors. Here, we present a fully integrated microfluidic platform for solid-state spin quantum sensors, like the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Our platform fulfills all technical requirements, such as fast spin manipulation, enabling full quantum sensing capabilities, biocompatibility, and easy adaptability to arbitrary channel and chip geometries. To illustrate the vast potential of quantum sensors in LOC systems, we demonstrate various NV center-based sensing modalities for chemical analysis in our microfluidic platform, ranging from paramagnetic ion detection to high-resolution microscale NV-NMR. Consequently, our work opens the door for novel chemical analysis capabilities within LOC devices with applications in electrochemistry, high-throughput reaction screening, bioanalytics, organ-on-a-chip, or single-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F Bruckmaier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - N R Neuling
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F A Freire-Moschovitis
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - K S Liu
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - C Schrepel
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schätzle
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Str. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Knittel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastr. 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Hermans
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - D B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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32
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Dong X, Wu C, Yu Z, Tian J, Wang Z, Chen X, Jin S, Zhou X. Atomic Ramsey interferometry with S- and D-band in a triangular optical lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:41437-41446. [PMID: 36366622 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ramsey interferometers have wide applications in science and engineering. Compared with the traditional interferometer based on internal states, the interferometer with external quantum states has advantages in some applications for quantum simulation and precision measurement. Here, we develop a Ramsey interferometry with Bloch states in S- and D-band of a triangular optical lattice for the first time. The key to realizing this interferometer in two-dimensionally coupled lattice is that we use the shortcut method to construct π/2 pulse. We observe clear Ramsey fringes and analyze the decoherence mechanism of fringes. Further, we design an echo π pulse between S- and D-band, which significantly improves the coherence time. This Ramsey interferometer in the dimensionally coupled lattice has potential applications in the quantum simulations of topological physics, frustrated effects, and motional qubits manipulation.
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33
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Sigaeva A, Shirzad H, Martinez FP, Nusantara AC, Mougios N, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. Diamond-Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105750. [PMID: 36169083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diamond magnetometry makes use of fluorescent defects in diamonds to convert magnetic resonance signals into fluorescence. Because optical photons can be detected much more sensitively, this technique currently holds several sensitivity world records for room temperature magnetic measurements. It is orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting magnetic resonances. Here, the use of diamond magnetometry to detect free radical production in single living cells with nanometer resolution is experimentally demonstrated. This measuring system is first optimized and calibrated with chemicals at known concentrations. These measurements serve as benchmarks for future experiments. While conventional MRI typically has millimeter resolution, measurements are performed on individual cells to detect nitric oxide signaling at the nanoscale, within 10-20 nm from the internalized particles localized with a diffraction limited optical resolution. This level of detail is inaccessible to the state-of-the-art techniques. Nitric oxide is detected and the dynamics of its production and inhibition in the intra- and extracellular environment are followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Shirzad
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Perona Martinez
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek Citra Nusantara
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Mougios
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
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34
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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35
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Shen X, Zhao L, Ge F. Structural Optimization and MEMS Implementation of the NV Center Phonon Piezoelectric Device. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1628. [PMID: 36295982 PMCID: PMC9611964 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center of the diamond has attracted widespread attention because of its high sensitivity in quantum precision measurement. The phonon piezoelectric device of the NV center is designed on the basis of the phonon-coupled regulation mechanism. The propagation characteristics and acoustic wave excitation modes of the phonon piezoelectric device are analyzed. In order to improve the performance of phonon-coupled manipulation, the influence of the structural parameters of the diamond substrate and the ZnO piezoelectric layer on the phonon propagation characteristics are analyzed. The structure of the phonon piezoelectric device of the NV center is optimized, and its Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) implementation and characterization are carried out. Research results show that the phonon resonance manipulation method can effectively increase the NV center's spin transition probability using the MEMS phonon piezoelectric device prepared in this paper, improving the quantum spin manipulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liye Zhao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-0517-8308
