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Galindo-Charles L, Reyes-Legorreta C, Garduño J, Galarraga E, Tapia D, Hernández-López S. The activation of D2-like dopamine receptors increases NMDA currents in the dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2024; 839:137933. [PMID: 39128818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Also, the DRN contains a small population of cells that express dopamine (DRNDA neurons). However, the physiological role of dopamine (DA) in the DRN and its interaction with serotonergic (5-HT) neurons is poorly understood. Several works have reported moderate levels of D1, D2, and D3 DA receptors in the DRN. Furthermore, it was found that the activation of D2 receptors increased the firing of putative 5-HT neurons. Other studies have reported that D1 and D2 dopamine receptors can interact with glutamate NMDA receptors, modulating the excitability of different cell types. In the present work, we used immunocytochemical techniques to determine the kind of DA receptors in the DRN. Additionally, we performed electrophysiological experiments in brainstem slices to study the effect of DA agonists on NMDA-elicited currents recorded from identified 5-HT DRN neurons. We found that D2 and D3 but not D1 receptors are present in this nucleus. Also, we demonstrated that the activation of D2-like receptors increases NMDA-elicited currents in 5-HT neurons through a mechanism involving phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Possible physiological implications related to the sleep-wake cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galindo-Charles
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - C Reyes-Legorreta
- Laboratorio de Neuroprotección, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-LGII, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - J Garduño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - E Galarraga
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - D Tapia
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - S Hernández-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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2
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Agoston DV. Of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the human brain. Celebrating Miklos Palkovits' 90th birthday. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1374864. [PMID: 38764486 PMCID: PMC11099251 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1374864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denes V. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Agnati LF, Guidolin D, Cervetto C, Maura G, Marcoli M. Brain Structure and Function: Insights from Chemical Neuroanatomy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040940. [PMID: 37109469 PMCID: PMC10142941 DOI: 10.3390/life13040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a brief historical and epistemological outline of investigations on the brain’s structure and functions. These investigations have mainly been based on the intermingling of chemical anatomy, new techniques in the field of microscopy and computer-assisted morphometric methods. This intermingling has enabled extraordinary investigations to be carried out on brain circuits, leading to the development of a new discipline: “brain connectomics”. This new approach has led to the characterization of the brain’s structure and function in physiological and pathological conditions, and to the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the conceptual model of the brain as a hyper-network with a hierarchical, nested architecture, arranged in a “Russian doll” pattern, has been proposed. Our investigations focused on the main characteristics of the modes of communication between nodes at the various miniaturization levels, in order to describe the brain’s integrative actions. Special attention was paid to the nano-level, i.e., to the allosteric interactions among G protein-coupled receptors organized in receptor mosaics, as a promising field in which to obtain a new view of synaptic plasticity and to develop new, more selective drugs. The brain’s multi-level organization and the multi-faceted aspects of communication modes point to an emerging picture of the brain as a very peculiar system, in which continuous self-organization and remodeling take place under the action of external stimuli from the environment, from peripheral organs and from ongoing integrative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biochemical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center for Promotion of 3Rs in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center for Promotion of 3Rs in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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4
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Gu X, Zhang YZ, O'Malley JJ, De Preter CC, Penzo M, Hoon MA. Neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla mediate descending pain control. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:594-605. [PMID: 36894654 PMCID: PMC11114367 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Supraspinal brain regions modify nociceptive signals in response to various stressors including stimuli that elevate pain thresholds. The medulla oblongata has previously been implicated in this type of pain control, but the neurons and molecular circuits involved have remained elusive. Here we identify catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that are activated by noxious stimuli in mice. Upon activation, these neurons produce bilateral feed-forward inhibition that attenuates nociceptive responses through a pathway involving the locus coeruleus and norepinephrine in the spinal cord. This pathway is sufficient to attenuate injury-induced heat allodynia and is required for counter-stimulus induced analgesia to noxious heat. Our findings define a component of the pain modulatory system that regulates nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Gu
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yizhen Z Zhang
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John J O'Malley
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlynn C De Preter
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Penzo
- Unit on the Neurobiology of Affective Memory, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Maura G, Agnati LF. Intercellular Communication in the Central Nervous System as Deduced by Chemical Neuroanatomy and Quantitative Analysis of Images: Impact on Neuropharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5805. [PMID: 35628615 PMCID: PMC9145073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, new evidence on brain structure and function has been acquired by morphological investigations based on synergic interactions between biochemical anatomy approaches, new techniques in microscopy and brain imaging, and quantitative analysis of the obtained images. This effort produced an expanded view on brain architecture, illustrating the central nervous system as a huge network of cells and regions in which intercellular communication processes, involving not only neurons but also other cell populations, virtually determine all aspects of the integrative function performed by the system. The main features of these processes are described. They include the two basic modes of intercellular communication identified (i.e., wiring and volume transmission) and mechanisms modulating the intercellular signaling, such as cotransmission and allosteric receptor-receptor interactions. These features may also open new possibilities for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to address central nervous system diseases. This aspect, with a potential major impact on molecular medicine, will be also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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6
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Identifying Types of Neurons in the Human Colonic Enteric Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:243-249. [PMID: 36587163 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing and characterising the different classes of neurons that make up a neural circuit has been a long-term goal for many neuroscientists. The enteric nervous system is a large but moderately simple part of the nervous system. Enteric neurons in laboratory animals have been extensively characterised morphologically, electrophysiologically, by projections and immunohistochemically. However, studies of human enteric nervous system are less advanced despite the potential availability of tissue from elective surgery (with appropriate ethics permits). Recent studies using single cell sequencing have confirmed and extended the classification of enteric neurons in mice and human, but it is not clear whether an encompassing classification has been achieved. We present preliminary data on a means to distinguish classes of myenteric neurons in specimens of human colon combining immunohistochemical, morphological, projection and size data on single cells. A method to apply multiple layers of antisera to specimens was developed, allowing up to 12 markers to be characterised in individual neurons. Applied to multi-axonal Dogiel type II neurons, this approach demonstrated that they constitute fewer than 5% of myenteric neurons, are nearly all immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and tachykinins. Many express the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin and they are larger than average myenteric cells. This methodology provides a complementary approach to single-cell mRNA profiling to provide a comprehensive account of the types of myenteric neurons in the human colon.
