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Zelikoff JT. Biomarkers of immunotoxicity in fish and other non-mammalian sentinel species: predictive value for mammals? Toxicology 1998; 129:63-71. [PMID: 9769111 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(98)00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Through the efforts of different laboratories, a battery of immunological assays is available to predict the immunotoxicity of xenobiotics. These assays, originally developed in rodents, have been adapted for use in a variety of animal species and are now used routinely in these models to assess the immunotoxicity of different chemical classes. For example, our laboratory has employed assays that measure antibody-forming cell response to T-dependent antigens, T- and B-cell lymphoproliferation, macrophage function, and host resistance against infectious bacteria to assess metal-induced immunotoxicity in laboratory-reared Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes); immunologically-related assays measuring antioxidant activity have also been used in this capacity. Results of the aforementioned investigations have shown the usefulness of these endpoints to reliably demonstrate chemical-mediated immunotoxicity in teleost systems. Many of these same endpoints have also proved successful for predicting the immunotoxic effects of contaminated aquatic environments in feral fish populations. For example, smallmouth bass collected from a chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated site demonstrated significant changes in blood cell profiles and kidney phagocyte function compared to fish collected from a 'clean water' reference site. Some of these same immune parameters have also been used successfully to predict the immunotoxicity of polluted aquatic environments in feral populations of fish-eating birds and harbor seals. While interspecies extrapolation is difficult and should be approached with caution due to variables such as metabolism and pharmacokinetics, results from these studies demonstrate the usefulness of these immune assays to predict the immunomodulating effects of xenobiotics in fish and other wildlife species, as well as the applicability of fish to serve as additional/alternate animal models for mammalian species in immunotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Zelikoff
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, NY 10987, USA.
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Anderson DP, Moritomo T, de Grooth R. Neutrophil, glass-adherent, nitroblue tetrazolium assay gives early indication of immunization effectiveness in rainbow trout. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 30:419-29. [PMID: 1546446 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90110-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is increased upon antigenic stimulation with the Yersinia ruckeri O-antigen bacterin. The characteristics of neutrophil attachment to glass and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining were used to determine the effectiveness of immunization programs with fingerling rainbow trout. Fish immunized by intraperitoneal injection with doses of 100, 10, or 1 microgram of the bacterin showed the highest responses in that order in numbers of glass adherent, NBT-positive neutrophils. Studies on the kinetics of the occurrence of numbers of glass-adherent, NBT-positive staining cells from the fish injected with the 10 micrograms dose showed the numbers of positive cells were largest on Day 2 after injection. The specific immune response was confirmed by demonstrating the presence of plaque-forming cells by the passive hemolytic plaque assay and the rise in humoral antibody titers by passive hemagglutination 12 days after injection. The effects of immunization in trout could be detected earlier by using the neutrophil glass adherence and NBT reduction assays than by using assays based on observations of the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Anderson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV 25430
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Ashraf AJ, Smith GM, Fletcher TC. Isolation of substances with vascular permeability-increasing activity from the skin of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1985; 81:53-6. [PMID: 2861058 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A methanolic extract of plaice skin, from which lipids had been removed, was chromatographed on alumina, eluted with decreasing concentrations of ethanol. Only the 60% ethanol fraction exhibited smooth muscle activity, with bradykinin-like properties. The 20% ethanol fraction increased vascular permeability in rat skin, as measured by dye-leakage. This was not due to the degranulation of mast cells. Intradermal injection of either fraction into the plaice caused localized erythema.
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Elcombe BM, Chang RJ, Taves CJ, Winkelhake JL. Evolution of antibody structure and effector functions: comparative hemolytic activities of monomeric and tetrameric IgM from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 80:697-706. [PMID: 2581734 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric and tetrameric IgM anti-haptin antibodies isolated from the sera of rainbow trout (S. gairdnerii) by immunoaffinity chromatography were compared both immunochemically and with regard to their functional abilities to lyse haptenated trout erythrocytes in the presence of trout complement. The two populations had similar binding affinities for hapten and apparently identical L chains, but differed in H chain peptide maps and immunoreactivity with rabbit anti-trout H chain serum. These differences could not be attributed to J-chain. The abilities of the two antibody subpopulations to activate C to lyse haptenated trout erythrocytes also differed dramatically. Such functional differences are not simply explained by the greater avidity of the tetrameric form since preliminary studies show that the monomeric form of trout IgM activates C via an alternative pathway mechanism while the tetrameric form activates both classical and alternative pathway mechanisms. Results suggest divergent evolution of antibody structures involved in the familiar effector functions (C activation, transport, etc.).