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36
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Abendroth JM, Herb K, Janitz E, Zhu T, Völker LA, Degen CL. Single-Nitrogen-Vacancy NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7294-7303. [PMID: 36069765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers an exciting route toward sensitive and localized chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Remarkable progress has been made to combat the degradation in coherence time and stability suffered by near-surface NV centers using suitable chemical surface termination. However, approaches that also enable robust control over adsorbed molecule density, orientation, and binding configuration are needed. We demonstrate a diamond surface preparation for mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-termination that simultaneously improves NV center coherence times for <10 nm-deep emitters and enables direct and recyclable chemical functionalization via amine-reactive cross-linking. Using this approach, we probe single NV centers embedded in nanopillar waveguides to perform 19F NMR sensing of covalently bound fluorinated molecules with detection on the order of 100 molecules. This work signifies an important step toward nuclear spin localization and structure interrogation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Feng X, Xing L. Microwave Heating Effect on Diamond Samples of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31538-31543. [PMID: 36092553 PMCID: PMC9453975 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diamond samples of defects with negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are promising solid-state spin sensors suitable for quantum information processing and highly sensitive measurements of magnetic, electric, and thermal fields at the nanoscale. A diamond defect with an NV center is unique for its robust temperature-dependent zero-field splitting D gs of the triplet ground state. This property enables the optical readout of electron spin states through manipulation of the ground triplet state using microwave resonance with D gs from 100 K to approximately 600 K. Thus, prohibiting D gs from external thermal disturbances is crucial for an accurate measurement using NV-diamond sensors. Nevertheless, the external microwave field probably exerts a heating effect on the diamond sample of NV centers. To our knowledge, the microwave heating effect on the diamond samples of NV centers has yet to be quantitatively and systematically addressed. Our observation demonstrates the existence of a prominent microwave heating effect on the diamond samples of NV centers with the microwave irradiation in a continuous mode and some pulse sequence modes. The zero-field splitting D gs is largely red-shifted by the temperature rises of the diamond samples. The effect will inevitably cause NV-diamond sensors to misread the true temperature of the target and disturb magnetic field detection by perturbing the spin precession of NV centers. Our observation demonstrates that such a phenomenon is negligible for the quantum lock-in XY8-N method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Xing
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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38
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Gierse M, Marshall A, Qureshi MU, Scharpf J, Parker AJ, Hausmann BJM, Walther P, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Jelezko F, Neumann P, Schwartz I. Scalable and Tunable Diamond Nanostructuring Process for Nanoscale NMR Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31544-31550. [PMID: 36092615 PMCID: PMC9454277 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring of a bulk material is used to change its mechanical, optical, and electronic properties and to enable many new applications. We present a scalable fabrication technique that enables the creation of densely packed diamond nanopillars for quantum technology applications. The process yields tunable feature sizes without the employment of lithographic techniques. High-aspect-ratio pillars are created through oxygen-plasma etching of diamond with a dewetted palladium film as an etch mask. We demonstrate an iterative renewal of the palladium etch mask, by which the initial mask thickness is not the limiting factor for the etch depth. Following the process, 300-400 million densely packed 100 nm wide and 1 μm tall diamond pillars were created on a 3 × 3 mm2 diamond sample. The fabrication technique is tailored specifically to enable applications and research involving quantum coherent defect center spins in diamond, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, which are widely used in quantum science and engineering. To demonstrate the compatibility of our technique with quantum sensing, NV centers are created in the nanopillar sidewalls and are used to sense 1H nuclei in liquid wetting the nanostructured surface. This nanostructuring process is an important element for enabling the wide-scale implementation of NV-driven magnetic resonance imaging or NV-driven NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gierse
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alastair Marshall
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Walther
- Central
Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich
- Department
of Physics, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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39
