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Zhang XL, Li YX, Berglund N, Burgdorf JS, Donello JE, Moskal JR, Stanton PK. Zelquistinel acts at an extracellular binding domain to modulate intracellular calcium inactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2024; 259:110100. [PMID: 39117105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Stinels are a novel class of N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) positive allosteric modulators. We explored mechanism of action and NR2 subtype specificity of the stinel zelquistinel (ZEL) in HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant NMDARs. ZEL potently enhanced NMDAR current at NR2A (EC50 = 9.9 ± 0.5 nM) and NR2C-containing (EC50 = 9.7 ± 0.6 nM) NMDARs, with a larger ceiling enhancement at NR2B-NMDAR (EC50 = 35.0 ± 0.7 nM), while not affecting NR2D-containing NMDARs. In cells expressing NR2A and NR2C-containing NMDARs, ZEL exhibited an inverted-U dose-response relation, with a low concentration enhancement and high concentration suppression of NMDAR currents. Extracellular application of ZEL potentiated NMDAR receptor activity via prolongation of NMDAR currents. Replacing the slow Ca2+ intracellular chelator EGTA with the fast chelator BAPTA blocked ZEL potentiation of NMDARs, suggesting an action on intracellular Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent inactivation (CDI). Consistent with this mechanism of action, removal of the NR1 intracellular C-terminus, or intracellular infusion of a calmodulin blocking peptide, blocked ZEL potentiation of NMDAR current. In contrast, BAPTA did not prevent high-dose suppression of current, indicating this effect has a different mechanism of action. These data indicate ZEL is a novel positive allosteric modulator that binds extracellularly and acts through a unique long-distance mechanism to reduce NMDAR CDI, eliciting enhancement of NMDAR current. The critical role that NMDARs play in long-term, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, learning, memory and cognition, suggests dysregulation of CDI may contribute to psychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and others, and that the stinel class of drugs can restore NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity by reducing activity-dependent CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- AbbVie Inc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Nils Berglund
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Eve BioTek, Warrington, UK
| | | | - John E Donello
- Gate Neurosciences, 1210 Waterway Blvd, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Joseph R Moskal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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Okubo R, Okada M, Motomura E. Dysfunction of the NMDA Receptor in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and/or the Pathomechanisms of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1128. [PMID: 39334894 PMCID: PMC11430065 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
For several decades, the dopamine hypothesis contributed to the discovery of numerous typical and atypical antipsychotics and was the sole hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics, other than clozapine, have been effective in addressing negative symptoms and cognitive impairments, which are indices for the prognostic and disability outcomes of schizophrenia. Following the development of atypical antipsychotics, the therapeutic targets for antipsychotics expanded beyond the blockade of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to explore the partial agonism of the D2 receptor and the modulation of new targets, such as D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT7, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Despite these efforts, to date, psychiatry has not successfully developed antipsychotics with antipsychotic properties proven to be superior to those of clozapine. The glutamate hypothesis, another hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology/pathomechanism of schizophrenia, was proposed based on clinical findings that N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine, induce schizophrenia-like psychotic episodes. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) revealed that approximately 30% of the risk genes for schizophrenia (the total number was over one hundred) encode proteins associated with glutamatergic transmission. These findings supported the validation of the glutamate hypothesis, which was inspired by the clinical findings regarding NMDAR antagonists. Additionally, these clinical and genetic findings suggest that schizophrenia is possibly a syndrome with complicated pathomechanisms that are affected by multiple biological and genetic vulnerabilities. The glutamate hypothesis has been the most extensively investigated pathophysiology/pathomechanism hypothesis, other than the dopamine hypothesis. Studies have revealed the possibility that functional abnormalities of the NMDAR play important roles in the pathophysiology/pathomechanism of schizophrenia. However, no antipsychotics derived from the glutamatergic hypothesis have yet been approved for the treatment of schizophrenia or treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Considering the increasing evidence supporting the potential pro-cognitive effects of glutamatergic agents and the lack of sufficient medications to treat the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia, these previous setbacks cannot preclude research into potential novel glutamate modulators. Given this background, to emphasize the importance of the dysfunction of the NMDAR in the pathomechanism and/or pathophysiology of schizophrenia, this review introduces the increasing findings on the functional abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission associated with the NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eishi Motomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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3
