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Nunes C, Garcia R, Chizzotti M, Roseira J, Ribeiro E, Veloso C. Performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs fed coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yuan Z, Singh SK, Bals B, Hodge DB, Hegg EL. Integrated Two-Stage Alkaline–Oxidative Pretreatment of Hybrid Poplar. Part 2: Impact of Cu-Catalyzed Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment Conditions on Process Performance and Economics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sandip Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, 306 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Bryan Bals
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, Michigan 48910, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, 306 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Saleem AM, Ribeiro GO, Sanderson H, Alipour D, Brand T, Hünerberg M, Yang WZ, Santos LV, McAllister TA. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and ammonia fiber expansion on the fermentation of wheat straw in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3535-3549. [PMID: 31260526 PMCID: PMC6667240 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of treatment of wheat straw using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (Viscozyme) on fiber digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and microbial populations in an artificial rumen system [Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)]. Four treatments were assigned to 16 vessels (4 per treatment) in 2 RUSITEC apparatuses in a randomized block design. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial using untreated or AFEX-treated wheat straw with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes [0 or 500 μg of protein/g straw dry matter (DM)]. Fibrolytic enzymes were applied to straw, prior to sealing in nylon bags. The concentrate mixture was provided in a separate bag within each fermentation vessel. The RUSITECs were adapted for 8 d and disappearance of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) was measured after 48 h of incubation. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) the disappearance of wheat straw DM (69.6 vs. 38.3%), NDF (65.6 vs. 36.8%), ADF (61.4 vs. 36.0%), and CP (68.3 vs. 24.0%). Total dietary DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF disappearance was also increased (P ≤ 0.05) by enzymes. Total microbial protein production was greater (P < 0.01) for AFEX-treated (72.9 mg/d) than untreated straw (63.1 mg/d). Total gas and methane (CH4) production (P < 0.01) were also greater for AFEX-treated wheat straw than untreated straw, with a tendency for total gas to increase (P = 0.06) with enzymes. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and the molar proportion of propionate, while it decreased (P < 0.01) acetate and the acetate-to-propionate ratio. The AFEX-treated straw had lower relative quantities of fungi, methanogens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.01) and fewer protozoa (P < 0.01) compared to untreated straw. The pH of fermenters fed AFEX-treated straw was lower (P < 0.01) than those fed untreated straw. Both AFEX (P < 0.01) and enzymes (P = 0.02) decreased xylanase activity. There was an enzyme × straw interaction (P = 0.02) for endoglucanase activity. Enzymes increased endoglucanase activity of AFEX-treated wheat straw, but had no effect on untreated straw. The addition of enzymes lowered the relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but increased F. succinogenes. These results indicate that AFEX increased the ruminal disappearance of wheat straw and improved fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the RUSITEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Saleem
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Haley Sanderson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Daryoush Alipour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-AliSina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Tassilo Brand
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hünerberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenzhu Z Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Laize V Santos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Science, State University of Southwestern of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Liu T, Li Z. An electrogenerated base for the alkaline oxidative pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated base (EGB), an alternative source for alkaline pretreatment, can achieve the same performance as NaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- China
| | - Zhenglong Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
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Fukushima RS, Kerley MS, Ramos MH, Porter JH, Kallenbach RL. Comparison of acetyl bromide lignin with acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin and correlation with in vitro forage degradability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Ramirez-Bribiesca JE, Yanke LJ, Tsang A, McAllister TA. Effect of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Application on the Microbial Attachment and Digestion of Barley Straw In vitro. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:66-74. [PMID: 25049480 PMCID: PMC4092913 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; a mixture of two preparations from Trichoderma spp., with predominant xylanase and β-glucanase activities, respectively) on colonization and digestion of ground barley straw and alfalfa hay by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were studied in vitro. The two levels (28 and 280 μg/ml) of EFE tested and both bacteria were effective at digesting NDF of hay and straw. With both substrates, more NDF hydrolysis (p<0.01) was achieved with EFE alone at 280 than at 28 μg/ml. A synergistic effect (p<0.01) of F. succinogenes S85 and EFE on straw digestion was observed at 28 but not 280 μg/ml of EFE. Strain R. flavefaciens FD1 digested more (p<0.01) hay and straw with higher EFE than with lower or no EFE, but the effect was additive rather than synergistic. Included in the incubation medium, EFE showed potential to improve fibre digestion by cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. In a second batch culture experiment using mixed rumen microbes, DM disappearance (DMD), gas production and incorporation of 15N into particle-associated microbial N (15N-PAMN) were higher (p<0.001) with ammoniated (5% w/w; AS) than with native (S) ground barley straw. Application of EFE to the straws increased (p<0.001) DMD and gas production at 4 and 12 h, but not at 48 h of the incubation. EFE applied onto S increased (p<0.01) 15N-PAMN at 4 h only, but EFE on AS increased (p<0.001) 15N-PAMN at all time points. Prehydrolysis increased (p<0.01) DMD from both S and AS at 4 and 12 h, but reduced (p<0.01) 15N-PAMN in the early stage (4 h) of the incubation, as compared to non-prehydrolyzed samples. Application of EFE to barley straw increased rumen bacterial colonization of the substrate, but excessive hydrolytic action of EFE prior to incubation decreased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
| | - J E Ramirez-Bribiesca
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1 ; Colegio de Postgraduados, enlace ganaderia, Montecillo, Edo. De Mexico. Mexico
| | - L J Yanke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
| | - A Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
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Karunanithy C, Muthukumarappan K. Thermo-Mechanical Pretreatment of Feedstocks. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6052-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li Z, Chen CH, Liu T, Mathrubootham V, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Catalysis with CuII(bpy) improves alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Banerjee G, Car S, Liu T, Williams DL, Meza SL, Walton JD, Hodge DB. Scale-up and integration of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanolic fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:922-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Banerjee G, Car S, Scott-Craig JS, Hodge DB, Walton JD. Alkaline peroxide pretreatment of corn stover: effects of biomass, peroxide, and enzyme loading and composition on yields of glucose and xylose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:16. [PMID: 21658263 PMCID: PMC3123552 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is a critical step in the conversion of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars. Although many pretreatment processes are currently under investigation, none of them are entirely satisfactory in regard to effectiveness, cost, or environmental impact. The use of hydrogen peroxide at pH 11.5 (alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)) was shown by Gould and coworkers to be an effective pretreatment of grass stovers and other plant materials in the context of animal nutrition and ethanol production. Our earlier experiments indicated that AHP performed well when compared against two other alkaline pretreatments. Here, we explored several key parameters to test the potential of AHP for further improvement relevant to lignocellulosic ethanol production. RESULTS The effects of biomass loading, hydrogen peroxide loading, residence time, and pH control were tested in combination with subsequent digestion with a commercial enzyme preparation, optimized mixtures of four commercial enzymes, or optimized synthetic mixtures of pure enzymes. AHP pretreatment was performed at room temperature (23°C) and atmospheric pressure, and after AHP pretreatment the biomass was neutralized with HCl but not washed before enzyme digestion. Standard enzyme digestion conditions were 0.2% glucan loading, 15 mg protein/g glucan, and 48 h digestion at 50°C. Higher pretreatment biomass loadings (10% to 20%) gave higher monomeric glucose (Glc) and xylose (Xyl) yields than the 2% loading used in earlier studies. An H2O2 loading of 0.25 g/g biomass was almost as effective as 0.5 g/g, but 0.125 g/g was significantly less effective. Optimized mixtures of four commercial enzymes substantially increased post-AHP-pretreatment enzymatic hydrolysis yields at all H2O2 concentrations compared to any single commercial enzyme. At a pretreatment biomass loading of 10% and an H2O2 loading of 0.5 g/g biomass, an optimized commercial mixture at total protein loadings of 8 or 15 mg/g glucan gave monomeric Glc yields of 83% or 95%, respectively. Yields of Glc and Xyl after pretreatment at a low hydrogen peroxide loading (0.125 g H2O2/g biomass) could be improved by extending the pretreatment residence time to 48 h and readjusting the pH to 11.5 every 6 h during the pretreatment. A Glc yield of 77% was obtained using a pretreatment of 15% biomass loading, 0.125 g H2O2/g biomass, and 48 h with pH adjustment, followed by digestion with an optimized commercial enzyme mixture at an enzyme loading of 15 mg protein/g glucan. CONCLUSIONS Alkaline peroxide is an effective pretreatment for corn stover. Particular advantages are the use of reagents with low environmental impact and avoidance of special reaction chambers. Reasonable yields of monomeric Glc can be obtained at an H2O2 concentration one-quarter of that used in previous AHP research. Additional improvements in the AHP process, such as peroxide stabilization, peroxide recycling, and improved pH control, could lead to further improvements in AHP pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutami Banerjee