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Tian Y, Nusantara AC, Hamoh T, Mzyk A, Tian X, Perona Martinez F, Li R, Permentier HP, Schirhagl R. Functionalized Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Quantum Sensing in HeLa Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39265-39273. [PMID: 35984747 PMCID: PMC9437893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present multifunctional fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) for simultaneous drug delivery and free radical detection. For this purpose, we modified FNDs containing nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with a diazoxide derivative. We found that our particles enter cells more easily and are able to deliver this cancer drug into HeLa cells. The particles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and secondary electron microscopy. Compared to the free drug, we observe a sustained release over 72 h rather than 12 h for the free drug. Apart from releasing the drug, with these particles, we can measure the drug's effect on free radical generation directly. This has the advantage that the response is measured locally, where the drug is released. These FNDs change their optical properties based on their magnetic surrounding. More specifically, we make use of a technique called relaxometry to detect spin noise from the free radical at the nanoscale with subcellular resolution. We further compared the results from our new technique with a conventional fluorescence assay for the detection of reactive oxygen species. This provides a new method to investigate the relationship between drug release and the response by the cell via radical formation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Tian
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anggrek C. Nusantara
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Street, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Xiaobo Tian
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center,
Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe Perona Martinez
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Runrun Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Interfaculty Mass Spectrometry Center,
Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University,
University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
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40
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Abstract
Quantum sensors are known for their high sensitivity in sensing applications. However, this sensitivity often comes with severe restrictions on other parameters which are also important. Examples are that in measurements of arbitrary signals, limitation in linear dynamic range could introduce distortions in magnitude and phase of the signal. High frequency resolution is another important feature for reconstructing unknown signals. Here, we demonstrate a distortion-free quantum sensing protocol that combines a quantum phase-sensitive detection with heterodyne readout. We present theoretical and experimental investigations using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, showing the capability of reconstructing audio frequency signals with an extended linear dynamic range and high frequency resolution. Melody and speech based signals are used for demonstrating the features. The methods could broaden the horizon for quantum sensors towards applications, e.g. telecommunication in challenging environment, where low-distortion measurements are required at multiple frequency bands within a limited volume. High sensitivity in quantum sensing comes often at the expense of other figures of merit, usually resulting in distortion. Here, the authors propose a protocol with good sensitivity, readout linearity and high frequency resolution, and benchmark it through signal measurements at audio bands with NV centers.
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41
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Kultaeva A, Pöppl A, Biktagirov T. Atomic-Scale Quantum Sensing of Ensembles of Guest Molecules in a Metal-Organic Framework with Intrinsic Electron Spin Centers. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6737-6742. [PMID: 35849549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the exciting applications of electron-spin-based quantum sensing is the detection of distant nuclear spins of external molecular species. Here, we explore the application of a metal-organic framework (MOF) material as a host matrix for sensing spin centers. As a sensor, we employ inherent Cu2+ ions in the structure of a Zn-doped HKUST-1 framework. As a target molecular species, we use butane gas that exhibits no specific chemical reactivity toward the inner surface of HKUST-1 and is thus randomly distributed inside the MOF pore network. By employing a conventional double-resonance pulse sequence, we can effectively detect the coupling of the distant 1H nuclear spins of butane to the electron spin of the sensor and gain atomic-scale insight into their spatial distribution. Thus, our proof-of-the-concept experiment demonstrates that MOFs, the materials featuring extremely large surface area and great tunability, are perfectly suited as a key element for emerging magnetic quantum sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kultaeva
- University Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Linnestrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Pöppl
- University Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Linnestrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- University Paderborn, Physics Department, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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42
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Reyes-San-Martin C, Hamoh T, Zhang Y, Berendse L, Klijn C, Li R, Llumbet AE, Sigaeva A, Kawałko J, Mzyk A, Schirhagl R. Nanoscale MRI for Selective Labeling and Localized Free Radical Measurements in the Acrosomes of Single Sperm Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10701-10710. [PMID: 35771989 PMCID: PMC9331174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals play a major role in sperm development, including maturation and fertilization, but they are also linked to infertility. Since they are short-lived and reactive, they are challenging to detect with state of the art methodologies. Thus, many details surrounding their role remain unknown. One unknown factor is the source of radicals that plays a role in the sperm maturation process. Two alternative sources have been postulated: First, the NADPH-oxidase system embedded in the plasma membrane (NOX5) and second, the NADH-dependent oxidoreductase of mitochondria. Due to a lack of localized measurements, the relative contribution of each source for capacitation remains unknown. To answer this question, we use a technique called diamond magnetometry, which allows nanoscale MRI to perform localized free radical detection. With this tool, we were able to quantify radical formation in the acrosome of sperm heads. This allowed us to quantify radical formation locally in real time during capacitation. We further investigated how different inhibitors or triggers alter the radical generation. We were able to identify NOX5 as the prominent source of radical generation in capacitation while the NADH-dependent oxidoreductase of mitochondria seems to play a smaller role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Reyes-San-Martin