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7
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Zhang T, Cheng X, Jia S, Poo MM, Zeng Y, Xu B. Self-backpropagation of synaptic modifications elevates the efficiency of spiking and artificial neural networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh0146. [PMID: 34669481 PMCID: PMC8528419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many synaptic plasticity rules found in natural circuits have not been incorporated into artificial neural networks (ANNs). We showed that incorporating a nonlocal feature of synaptic plasticity found in natural neural networks, whereby synaptic modification at output synapses of a neuron backpropagates to its input synapses made by upstream neurons, markedly reduced the computational cost without affecting the accuracy of spiking neural networks (SNNs) and ANNs in supervised learning for three benchmark tasks. For SNNs, synaptic modification at output neurons generated by spike timing–dependent plasticity was allowed to self-propagate to limited upstream synapses. For ANNs, modified synaptic weights via conventional backpropagation algorithm at output neurons self-backpropagated to limited upstream synapses. Such self-propagating plasticity may produce coordinated synaptic modifications across neuronal layers that reduce computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielin Zhang
- Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuncheng Jia
- Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Zhang L, Hernandez VS, Gerfen CR, Jiang SZ, Zavala L, Barrio RA, Eiden LE. Behavioral role of PACAP signaling reflects its selective distribution in glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subpopulations. eLife 2021; 10:61718. [PMID: 33463524 PMCID: PMC7875564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide PACAP, acting as a co-transmitter, increases neuronal excitability, which may enhance anxiety and arousal associated with threat conveyed by multiple sensory modalities. The distribution of neurons expressing PACAP and its receptor, PAC1, throughout the mouse nervous system was determined, in register with expression of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal markers, to develop a coherent chemoanatomical picture of PACAP role in brain motor responses to sensory input. A circuit role for PACAP was tested by observing Fos activation of brain neurons after olfactory threat cue in wild-type and PACAP knockout mice. Neuronal activation and behavioral response, were blunted in PACAP knock-out mice, accompanied by sharply downregulated vesicular transporter expression in both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons expressing PACAP and its receptor. This report signals a new perspective on the role of neuropeptide signaling in supporting excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system within functionally coherent polysynaptic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lilian Zavala
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Physics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
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9
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Azizi SA. Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, "Switches" That Alter the State of Target Networks. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:121-143. [PMID: 33292070 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420974336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How do monoamines influence the perceptual and behavioral aspects of brain function? A library of information regarding the genetic, molecular, cellular, and function of monoamines in the nervous system and other organs has accumulated. We briefly review monoamines' anatomy and physiology and discuss their effects on the target neurons and circuits. Monoaminergic cells in the brain stem receive inputs from sensory, limbic, and prefrontal areas and project extensively to the forebrain and hindbrain. We review selected studies on molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological effects of monoamines on the brain's target areas. The idea is that monoamines, by reversibly modulating the "primary" information processing circuits, regulate and switch the functions of brain networks and can reversibly alter the "brain states," such as consciousness, emotions, and movements. Monoamines, as the drivers of normal motor and sensory brain operations, including housekeeping, play essential roles in pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Ausim Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Global Neuroscience Institute, Chester, PA, USA
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10
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Pustovit RV, Callaghan B, Ringuet MT, Kerr NF, Hunne B, Smyth IM, Pietra C, Furness JB. Evidence that central pathways that mediate defecation utilize ghrelin receptors but do not require endogenous ghrelin. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13385. [PMID: 28801520 PMCID: PMC5555902 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In laboratory animals and in human, centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor agonists, given systemically or orally, cause defecation. Animal studies show that the effect is due to activation of ghrelin receptors in the spinal lumbosacral defecation centers. However, it is not known whether there is a physiological role of ghrelin or the ghrelin receptor in the control of defecation. Using immunohistochemistry and immunoassay, we detected and measured ghrelin in the stomach, but were unable to detect ghrelin by either method in the lumbosacral spinal cord, or other regions of the CNS. In rats in which the thoracic spinal cord was transected 5 weeks before, the effects of a ghrelin agonist on colorectal propulsion were significantly enhanced, but defecation caused by water avoidance stress (WAS) was reduced. In knockout rats that expressed no ghrelin and in wild‐type rats, WAS‐induced defecation was reduced by a ghrelin receptor antagonist, to similar extents. We conclude that the ghrelin receptors of the lumbosacral defecation centers have a physiological role in the control of defecation, but that their role is not dependent on ghrelin. This implies that a transmitter other than ghrelin engages the ghrelin receptor or a ghrelin receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell T Ringuet
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole F Kerr
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudio Pietra
- Helsinn Research and Preclinical Department, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Ramachandran R. Neurogenic inflammation and its role in migraine. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:301-314. [PMID: 29568973 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of migraine pain involves sensitized meningeal afferents that densely innervate the dural vasculature. These afferents, with their cell bodies located in the trigeminal ganglion, project to the nucleus caudalis, which in turn transmits signals to higher brain centers. Factors such as chronic stress, diet, hormonal fluctuations, or events like cortical spreading depression can generate a state of "sterile inflammation" in the intracranial meninges resulting in the sensitization and activation of trigeminal meningeal nociceptors. This sterile inflammatory phenotype also referred to as neurogenic inflammation is characterized by the release of neuropeptides (such as substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide) from the trigeminal innervation. This release leads to vasodilation, plasma extravasation secondary to capillary leakage, edema, and mast cell degranulation. Although neurogenic inflammation has been observed and extensively studied in peripheral tissues, its role has been primarily investigated in the genesis and maintenance of migraine pain. While some aspects of neurogenic inflammation has been disregarded in the occurrence of migraine pain, targeted analysis of factors have opened up the possibilities of a dialogue between the neurons and immune cells in driving such a sterile neuroinflammatory state in migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Ramachandran
- Anesthesiology Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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12