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Pepys MB, Baltz ML. Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. Adv Immunol 1983; 34:141-212. [PMID: 6356809 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase response among plasma proteins is a normal response to tissue injury and is therefore a fundamental aspect of many diverse disease processes. It probably usually has a beneficial net function in limiting damage and promoting repair but in some circumstances it may have pathological consequences. Sustained high levels of acute phase proteins and especially SAA are associated with the development of amyloidosis in some individuals. Increased concentrations of CRP may, by activating the complement system, contribute to inflammation and enhance tissue damage. Failure of the normal or appropriate CRP response may also possibly have deleterious effects. SAA is a polymorphic protein which is normally present only in trace amounts but which, during the acute phase response, becomes one of the major apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein particles. The function of apoSAA is not known but it must have considerable physiological significance apart from its role as the putative precursor of amyloid A protein fibrils. CRP and SAP have been very stably conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and homologous proteins are apparently present even in vertebrates. This strongly suggests that they have important functions although these have not yet been precisely delineated. The main role of CRP may be to provide for enhanced clearance of inappropriate materials from the plasma whether these are of extrinsic origin, such as microorganisms and their products, or the autologous products of cell damage and death. The interaction between aggregated CRP and plasma low-density lipoprotein may play a significant part in the normal function of CRP and may also have a role in lipoprotein metabolism, clearance, and deposition. SAP is a normal tissue protein as well as being a plasma protein. Aggregated SAP selectively binds fibronectin and this may represent an aspect of the normal function of SAP. The deposition of SAP in amyloid is evidently not a normal function but it is not known whether this deposition is involved in the pathogenesis of amyloid or whether it is merely an epiphenomenon. In any case immunohistochemical staining for SAP is useful in the diagnosis of amyloid, in investigation of glomerulonephritis, and in studying disorders of elastic tissue. Regardless of its physiological or pathophysiological functions, the assay of serum CRP is a valuable aid to clinical management in a number of different situations and in different diseases provided results are interpreted in the light of full clinical information.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Baltz ML, de Beer FC, Feinstein A, Munn EA, Milstein CP, Fletcher TC, March JF, Taylor J, Bruton C, Clamp JR, Davies AJ, Pepys MB. Phylogenetic aspects of C-reactive protein and related proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 389:49-75. [PMID: 7046586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pepys MB, De Beer FC, Milstein CP, March JF, Feinstein A, Butress N, Clamp JR, Taylor J, Bruton C, Fletcher TC. C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), a marine teleost, are homologous with their human counterparts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 704:123-33. [PMID: 7093286 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component were isolated from serum of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), a murine teleost. The isolation was based on their calcium-dependent binding affinity for pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and for agarose, respectively. These specificities are the same as those of human C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component, respectively, and we have previously reported that the plaice molecules resemble human C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component in their electron microscopic appearance. We describe here estimation of the molecular weights of plaice C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component and their subunits, and analysis of their amino acid composition, glycosylation and partial amino-terminal amino acid sequences. The results establish that plaice C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component are homologous with each other and with their human counterparts and indicate that there has been stable conservation of this protein family throughout vertebrate evolution.
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Abstract
The discovery of C-reactive protein (CRP) half a century ago led to the description of the acute-phase reaction which is a fundamental response of the body to injury. Recent work on the structure and function of CRP has revealed the existence of a unique plasma protein family, including CRP and serum amyloid P component (SAP). These proteins have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. CRP binds specifically to a wide range of substances derived both from damaged autologous cells and from microorganisms. Complexed CRP can activate the complement system and, by virtue of its dramatically increased production in response to tissue injury, it probably acts primarily as a protective mechanism. However, in some circumstances CRP may also initiate or exacerbate inflammatory lesions. Clinical measurement of serum CRP is valuable as a screening test for organic disease and as a sensitive object index of disease activity and response to therapy in some inflammatory, infective, and ischaemic conditions. SAP closely resembles CRP in structure but not an acute-phase reactant in man. An apparently identical protein, amyloid P component (AP), is always found in amyloid deposits. AP is also found in normal tissues, as an integral constituent of vascular basement membranes and is located on the peripheral microfibrillar mantle of elastic fibres throughout the body.
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Anderson AA, Fletcher TC, Smith GM. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in the skin of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 70:195-9. [PMID: 6118222 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fletcher TC, White A, Baldo BA. Isolation of a phosphorylcholine-containing component from the turbot tapeworm, Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller), and its reaction with C-reactive protein. Parasite Immunol 1980; 2:237-48. [PMID: 6784091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1980.tb00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A fraction isolated by electrofocusing (pI 4.2) from a saline extract of the turbot parasite, Bothriocephalus scorpii, contained choline and precipitated with a teleost C-reactive protein (CRP) and a phosphorylcholine-binding Balb/c mouse myeloma protein, TEPC-15. Non-dialysable products released from cultured tapeworms also precipitated with the phosphorylcholine-specific precipitins. Ca2+ was required for precipitation with CRP and immunodiffusion lines were confluent with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and a fungal C substance. Intradermal injection of the phosphorylcholine-containing fraction caused an immediate erythema reaction in all mature turbot tested. The skin reaction is though to be related to the amount of circulating CRP and this protein was present in sera fro all nature turbot giving a positive skin response. There is no evidence for CRP being toxic to the tapeworms and the possibility is discussed that the worms exploit the host CRP for their own survival.