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Suzana Car
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John S Scott-Craig
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Greene RV, Freer SN. Growth characteristics of a novel nitrogen-fixing cellulolytic bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 52:982-6. [PMID: 16347227 PMCID: PMC239161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.5.982-986.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth characteristics of a cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a marine shipworm by Waterbury et al. (J. B. Waterbury, C. B. Calloway, and R. D. Turner, Science 221:1401-1403, 1983) are described. When grown microaerobically, the bacterium exhibited doubling times of about 2 days in cellulose-supplemented synthetic medium devoid of combined nitrogen. Maximum growth was reached 12 to 16 days after inoculation. Growth optima for pH, temperature, and NaCl concentration were 8.5, 30 to 35 degrees C, and 0.3 M, respectively. During growth the bacterium produced succinic acid (0.026%) and acetic acid (0.010%). Formic acid (0.010%) was produced during the stationary growth phase. No growth was observed when glucose was the sole carbon source. Cellobiose supported weak growth, while longer-chain-length cellodextrins supported extensive growth. Analysis of residual carbohydrates in the medium during growth indicated that the bacterium catabolized a terminal glucose moiety from the cellodextrin chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Greene
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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Exogenous enzymes added to untreated or ammoniated rice straw: Effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and degradability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Spratling BM, ZoBell DR, Wiedmeier RD, McAllister TA. Effect of alkali pretreatment of wheat straw on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:198-208. [PMID: 14753362 DOI: 10.2527/2004.821198x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of pretreating wheat straw with alkali on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for improving straw digestibility were studied in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. In Exp. 1, untreated straw (US); alkali-treated (5% NaOH, wt/wt) straw (AS); and autoclaved, alkali-treated straw (AAS) were sprayed with 0 or 1.5 mg/g DM of enzyme mix (xylanase, beta-glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase, and amylase) and incubated for 30 h in buffered ruminal fluid (3 x 2 factorial arrangement). Enzymes increased (P < 0.001) gas production and the incorporation of 15N into microbial N at 4 h, more so with AS or AAS than with US (P < 0.001 for gas; P < 0.05 for 15N). In Exp. 2, US and AS were sprayed with enzymes at 0, 0.15, or 1.5 mg/g DM (2 x 3 factorial) and incubated ruminally in nylon bags for up to 80 h to determine the in situ DM disappearance (ISDMD). Interactive effects (P < 0.05) of pretreatment and enzymes were observed on all ruminal degradation parameters. Alkali increased the rate (P < 0.01) and extent (P < 0.001) of ISDMD irrespective of enzymes. Enzymes applied to US did not affect the extent of ISDMD, but they increased (P < 0.01) the extent of ISDMD when applied to AS. Substrates from Exp. 1 and 2 were incubated in acetate buffer for 24 h to measure the hydrolytic loss of DM and release of reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. Alkali pretreatment and enzymes each increased (P < 0.001) DM loss and the release of reducing sugars and, in combination, exerted synergistic effects (P < 0.001). Enzymes did not affect the release of phenolic compounds from the straw. In Exp. 3, total-tract digestibility of untreated and enzyme-treated (100 mL/kg DM) ammoniated straw was assessed using 32 beef cows in eight pens. Wrapped straw bales were injected with NH3 (3% [wt/wt], DM basis) 4 mo before the study; enzymes were applied immediately before feeding. Applying enzyme to ammoniated straw increased (P < 0.05) digestibilities of DM, OM, and total N but did not affect the intake of DM or digestibility of ADF. Pretreatment of straw with alkali enhanced the efficacy of exogenous enzymes, presumably by breaking esterified bonds and releasing phenolic compounds and/or by swelling the crystalline cellulose and enhancing enzyme penetration. Including enzymes that mimic alkali hydrolysis (e.g., esterases) in commercial feed additives could substantially improve the value of these products for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1 Canada
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Al-Shagrawi R, Al-Ojayan M, Sadek M, Al-Shayeb I, Al-Ruqaie I. Effects of alkaline, hydrogen peroxide-treated fibres on nutrient digestibility, blood sugar and lipid profile in rats. Food Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meeske R, Meissner H, Pienaar J. The upgrading of wheat straw by alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment: The effect of NaOH and H2O2 on the site and extent of digestion in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(93)90151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kong F, Engler CR, Soltes EJ. Effects of cell-wall acetate, xylan backbone, and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen wood. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02920531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Atwell D, Merchen N, Jaster E, Fahey G, Berger L, Titgemeyer E, Bourquin L. Intake, Digestibility, and In Situ Digestion Kinetics of Treated Wheat Straw and Alfalfa Mixtures Fed to Holstein Heifers. J Dairy Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Funk MA, Baker DH. Effect of fiber, protein source and time of feeding on methotrexate toxicity in rats. J Nutr 1991; 121:1673-83. [PMID: 1662714 DOI: 10.1093/jn/121.10.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several rat experiments were conducted to determine effects of fiber and alternate protein sources on methotrexate (MTX) toxicity associated with a casein-based semipurified diet. Additional experiments were conducted to determine the critical time of feeding in relation to toxicity development. Rats adapted to a casein-based semipurified diet developed severe anorexia and diarrhea on d 3 and 4 post-MTX dosing. Addition of amorphous cellulose to the semipurified casein-based diet slightly reduced toxicity symptoms. Additions of crystalline cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin did not lessen toxicity symptoms. Replacing casein with soybean concentrate totally alleviated the toxicity symptoms. Toxicity was lower when 25% of the protein normally supplied by casein was replaced with soybean concentrate, and no toxicity symptoms were present when 50% or more of the protein was provided by soybean concentrate. Replacing casein with whey isolate or hamburger had no effect on toxicity; replacing casein with egg albumen or corn gluten meal lessened toxicity symptoms but did not totally alleviate them. Feeding the casein-based diet only 1 d before and 1 d after MTX injection resulted in toxicity. However, feeding the same diet only after MTX injection did not cause toxicity. Results indicate that fiber sources have little effect on MTX toxicity, but replacing casein with soybean concentrate completely alleviates toxicity symptoms. Time of feeding affects subsequent development of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Funk
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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Cameron M, Cremin J, Fahey G, Clark J, Berger L, Merchen N. Chemically Treated Oat Hulls in Diets for Dairy Heifers and Wethers: Effects on Intake and Digestion. J Dairy Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cameron M, Cameron M, Fahey G, Clark J, Berger L, Merchen N. Effects of Treating Oat Hulls with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide on Intake and Digestion by Midlactation Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cameron MG, Fahey GC, Clark JH, Merchen NR, Berger LL. Effects of feeding alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw-based diets on digestion and production by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1990; 73:3544-54. [PMID: 2099375 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)79054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Twelve Holstein cows, averaging 34 d postpartum, were used in three replications of a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding different levels of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw on digestion and production responses in lactating dairy cows. Complete mixed diets consisted of 50% concentrate (DM basis) plus varying proportions of treated wheat straw, alfalfa haylage, and corn silage as the forage source. Treatment contained 0 (control), 12.5 (low), 25.0 (medium), or 37.5% (high) treated wheat straw in the diet. Dry matter intakes were 18.5, 17.2, 17.4, and 16.7 kg/d for the four treatments, respectively. Apparent digestibilities of DM and OM were decreased (approximately 4.4 percentage units), and NDF and ADF digestibilities were increased by 9.4 and 3.0 percentage units, respectively, with the high wheat straw diet. Yields of milk and 4% FCM, and SNF percentage did not differ among the treatment groups. Milk fat percentage increased (from 3.07 to 3.32%) and milk protein percentage decreased (from 2.61 to 2.56%) as the proportion of treated wheat straw increased in the diet. Cows fed the higher proportions of treated wheat straw had increased ruminal concentrations of total VFA and molar percentage acetate but a decreased molar percentage propionate, resulting in a greater acetate to propionate ratio. Cows fed the low and medium wheat straw diets had slightly lower DM intakes but production responses were similar to cows fed the control diet containing alfalfa haylage and corn silage as fiber sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cameron
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Bas F, Stern M, Fahey G. Effects of various combinations of urea, soya-bean meal and maize in alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw-based diets on ruminal bacterial fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(90)90097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gould JM, Jasberg BK, Fahey GC, Berger LL. Treatment of wheat straw with alkaline hydrogen peroxide in a modified extruder. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:233-6. [PMID: 18587907 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260330215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wedekind KJ, Mansfield HR, Montgomery L. Enumeration and isolation of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1530-5. [PMID: 3415224 PMCID: PMC202691 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.6.1530-1535.