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Palacios JM, Mengod G. Receptor visualization and the atomic bomb. A historical account of the development of the chemical neuroanatomy of receptors for neurotransmitters and drugs during the Cold War. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 88:76-112. [PMID: 28755996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This is a historical account of how receptors for neurotransmitters and drugs got to be seen at the regional, cellular, and subcellular levels in brain, in the years going from the end of the World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War (1945-1991). The realization in the US of the problem of mental health care, as a consequence of the results of medical evaluation for military service during the war, let the US Government to act creating among other things the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH). Coincident with that, new drug treatments for these disorders were introduced. War science also created an important number of tools and instruments, such as the radioisotopes, that played a significant role in the development of our story. The scientific context was marked by the development of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and the introduction in the early 80's of the DNA recombinant technologies. The concepts of chemical neurotransmission in the brain and of receptors for drugs and transmitters, although proposed before the war, where not generally accepted. Neurotransmitters were identified and the mechanisms of biosynthesis, storage, release and termination of action by mechanisms such as reuptake, elucidated. Furthermore, the synapse was seen with the electron microscope and more important for our account, neurons and their processes visualized in the brain first by fluorescence histochemistry, then using radioisotopes and autoradiography, and later by immunohistochemistry (IHC), originating the Chemical Neuroanatomy. The concept of chemical neurotransmission evolved from the amines, expanded to excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, then to neuropeptides and finally to gases and other "atypical" neurotransmitters. In addition, coexpression of more than one transmitter in a neuron, changed the initial ideas of neurotransmission. The concept of receptors for these and other messengers underwent a significant evolution from an abstract chemical concept to their physical reality as gene products. Important steps were the introduction in the 70's of radioligand binding techniques and the cloning of receptor genes in the 80's. Receptors were first visualized using radioligands and autoradiography, and analyzed with the newly developed computer-assisted image analysis systems. Using Positron Emission Tomography transmitters and receptors were visualized in living human brain. The cloning of receptor genes allowed the use of in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to visualize with the light and electron microscopes the receptor mRNAs and proteins. The results showed the wide heterogeneity of receptors and the diversity of mode of signal transmission, synaptic and extra-synaptic, again radically modifying the early views of neurotransmission. During the entire period the interplay between basic science and Psychopharmacology and Psychiatry generated different transmitter or receptor-based theories of brain drug action. These concepts and technologies also changed the way new drugs were discovered and developed. At the end of the period, a number of declines in these theories, the use of certain tools and the ability to generate new diagnostics and treatments, the end of an era and the beginning of a new one in the research of how the brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Mengod
- IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Depletion of rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons impairs the hypoxic ventilatory response in conscious rats. Neuroscience 2017; 351:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Kubin L. Neural Control of the Upper Airway: Respiratory and State-Dependent Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1801-1850. [PMID: 27783860 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Upper airway muscles subserve many essential for survival orofacial behaviors, including their important role as accessory respiratory muscles. In the face of certain predisposition of craniofacial anatomy, both tonic and phasic inspiratory activation of upper airway muscles is necessary to protect the upper airway against collapse. This protective action is adequate during wakefulness, but fails during sleep which results in recurrent episodes of hypopneas and apneas, a condition known as the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). Although OSA is almost exclusively a human disorder, animal models help unveil the basic principles governing the impact of sleep on breathing and upper airway muscle activity. This article discusses the neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology of the different neuronal systems whose activity changes with sleep-wake states, such as the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, GABAergic and glycinergic, and their impact on central respiratory neurons and upper airway motoneurons. Observations of the interactions between sleep-wake states and upper airway muscles in healthy humans and OSA patients are related to findings from animal models with normal upper airway, and various animal models of OSA, including the chronic-intermittent hypoxia model. Using a framework of upper airway motoneurons being under concurrent influence of central respiratory, reflex and state-dependent inputs, different neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides are considered as either causing a sleep-dependent withdrawal of excitation from motoneurons or mediating an active, sleep-related inhibition of motoneurons. Information about the neurochemistry of state-dependent control of upper airway muscles accumulated to date reveals fundamental principles and may help understand and treat OSA. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1801-1850, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Kubin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Barker DJ, Root DH, Zhang S, Morales M. Multiplexed neurochemical signaling by neurons of the ventral tegmental area. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 73:33-42. [PMID: 26763116 PMCID: PMC4818729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is an evolutionarily conserved structure that has roles in reward-seeking, safety-seeking, learning, motivation, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression. The involvement of the VTA in these various behaviors and disorders is paralleled by its diverse signaling mechanisms. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of neuronal diversity in the VTA with a focus on cell phenotypes that participate in 'multiplexed' neurotransmission involving distinct signaling mechanisms. First, we describe the cellular diversity within the VTA, including neurons capable of transmitting dopamine, glutamate or GABA as well as neurons capable of multiplexing combinations of these neurotransmitters. Next, we describe the complex synaptic architecture used by VTA neurons in order to accommodate the transmission of multiple transmitters. We specifically cover recent findings showing that VTA multiplexed neurotransmission may be mediated by either the segregation of dopamine and glutamate into distinct microdomains within a single axon or by the integration of glutamate and GABA into a single axon terminal. In addition, we discuss our current understanding of the functional role that these multiplexed signaling pathways have in the lateral habenula and the nucleus accumbens. Finally, we consider the putative roles of VTA multiplexed neurotransmission in synaptic plasticity and discuss how changes in VTA multiplexed neurons may relate to various psychopathologies including drug addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Barker
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - David H Root
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Marisela Morales
- Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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16
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Albers HE. Species, sex and individual differences in the vasotocin/vasopressin system: relationship to neurochemical signaling in the social behavior neural network. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:49-71. [PMID: 25102443 PMCID: PMC4317378 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-vasotocin (AVT)/arginine vasopressin (AVP) are members of the AVP/oxytocin (OT) superfamily of peptides that are involved in the regulation of social behavior, social cognition and emotion. Comparative studies have revealed that AVT/AVP and their receptors are found throughout the "social behavior neural network (SBNN)" and display the properties expected from a signaling system that controls social behavior (i.e., species, sex and individual differences and modulation by gonadal hormones and social factors). Neurochemical signaling within the SBNN likely involves a complex combination of synaptic mechanisms that co-release multiple chemical signals (e.g., classical neurotransmitters and AVT/AVP as well as other peptides) and non-synaptic mechanisms (i.e., volume transmission). Crosstalk between AVP/OT peptides and receptors within the SBNN is likely. A better understanding of the functional properties of neurochemical signaling in the SBNN will allow for a more refined examination of the relationships between this peptide system and species, sex and individual differences in sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elliott Albers
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