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Wang G, Qi W, Liu QH, Guan W. GluN2A: A Promising Target for Developing Novel Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyae037. [PMID: 39185814 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with high morbidity and disability rates that poses serious problems regarding mental health care. It is now well established that N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators are being increasingly explored as potential therapeutic options for treating depression, although relatively little is known about their mechanisms of action. NMDARs are glutamate-gated ion channels that are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and they have been shown to play key roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. GluN2A, the predominant Glu2N subunit of functional NMDARs in neurons, is involved in various physiological processes in the CNS and is associated with diseases such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. However, the role of GluN2A in the pathophysiology of depression has not yet been elucidated. METHODS We reviewed several past studies to better understand the function of GluN2A in depression. Additionally, we also summarized the pathogenesis of depression based on the regulation of GluN2A expression, particularly its interaction with neuroinflammation and neurogenesis, which has received considerable critical attention and is highly implicated in the onset of depression. RESULTS These evidence suggests that GluN2A overexpression impairs structural and functional synaptic plasticity, which contributes to the development of depression. Consequently, this knowledge is vital for the development of selective antagonists targeting GluN2A subunits using pharmacological and molecular methods. CONCLUSIONS Specific inhibition of the GluN2A NMDAR subunit is resistant to chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors, making them promising targets for the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital affiliated to Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Wang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital affiliated to Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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4
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Misiachna A, Konecny J, Kolcheva M, Ladislav M, Prchal L, Netolicky J, Kortus S, Zahumenska P, Langore E, Novak M, Hemelikova K, Hermanova Z, Hrochova M, Pelikanova A, Odvarkova J, Pejchal J, Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Horak M. Potent and reversible open-channel blocker of NMDA receptor derived from dizocilpine with enhanced membrane-to-channel inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117201. [PMID: 39053419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a significant role in developing several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Currently, memantine, used for treating Alzheimer's disease, and ketamine, known for its anesthetic and antidepressant properties, are two clinically used NMDAR open-channel blockers. However, despite extensive research into NMDAR modulators, many have shown either harmful side effects or inadequate effectiveness. For instance, dizocilpine (MK-801) is recognized for its powerful psychomimetic effects due to its high-affinity and nearly irreversible inhibition of the GluN1/GluN2 NMDAR subtypes. Unlike ketamine, memantine and MK-801 also act through a unique, low-affinity "membrane-to-channel inhibition" (MCI). We aimed to develop an open-channel blocker based on MK-801 with distinct inhibitory characteristics from memantine and MK-801. Our novel compound, K2060, demonstrated effective voltage-dependent inhibition in the micromolar range at key NMDAR subtypes, GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B, even in the presence of Mg2+. K2060 showed reversible inhibitory dynamics and a partially trapping open-channel blocking mechanism with a significantly stronger MCI than memantine. Using hippocampal slices, 30 µM K2060 inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents in CA1 hippocampal neurons by ∼51 %, outperforming 30 µM memantine (∼21 % inhibition). K2060 exhibited No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 15 mg/kg upon intraperitoneal administration in mice. Administering K2060 at a 10 mg/kg dosage resulted in brain concentrations of approximately 2 µM, with peak concentrations (Tmax) achieved within 15 minutes. Finally, applying K2060 with trimedoxime and atropine in mice exposed to tabun improved treatment outcomes. These results underscore K2060's potential as a therapeutic agent for CNS disorders linked to NMDAR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Misiachna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konecny
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Marharyta Kolcheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ladislav
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Netolicky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kortus
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Zahumenska
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Emily Langore
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Hemelikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hrochova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Anezka Pelikanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Odvarkova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; University of Defense, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 14200, Czech Republic.
