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Caselli N, García-Verdugo M, Calero M, Hernando-Ospina N, Santiago JA, Herráez-Aguilar D, Monroy F. Red blood cell flickering activity locally controlled by holographic optical tweezers. iScience 2024; 27:109915. [PMID: 38832008 PMCID: PMC11145342 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells possess a singular mechanobiology, enabling efficient navigation through capillaries smaller than their own size. Their plasma membrane exhibits non-equilibrium shape fluctuation, often reported as enhanced flickering activity. Such active membrane motion is propelled by motor proteins that mediate interactions between the spectrin skeleton and the lipid bilayer. However, modulating the flickering in living red blood cells without permanently altering their mechanical properties represents a significant challenge. In this study, we developed holographic optical tweezers to generate a force field distributed along the equatorial membrane contour of individual red blood cells. In free-standing red blood cells, we observed heterogeneous flickering activity, attributed to localized membrane kickers. By employing holographic optical forces, these active kickers can be selectively halted under minimal invasion. Our findings shed light on the dynamics of membrane flickering and established a manipulation tool that could open new avenues for investigating mechanotransduction processes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Caselli
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Calero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, España
| | - Natalia Hernando-Ospina
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Santiago
- Departamento de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Ciudad de México 05348, México
| | - Diego Herráez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Di Terlizzi I, Gironella M, Herraez-Aguilar D, Betz T, Monroy F, Baiesi M, Ritort F. Variance sum rule for entropy production. Science 2024; 383:971-976. [PMID: 38422150 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate σ in nonequilibrium steady states. We first illustrate it for directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle in an optical trap. We then apply the VSR to flickering experiments in human red blood cells. We find that σ is spatially heterogeneous with a finite correlation length, and its average value agrees with calorimetry measurements. The VSR paves the way to derive σ using force spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging in living and active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Di Terlizzi
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Gironella
- Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D Herraez-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Betz
- Third Institute of Physics, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (IMAS12), Av. Andalucía, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Baiesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - F Ritort
- Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Höglsperger F, Vos BE, Hofemeier AD, Seyfried MD, Stövesand B, Alavizargar A, Topp L, Heuer A, Betz T, Ravoo BJ. Rapid and reversible optical switching of cell membrane area by an amphiphilic azobenzene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3760. [PMID: 37353493 PMCID: PMC10290115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membrane area is a key parameter for any living cell that is tightly regulated to avoid membrane damage. Changes in area-to-volume ratio are known to be critical for cell shape, but are mostly investigated by changing the cell volume via osmotic shocks. In turn, many important questions relating to cellular shape, membrane tension homeostasis and local membrane area cannot be easily addressed because experimental tools for controlled modulation of cell membrane area are lacking. Here we show that photoswitching an amphiphilic azobenzene can trigger its intercalation into the plasma membrane of various mammalian cells ranging from erythrocytes to myoblasts and cancer cells. The photoisomerization leads to a rapid (250-500 ms) and highly reversible membrane area change (ca 2 % for erythrocytes) that triggers a dramatic shape modulation of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Höglsperger
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart E Vos
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne D Hofemeier
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Stövesand
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Azadeh Alavizargar
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leon Topp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Xu J, Cui Y, Liu M, An Z, Li K, Gu X, Li P, Fan Y. Enhanced hydrophilicity of one-step electrosprayed red blood cell-like PLGA microparticles by block polymer PLGA-PEG-PLGA with excellent magnetic-luminescent bifunction and affinity to HUVECs. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Li L, Wang S, Han K, Qi X, Ma S, Li L, Yin J, Li D, Li X, Qian J. Quantifying Shear-induced Margination and Adhesion of Platelets in Microvascular Blood Flow. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167824. [PMID: 36108775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelet margination and adhesion are two critical and closely related steps in thrombus formation. Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method that seamlessly models blood cells, blood plasma, and vessel walls with functionalized surfaces, we quantify the shear-induced margination and adhesion of platelets in microvascular blood flow. The results show that the occurrence of shear-induced RBC-platelet collisions has a remarkable influence on the degree of platelet margination. We characterize the lateral motion of individual platelets by a mean square displacement analysis of platelet trajectories, and find that the wall-induced lift force and the shear-induced displacement in wall-bounded flow cause the variation in near-wall platelet distribution. We then investigate the platelet adhesive dynamics under different flow conditions, by conducting DPD simulations of blood flow in a microtube with fibrinogen-coated wall surfaces. We find that the platelet adhesion is enhanced with the increase of fibrinogen concentration level but decreased with the increase of shear rate. These results are consistent with available experimental results. In addition, we demonstrate that the adherent platelets have a negative impact on the margination dynamics of the circulating platelets, which is mainly due to the climbing effect induced by the adherent ones. Taken together, these findings provide useful insights into the platelet margination and adhesion dynamics, which may facilitate the understanding of the predominant processes governing the initial stage of thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Energy Dissipation in the Human Red Cell Membrane. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010130. [PMID: 36671515 PMCID: PMC9856108 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane of the human red cell consists of a lipid bilayer and a so-called membrane skeleton attached on the cytoplasmic side of the bilayer. Upon the deformation of red cells, energy is dissipated in their cytoplasm and their membrane. As to the membrane, three contributions can be distinguished: (i) A two-dimensional shear deformation with the membrane viscosity as the frictional parameter; (ii) A motion of the membrane skeleton relative to the bilayer; (iii) A relative motion of the two monolayers of the bilayer. The frictional parameter in contributions (ii) and (iii) is a frictional coefficient specific for the respective contribution. This perspective describes the history up to recent advances in the knowledge of these contributions. It reviews the mechanisms of energy dissipation on a molecular scale and suggests new ones, particularly for the first contribution. It proposes a parametric fitting expected to shed light on the discrepant values found for the membrane viscosity by different experimental approaches. It proposes strategies that could allow the determination of the frictional coefficients pertaining to the second and the third contribution. It highlights the consequences characteristic times have on the state of the red cell membrane in circulation as well as on the adaptation of computer models to the red cell history in an in vitro experiment.