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Berendse
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carline Klijn
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Runrun Li
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo E. Llumbet
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Genomics of Germ Cells, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Kawałko
- AGH
University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen
University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Allert RD, Briegel KD, Bucher DB. Advances in nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy using diamond quantum sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8165-8181. [PMID: 35796253 PMCID: PMC9301930 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum technologies have seen a rapid developmental surge over the last couple of years. Though often overshadowed by quantum computation, quantum sensors show tremendous potential for widespread applications in chemistry and biology. One system stands out in particular: the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an atomic-sized sensor allowing the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals at unprecedented length scales down to a single proton. In this article, we review the fundamentals of NV center-based quantum sensing and its distinct impact on nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we highlight possible future applications of this novel technology ranging from energy research, materials science, to single-cell biology, and discuss the associated challenges of these rapidly developing NMR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Karl D Briegel
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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44
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Wu Y, Weil T. Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200059. [PMID: 35343101 PMCID: PMC9259730 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measuring certain quantities at the nanoscale is often limited to strict conditions such as low temperature or vacuum. However, the recently developed nanodiamond (ND) quantum sensing technology shows great promise for ultrasensitive diagnosis and probing subcellular parameters at ambient conditions. Atom defects (i.e., N, Si) within the ND lattice provide stable emissions and sometimes spin-dependent photoluminescence. These unique properties endow ND quantum sensors with the capacity to detect local temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. In this review, some of the recent, most exciting developments in the preparation and application of ND sensors to solve current challenges in biology and medicine including ultrasensitive detection of virions and local sensing of pH, radical species, magnetic fields, temperature, and rotational movements, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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45
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Cujia KS, Herb K, Zopes J, Abendroth JM, Degen CL. Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear spin clusters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1260. [PMID: 35273190 PMCID: PMC8913684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the atomic scale offers exciting prospects for determining the structure and function of individual molecules and proteins. Quantum defects in diamond have recently emerged as a promising platform towards reaching this goal, and allowed for the detection and localization of single nuclear spins under ambient conditions. Here, we present an efficient strategy for extending imaging to large nuclear spin clusters, fulfilling an important requirement towards a single-molecule MRI technique. Our method combines the concepts of weak quantum measurements, phase encoding and simulated annealing to detect three-dimensional positions from many nuclei in parallel. Detection is spatially selective, allowing us to probe nuclei at a chosen target radius while avoiding interference from strongly-coupled proximal nuclei. We demonstrate our strategy by imaging clusters containing more than 20 carbon-13 nuclear spins within a radius of 2.4 nm from single, near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers at room temperature. The radius extrapolates to 5-6 nm for 1H. Beside taking an important step in nanoscale MRI, our experiment also provides an efficient tool for the characterization of large nuclear spin registers in the context of quantum simulators and quantum network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Ansys Switzerland GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
NMR is a noninvasive, molecular-level spectroscopic technique widely used for chemical characterization. However, it lacks the sensitivity to probe the small number of spins at surfaces and interfaces. Here, we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as quantum sensors to optically detect NMR signals from chemically modified thin films. To demonstrate the method's capabilities, aluminum oxide layers, common supports in catalysis and materials science, are prepared by atomic layer deposition and are subsequently functionalized by phosphonate chemistry to form self-assembled monolayers. The surface NV-NMR technique detects spatially resolved NMR signals from the monolayer, indicates chemical binding, and quantifies molecular coverage. In addition, it can monitor in real time the formation kinetics at the solid-liquid interface. With our approach, we show that NV quantum sensors are a surface-sensitive NMR tool with femtomole sensitivity for in situ analysis in catalysis, materials, and biological research.