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17
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Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Durnin L. The purinergic neurotransmitter revisited: a single substance or multiple players? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:162-91. [PMID: 24887688 PMCID: PMC4185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past half century has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding of extracellular purinergic signaling pathways. Purinergic neurotransmission, in particular, has emerged as a key contributor in the efficient control mechanisms in the nervous system. The identity of the purine neurotransmitter, however, remains controversial. Identifying it is difficult because purines are present in all cell types, have a large variety of cell sources, and are released via numerous pathways. Moreover, studies on purinergic neurotransmission have relied heavily on indirect measurements of integrated postjunctional responses that do not provide direct information for neurotransmitter identity. This paper discusses experimental support for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a neurotransmitter and recent evidence for possible contribution of other purines, in addition to or instead of ATP, in chemical neurotransmission in the peripheral, enteric and central nervous systems. Sites of release and action of purines in model systems such as vas deferens, blood vessels, urinary bladder and chromaffin cells are discussed. This is preceded by a brief discussion of studies demonstrating storage of purines in synaptic vesicles. We examine recent evidence for cell type targets (e.g., smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells, neurons and glia) for purine neurotransmitters in different systems. This is followed by brief discussion of mechanisms of terminating the action of purine neurotransmitters, including extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and possible salvage and reuptake in the cell. The significance of direct neurotransmitter release measurements is highlighted. Possibilities for involvement of multiple purines (e.g., ATP, ADP, NAD(+), ADP-ribose, adenosine, and diadenosine polyphosphates) in neurotransmission are considered throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
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18
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Sanchez-Catalan MJ, Kaufling J, Georges F, Veinante P, Barrot M. The antero-posterior heterogeneity of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2014; 282:198-216. [PMID: 25241061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a brain region processing salient sensory and emotional information, controlling motivated behaviors, natural or drug-related reward, reward-related learning, mood, and participating in their associated psychopathologies. Mostly studied for its dopamine neurons, the VTA also includes functionally important GABA and glutamate cell populations. Behavioral evidence supports the presence of functional differences between the anterior VTA (aVTA) and the posterior VTA (pVTA), which is the topic of this review. This antero-posterior heterogeneity concerns locomotor activity, conditioned place preference and intracranial self-administration, and can be seen in response to ethanol, acetaldehyde, salsolinol, opioids including morphine, cholinergic agonists including nicotine, cocaine, cannabinoids and after local manipulation of GABA and serotonin receptors. It has also been observed after viral-mediated manipulation of GluR1, phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression, with impact on reward and aversion-related responses, on anxiety and depression-related behaviors and on pain sensitivity. In this review, the substrates potentially underlying these aVTA/pVTA differences are discussed, including the VTA sub-nuclei and the heterogeneity in connectivity, cell types and molecular characteristics. We also review the role of the tail of the VTA (tVTA), or rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), which may also participate to the observed antero-posterior heterogeneity of the VTA. This region, partly located within the pVTA, is an inhibitory control center for dopamine activity. It controls VTA and substantia nigra dopamine cells, thus exerting a major influence on basal ganglia functions. This review highlights the need for a more comprehensive analysis of VTA heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sanchez-Catalan
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Kaufling
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Georges
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Veinante
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Barrot
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Sharples SA, Koblinger K, Humphreys JM, Whelan PJ. Dopamine: a parallel pathway for the modulation of spinal locomotor networks. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:55. [PMID: 24982614 PMCID: PMC4059167 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord contains networks of neurons that can produce locomotor patterns. To readily respond to environmental conditions, these networks must be flexible yet at the same time robust. Neuromodulators play a key role in contributing to network flexibility in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate networks. For example, neuromodulators contribute to altering intrinsic properties and synaptic weights that, in extreme cases, can lead to neurons switching between networks. Here we focus on the role of dopamine in the control of stepping networks in the spinal cord. We first review the role of dopamine in modulating rhythmic activity in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) and the leech, since work from these preparations provides a foundation to understand its role in vertebrate systems. We then move to a discussion of dopamine’s role in modulation of swimming in aquatic species such as the larval xenopus, lamprey and zebrafish. The control of terrestrial walking in vertebrates by dopamine is less studied and we review current evidence in mammals with a focus on rodent species. We discuss data suggesting that the source of dopamine within the spinal cord is mainly from the A11 area of the diencephalon, and then turn to a discussion of dopamine’s role in modulating walking patterns from both in vivo and in vitro preparations. Similar to the descending serotonergic system, the dopaminergic system may serve as a potential target to promote recovery of locomotor function following spinal cord injury (SCI); evidence suggests that dopaminergic agonists can promote recovery of function following SCI. We discuss pharmacogenetic and optogenetic approaches that could be deployed in SCI and their potential tractability. Throughout the review we draw parallels with both noradrenergic and serotonergic modulatory effects on spinal cord networks. In all likelihood, a complementary monoaminergic enhancement strategy should be deployed following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Sharples
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathrin Koblinger
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Humphreys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Jerzemowska G, Plucińska K, Kuśmierczak M, Myślińska D, Orzeł-Gryglewska J. Locomotor response to novelty correlates with differences in number and morphology of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells in rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 101:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
It is well known that the death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common and disabling condition in the expanding elderly population. Nevertheless, the intracellular cascade of events leading to dopamine cell death is still unknown and, consequently, treatment is largely symptomatic rather than preventive. Moreover, the mechanisms whereby nigral dopaminergic neurons may degenerate still remain controversial. Hitherto, several data have shown that the earlier cellular disturbances occurring in dopaminergic neurons include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered proteolysis. These alterations, rather than killing neurons, trigger subsequent death-related molecular pathways, including elements of apoptosis. In rare incidences, PD may be inherited; this evidence has opened a new and exciting area of research, attempting to shed light on the nature of the more common idiopathic PD form. In this review, the characteristics of the SNc dopaminergic neurons and their lifecycle from birth to death are reviewed. In addition, of the mechanisms by which the aforementioned alterations cause neuronal dopaminergic death, particular emphasis will be given to the role played by inflammation, and the relevance of the possible use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of PD. Finally, new evidence of a possible de novo neurogenesis in the SNc of adult animals and in PD patients will also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Esposito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy.