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7
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Himbert S, Rheinstädter MC. Structural and mechanical properties of the red blood cell's cytoplasmic membrane seen through the lens of biophysics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:953257. [PMID: 36171967 PMCID: PMC9510598 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.953257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cell type in the human body and critical suppliers of oxygen. The cells are characterized by a simple structure with no internal organelles. Their two-layered outer shell is composed of a cytoplasmic membrane (RBC cm ) tethered to a spectrin cytoskeleton allowing the cell to be both flexible yet resistant against shear stress. These mechanical properties are intrinsically linked to the molecular composition and organization of their shell. The cytoplasmic membrane is expected to dominate the elastic behavior on small, nanometer length scales, which are most relevant for cellular processes that take place between the fibrils of the cytoskeleton. Several pathologies have been linked to structural and compositional changes within the RBC cm and the cell's mechanical properties. We review current findings in terms of RBC lipidomics, lipid organization and elastic properties with a focus on biophysical techniques, such as X-ray and neutron scattering, and Molecular Dynamics simulations, and their biological relevance. In our current understanding, the RBC cm 's structure is patchy, with nanometer sized liquid ordered and disordered lipid, and peptide domains. At the same time, it is surprisingly soft, with bending rigidities κ of 2-4 kBT. This is in strong contrast to the current belief that a high concentration of cholesterol results in stiff membranes. This extreme softness is likely the result of an interaction between polyunsaturated lipids and cholesterol, which may also occur in other biological membranes. There is strong evidence in the literature that there is no length scale dependence of κ of whole RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Himbert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maikel C. Rheinstädter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Delgadillo LF, Huang YS, Leon S, Palis J, Waugh RE. Development of Mechanical Stability in Late-Stage Embryonic Erythroid Cells: Insights From Fluorescence Imaged Micro-Deformation Studies. Front Physiol 2022; 12:761936. [PMID: 35082687 PMCID: PMC8784407 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.761936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined use of fluorescence labeling and micro-manipulation of red blood cells has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding and characterizing fundamental mechanisms underlying the mechanical behavior of cells. Here we used this approach to study the development of the membrane-associated cytoskeleton (MAS) in primary embryonic erythroid cells. Erythropoiesis comes in two forms in the mammalian embryo, primitive and definitive, characterized by intra- and extra-vascular maturation, respectively. Primitive erythroid precursors in the murine embryo first begin to circulate at embryonic day (E) 8.25 and mature as a semi-synchronous cohort before enucleating between E12.5 and E16.5. Previously, we determined that the major components of the MAS become localized to the membrane between E10.5 and E12.5, and that this localization is associated with an increase in membrane mechanical stability over this same period. The change in mechanical stability was reflected in the creation of MAS-free regions of the membrane at the tips of the projections formed when cells were aspirated into micropipettes. The tendency to form MAS-free regions decreases as primitive erythroid cells continue to mature through E14.5, at least 2 days after all detectable cytoskeletal components are localized to the membrane, indicating continued strengthening of membrane cohesion after membrane localization of cytoskeletal components. Here we demonstrate that the formation of MAS-free regions is the result of a mechanical failure within the MAS, and not the detachment of membrane bilayer from the MAS. Once a "hole" is formed in the MAS, the skeletal network contracts laterally along the aspirated projection to form the MAS-free region. In protein 4.1-null primitive erythroid cells, the tendency to form MAS-free regions is markedly enhanced. Of note, similar MAS-free regions were observed in maturing erythroid cells from human marrow, indicating that similar processes occur in definitive erythroid cells. We conclude that localization of cytoskeletal components to the cell membrane of mammalian erythroid cells during maturation is insufficient by itself to produce a mature MAS, but that subsequent processes are additionally required to strengthen intraskeletal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Delgadillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yu Shan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sami Leon
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Richard E. Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Richard E. Waugh,
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9
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Blanch AJ, Nunez-Iglesias J, Namvar A, Menant S, Looker O, Rajagopal V, Tham WH, Tilley L, Dixon MW. Multimodal imaging reveals membrane skeleton reorganisation during reticulocyte maturation and differences in dimple and rim regions of mature erythrocytes. J Struct Biol X 2022; 6:100056. [PMID: 34977554 PMCID: PMC8688873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal microscopies reveal dynamic changes in erythrocyte membrane skeleton architecture. Reticulocytes have 30% more surface area than mature erythrocytes but only slightly lower skeletal meshwork coverage. The spectrin-based skeleton reorganises during reticulocyte maturation. Inhomogeneity within the erythrocyte’s membrane skeleton underpins its biconcave disc shape.
The red blood cell (RBC) is remarkable in its ability to deform as it passages through the vasculature. Its deformability derives from a spectrin-actin protein network that supports the cell membrane and provides strength and flexibility, however questions remain regarding the assembly and maintenance of the skeletal network. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) we have examined the nanoscale architecture of the cytoplasmic side of membrane discs prepared from reticulocytes and mature RBCs. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to probe the distribution of spectrin and other membrane skeleton proteins. We found that the cell surface area decreases by up to 30% and the spectrin-actin network increases in density by approximately 20% as the reticulocyte matures. By contrast, the inter-junctional distance and junctional density increase only by 3–4% and 5–9%, respectively. This suggests that the maturation-associated reduction in surface area is accompanied by an increase in spectrin self-association to form higher order oligomers. We also examined the mature RBC membrane in the edge (rim) and face (dimple) regions of mature RBCs and found the rim contains about 1.5% more junctional complexes compared to the dimple region. A 2% increase in band 4.1 density in the rim supports these structural measurements.
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Hale J, An X, Guo X, Gao E, Papoin J, Blanc L, Hillyer CD, Gratzer W, Baines A, Mohandas N. αI-spectrin represents evolutionary optimization of spectrin for red blood cell deformability. Biophys J 2021; 120:3588-3599. [PMID: 34352252 PMCID: PMC8456306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrin tetramers of the membranes of enucleated mammalian erythrocytes play a critical role in red blood cell survival in circulation. One of the spectrins, αI, emerged in mammals with enucleated red cells after duplication of the ancestral α-spectrin gene common to all animals. The neofunctionalized αI-spectrin has moderate affinity for βI-spectrin, whereas αII-spectrin, expressed in nonerythroid cells, retains ancestral characteristics and has a 10-fold higher affinity for βI-spectrin. It has been hypothesized that this adaptation allows for rapid make and break of tetramers to accommodate membrane deformation. We have tested this hypothesis by generating mice with high-affinity spectrin tetramers formed by exchanging the site of tetramer formation in αI-spectrin (segments R0 and R1) for that of αII-spectrin. Erythrocytes with αIIβI presented normal hematologic parameters yet showed increased thermostability, and their membranes were significantly less deformable; under low shear forces, they displayed tumbling behavior rather than tank treading. The membrane skeleton is more stable with αIIβI and shows significantly less remodeling under deformation than red cell membranes of wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that spectrin tetramers undergo remodeling in intact erythrocytes and that this is required for the normal deformability of the erythrocyte membrane. We conclude that αI-spectrin represents evolutionary optimization of tetramer formation: neither higher-affinity tetramers (as shown here) nor lower affinity (as seen in hemolytic disease) can support the membrane properties required for effective tissue oxygenation in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hale
- The Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York.