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Liu Y, Shao D, Lou S, Kou Z. Structural prediction of GluN3 NMDA receptors. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1446459. [PMID: 39229618 PMCID: PMC11368749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1446459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heterotetrametric ion channels composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two alternative GluN2 or GluN3 subunits, forming GluN1-N2, GluN1-N3, and GluN1-N2-N3 type of NMDA receptors. Extensive research has focused on the functional and structural properties of conventional GluN1-GluN2 NMDA receptors due to their early discovery and high expression levels. However, the knowledge of unconventional GluN1-N3 NMDA receptors remains limited. In this study, we modeled the GluN1-N3A, GluN1-N3B, and GluN1-N3A-N3B NMDA receptors using deep-learned protein-language predication algorithms AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold All-Atom. We then compared these structures with GluN1-N2 and GluN1-N3A receptor cryo-EM structures and found that GluN1-N3 receptors have distinct properties in subunit arrangement, domain swap, and domain interaction. Furthermore, we predicted the agonist- or antagonist-bound structures, highlighting the key molecular-residue interactions. Our findings shed new light on the structural and functional diversity of NMDA receptors and provide a new direction for drug development. This study uses advanced AI algorithms to model GluN1-N3 NMDA receptors, revealing unique structural properties and interactions compared to conventional GluN1-N2 receptors. By highlighting key molecular-residue interactions and predicting ligand-bound structures, our research enhances the understanding of NMDA receptor diversity and offers new insights for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Liu
- Cancer Center, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Da Shao
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulei Lou
- Institute of Hospital Management, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zengwei Kou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Chou TH, Epstein M, Fritzemeier RG, Akins NS, Paladugu S, Ullman EZ, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF, Furukawa H. Molecular mechanism of ligand gating and opening of NMDA receptor. Nature 2024; 632:209-217. [PMID: 39085540 PMCID: PMC11376105 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate transmission and activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors are the fundamental means by which neurons control their excitability and neuroplasticity1. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is unique among all ligand-gated channels, requiring two ligands-glutamate and glycine-for activation. These receptors function as heterotetrameric ion channels, with the channel opening dependent on the simultaneous binding of glycine and glutamate to the extracellular ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of the GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, respectively2,3. The exact molecular mechanism for channel gating by the two ligands has been unclear, particularly without structures representing the open channel and apo states. Here we show that the channel gate opening requires tension in the linker connecting the LBD and transmembrane domain (TMD) and rotation of the extracellular domain relative to the TMD. Using electron cryomicroscopy, we captured the structure of the GluN1-GluN2B (GluN1-2B) NMDAR in its open state bound to a positive allosteric modulator. This process rotates and bends the pore-forming helices in GluN1 and GluN2B, altering the symmetry of the TMD channel from pseudofourfold to twofold. Structures of GluN1-2B NMDAR in apo and single-liganded states showed that binding of either glycine or glutamate alone leads to distinct GluN1-2B dimer arrangements but insufficient tension in the LBD-TMD linker for channel opening. This mechanistic framework identifies a key determinant for channel gating and a potential pharmacological strategy for modulating NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chou
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Max Epstein
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Srinu Paladugu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elijah Z Ullman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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7
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Chen X, Wang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Feng S, Xu S. A scientometric analysis of research on the role of NMDA receptor in the treatment of depression. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394730. [PMID: 38974036 PMCID: PMC11224522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There have been numerous studies on NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets for depression. However, so far, there has been no comprehensive scientometric analysis of this field. Thus, we conducted a scientometric analysis with the aim of better elucidating the research hotspots and future trends in this field. Methods Publications on NMDAR in Depression between 2004 and 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Then, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Scimago Graphica, and R-bibliometrix-were used for the scientometric analysis and visualization. Results 5,092 qualified documents were identified to scientometric analysis. In the past 20 years, there has been an upward trend in the number of annual publications. The United States led the world in terms of international collaborations, publications, and citations. 15 main clusters were identified from the co-cited references analysis with notable modularity (Q-value = 0.7628) and silhouette scores (S-value = 0.9171). According to the keyword and co-cited references analysis, treatment-resistant depression ketamine (an NMDAR antagonist), oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neuroplasticity related downstream factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor were the research hotspots in recent years. Conclusion As the first scientometric analysis of NMDAR in Depression, this study shed light on the development, trends, and hotspots of research about NMDAR in Depression worldwide. The application and potential mechanisms of ketamine in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still a hot research topic at present. However, the side effects of NMDAR antagonist like ketamine have prompted research on new rapid