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22
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Trudeau LE, Hnasko TS, Wallén-Mackenzie A, Morales M, Rayport S, Sulzer D. The multilingual nature of dopamine neurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 211:141-64. [PMID: 24968779 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of dopamine (DA) neurons to release other transmitters in addition to DA itself has been increasingly recognized, hence the concept of their multilingual nature. A subset of DA neurons, mainly found in the ventral tegmental area, express VGLUT2, allowing them to package and release glutamate onto striatal spiny projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons. Some dopaminergic axon terminals release GABA. Glutamate release by DA neurons has a developmental role, facilitating axonal growth and survival, and may determine in part the critical contribution of the ventral striatum to psychostimulant-induced behavior. Vesicular glutamate coentry may have synergistic effects on vesicular DA filling. The multilingual transmission of DA neurons across multiple striatal domains and the increasing insight into the role of glutamate cotransmission in the ventral striatum highlight the importance of analyzing DA neuron transmission at the synaptic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Thomas S Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Asa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Unit of Functional Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marisela Morales
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuronal Networks Section, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Zaben MJ, Gray WP. Neuropeptides and hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:431-8. [PMID: 24215800 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis is important for modulating the behavioural responses to stress and for certain forms of learning and memory. The mechanisms underlying the necessary coupling of neuronal activity to neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) function remain poorly understood. Within the dentate subgranular stem cell niche, local interneurons appear to play an important part in this excitation-neurogenesis coupling via GABAergic transmission, which promotes neuronal differentiation and integration. Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin have emerged as important mediators for signalling local and extrinsic interneuronal activity to subgranular zone precursors. Here we review the distribution of these neuropeptides and their receptors in the neurogenic area of the hippocampus and their precise effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. We also discuss neuropeptides' potential involvement in functional aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis particularly their involvement in the modulation of learning and memory and behavior responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, 3rd Floor, Room 3.33, The Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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24
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VGLUTs in Peripheral Neurons and the Spinal Cord: Time for a Review. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:829753. [PMID: 24349795 PMCID: PMC3856137 DOI: 10.1155/2013/829753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are key molecules for the incorporation of glutamate in synaptic vesicles across the nervous system, and since their discovery in the early 1990s, research on these transporters has been intense and productive. This review will focus on several aspects of VGLUTs research on neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord. Firstly, it will begin with a historical account on the evolution of the morphological analysis of glutamatergic systems and the pivotal role played by the discovery of VGLUTs. Secondly, and in order to provide an appropriate framework, there will be a synthetic description of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of peripheral neurons and the spinal cord. This will be followed by a succinct description of the current knowledge on the expression of VGLUTs in peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons and neurons in the spinal cord. Finally, this review will address the modulation of VGLUTs expression after nerve and tissue insult, their physiological relevance in relation to sensation, pain, and neuroprotection, and their potential pharmacological usefulness.
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25
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Lang M, Wither RG, Brotchie JM, Wu C, Zhang L, Eubanks JH. Selective preservation of MeCP2 in catecholaminergic cells is sufficient to improve the behavioral phenotype of male and female Mecp2-deficient mice. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:358-71. [PMID: 23077217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused primarily by mutations of the X-linked MECP2 gene. Although the loss of MeCP2 function affects many neural systems, impairments of catecholaminergic function have been hypothesized to underlie several of the cardinal behavioral deficits of RTT patients and Mecp2-deficient mice. Although recent Mecp2 reactivation studies indicate that RTT may be a reversible condition, it remains unclear whether specifically preserving Mecp2 function within a specific system will be sufficient to convey beneficial effects. Here, we test whether the selective preservation of Mecp2 within catecholaminergic cells will improve the phenotype of Mecp2-deficient mice. Our results show that this targeted preservation of Mecp2 significantly improves the lifespan, phenotypic severity and cortical epileptiform discharge activity of both male and female Mecp2-deficient mice. Further, we found that the catecholaminergic preservation of Mecp2 also improves the ambulatory rate, rearing activity, motor coordination, anxiety and nest-building performances of Mecp2-deficient mice of each gender. Interestingly, our results also revealed a gender-specific improvement, as specific cortical and hippocampal electroencephalographic abnormalities were significantly improved in male, but not female, rescue mice. Collectively, these results support the role of the catecholaminergic system in the pathogenesis of RTT and provide proof-of-principle that restoring MeCP2 function within this specific system could represent a treatment strategy for RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lang
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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26
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Kuhananthan S, Miklasz SD, Ramirez VD. Monoclonal antibodies against a dopamine-releasing protein (DARP) arrest fetal development, decrease brain catecholamines, and increase adrenal weight of neonatal rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 2:410-7. [PMID: 19912826 DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(91)90028-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1991] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were produced against a partially purified dopamine-releasing protein (DARP) to examine the feasible physiological role of this factor during the development of the rat. These IgM isotype MAbs, and not other IgM antibodies (controls), induced a remarkable increase in fetal resorption and stillbirth rate and impaired the developmental increase of catecholamine concentration in the corpus striatum and hypothalamus of newborn rats. Neonatal injections of the anti-DARP MAb (a single injection of 200 mug, 24 h after birth or 40 mug on alternate days during the first 10 days) decreased the dopamine (DA) concentration of the corpus striatum by 30% on Day 10 and 15% on Day 25 and drastically impaired (by 43% on Day 25) the developmental increase in hypothalamic DA. Furthermore, in the hypothalamus, there was a marked decrease in epinephrine and an increase in norepinephrine (NE) concentration, suggesting an impairment in PNMT function. Neonatal anti-DARP injections also resulted in increased adrenal weight (45 and 44% on Days 10 and 25, respectively) and elevated NE content (anti-DARP, 315 +/- 12 ng, vs control, 223 +/- 16 ng, n = 6). Intrafetal injection of anti-DARP MAb (40 mug) on E 17 resulted in increased resorption and stillbirth accounting for 83% fetal loss. A 10-mug dose of the antibody produced 33% of fetal resorption or stillborn fetuses, whereas control injections resulted in only 4.4% of fetal loss. These data strongly suggest that DARP may be a neurotrophic factor involved in the growth and differentiation of central catecholaminergic neurons and probably necessary for the maturation of PNMT during the early development of rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuhananthan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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27