| | - Xiuli An
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Xinhua Guo
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Erjing Gao
- The Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Julien Papoin
- Nelkin Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology and Laboratory of Developmental Erythropoiesis, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Lionel Blanc
- Nelkin Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology and Laboratory of Developmental Erythropoiesis, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Walter Gratzer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Baines
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Narla Mohandas
- The Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, New York, New York
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11
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Briole A, Podgorski T, Abou B. Molecular rotors as intracellular probes of red blood cell stiffness. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4525-4537. [PMID: 33949619 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The deformability of red blood cells is an essential parameter that controls the rheology of blood as well as its circulation in the body. Characterizing the rigidity of the cells and their heterogeneity in a blood sample is thus a key point in the understanding of occlusive phenomena, particularly in the case of erythrocytic diseases in which healthy cells coexist with pathological cells. However, measuring intracellular rheology in small biological compartments requires the development of specific techniques. We propose a technique based on molecular rotors - viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probes - to evaluate the above key point. DASPI molecular rotor has been identified with spectral fluorescence properties decoupled from those of hemoglobin, the main component of the cytosol. After validation of the rotor as a viscosity probe in model fluids, we showed by confocal microscopy that, in addition to binding to the membrane, the rotor penetrates spontaneously and uniformly into red blood cells. Experiments on red blood cells whose rigidity is varied with temperature, show that molecular rotors can detect variations in their overall rigidity. A simple model allowed us to separate the contribution of the cytosol from that of the membrane, allowing a qualitative determination of the variation of cytosol viscosity with temperature, consistent with independent measurements of the viscosity of hemoglobin solutions. Our experiments show that the rotor can be used to study the intracellular rheology of red blood cells at the cellular level, as well as the heterogeneity of this stiffness in a blood sample. This opens up new possibilities for biomedical applications, diagnosis and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Briole
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS - Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, UMR 5520 CNRS-UGA-G.INP - Domaine Universitaire, BP 53 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Bérengère Abou
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS - Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Chappa V, Smirnova Y, Komorowski K, Müller M, Salditt T. The effect of polydispersity, shape fluctuations and curvature on small unilamellar vesicle small-angle X-ray scattering curves. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:557-568. [PMID: 33953656 PMCID: PMC8056763 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenge to distinguish the effect of shape fluctuations and size polydispersity on experimental small-angle X-ray scattering curves of small unilamellar vesicles. Here it is shown that both effects have distinguishable spectral patterns, and an efficient simulation tool is presented for simulating and analysing experimental data. The importance of curvature-induced electron-density profile asymmetry for estimating the vesicle size from SAXS scattering curves is also demonstrated. Small unilamellar vesicles (20–100 nm diameter) are model systems for strongly curved lipid membranes, in particular for cell organelles. Routinely, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is employed to study their size and electron-density profile (EDP). Current SAXS analysis of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) often employs a factorization into the structure factor (vesicle shape) and the form factor (lipid bilayer electron-density profile) and invokes additional idealizations: (i) an effective polydispersity distribution of vesicle radii, (ii) a spherical vesicle shape and (iii) an approximate account of membrane asymmetry, a feature particularly relevant for strongly curved membranes. These idealizations do not account for thermal shape fluctuations and also break down for strong salt- or protein-induced deformations, as well as vesicle adhesion and fusion, which complicate the analysis of the lipid bilayer structure. Presented here are simulations of SAXS curves of SUVs with experimentally relevant size, shape and EDPs of the curved bilayer, inferred from coarse-grained simulations and elasticity considerations, to quantify the effects of size polydispersity, thermal fluctuations of the SUV shape and membrane asymmetry. It is observed that the factorization approximation of the scattering intensity holds even for small vesicle radii (∼30 nm). However, the simulations show that, for very small vesicles, a curvature-induced asymmetry arises in the EDP, with sizeable effects on the SAXS curve. It is also demonstrated that thermal fluctuations in shape and the size polydispersity have distinguishable signatures in the SAXS intensity. Polydispersity gives rise to low-q features, whereas thermal fluctuations predominantly affect the scattering at larger q, related to membrane bending rigidity. Finally, it is shown that simulation of fluctuating vesicle ensembles can be used for analysis of experimental SAXS curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Chappa
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yuliya Smirnova
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Karlo Komorowski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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13
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Mesarec L, Drab M, Penič S, Kralj-Iglič V, Iglič A. On the Role of Curved Membrane Nanodomains, and Passive and Active Skeleton Forces in the Determination of Cell Shape and Membrane Budding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2348. [PMID: 33652934 PMCID: PMC7956631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are composed of isotropic and anisotropic curved nanodomains. Anisotropic membrane components, such as Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) superfamily protein domains, could trigger/facilitate the growth of membrane tubular protrusions, while isotropic curved nanodomains may induce undulated (necklace-like) membrane protrusions. We review the role of isotropic and anisotropic membrane nanodomains in stability of tubular and undulated membrane structures generated or stabilized by cyto- or membrane-skeleton. We also describe the theory of spontaneous self-assembly of isotropic curved membrane nanodomains and derive the critical concentration above which the spontaneous necklace-like membrane protrusion growth is favorable. We show that the actin cytoskeleton growth inside the vesicle or cell can change its equilibrium shape, induce higher degree of segregation of membrane nanodomains or even alter the average orientation angle of anisotropic nanodomains such as BAR domains. These effects may indicate whether the actin cytoskeleton role is only to stabilize membrane protrusions or to generate them by stretching the vesicle membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by taking into account the in-plane orientational ordering of anisotropic membrane nanodomains, direct interactions between them and the extrinsic (deviatoric) curvature elasticity, it is possible to explain the experimentally observed stability of oblate (discocyte) shapes of red blood cells in a broad interval of cell reduced volume. Finally, we present results of numerical calculations and Monte-Carlo simulations which indicate that the active forces of membrane skeleton and cytoskeleton applied to plasma membrane may considerably influence cell shape and membrane budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesarec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Mitja Drab
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Samo Penič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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14
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Tapia J, Vera N, Aguilar J, González M, Sánchez SA, Coelho P, Saavedra C, Staforelli J. Correlated flickering of erythrocytes membrane observed with dual time resolved membrane fluctuation spectroscopy under different D-glucose concentrations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2429. [PMID: 33510337 PMCID: PMC7844050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A correlated human red blood cell membrane fluctuation dependent on D-glucose concentration was found with dual time resolved membrane fluctuation spectroscopy (D-TRMFS). This new technique is a modified version of the dual optical tweezers method that has been adapted to measure the mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) at distant membrane points simultaneously, enabling correlation analysis. Mechanical parameters under different D-glucose concentrations were obtained from direct membrane flickering measurements, complemented with membrane fluidity measurements using Laurdan Generalized Polarization (GP) Microscopy. Our results show an increase in the fluctuation amplitude of the lipid bilayer, and a decline in tension value, bending modulus and fluidity as D-glucose concentration increases. Metabolic mechanisms are proposed as explanations for the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tapia
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N Vera
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Joao Aguilar
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M González
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - S A Sánchez
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - P Coelho
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Saavedra
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Staforelli
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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15
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Paradkar S, Gambhire P. The Role of Cytoskeleton of a Red Blood Cell in Its Deformability. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Feng Z, Waugh RE, Peng Z. Constitutive Model of Erythrocyte Membranes with Distributions of Spectrin Orientations and Lengths. Biophys J 2020; 119:2190-2204. [PMID: 33130121 PMCID: PMC7732770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an analytical hyperelastic constitutive model of the red blood cell (erythrocyte) membrane based on recently improved characterizations of density and microscopic structure of its spectrin network from proteomics and cryo-electron tomography. The model includes distributions of both orientations and natural lengths of spectrin and updated copy numbers of proteins. By applying finite deformation to the spectrin network, we obtain the total free energy and stresses in terms of invariants of shear and area deformation. We generalize an expression of the initial shear modulus, which is independent of the number of molecular orientations within the network and also derive a simplified version of the model. We apply the model and its simplified version to analyze micropipette aspiration computationally and analytically and explore the effect of local cytoskeletal density change. We also explore the discrepancies among shear modulus values measured using different experimental techniques reported in the literature. We find that the model exhibits hardening behavior and can explain many of these discrepancies. Moreover, we find that the distribution of natural lengths plays a crucial role in the hardening behavior when the correct copy numbers of proteins are used. The initial shear modulus values we obtain using our current model (5.9-15.6 pN/μm) are close to the early estimates (6-9 pN/μm). This new, to our knowledge, constitutive model establishes a direct connection between the molecular structure of spectrin networks and constitutive laws and also defines a new picture of a much denser spectrin network than assumed in prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Richard E Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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17