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrolytic microbiota of the human large intestine was examined to determine the numbers and types of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria present. Fecal samples from each of five individuals contained bacteria capable of degrading the hydrated cellulose in spinach and in wheat straw pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP-WS), whereas degradation of the relatively crystalline cellulose in Whatman no. 1 filter paper (PMC) was detected for only one of the five samples. The mean concentration of cellulolytic bacteria, estimated with AHP-WS as a substrate, was 1.2 X 10(8)/ml of feces. Pure cultures of bacteria isolated on AHP-WS were able to degrade PMC, indicating that interactions with other microbes were primarily responsible for previous low success rates in detecting fecal cellulolytic bacteria with PMC as a substrate. The cellulolytic bacteria included Ruminococcus spp., Clostridium sp., and two unidentified strains. The mean concentration of hemicellulolytic bacteria, estimated with larchwood xylan as a substrate, was 1.8 X 10(10)/ml of feces. The hemicellulose-degrading bacteria included Butyrivibrio sp., Clostridium sp., Bacteroides sp., and two unidentified strains, as well as four of the five cellulolytic strains. This work demonstrates that many humans harbor intestinal cellulolytic bacteria and that a hydrated cellulose source such as AHP-WS is necessary for their consistent detection and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Wedekind
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Lewis SM, Montgomery L, Garleb KA, Berger LL, Fahey GC. Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on in vitro degradation of cellulosic substrates by mixed ruminal microorganisms and Bacteroides succinogenes S85. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1163-9. [PMID: 3291761 PMCID: PMC202621 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.5.1163-1169.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatments on wheat straw (WS) and various cellulosic substrates were determined by measuring susceptibility to degradation by mixed ruminal organisms or Bacteroides succinogenes S85. In vitro incubations were used to measure differences in fermentation resulting from each successive step in the AHP treatment process. In vitro incubations through 48 or 108 h were conducted to measure these differences. The AHP treatment of WS increased (P less than 0.05) dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber degradation over control WS when these substrates were incubated with mixed ruminal microorganisms or B. succinogenes S85. Fermentations containing AHP-treated WS had greater (P less than 0.05) microbial purine (RNA) and volatile fatty acid concentrations by 12 h compared with those containing untreated or NaOH-treated WS. Xylose in AHP-treated WS was utilized more extensively (P less than 0.05) by 12 h compared with the xylose of untreated or NaOH-treated WS. Treatment with AHP removed 23% of the alkali-labile phenolic compounds from WS. When substrates with high levels of crystalline cellulose (raw cotton fiber, Solka floc, and Sigmacell-50) were treated with NaOH or AHP and incubated for 108 h with B. succinogenes S85, extent of acid detergent fiber degradation of cotton fiber and Sigmacell-50 was similar to that of their respective controls. Sodium hydroxide and AHP treatments were effective in increasing acid detergent fiber degradation of the Solka floc which contained, on average, 3.3 and 4.8 percentage units more acid detergent lignin and hemicellulose, respectively, than cotton fiber and Sigmacell-50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lewis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Kerley MS, Fahey GC, Berger LL, Merchen NR, Gould JM. Effects of treating wheat straw with pH-regulated solutions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide on nutrient digestion by sheep. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:2078-84. [PMID: 3680725 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An experiment using a 4 X 4 Latin square design was to determine effects of treating wheat straw with pH-regulated (pH = 11.5) solutions of hydrogen peroxide on site and extent of nutrient digestion in multiple-fistulated sheep. Regulating reaction pH at 11.5 prevented solubilization of some cell wall hemicelluloses, resulting in improved retention of DM. Diets fed to sheep contained 33 or 70% wheat straw either untreated or treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Sheep fed diets of treated wheat straw digested more DM, NDF, ADF, and cellulose anterior to the duodenum and in the total tract than when fed diets of untreated wheat straw. Apparent CP digestion before the duodenum was highest when sheep were fed the treated 33% wheat straw diet and untreated 70% wheat straw diet. Treatments did not affect apparent nutrient digestibilities in the large intestine. Ruminal pH was lower when sheep were fed the alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated or diets containing 33% wheat straw. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were highest when sheep were fed the untreated 70% wheat straw diet. Molar proportions of ruminal acetic and propionic acids were unaffected by diet. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment substantially increased susceptibility of structural carbohydrates of wheat straw to microbial degradation in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kerley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Lewis S, Holzgraefe D, Berger L, Fahey G, Gould J, Fanta G. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatments of crop residues to increase ruminal dry matter disappearance in sacco. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(87)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alkaline hydrogen peroxide unlocks energy in high-fiber lignified by-products. Nutr Rev 1986; 44:251-2. [PMID: 3554026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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