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Mzyk A, Ong Y, Ortiz Moreno AR, Padamati SK, Zhang Y, Reyes-San-Martin CA, Schirhagl R. Diamond Color Centers in Diamonds for Chemical and Biochemical Analysis and Visualization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:225-249. [PMID: 34841868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yori Ong
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ari R Ortiz Moreno
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep K Padamati
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A Reyes-San-Martin
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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48
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Liu YC, Dzeng YC, Ting CC. Nitrogen Vacancy-Centered Diamond Qubit: The Fabrication, Design, and Application in Quantum Computing. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2022.3175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yai-Chi Liu
- Optmic Lab, Walnut, CA 91789 USA, and the Electrical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA
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49
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Sotoma S, Okita H, Chuma S, Harada Y. Quantum nanodiamonds for sensing of biological quantities: Angle, temperature, and thermal conductivity. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190034. [PMID: 36349322 PMCID: PMC9592573 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring physical quantities in the nanometric region inside single cells is of great importance for understanding cellular activity. Thus, the development of biocompatible, sensitive, and reliable nanobiosensors is essential for progress in biological research. Diamond nanoparticles containing nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs), referred to as fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), have recently emerged as the sensors that show great promise for ultrasensitive nanosensing of physical quantities. FNDs emit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. Additionally, their distinctive magneto-optical properties enable an optical readout of the quantum states of the electron spin in NVC under ambient conditions. These properties enable the quantitative sensing of physical parameters (temperature, magnetic field, electric field, pH, etc.) in the vicinity of an FND; hence, FNDs are often described as “quantum sensors”. In this review, recent advancements in biosensing applications of FNDs are summarized. First, the principles of orientation and temperature sensing using FND quantum sensors are explained. Next, we introduce surface coating techniques indispensable for controlling the physicochemical properties of FNDs. The achievements of practical biological sensing using surface-coated FNDs, including orientation, temperature, and thermal conductivity, are then highlighted. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and perspectives of the quantum sensing of FND are discussed. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, In Situ Measurement of Intracellular Thermal Conductivity Using Diamond Nanoparticle, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 62, p. 122–124 (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shunsuke Chuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University
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50
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Sharmin R, Hamoh T, Sigaeva A, Mzyk A, Damle VG, Morita A, Vedelaar T, Schirhagl R. Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Detecting Free-Radical Generation in Real Time during Shear Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4349-4359. [PMID: 34797983 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Free-radical generation is suspected to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases. Another crucial factor is shear stress. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS), which form the lining of blood vessels, require a physiological shear stress to activate many vasoactive factors. These are needed for maintaining vascular cell functions such as nonthrombogenicity, regulation of blood flow, and vascular tone. Additionally, blood clots form at regions of high shear stress within a blood vessel. Here, we use a new method called diamond magnetometry which allows us to measure the dynamics of free-radical generation in real time under shear stress. This quantum sensing technique allows free-radical detection with nanoscale resolution at the single-cell level. We investigate radical formation in HUVECs in a microfluidic environment under different flow conditions typically found in veins and arteries. Here, we looked into free-radical formation before, during, and after flow. We found that the free-radical production varied depending on the flow conditions. To confirm the magnetometry results and to differentiate between radicals, we performed conventional fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays specific for superoxide, nitric oxide, and overall ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Sharmin
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Viraj G. Damle
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Morita
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta 1 Sekip Utara, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thea Vedelaar
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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