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Mitkovski M, Padovan-Neto FE, Raisman-Vozari R, Ginestet L, da-Silva CA, Del-Bel EA. Investigations into Potential Extrasynaptic Communication between the Dopaminergic and Nitrergic Systems. Front Physiol 2012; 3:372. [PMID: 23055978 PMCID: PMC3457048 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is unconstrained by cell membranes and can therefore act along a broad distance as a volume transmitter. Spillover of nitric oxide between neurons may have a major impact on central nervous system diseases and particularly on neurodegeneration. There is evidence whereby communication between nitrergic and dopaminergic systems plays an essential role in the control of the nigrostriatal pathway. However, there is sparse information for either the coexistence or overlap of nitric oxide and dopaminergic structures. The dual localization of immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and tyrosine hydroxylase, enzymes responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide and dopamine, respectively, was examined in neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway in the rat brain by means of a double-immunohistochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy, acquired at the resolution limit. After perfusional fixation, the brains were cut and double-immunostained. A proximity analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and NOS structures was done using binary masks generated from the respective maximum projections, using confocal laser microscopy. Unrevealed regions were determined somatodendritic positive for both NOS and tyrosine hydroxylase, within an image limit resolution at 2 μm-wide margin. The described interconnected localization of nNOS(+) and TH(+) containing neuronal fibers and cells bodies in the nigrostriatal pathway propose a close anatomical link between the two neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
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28
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O'Connell LA, Hofmann HA. The vertebrate mesolimbic reward system and social behavior network: a comparative synthesis. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3599-639. [PMID: 21800319 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on these processes, yet our understanding of behavioral decision-making mechanisms and their evolution is still very limited. Insights from mammals indicate that two neural circuits are of crucial importance in this context: the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. Here we review evidence from neurochemical, tract-tracing, developmental, and functional lesion/stimulation studies that delineates homology relationships for most of the nodes of these two circuits across the five major vertebrate lineages: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and teleost fish. We provide for the first time a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two neural circuits and conclude that they were already present in early vertebrates. We also propose that these circuits form a larger social decision-making (SDM) network that regulates adaptive behavior. Our synthesis thus provides an important foundation for understanding the evolution of the neural mechanisms underlying reward processing and behavioral regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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29
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Brumovsky PR, Robinson DR, La JH, Seroogy KB, Lundgren KH, Albers KM, Kiyatkin ME, Seal RP, Edwards RH, Watanabe M, Hökfelt T, Gebhart GF. Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters type 1 and 2 in sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the mouse colorectum. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3346-66. [PMID: 21800314 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) have been extensively studied in various neuronal systems, but their expression in visceral sensory and autonomic neurons remains to be analyzed in detail. Here we studied VGLUTs type 1 and 2 (VGLUT(1) and VGLUT(2) , respectively) in neurons innervating the mouse colorectum. Lumbosacral and thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG), lumbar sympathetic chain (LSC), and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons innervating the colorectum of BALB/C mice were retrogradely traced with Fast Blue, dissected, and processed for immunohistochemistry. Tissue from additional naïve mice was included. Previously characterized antibodies against VGLUT(1) , VGLUT(2) , and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were used. Riboprobe in situ hybridization, using probes against VGLUT(1) and VGLUT(2) , was also performed. Most colorectal DRG neurons expressed VGLUT(2) and often colocalized with CGRP. A smaller percentage of neurons expressed VGLUT(1) . VGLUT(2) -immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the MPG were rare. Abundant VGLUT(2) -IR nerves were detected in all layers of the colorectum; VGLUT(1) -IR nerves were sparse. A subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressed VGLUT2 protein and mRNA, but VGLUT1 mRNA was undetectable. In conclusion, we show 1) that most colorectal DRG neurons express VGLUT(2) , and to a lesser extent, VGLUT(1) ; 2) abundance of VGLUT2-IR fibers innervating colorectum; and 3) a subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressing VGLUT(2). Altogether, our data suggests a role for VGLUT(2) in colorectal glutamatergic neurotransmission, potentially influencing colorectal sensitivity and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Brumovsky
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Abstract
In the early 1970s, receptors for neurotransmitters acting via second messengers had not been identified biochemically nor were there definitive links to such messengers. The discovery by John W. Kebabian and Paul Greengard of a dopamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase, accordingly, was a giant step forward. The investigators first characterized the enzyme in sympathetic ganglia wherein dopamine-producing cells link pre- and post-synaptic neurons. Then, in the corpus striatum, the brain area enriched in dopamine, they delineated the enzyme\x{2019}s properties and showed that it was inhibited by antipsychotic drugs, leading to a large body of research on dopamine as a mediator of antipsychotic drug action and putative roles for this transmitter in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Heilig M, Goldman D, Berrettini W, O'Brien CP. Pharmacogenetic approaches to the treatment of alcohol addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:670-84. [PMID: 22011682 PMCID: PMC3408029 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Addictive disorders are partly heritable, chronic, relapsing conditions that account for a tremendous disease burden. Currently available addiction pharmacotherapies are only moderately successful, continue to be viewed with considerable scepticism outside the scientific community and have not become widely adopted as treatments. More effective medical treatments are needed to transform addiction treatment and address currently unmet medical needs. Emerging evidence from alcoholism research suggests that no single advance can be expected to fundamentally change treatment outcomes. Rather, studies of opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, GABA and serotonin systems suggest that incremental advances in treatment outcomes will result from an improved understanding of the genetic heterogeneity among patients with alcohol addiction, and the development of personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. markus.heilig@mail. nih.gov
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Furness JB, Hunne B, Matsuda N, Yin L, Russo D, Kato I, Fujimiya M, Patterson M, McLeod J, Andrews ZB, Bron R. Investigation of the presence of ghrelin in the central nervous system of the rat and mouse. Neuroscience 2011; 193:1-9. [PMID: 21835225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonist have effects on central neurons in many locations, including the hypothalamus, caudal brain stem, and spinal cord. However, descriptions of the distributions of ghrelin-like immunoreactivity in the CNS in published work are inconsistent. We have used three well-characterized anti-ghrelin antibodies, an antibody to the unacylated form of ghrelin, and a ghrelin peptide assay in rats, mice, ghrelin knockout mice, and ghrelin receptor reporter mice to re-evaluate ghrelin presence in the rodent CNS. The stomach served as a positive control. All antibodies were effective in revealing gastric endocrine cells. However, no specific staining could be found in the brain or spinal cord. Concentrations of antibody 10 to 30 times those effective in the stomach bound to nerve cells in rat and mouse brain, but this binding was not reduced by absorbing concentrations of ghrelin peptide, or by use of ghrelin gene knockout mice. Concentrations of ghrelin-like peptide, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in extracts of hypothalamus, were 1% of gastric concentrations. Ghrelin receptor-expressing neurons had no adjacent ghrelin immunoreactive terminals. It is concluded that there are insignificant amounts of authentic ghrelin in neurons in the mouse or rat CNS and that ghrelin receptor-expressing neurons do not receive synaptic inputs from ghrelin-immunoreactive nerve terminals in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Zhao-Shea R, Liu L, Soll LG, Improgo MR, Meyers EE, McIntosh JM, Grady SR, Marks MJ, Gardner PD, Tapper AR. Nicotine-mediated activation of dopaminergic neurons in distinct regions of the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1021-32. [PMID: 21289604 PMCID: PMC3077271 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within the dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron-rich ventral tegmental area (VTA) is necessary and sufficient for nicotine reinforcement. In this study, we show that rewarding doses of nicotine activated VTA DAergic neurons in a region-selective manner, preferentially activating neurons in the posterior VTA (pVTA) but not in the anterior VTA (aVTA) or in the tail VTA (tVTA). Nicotine (1 μM) directly activated pVTA DAergic neurons in adult mouse midbrain slices, but had little effect on DAergic neurons within the aVTA. Quantification of nAChR subunit gene expression revealed that pVTA DAergic neurons expressed higher levels of α4, α6, and β3 transcripts than did aVTA DAergic neurons. Activation of nAChRs containing the α4 subunit (α4(*) nAChRs) was necessary and sufficient for activation of pVTA DAergic neurons: nicotine failed to activate pVTA DAergic neurons in α4 knockout animals; in contrast, pVTA α4(*) nAChRs were selectively activated by nicotine in mutant mice expressing agonist-hypersensitive α4(*) nAChRs (Leu9'Ala mice). In addition, whole-cell currents induced by nicotine in DAergic neurons were mediated by α4(*) nAChRs and were significantly larger in pVTA neurons than in aVTA neurons. Infusion of an α6(*) nAChR antagonist into the VTA blocked activation of pVTA DAergic neurons in WT mice and in Leu9'Ala mice at nicotine doses, which only activate the mutant receptor indicating that α4 and α6 subunits coassemble to form functional receptors in these neurons. Thus, nicotine selectively activates DAergic neurons within the pVTA through α4α6(*) nAChRs. These receptors represent novel targets for smoking-cessation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zhao-Shea