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Paul R, Zhou Y, Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Liu Y. Quantitative absorption imaging of red blood cells to determine physical and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38923-38936. [PMID: 33240491 PMCID: PMC7685304 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells or erythrocytes, constituting 40 to 45 percent of the total volume of human blood are vesicles filled with hemoglobin with a fluid-like lipid bilayer membrane connected to a 2D spectrin network. The shape, volume, hemoglobin mass, and membrane stiffness of RBCs are important characteristics that influence their ability to circulate through the body and transport oxygen to tissues. In this study, we show that a simple two-LED set up in conjunction with standard microscope imaging can accurately determine the physical and mechanical properties of single RBCs. The Beer-Lambert law and undulatory motion dynamics of the membrane have been used to measure the total volume, hemoglobin mass, membrane tension coefficient, and bending modulus of RBCs. We also show that this method is sensitive enough to distinguish between the mechanical properties of RBCs during morphological changes from a typical discocyte to echinocytes and spherocytes. Measured values of the tension coefficient and bending modulus are 1.27 × 10-6 J m-2 and 7.09 × 10-2 J for discocytes, 4.80 × 10-6 J m-2 and 7.70 × 10-20 J for echinocytes, and 9.85 × 10-6 J m-2 and 9.69 × 10-20 J for spherocytes, respectively. This quantitative light absorption imaging reduces the complexity related to the quantitative imaging of the biophysical and mechanical properties of a single RBC that may lead to enhanced yet simplified point of care devices for analyzing blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
| | - Yuyuan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
| | - Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania 18015USA
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18
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Yu R, Huang X, Liu Y, Kong Y, Gu Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Ban W, Song H, Yu C. Shaping Nanoparticles for Interface Catalysis: Concave Hollow Spheres via Deflation-Inflation Asymmetric Growth. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000393. [PMID: 32670764 PMCID: PMC7341089 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hollow spheres are charming objects in nature. In this work, an unexpected deflation-inflation asymmetric growth (DIAG) strategy is reported, generating hollow nanoparticles with tailored concave geometry for interface catalysis. Starting from aminophenol-formaldehyde (APF) nanospheres where the interior crosslinking degree is low, fully deflated nanobowls are obtained after etching by acetone. Due to APF etching and repolymerization reactions occuring asymmetrically within a single particle, an autonomous inflation process is observed similar to a deflated basketball that inflates back to a "normal" ball, which is rare at the nanoscale. A nucleophilic addition reaction between acetone and APF is elucidated to explain the chemistry origin of the DIAG process. Interestingly, the deflated APF hollow spheres enable preferential immobilization of lipase in the concave domain, which facilitates the stabilization of Pickering emulsion droplets for enhanced enzymatic catalysis at the oil-water interface. The study provides new understandings in the designable synthesis of hollow nanoparticles and paves the way toward a wide range of applications of asymmetric architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtai Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJingdezhen Ceramic InstituteJingdezhenJiangxi333403P. R. China
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241P. R. China
| | - Yueqi Kong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Yue Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Wenhuang Ban
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241P. R. China
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19
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Svetina S. Theoretical Bases for the Role of Red Blood Cell Shape in the Regulation of Its Volume. Front Physiol 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32581839 PMCID: PMC7297144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The red blood cell (RBC) membrane contains a mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 that is involved in RBC volume homeostasis. In a recent model of the mechanism of its action it was proposed that Piezo1 cation permeability responds to changes of the RBC shape. The aim here is to review in a descriptive manner different previous studies of RBC behavior that formed the basis for this proposal. These studies include the interpretation of RBC and vesicle shapes based on the minimization of membrane bending energy, the analyses of various consequences of compositional and structural features of RBC membrane, in particular of its membrane skeleton and its integral membrane proteins, and the modeling of the establishment of RBC volume. The proposed model of Piezo1 action is critically evaluated, and a perspective presented for solving some remaining experimental and theoretical problems. Part of the discussion is devoted to the usefulness of theoretical modeling in studies of the behavior of cell systems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Svetina
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Link A, Franke T. Acoustic erythrocytometer for mechanically probing cell viscoelasticity. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1991-1998. [PMID: 32367091 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an acoustic device to mechanically probe a population of red blood cells at the single cell level. The device operates by exciting a surface acoustic wave in a microfluidic channel creating a stationary acoustic wave field of nodes and antinodes. Erythrocytes are attracted to the nodes and are deformed. Using a stepwise increasing and periodically oscillating acoustic field we study the static and dynamic deformation of individual red blood cells one by one. We quantify the deformation by the Taylor deformation index D and relaxation times τ1 and τ2 that reveal both the viscous and elastic properties of the cells. The precision of the measurement allows us to distinguish between individual cells in the suspension and provides a quantitative viscoelastic fingerprint of the blood sample at single cell resolution. The method overcomes limitations of other techniques that provide averaged values and has the potential for high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Link
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, G12 8LT, Glasgow, UK.
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21
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Fröhlich B, Jäger J, Lansche C, Sanchez CP, Cyrklaff M, Buchholz B, Soubeiga ST, Simpore J, Ito H, Schwarz US, Lanzer M, Tanaka M. Hemoglobin S and C affect biomechanical membrane properties of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:311. [PMID: 31428699 PMCID: PMC6692299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During intraerythrocytic development, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mechanical deformability of its host cell. The underpinning biological processes involve gain in parasite mass, changes in the membrane protein compositions, reorganization of the cytoskeletons and its coupling to the plasma membrane, and formation of membrane protrusions, termed knobs. The hemoglobinopathies S and C are known to partially protect carriers from severe malaria, possibly through additional changes in the erythrocyte biomechanics, but a detailed quantification of cell mechanics is still missing. Here, we combined flicker spectroscopy and a mathematical model and demonstrated that knob formation strongly suppresses membrane fluctuations by increasing membrane-cytoskeleton coupling. We found that the confinement increased with hemoglobin S but decreases with hemoglobin C in spite of comparable knob densities and diameters. We further found that the membrane bending modulus strongly depends on the hemoglobinopathetic variant, suggesting increased amounts of irreversibly oxidized hemichromes bound to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Serge Theophile Soubeiga
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacque Simpore
- Biomolecular ResearchCenter Pietro Annigoni, University of Ouagadougou, 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Philosophenweg 19, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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22
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Junker AD, Soh AWJ, O'Toole ET, Meehl JB, Guha M, Winey M, Honts JE, Gaertig J, Pearson CG. Microtubule glycylation promotes attachment of basal bodies to the cell cortex. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.233726. [PMID: 31243050 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia generate directed hydrodynamic flow that is important for the motility of cells and extracellular fluids. To optimize directed hydrodynamic flow, motile cilia are organized and oriented into a polarized array. Basal bodies (BBs) nucleate and position motile cilia at the cell cortex. Cytoplasmic BB-associated microtubules are conserved structures that extend from BBs. By using the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila, combined with EM-tomography and light microscopy, we show that BB-appendage microtubules assemble coincidently with new BB assembly and that they are attached to the cell cortex. These BB-appendage microtubules are specifically marked by post translational modifications of tubulin, including glycylation. Mutations that prevent glycylation shorten BB-appendage microtubules and disrupt BB positioning and cortical attachment. Consistent with the attachment of BB-appendage microtubules to the cell cortex to position BBs, mutations that disrupt the cellular cortical cytoskeleton disrupt the cortical attachment and positioning of BBs. In summary, BB-appendage microtubules promote the organization of ciliary arrays through attachment to the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Junker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Adam W J Soh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Janet B Meehl
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Mayukh Guha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mark Winey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry E Honts
- Department of Biology, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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23