acting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shanwu Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children’s Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children’s Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Korinek M, Candelas Serra M, Abdel Rahman F, Dobrovolski M, Kuchtiak V, Abramova V, Fili K, Tomovic E, Hrcka Krausova B, Krusek J, Cerny J, Vyklicky L, Balik A, Smejkalova T. Disease-Associated Variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes: Insights into NMDA Receptor Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology. Physiol Res 2024; 73:S413-S434. [PMID: 38836461 PMCID: PMC11412357 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity, and for the development of neural circuits. Rare or de-novo variants in GRIN genes encoding NMDAR subunits have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism, schizophrenia, or epilepsy. In recent years, some disease-associated variants in GRIN genes have been characterized using recombinant receptors expressed in non-neuronal cells, and a few variants have also been studied in neuronal preparations or animal models. Here we review the current literature on the functional evaluation of human disease-associated variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes at all levels of analysis. Focusing on the impact of different patient variants at the level of receptor function, we discuss effects on receptor agonist and co-agonist affinity, channel open probability, and receptor cell surface expression. We consider how such receptor-level functional information may be used to classify variants as gain-of-function or loss-of-function, and discuss the limitations of this classification at the synaptic, cellular, or system level. Together this work by many laboratories worldwide yields valuable insights into NMDAR structure and function, and represents significant progress in the effort to understand and treat GRIN disorders. Keywords: NMDA receptor , GRIN genes, Genetic variants, Electrophysiology, Synapse, Animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Korinek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Kellner S, Berlin S. Rescuing tri-heteromeric NMDA receptor function: the potential of pregnenolone-sulfate in loss-of-function GRIN2B variants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:235. [PMID: 38795169 PMCID: PMC11127902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs emerging from GRIN genes) are tetrameric receptors that form diverse channel compositions in neurons, typically consisting of two GluN1 subunits combined with two GluN2(A-D) subunits. During prenatal stages, the predominant channels are di-heteromers with two GluN1 and two GluN2B subunits due to the high abundance of GluN2B subunits. Postnatally, the expression of GluN2A subunits increases, giving rise to additional subtypes, including GluN2A-containing di-heteromers and tri-heteromers with GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B subunits. The latter emerge as the major receptor subtype at mature synapses in the hippocampus. Despite extensive research on purely di-heteromeric receptors containing two identical GRIN variants, the impact of a single variant on the function of other channel forms, notably tri-heteromers, is lagging. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of two de novo GRIN2B variants (G689C and G689S) in pure, mixed di- and tri-heteromers. Our findings reveal that incorporating a single variant in mixed di-heteromers or tri-heteromers exerts a dominant negative effect on glutamate potency, although 'mixed' channels show improved potency compared to pure variant-containing di-heteromers. We show that a single variant within a receptor complex does not impair the response of all receptor subtypes to the positive allosteric modulator pregnenolone-sulfate (PS), whereas spermine completely fails to potentiate tri-heteromers containing GluN2A and -2B-subunits. We examined PS on primary cultured hippocampal neurons transfected with the variants, and observed a positive impact over current amplitudes and synaptic activity. Together, our study supports previous observations showing that mixed di-heteromers exhibit improved glutamate potency and extend these findings towards the exploration of the effect of Loss-of-Function variants over tri-heteromers. Notably, we provide an initial and crucial demonstration of the beneficial effects of GRIN2B-relevant potentiators on tri-heteromers. Our results underscore the significance of studying how different variants affect distinct receptor subtypes, as these effects cannot be inferred solely from observations made on pure di-heteromers. Overall, this study contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the pathophysiology of GRINopathies and provides insights into potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Kellner
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Bat Galim, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Shai Berlin
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Bat Galim, Haifa, 3525433, Israel.
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Juliá-Palacios N, Olivella M, Sigatullina Bondarenko M, Ibáñez-Micó S, Muñoz-Cabello B, Alonso-Luengo O, Soto-Insuga V, García-Navas D, Cuesta-Herraiz L, Andreo-Lillo P, Aguilera-Albesa S, Hedrera-Fernández A, González Alguacil E, Sánchez-Carpintero R, Martín Del Valle F, Jiménez González E, Cean Cabrera L, Medina-Rivera I, Perez-Ordoñez M, Colomé R, Lopez L, Engracia Cazorla M, Fornaguera M, Ormazabal A, Alonso-Colmenero I, Illescas KS, Balsells-Mejía S, Mari-Vico R, Duffo Viñas M, Cappuccio G, Terrone G, Romano R, Manti F, Mastrangelo M, Alfonsi C, de Siqueira Barros B, Nizon M, Gjerulfsen CE, Muro VL, Karall D, Zeiner F, Masnada S, Peterlongo I, Oyarzábal A, Santos-Gómez A, Altafaj X, García-Cazorla Á. L-serine treatment in patients with GRIN-related encephalopathy: a phase 2A, non-randomized study. Brain 2024; 147:1653-1666. [PMID: 38380699 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