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Liwang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey G Soll
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ma Reina Improgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erin E Meyers
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sharon R Grady
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Marks
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul D Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA. Tel: +1 508 856 2674, Fax: +1 508 856 2627, E-mail:
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Garcia AJ, Zanella S, Koch H, Doi A, Ramirez JM. Chapter 3--networks within networks: the neuronal control of breathing. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 188:31-50. [PMID: 21333801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53825-3.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Breathing emerges through complex network interactions involving neurons distributed throughout the nervous system. The respiratory rhythm generating network is composed of micro networks functioning within larger networks to generate distinct rhythms and patterns that characterize breathing. The pre-Bötzinger complex, a rhythm generating network located within the ventrolateral medulla assumes a core function without which respiratory rhythm generation and breathing cease altogether. It contains subnetworks with distinct synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties that give rise to different types of respiratory rhythmic activities including eupneic, sigh, and gasping activities. While critical aspects of these rhythmic activities are preserved when isolated in in vitro preparations, the pre-Bötzinger complex functions in the behaving animal as part of a larger network that receives important inputs from areas such as the pons and parafacial nucleus. The respiratory network is also an integrator of modulatory and sensory inputs that imbue the network with the important ability to adapt to changes in the behavioral, metabolic, and developmental conditions of the organism. This review summarizes our current understanding of these interactions and relates the emerging concepts to insights gained in other rhythm generating networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Garcia
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Heilig M, Thorsell A, Sommer WH, Hansson AC, Ramchandani VA, George DT, Hommer D, Barr CS. Translating the neuroscience of alcoholism into clinical treatments: from blocking the buzz to curing the blues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:334-44. [PMID: 19941895 PMCID: PMC2891917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of addictive disorders is critical for development of new treatments. A major focus of addiction research has for a long time been on systems that mediate acute positively reinforcing effects of addictive drugs, most prominently the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) system and its connections. This research line has been successful in shedding light on the physiology of both natural and drug reward, but has not led to therapeutic breakthroughs. The role of classical reward systems is perhaps least clear in alcohol addiction. Here, recent work is summarized that points to some clinically important conclusions. First, important pharmacogenetic differences exist with regard to positively reinforcing effects of alcohol and the ability of this drug to activate classical reward pathways. This offers an opportunity for personalized treatment approaches in alcoholism. Second, brain stress and fear systems become pathologically activated in later stages of alcoholism and their activation is a major influence in escalation of alcohol intake, sensitization of stress responses, and susceptibility to relapse. These findings offer a new category of treatment mechanisms. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling through CRH1 receptors is a major candidate target in this category, but recent data indicate that antagonists for substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors may have a similar potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Inst of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Abstract
The past four decades have witnessed extraordinary advances in the molecular understanding of neurotransmitters, their receptors, and second messengers. This essay highlights a selected group of particular notable discoveries, emphasizing seminal findings that have transformed thinking in the field.
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Mechanism of noradrenaline-induced stimulation of Na–K ATPase activity in the rat brain: implications on REM sleep deprivation-induced increase in brain excitability. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 336:3-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pickens CL, Adams-Deutsch T, Nair SG, Navarre BM, Heilig M, Shaham Y. Effect of pharmacological manipulations of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission on incubation of conditioned fear. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1398-406. [PMID: 19800945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a procedure to study fear incubation in which rats given 100 tone-shock pairings over 10 days show low fear 2 days after conditioned fear training and high fear after 30 or 60 days. Here, we studied the role of the stress-related peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in fear incubation. We gave rats either 10 or 100 30-s tone-0.5-s footshock pairings over 1 day (short training) or 10 days (long training) and then assessed tone-cue-induced conditioned suppression of lever responding 2 days after short training or 2 days and 1 month after long training. Prior to testing, we injected NPY (5-10 microg, i.c.v.), the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 (20-40 microg, i.c.v.), the NPY Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 (2.5-5 mg/kg s.c.), the non-selective CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe CRF(12-41) (10 microg, i.c.v.), or the CRF1 receptor antagonist MTIP (10-20 mg/kg s.c.). Conditioned suppression after long training was higher after 1 month than after 2 days (fear incubation); conditioned suppression was robustly expressed 2 days after short training (non-incubated fear). Both incubated and non-incubated fear responses were attenuated by NPY. In contrast, D-Phe CRF(12-41), MTIP, BIBO3304, or BIIE0246 had no effect on conditioned fear at the different time points. Results confirm previous work on the potent effect of exogenous NPY administration on conditioned fear, but the negative results with BIBO3304 and BIIE0246 question whether endogenous NPY contributes to incubated (or non-incubated) fear. Results also suggest that CRF receptors are not involved in cue-induced fear in the conditioned suppression procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Pickens
- Department of Health and Human Services, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program-National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Fetissov SO, Bensing S, Mulder J, Le Maitre E, Hulting AL, Harkany T, Ekwall O, Sköldberg F, Husebye ES, Perheentupa J, Rorsman F, Kämpe O, Hökfelt T. Autoantibodies in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I patients react with major brain neurotransmitter systems. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Kaya AH, Vlamings R, Tan S, Lim LW, Magill PJ, Steinbusch HWM, Visser-Vandewalle V, Sharp T, Temel Y. Increased electrical and metabolic activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of Parkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2008; 1221:93-7. [PMID: 18565496 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may play important roles in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated neural and metabolic activity of the DRN in animal PD models based on dopamine depletion. The data show both increased firing rate of DRN 5-HT neurons and increased cytochrome oxidase activity in dopamine-depleted rats, as compared to controls. These data support the hypothesis that the DRN 5-HT system is hyperactive in the dopamine-depleted brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet H Kaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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44