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Shao J, Pijpers IAB, Cao S, Williams DS, Yan X, Li J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Biomorphic Engineering of Multifunctional Polylactide Stomatocytes toward Therapeutic Nano-Red Blood Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801678. [PMID: 30886797 PMCID: PMC6402394 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphologically discrete nanoarchitectures, which mimic the structural complexity of biological systems, are an increasingly popular design paradigm in the development of new nanomedical technologies. Herein, engineered polymeric stomatocytes are presented as a structural and functional mimic of red blood cells (RBCs) with multifunctional therapeutic features. Stomatocytes, comprising biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide), possess an oblate-like morphology reminiscent of RBCs. This unique dual-compartmentalized structure is augmented via encapsulation of multifunctional cargo (oxygen-binding hemoglobin and the photosensitizer chlorin e6). Furthermore, stomatocytes are decorated with a cell membrane isolated from erythrocytes to ensure that the surface characteristics matched those of RBCs. In vivo biodistribution data reveal that both the uncoated and coated nano-RBCs have long circulation times in mice, with the membrane-coated ones outperforming the uncoated stomatoctyes. The capacity of nano-RBCs to transport oxygen and create oxygen radicals upon exposure to light is effectively explored toward photodynamic therapy, using 2D and 3D tumor models; addressing the challenge presented by cancer-induced hypoxia. The morphological and functional control demonstrated by this synthetic nanosystem, coupled with indications of therapeutic efficacy, constitutes a highly promising platform for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Shao
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaSA2 8PPUK
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMs)CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio‐Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyHelix, het Kranenveld (STO 3.41), P. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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24
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Voinova M, Repin N, Sokol E, Tkachuk B, Gorelik L. Physical Processes in Polymeric Filters Used for Dialysis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E389. [PMID: 30960373 PMCID: PMC6473866 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The key physical processes in polymeric filters used for the blood purification include transport across the capillary wall and the interaction of blood cells with the polymer membrane surface. Theoretical modeling of membrane transport is an important tool which provides researchers with a quantification of the complex phenomena involved in dialysis. In the paper, we present a dense review of the most successful theoretical approaches to the description of transport across the polymeric membrane wall as well as the cell⁻polymer surface interaction, and refer to the corresponding experimental methods while studying these phenomena in dialyzing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinova
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Nikolay Repin
- Department of Cryomorphology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Evgen Sokol
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Bogdan Tkachuk
- Department of Hemodialysis, Municipal Noncommercial Enterprise of Kharkiv Regional Council "Regional Medical Clinical Center of Urology and Nephrology n.a. V.I. Shapoval", 61037 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Leonid Gorelik
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Cao S, Tang R, Sudlow G, Wang Z, Liu K, Luan J, Tadepalli S, Seth A, Achilefu S, Singamaneni S. Shape-Dependent Biodistribution of Biocompatible Silk Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5499-5508. [PMID: 30640448 PMCID: PMC7063564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules are emerging as promising microsize drug carriers due to their remarkable deformability. Shape plays a dominant role in determining their vascular transportation. Herein, we explored the effect of the shape of the microcapsules on the in vivo biodistribution for rational design of microcapsules to achieve optimized targeting efficiency. Silk fibroin, a biocompatible, biodegradable, and abundant material, was utilized as a building block to construct biconcave discoidal and spherical microcapsules with diameter of 1.8 μm and wall thickness of 20 nm. We have compared the cytocompatibility, cellular uptake, and biodistribution of both microcapsules. Both biconcave and spherical microcapsules exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and internalization into cancer cells. During blood circulation in mice, both microcapsules showed retention in liver and kidney and most underwent renal clearance. However, we observed significantly higher accumulation of biconcave silk microcapsules in lung compared with spherical microcapsules, and the accumulation was found to be stable in lung even after 3 days. The higher concentration of biconcave discoidal microcapsules found in lung arises from pulmonary environment, margination dynamics, and enhanced deformation in bloodstream. Red blood cell (RBC)-mimicking silk microcapsules demonstrated here can potentially serve as a promising platform for delivering drugs for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Gail Sudlow
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kengku Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jingyi Luan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sirimuvva Tadepalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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26
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Deng Y, Ma Q, Yuan H, Lum GC, Shum HC. Development of dual-component protein microparticles in all-aqueous systems for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein microparticles assisted by an emulsion droplet template have shown great promise in drug/cell delivery and tissue engineering, as well as diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266021
- China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
| | - Galen Chit Lum
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
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27
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Antonacci G, de Turris V, Rosa A, Ruocco G. Background-deflection Brillouin microscopy reveals altered biomechanics of intracellular stress granules by ALS protein FUS. Commun Biol 2018; 1:139. [PMID: 30272018 PMCID: PMC6131551 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered cellular biomechanics have been implicated as key photogenic triggers in age-related diseases. An aberrant liquid-to-solid phase transition, observed in in vitro reconstituted droplets of FUS protein, has been recently proposed as a possible pathogenic mechanism for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Whether such transition occurs in cell environments is currently unknown as a consequence of the limited measuring capability of the existing techniques, which are invasive or lack of subcellular resolution. Here we developed a non-contact and label-free imaging method, named background-deflection Brillouin microscopy, to investigate the three-dimensional intracellular biomechanics at a sub-micron resolution. Our method exploits diffraction to achieve an unprecedented 10,000-fold enhancement in the spectral contrast of single-stage spectrometers, enabling, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct biomechanical analysis on intracellular stress granules containing ALS mutant FUS protein in fixed cells. Our findings provide fundamental insights on the critical aggregation step underlying the neurodegenerative ALS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Antonacci
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria de Turris
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome"Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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28
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Li B, Wang F, Gui L, He Q, Yao Y, Chen H. The potential of biomimetic nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2099-2118. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington WA 98195, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lijuan Gui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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29
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Dumitru AC, Poncin MA, Conrard L, Dufrêne YF, Tyteca D, Alsteens D. Nanoscale membrane architecture of healthy and pathological red blood cells. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:293-304. [PMID: 32254077 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells feature remarkable mechanical properties while navigating through microcirculation vessels and during spleen filtration. An unusual combination of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton physical properties allows red blood cells to undergo extensive deformation. Here we used atomic force microscopy multiparametric imaging to probe how cellular organization influences nanoscale and global mechanical properties of cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. Our data obtained in native conditions confirmed that, compared to healthy cells, cells from patients with hereditary spherocytosis are stiffer. Through vertical segmentation of the cell elasticity, we found that healthy and pathological cells display nanoscale architecture with an increasing stiffness along the direction of the applied force. By decoupling the mechanical response of the plasma membrane from its underlying cytoskeleton, we find that both components show altered properties in pathological conditions. Nanoscale multiparametric imaging also revealed lipid domains that exhibit differential mechanical properties than the bulk membrane in both healthy and pathological conditions. Thanks to correlated AFM-fluorescence imaging, we identified submicrometric sphingomyelin-enriched lipid domains of variable stiffness at the red blood cell surface. Our experiments provide novel insights into the interplay between nanoscale organization of red blood cell plasma membrane and their nanomechanical properties. Overall, this work contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between cellular nanoscale organization, cellular nanomechanics and how this 3D organization is altered in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra C Dumitru
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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30
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Kang N, Guo Q, Islamzada E, Ma H, Scott MD. Microfluidic determination of lymphocyte vascular deformability: effects of intracellular complexity and early immune activation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:207-217. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00191f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of mechanical (rheological + extrudability) deformability in the vascular flow of lymphocytes, it has been poorly investigated due to the limitations of existing technological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- Centre for Innovation
- Canadian Blood Services
- Life Sciences Centre
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Emel Islamzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Centre for Innovation
- Canadian Blood Services
- Life Sciences Centre
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Mark D. Scott
- Centre for Innovation
- Canadian Blood Services
- Life Sciences Centre
- Vancouver
- Canada
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31