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Smith AC. Immunopathology in an invertebrate, the sea cucumber, Holothuria cinerascens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1980; 4:417-431. [PMID: 7409289 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(80)80045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Goven BA, Dawe DL, Gratzek JB. In vivo and in vitro anaphylactic type reactions in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1980; 4:55-64. [PMID: 6154607 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(80)80008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Anderson AA, Fletcher TC, Smith GM. The release of prostaglandin E2 from the skin of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 66:547-52. [PMID: 465893 PMCID: PMC2043593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb13693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1 A fungal extract which produces a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., was incubated in vitro with the skin of this teleost fish. Samples of incubation media were assayed for smooth muscle stimulating activity. 2 Prostaglandin E2 was identified by bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Release from challenged skin was maximum after 60 min incubation. 3 Analysis of the fatty acid composition of plaice skin showed that although arachidonic acid was present (3% of total fatty acids), the precursor of prostaglandin E3, eicosapentaenoic acid contributed 9% of total. 4 Indomethacin (50 mg/kg i.p) did not inhibit the erythema induced by the fungal extract, whilst a dose of 1 mg/kg maximally inhibited prostaglandin release from skin on incubation in vitro. 5 It is concluded that prostaglandins do not have an exclusive role in the mediation of the hypersensitivity reaction.
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Liesen H, Dufaux B, Hollmann W. Modifications of serum glycoproteins the days following a prolonged physical exercise and the influence of physical training. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1977; 37:243-54. [PMID: 74333 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eight male subjects (mean age 24.1 +/- 2.6 years) performed at intervals of 2 weeks successively a 3 h and two 2 h runs of different running speed. The days following the running there were moderate elevations of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, coeruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and plasminogen. There were small or no changes of albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and hemopexin. The elevations of the "acute phase reactants" were examined in three male subjects following a 2 h run before and after an endurance training period of 9 weeks. This demonstrated a decreased acute phase response after training as illustrated by the changes of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in spite of higher posttraining running speeds. Well-trained athletes have elevated levels of the serum protease inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and C1-inhibitor. These antiproteolytic glycoproteins might limit exercise-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Atterwill CK, Prince AK. Ontogenesis of the multiple forms of choline acetyltransferase: uptake and acetylation of choline in rat brain [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 61:111P-112P. [PMID: 912165 PMCID: PMC1667632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb09748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Immunologic Reactions of the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria cinerascens, to Serum from the Milkfish, Chanos chanos. J Invertebr Pathol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(77)80038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Parish WE. Studies on vasculitis. VII. C-reactive protein as a substance perpetuating chronic vasculitis. Occurrence in lesions and concentrations in sera. CLINICAL ALLERGY 1976; 6:543-50. [PMID: 1034502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings were confirmed that C-reactive protein (C-RP) occurs in some vasculitis lesions, particularly those infiltrated mainly by neutrophils (necrotizing vasculitis). The C-RP was usually in lesions also containing complement C1 or C3c, and in some, IgG was present. Using a procedure that reliably detected 200 ng C-RP/ml serum, C-RP was found in sera of many normal persons, and the amount was influenced by the occupation of the donor. Sera of thirty-one persons with vasculitis with mainly mononuclear cell-infiltrated lesions had about four-fold more C-RP (mean 28, 200 ng/ml serum) than found in normal persons, and sera of thirty-nine persons with mainly neutrophil-infiltrated lesions had eight times the normal amount (mean 56,400 ng C-RP/ml). The amount of C-RP was influenced by the severity, extent and duration of the disorder in most patients. Experimental data suggests that C-RP may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation in chronic vasculitis.
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Fletcher TC, Baldo BA. C-reactive protein-like precipitins in lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) gametes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01927625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jayaraman S, Muthukkaruppan V. Manifestation of anaphylaxis to egg albumen in the lizard, Calotes versicolor. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:1468-9. [PMID: 1213076 DOI: 10.1007/bf01923246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis was induced in the lizard, Calotes versicolor by egg albumen. The symptoms were similar to those found in other species. The maximum mortality occurred 14 days after sensitization and the reaction was specific. Splenectomy before sensitization abrogated the manifestations of anaphylaxis.
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Baldo BA, Fletcher TC. Inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity responses in flatfish. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:495-6. [PMID: 235449 DOI: 10.1007/bf02026400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Baldo BA, Fletcher TC. Phylogenetic aspects of hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity reactions in flatfish. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1975; 64:365-72. [PMID: 812346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3261-9_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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