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Gray WP. Neuropeptide Y signalling on hippocampal stem cells in health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:52-62. [PMID: 18403103 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are emerging as key components in the hippocampal neurogenic niche in health and disease, regulating many aspects of neurogenesis and the synaptic integration of newly generated neurons. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptide Y in the control of stem/precursor cells in the postnatal and adult hippocampus. It is likely that neuropeptide Y releasing interneurons are key sensors of neural activity, modulating neurogenesis appropriately. This is likely to be a fruitful area of research for extending our understanding of the control of stem cells in the normal and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Gray
- University Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Southampton Neurosciences Group, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the understanding about co-localisation of amino acid transmitters in the brain. RESULTS The idea that neurons release the same transmitter at all their synapses is associated with Henry Dale and formulated as Dale's principle by John Eccles. This idea has been modified during the last years based on several studies showing that transmitters can co-exist at the same synapse. First, a large body of evidence was presented showing that a classical transmitter can be co-localized with different types of neuropeptides. Then, several studies showed that a synapse could co-release two classical transmitters. CONCLUSION This review presents and discusses data from our laboratory showing co-release of glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate/glutamate and aspartate/GABA from different types of hippocampal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gundersen
- Department of Anatomy and the CMBN, University of Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Brumovsky P, Watanabe M, Hökfelt T. Expression of the vesicular glutamate transporters-1 and -2 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord and their regulation by nerve injury. Neuroscience 2007; 147:469-90. [PMID: 17577523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of two vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, was studied with immunohistochemistry in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), the lumbar spinal cord and the skin of the adult mouse. About 12% and 65% of the total number of DRG neuron profiles (NPs) expressed VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, respectively. VGLUT1-immunoreactive (IR) NPs were usually medium- to large-sized, in contrast to a majority of small- or medium-sized VGLUT2-IR NPs. Most VGLUT1-IR NPs did not coexpress calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or bound isolectin B4 (IB4). In contrast, approximately 31% and approximately 42% of the VGLUT2-IR DRG NPs were also CGRP-IR or bound IB4, respectively. Conversely, virtually all CGRP-IR and IB4-binding NPs coexpressed VGLUT2. Moderate colocalization between VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 was also observed. Sciatic nerve transection induced a decrease in the overall number of VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-IR NPs (both ipsi- and contralaterally) and, in addition, a parallel, unilateral increase of VGLUT2-like immunoreactivity (LI) in a subpopulation of mostly small NPs. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, strong VGLUT1-LI was detected, particularly in deep dorsal horn layers and in the ventral horns. VGLUT2-LI was abundant throughout the gray spinal matter, 'radiating' into/from the white matter. A unilateral dorsal rhizotomy reduced VGLUT1-LI, while apparently leaving unaffected the VGLUT2-LI. Transport through axons for both VGLUTs was confirmed by their accumulation after compression of the sciatic nerve or dorsal roots. In the hind paw skin, abundant VGLUT2-IR nerve fibers were observed, sometimes associated with Merkel cells. Lower numbers of VGLUT1-IR fibers were also detected in the skin. Some VGLUT1-IR and VGLUT2-IR fibers were associated with hair follicles. Based on these data and those by Morris et al. [Morris JL, Konig P, Shimizu T, Jobling P, Gibbins IL (2005) Most peptide-containing sensory neurons lack proteins for exocytotic release and vesicular transport of glutamate. J Comp Neurol 483:1-16], we speculate that virtually all DRG neurons in adult mouse express VGLUTs and use glutamate as transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brumovsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, B2:5, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Heilig M, Koob GF. A key role for corticotropin-releasing factor in alcohol dependence. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:399-406. [PMID: 17629579 PMCID: PMC2747092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that alcohol dependence induces long-term neuroadaptations that recruit a negative emotional state. This leads to excessive alcohol ingestion motivated by relief of negative emotionality. A key mechanism in this transition to negative reinforcement is a recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling within the amygdala. Long term upregulation of CRF(1) receptors is observed in the amygdala following a history of dependence, and CRF antagonists selectively block emotionality, excessive alcohol drinking and stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking in post-dependent animals. Innate upregulation of CRF(1) receptor expression mimics the post-dependent phenotype, both with regard to emotional responses and ethanol self-administration. Therefore, the CRF system is emerging as a key element of the neuroadaptive changes driving alcoholism and as a major target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, 10 Center Dr., 1/5334, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mahoney MM, Ramanathan C, Smale L. Tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and their contacts with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing fibers in the hypothalamus of the diurnal murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus. J Chem Neuroanat 2007; 33:131-9. [PMID: 17368836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal and nocturnal animals differ with respect to the timing of a host of behavioral and physiological events including those associated with neuroendocrine functions, but the neural bases of these differences are poorly understood. In nocturnal species, rhythms in tyrosine hydroxylase-containing (TH+) neurons in the hypothalamus appear to be responsible for rhythms in prolactin secretion. Here we investigated TH+ cells in a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis niloticus, the unstriped Nile grass rat), and comparing them with those of a nocturnal rodent (Rattus norvegicus, Sprague-Dawley rat). We also examined relationships between TH+ cells and fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) that are thought to originate from cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of the primary circadian clock in mammals. The distribution of TH+ neurons was very similar in the two species except for a population of cells in the basal forebrain that was only present in grass rats. Fibers containing VIP appeared to contact neuroendocrine TH+ cells in both species. These data suggest that, though there may be subtle species differences, temporal information is likely to be carried along the same direct pathways from the SCN to the TH+ neurons in day- and night-active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Mahoney
- Environmental Health Sciences Program and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA.
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Klee CB, Draetta GF, Hubbard MJ. Calcineurin. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 61:149-200. [PMID: 2833077 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123072.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C B Klee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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50
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Salio C, Lossi L, Ferrini F, Merighi A. Neuropeptides as synaptic transmitters. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:583-98. [PMID: 16847638 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small protein molecules (composed of 3-100 amino-acid residues) that have been localized to discrete cell populations of central and peripheral neurons. In most instances, they coexist with low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters within the same neurons. At the subcellular level, neuropeptides are selectively stored, singularly or more frequently in combinations, within large granular vesicles. Release occurs through mechanisms different from classical calcium-dependent exocytosis at the synaptic cleft, and thus they account for slow synaptic and/or non-synaptic communication in neurons. Neuropeptide co-storage and coexistence can be observed throughout the central nervous system and are responsible for a series of functional interactions that occur at both pre- and post-synaptic levels. Thus, the subcellular site(s) of storage and sorting mechanisms into different neuronal compartments are crucial to the mode of release and the function of neuropeptides as neuronal messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salio
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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