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Lavazec C. Molecular mechanisms of deformability of Plasmodium -infected erythrocytes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Banigan EJ, Stephens AD, Marko JF. Mechanics and Buckling of Biopolymeric Shells and Cell Nuclei. Biophys J 2017; 113:1654-1663. [PMID: 29045860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We study a Brownian dynamics simulation model of a biopolymeric shell deformed by axial forces exerted at opposing poles. The model exhibits two distinct, linear force-extension regimes, with the response to small tensions governed by linear elasticity and the response to large tensions governed by an effective spring constant that scales with radius as R-0.25. When extended beyond the initial linear elastic regime, the shell undergoes a hysteretic, temperature-dependent buckling transition. We experimentally observe this buckling transition by stretching and imaging the lamina of isolated cell nuclei. Furthermore, the interior contents of the shell can alter mechanical response and buckling, which we show by simulating a model for the nucleus that quantitatively agrees with our micromanipulation experiments stretching individual nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Banigan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - John F Marko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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33
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Fai TG, Leo-Macias A, Stokes DL, Peskin CS. Image-based model of the spectrin cytoskeleton for red blood cell simulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005790. [PMID: 28991926 PMCID: PMC5654263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We simulate deformable red blood cells in the microcirculation using the immersed boundary method with a cytoskeletal model that incorporates structural details revealed by tomographic images. The elasticity of red blood cells is known to be supplied by both their lipid bilayer membranes, which resist bending and local changes in area, and their cytoskeletons, which resist in-plane shear. The cytoskeleton consists of spectrin tetramers that are tethered to the lipid bilayer by ankyrin and by actin-based junctional complexes. We model the cytoskeleton as a random geometric graph, with nodes corresponding to junctional complexes and with edges corresponding to spectrin tetramers such that the edge lengths are given by the end-to-end distances between nodes. The statistical properties of this graph are based on distributions gathered from three-dimensional tomographic images of the cytoskeleton by a segmentation algorithm. We show that the elastic response of our model cytoskeleton, in which the spectrin polymers are treated as entropic springs, is in good agreement with the experimentally measured shear modulus. By simulating red blood cells in flow with the immersed boundary method, we compare this discrete cytoskeletal model to an existing continuum model and predict the extent to which dynamic spectrin network connectivity can protect against failure in the case of a red cell subjected to an applied strain. The methods presented here could form the basis of disease- and patient-specific computational studies of hereditary diseases affecting the red cell cytoskeleton. Red blood cells are responsible for delivering oxygen to tissues throughout the body. These terminally differentiated cells have developed a fascinating flexibility and resiliency that is critical to navigating the circulatory system. Far from being rigid bodies, red blood cells adopt biconcave disk shapes at equilibrium, parachute-like shapes as they move between large vessels and small capillaries, and more extreme shapes as they traverse the endothelial slits of the spleen. Understanding the remarkable mechanical properties that allow red cells to experience such large deformations while maintaining structural integrity is a fundamental question in physiology that may help advance treatments of genetic disorders such as hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis that affect red cell flexibility and can lead to severe anemia. In this work, we present a model of the red blood cell cytoskeleton based on cryoelectron tomography data. We develop an image processing technique to gather statistics from these data and use these statistics to generate a random entropic network to model the cytoskeleton. We then simulate the behavior of the resulting red blood cells in flow. As we demonstrate through simulations, this method makes it possible to examine the consequences of changes in microstructural properties such as the rate of cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Fai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandra Leo-Macias
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David L. Stokes
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Peskin
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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34
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Even C, Abramovici G, Delort F, Rigato AF, Bailleux V, de Sousa Moreira A, Vicart P, Rico F, Batonnet-Pichon S, Briki F. Mutation in the Core Structure of Desmin Intermediate Filaments Affects Myoblast Elasticity. Biophys J 2017; 113:627-636. [PMID: 28793217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic properties of cells are mainly derived from the actin cytoskeleton. However, intermediate filaments are emerging as major contributors to the mechanical properties of cells. Using atomic force microscopy, we studied the elasticity of mouse myoblasts expressing a mutant form of the gene encoding for desmin intermediate filaments, p.D399Y. This variant produces desmin aggregates, the main pathological symptom of myofibrillar myopathies. Here we show that desmin-mutated cells display a 39% increased median elastic modulus compared to wild-type cells. Desmin-mutated cells required higher forces than wild-type cells to reach high indentation depths, where desmin intermediate filaments are typically located. In addition, heat-shock treatment increased the proportion of cells with aggregates and induced a secondary peak in the distribution of Young's moduli. By performing atomic force microscopy mechanical mapping combined with fluorescence microscopy, we show that higher Young's moduli were measured where desmin aggregates were located, indicating that desmin aggregates are rigid. Therefore, we provide evidence that p.D399Y stiffens mouse myoblasts. Based on these results, we suggest that p.D399Y-related myofibrillar myopathy is at least partly due to altered mechanical properties at the single-cell scale, which are propagated to the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Even
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Gilles Abramovici
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Florence Delort
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative,UMR 8251, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna F Rigato
- Bio AFM Lab, U1006, Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Bailleux
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Abel de Sousa Moreira
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Vicart
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative,UMR 8251, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Felix Rico
- Bio AFM Lab, U1006, Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sabrina Batonnet-Pichon
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative,UMR 8251, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fatma Briki
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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35
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Circulating primitive erythroblasts establish a functional, protein 4.1R-dependent cytoskeletal network prior to enucleating. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5164. [PMID: 28701737 PMCID: PMC5507979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic ontogeny is characterized by distinct primitive and definitive erythroid lineages. Definitive erythroblasts mature and enucleate extravascularly and form a unique membrane skeleton, composed of spectrin, 4.1R-complex, and ankyrinR-complex components, to survive the vicissitudes of the adult circulation. However, little is known about the formation and composition of the membrane skeleton in primitive erythroblasts, which progressively mature while circulating in the embryonic bloodstream. We found that primary primitive erythroblasts express the major membrane skeleton genes present in similarly staged definitive erythroblasts, suggesting that the composition and formation of this membrane network is conserved in maturing primitive and definitive erythroblasts despite their respective intravascular and extravascular locations. Membrane deformability and stability of primitive erythroblasts, assayed by microfluidic studies and fluorescence imaged microdeformation, respectively, significantly increase prior to enucleation. These functional changes coincide with protein 4.1 R isoform switching and protein 4.1R-null primitive erythroblasts fail to establish normal membrane stability and deformability. We conclude that maturing primitive erythroblasts initially navigate the embryonic vasculature prior to establishing a deformable cytoskeleton, which is ultimately formed prior to enucleation. Formation of an erythroid-specific, protein 4.1R-dependent membrane skeleton is an important feature not only of definitive, but also of primitive, erythropoiesis in mammals.
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36
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Sigüenza J, Mendez S, Nicoud F. How should the optical tweezers experiment be used to characterize the red blood cell membrane mechanics? Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1645-1657. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Cell shapes are related to their biological function. More generally, membrane morphology plays a role in the segregation and activity of transmembrane proteins. Here we show geometric implications regarding how cellular mechanics plays a role in localizing thermal fluctuations on the membrane. We show theoretically that certain geometric features of curved shells control the spatial distribution of membrane undulations. We experimentally verify this theory using discocyte red blood cells and find that geometry alone is sufficient to account for the observed spatial distribution of fluctuations. Our results, based on statistical physics and membrane elasticity, have general implications for the use of membrane shape to control thermal undulations in a variety of nanostructured materials ranging from cell membranes to graphene sheets. The thermal fluctuations of membranes and nanoscale shells affect their mechanical characteristics. Whereas these fluctuations are well understood for flat membranes, curved shells show anomalous behavior due to the geometric coupling between in-plane elasticity and out-of-plane bending. Using conventional shallow shell theory in combination with equilibrium statistical physics we theoretically demonstrate that thermalized shells containing regions of negative Gaussian curvature naturally develop anomalously large fluctuations. Moreover, the existence of special curves, “singular lines,” leads to a breakdown of linear membrane theory. As a result, these geometric curves effectively partition the cell into regions whose fluctuations are only weakly coupled. We validate these predictions using high-resolution microscopy of human red blood cells (RBCs) as a case study. Our observations show geometry-dependent localization of thermal fluctuations consistent with our theoretical modeling, demonstrating the efficacy in combining shell theory with equilibrium statistical physics for describing the thermalized morphology of cellular membranes.
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38
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Ito H, Murakami R, Sakuma S, Tsai CHD, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K, Pöschl JMB, Arai F, Kaneko M, Tanaka M. Mechanical diagnosis of human erythrocytes by ultra-high speed manipulation unraveled critical time window for global cytoskeletal remodeling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43134. [PMID: 28233788 PMCID: PMC5324053 DOI: 10.1038/srep43134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Large deformability of erythrocytes in microvasculature is a prerequisite to realize smooth circulation. We develop a novel tool for the three-step “Catch-Load-Launch” manipulation of a human erythrocyte based on an ultra-high speed position control by a microfluidic “robotic pump”. Quantification of the erythrocyte shape recovery as a function of loading time uncovered the critical time window for the transition between fast and slow recoveries. The comparison with erythrocytes under depletion of adenosine triphosphate revealed that the cytoskeletal remodeling over a whole cell occurs in 3 orders of magnitude longer timescale than the local dissociation-reassociation of a single spectrin node. Finally, we modeled septic conditions by incubating erythrocytes with endotoxin, and found that the exposure to endotoxin results in a significant delay in the characteristic transition time for cytoskeletal remodeling. The high speed manipulation of erythrocytes with a robotic pump technique allows for high throughput mechanical diagnosis of blood-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan.,Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Johannes M B Pöschl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinic of Neonatology, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Kamm RD, Lammerding J, Mofrad MRK. Cellular Nanomechanics. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54357-3_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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40
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Biomechanics of subcellular structures by non-invasive Brillouin microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37217. [PMID: 27845411 PMCID: PMC5109042 DOI: 10.1038/srep37217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular biomechanics play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of several diseases. Unfortunately, current methods to measure biomechanical properties are invasive and mostly limited to the surface of a cell. As a result, the mechanical behaviour of subcellular structures and organelles remains poorly characterised. Here, we show three-dimensional biomechanical images of single cells obtained with non-invasive, non-destructive Brillouin microscopy with an unprecedented spatial resolution. Our results quantify the longitudinal elastic modulus of subcellular structures. In particular, we found the nucleoli to be stiffer than both the nuclear envelope (p < 0.0001) and the surrounding cytoplasm (p < 0.0001). Moreover, we demonstrate the mechanical response of cells to Latrunculin-A, a drug that reduces cell stiffness by preventing cytoskeletal assembly. Our technique can therefore generate valuable insights into cellular biomechanics and its role in pathophysiology.
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41
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Lin CH, Wang CK, Chen YA, Peng CC, Liao WH, Tung YC. Measurement of in-plane elasticity of live cell layers using a pressure sensor embedded microfluidic device. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36425. [PMID: 27812019 PMCID: PMC5095558 DOI: 10.1038/srep36425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In various physiological activities, cells experience stresses along their in-plane direction when facing substrate deformation. Capability of continuous monitoring elasticity of live cell layers during a period is highly desired to investigate cell property variation during various transformations under normal or disease states. This paper reports time-lapsed measurement of live cell layer in-plane elasticity using a pressure sensor embedded microfluidic device. The sensor converts pressure-induced deformation of a flexible membrane to electrical signals. When cells are cultured on top of the membrane, flexural rigidity of the composite membrane increases and further changes the output electrical signals. In the experiments, human embryonic lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells are cultured and analyzed to estimate the in-plane elasticity. In addition, the cells are treated with a growth factor to simulate lung fibrosis to study the effects of cell transformation on the elasticity variation. For comparison, elasticity measurement on the cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is also performed. The experimental results confirm highly anisotropic configuration and material properties of cells. Furthermore, the in-plane elasticity can be monitored during the cell transformation after the growth factor stimulation. Consequently, the developed microfluidic device provides a powerful tool to study physical properties of cells for fundamental biophysics and biomedical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Lin
- Academia Sinica, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Tamkang University, Department of Civil Engineering, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Academia Sinica, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Academia Sinica, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Academia Sinica, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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42
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Lai L, Xu X, Lim CT, Cao J. Stiffening of Red Blood Cells Induced by Cytoskeleton Disorders: A Joint Theory-Experiment Study. Biophys J 2016; 109:2287-94. [PMID: 26636940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions and elasticities of the cell are largely related to the structures of the cytoskeletons underlying the lipid bilayer. Among various cell types, the red blood cell (RBC) possesses a relatively simple cytoskeletal structure. Underneath the membrane, the RBC cytoskeleton takes the form of a two-dimensional triangular network, consisting of nodes of actins (and other proteins) and edges of spectrins. Recent experiments focusing on the malaria-infected RBCs (iRBCs) show that there is a correlation between the elongation of spectrins in the cytoskeletal network and the stiffening of the iRBCs. Here we rationalize the correlation between these two observations by combining the wormlike chain model for single spectrins and the effective medium theory for the network elasticity. We specifically focus on how the disorders in the cytoskeletal network affect its macroscopic elasticity. Analytical and numerical solutions from our model reveal that the stiffness of the membrane increases with increasing end-to-end distances of spectrins, but has a nonmonotonic dependence on the variance of the end-to-end distance distributions. These predictions are verified quantitatively by our atomic force microscopy and micropipette aspiration measurements of iRBCs. The model may, from a molecular level, provide guidelines for future identification of new treatment methods for RBC-related diseases, such as malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Lai
- Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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43
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Creep and stress relaxation of human red cell membrane. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:239-247. [PMID: 27514540 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to most mechanical properties of the red cell, experimental information on stress relaxation (SR) of the membrane skeleton is scarce. On the other hand, many postulates or assumptions as to the value of the characteristic time of SR [Formula: see text] can be found in the literature. Here, an experiment is presented that allows measurement of [Formula: see text] up to values of about 10 h. The membrane skeleton was deformed passively by changing the spontaneous curvature of the bilayer thus transforming the natively biconcave red cells into echinocytes. This shape and the concomitant deformation of the skeleton were kept up to 4 h by incubation at 37 ℃. During this period, no plastic deformation (creep) was observed. After the incubation, the spontaneous curvature was returned to normal. The resulting shape was smooth showing no remnants of the echinocytic shape. Both observations indicate [Formula: see text] 10 h. This result is in gross disagreement to postulates or assumptions existing in the literature.
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44
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Plasmodium falciparum STEVOR phosphorylation regulates host erythrocyte deformability enabling malaria parasite transmission. Blood 2016; 127:e42-53. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-690776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
P falciparum STEVORs interact with the erythrocyte cytoskeletal ankyrin complex. Infected erythrocyte deformability is regulated by PKA-mediated phosphorylation of STEVOR cytoplasmic domain.
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45
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Jang Y, Jang WS, Gao C, Shim TS, Crocker JC, Hammer DA, Lee D. Tuning the Mechanical Properties of Recombinant Protein-Stabilized Gas Bubbles Using Triblock Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:371-376. [PMID: 35614706 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas bubbles enhance contrast in ultrasound sonography and can also carry and deliver therapeutic agents. The mechanical properties of the bubble shell play a critical role in determining the physical response of gas bubbles under ultrasound insonation. Currently, few methods allow for tailoring of the mechanical properties of the stabilizing layers of gas bubbles. Here, we demonstrate that blending of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) amphiphilic triblock copolymer with a recombinant protein, oleosin, enables the tuning of the mechanical properties of the bubble stabilizing layer. The areal expansion modulus of gas bubbles, as determined by micropipette aspiration, depends on the structure as well as the concentration of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers. We believe our method of using a mixture of PEO-PPO-PEO and oleosin can potentially lead to the formation of microbubbles with stabilizing shells that can be functionalized and tailored for specific applications in ultrasound imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongseon Jang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Woo-Sik Jang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chen Gao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tae Soup Shim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John C. Crocker
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ∥Department of Bioengineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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46
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Nejad SM, Hosseini H, Akiyama H, Tachibana K. Reparable Cell Sonoporation in Suspension: Theranostic Potential of Microbubble. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:446-55. [PMID: 26941839 PMCID: PMC4775856 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjunction of low intensity ultrasound and encapsulated microbubbles can alter the permeability of cell membrane, offering a promising theranostic technique for non-invasive gene/drug delivery. Despite its great potential, the biophysical mechanisms of the delivery at the cellular level remains poorly understood. Here, the first direct high-speed micro-photographic images of human lymphoma cell and microbubble interaction dynamics are provided in a completely free suspension environment without any boundary parameter defect. Our real-time images and theoretical analyses prove that the negative divergence side of the microbubble's dipole microstreaming locally pulls the cell membrane, causing transient local protrusion of 2.5 µm in the cell membrane. The linear oscillation of microbubble caused microstreaming well below the inertial cavitation threshold, and imposed 35.3 Pa shear stress on the membrane, promoting an area strain of 0.12%, less than the membrane critical areal strain to cause cell rupture. Positive transfected cells with pEGFP-N1 confirm that the interaction causes membrane poration without cell disruption. The results show that the overstretched cell membrane causes reparable submicron pore formation, providing primary evidence of low amplitude (0.12 MPa at 0.834 MHz) ultrasound sonoporation mechanism.
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47
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Yoon D, You D. Continuum modeling of deformation and aggregation of red blood cells. J Biomech 2015; 49:2267-2279. [PMID: 26706720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain better understanding for rheology of an isolated red blood cell (RBC) and a group of multiple RBCs, new continuum models for describing mechanical properties of cellular structures of an RBC and inter-cellular interactions among multiple RBCs are developed. The viscous property of an RBC membrane, which characterizes dynamic behaviors of an RBC under stress loading and unloading processes, is determined using a generalized Maxwell model. The present model is capable of predicting stress relaxation and stress-strain hysteresis, of which prediction is not possible using the commonly used Kelvin-Voigt model. Nonlinear elasticity of an RBC is determined using the Yeoh hyperelastic material model in a framework of continuum mechanics using finite-element approximation. A novel method to model inter-cellular interactions among multiple adjacent RBCs is also developed. Unlike the previous modeling approaches for aggregation of RBCs, where interaction energy for aggregation is curve-fitted using a Morse-type potential function, the interaction energy is analytically determined. The present aggregation model, therefore, allows us to predict various effects of physical parameters such as the osmotic pressure, the thickness of a glycocalyx layer, the penetration depth, and the permittivity, on the depletion and electrostatic energy among RBCs. Simulations for elongation and recovery deformation of an RBC and for aggregation of multiple RBCs are conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the present continuum modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daegeun Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Donghyun You
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea.
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48
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Sinha K, Graham MD. Dynamics of a single red blood cell in simple shear flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042710. [PMID: 26565275 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work describes simulations of a red blood cell (RBC) in simple shear flow, focusing on the dependence of the cell dynamics on the spontaneous curvature of the membrane. The results show that an oblate spheroidal spontaneous curvature maintains the dimple of the RBC during tank-treading dynamics as well as exhibits off-shear-plane tumbling consistent with the experimental observations of Dupire et al. [J. Dupire, M. Socol, and A. Viallat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 20808 (2012)] and their hypothesis of an inhomogeneous spontaneous shape. As the flow strength (capillary number Ca) is increased at a particular viscosity ratio between inner and outer fluid, the dynamics undergo transitions in the following sequence: tumbling, kayaking or rolling, tilted tank-treading, oscillating-swinging, swinging, and tank-treading. The tilted tank-treading (or spinning frisbee) regime has been previously observed in experiments but not in simulations. Two distinct classes of regime are identified: a membrane reorientation regime, where the part of membrane that is at the dimple at rest moves to the rim and vice versa, is observed in motions at high Ca such as tilted tank-treading, oscillating-swinging, swinging, and tank-treading, and a nonreorientation regime, where the part of the membrane starting from the dimple stays at the dimple, is observed in motions at low Ca such as rolling, tumbling, kayaking, and flip-flopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, USA
| | - Michael D Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, USA
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49
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Svetina S, Kokot G, Kebe TŠ, Žekš B, Waugh RE. A novel strain energy relationship for red blood cell membrane skeleton based on spectrin stiffness and its application to micropipette deformation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:745-58. [PMID: 26376642 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) membrane skeleton is a closed two-dimensional elastic network of spectrin tetramers with nodes formed by short actin filaments. Its three-dimensional shape conforms to the shape of the bilayer, to which it is connected through vertical linkages to integral membrane proteins. Numerous methods have been devised over the years to predict the response of the RBC membrane to applied forces and determine the corresponding increase in the skeleton elastic energy arising either directly from continuum descriptions of its deformation, or seeking to relate the macroscopic behavior of the membrane to its molecular constituents. In the current work, we present a novel continuum formulation rooted in the molecular structure of the membrane and apply it to analyze model deformations similar to those that occur during aspiration of RBCs into micropipettes. The microscopic elastic properties of the skeleton are derived by treating spectrin tetramers as simple linear springs. For a given local deformation of the skeleton, we determine the average bond energy and define the corresponding strain energy function and stress-strain relationships. The lateral redistribution of the skeleton is determined variationally to correspond to the minimum of its total energy. The predicted dependence of the length of the aspirated tongue on the aspiration pressure is shown to describe the experimentally observed system behavior in a quantitative manner by taking into account in addition to the skeleton energy an energy of attraction between RBC membrane and the micropipette surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Svetina
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Kokot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tjaša Švelc Kebe
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Žekš
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Richard E Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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50
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Ito H, Kuss N, Rapp BE, Ichikawa M, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K, Pöschl JMB, Tanaka M. Quantification of the Influence of Endotoxins on the Mechanics of Adult and Neonatal Red Blood Cells. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7837-45. [PMID: 26024425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we physically modeled the influence of endotoxin-induced sepsis symptoms on human red blood cells (RBCs) by quantifying the impact of endotoxins on the cell mechanics by the analysis of Fourier-transformed mean square amplitude of shape fluctuation, called flicker spectroscopy. With the aid of a microfluidic diffusion chamber, we noninvasively determined principal mechanical parameters of human RBCs in the absence and presence of endotoxins for individual RBCs for the first time. Because of the elongation of saccharide chain length of endotoxins, we found an increase in the morphological transition from discocytes to echinocytes, and monotonic changes in the mechanical parameters. Since septic shocks often cause lethal risks of neonates, we measured the mechanical parameters of neonatal RBCs, and compared them to those of adult RBCs. The quantitative comparison reveals that neonatal RBCs are more susceptible to the effect of endotoxins than adult RBCs. Furthermore, coincubation with the antiseptic peptide P19-2.5 (Aspidasept) with endotoxin results in a slight suppression of the impact of the endotoxin. The strategy proposed in our study can potentially be applied for the quantitative diagnosis of RBCs based on mechanical readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- †Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan.,‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Navina Kuss
- §Department of Pediatrics, Clinic of Neonatology, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bastian E Rapp
- ∥Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Ichikawa
- †Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Johannes M B Pöschl
- §Department of Pediatrics, Clinic of Neonatology, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,¶Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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