GRIN-related disorders are rare developmental encephalopathies with variable manifestations and limited therapeutic options. Here, we present the first non-randomized, open-label, single-arm trial (NCT04646447) designed to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of L-serine in children with GRIN genetic variants leading to loss-of-function. In this phase 2A trial, patients aged 2-18 years with GRIN loss-of-function pathogenic variants received L-serine for 52 weeks. Primary end points included safety and efficacy by measuring changes in the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Bayley Scales, age-appropriate Wechsler Scales, Gross Motor Function-88, Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form following 12 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes included seizure frequency and intensity reduction and EEG improvement. Assessments were performed 3 months and 1 day before starting treatment and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after beginning the supplement. Twenty-four participants were enrolled (13 males/11 females, mean age 9.8 years, SD 4.8), 23 of whom completed the study. Patients had GRIN2B, GRIN1 and GRIN2A variants (12, 6 and 5 cases, respectively). Their clinical phenotypes showed 91% had intellectual disability (61% severe), 83% had behavioural problems, 78% had movement disorders and 58% had epilepsy. Based on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite standard scores, nine children were classified as mildly impaired (cut-off score > 55), whereas 14 were assigned to the clinically severe group. An improvement was detected in the Daily Living Skills domain (P = 0035) from the Vineland Scales within the mild group. Expressive (P = 0.005), Personal (P = 0.003), Community (P = 0.009), Interpersonal (P = 0.005) and Fine Motor (P = 0.031) subdomains improved for the whole cohort, although improvement was mostly found in the mild group. The Growth Scale Values in the Cognitive subdomain of the Bayley-III Scale showed a significant improvement in the severe group (P = 0.016), with a mean increase of 21.6 points. L-serine treatment was associated with significant improvement in the median Gross Motor Function-88 total score (P = 0.002) and the mean Pediatric Quality of Life total score (P = 0.00068), regardless of severity. L-serine normalized the EEG pattern in five children and the frequency of seizures in one clinically affected child. One patient discontinued treatment due to irritability and insomnia. The trial provides evidence that L-serine is a safe treatment for children with GRIN loss-of-function variants, having the potential to improve adaptive behaviour, motor function and quality of life, with a better response to the treatment in mild phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Juliá-Palacios
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivella
- Bioinformatics and Bioimaging Group. Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Life and Health Sciences (IRIS-CC), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Mariya Sigatullina Bondarenko
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Muñoz-Cabello
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Olga Alonso-Luengo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Deyanira García-Navas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cáceres, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Andreo-Lillo
- Neuropediatric Unit, Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Hedrera-Fernández
- Child Neurology Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ines Medina-Rivera
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Perez-Ordoñez
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Area, Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Colomé
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Lopez
- Department of Rehabilitation, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Engracia Cazorla
- Department of Rehabilitation, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fornaguera
- Department of Rehabilitation, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Ormazabal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Diseases (MetabERN), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Itziar Alonso-Colmenero
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Full Member of ERN EpiCare, Barcelona University, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katia Sofía Illescas
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sol Balsells-Mejía
- Department of Research Promotion and Management. Statistical Support, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosanna Mari-Vico
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Duffo Viñas
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Area, Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', 80125 Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pozzuoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Manti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Mario Mastrangelo
- Department of Women and Child Health and Uroginecological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience/Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Alfonsi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Bruna de Siqueira Barros
- Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciência Médicas, 56066 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | | | - Valeria L Muro
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Britanico Buenos Aires, C1280AEB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Paediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fiona Zeiner
- Clinic for Paediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Child Neurology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Peterlongo
- Department of Child Neurology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfonso Oyarzábal
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Santos-Gómez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángeles García-Cazorla
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-IRSJD, CIBERER and MetabERN, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou L, Duan J. The role of NMDARs in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14464. [PMID: 37680076 PMCID: PMC11017467 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, ketamine can generate rapid-onset and substantial anesthetic effects. Contrary to traditional anesthetics, ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and can induce loss of consciousness in patients. Recently, the subanaesthetic dose of ketamine was found to produce rapid-onset and lasting antidepressant effects. AIM However, how different concentrations of ketamine can induce diverse actions remains unclear. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the NMDAR-mediated anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine are not fully understood. METHOD In this review, we have introduced ketamine and its metabolism, summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDAR inhibition in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, explored the possible functions of NMDAR subunits in the effects of ketamine, and discussed the future directions of ketamine-based anesthetic and antidepressant drugs. RESULT Both the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine were thought to be mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition. CONCLUSION The roles of NMDARs have been extensively studied in the anaesthetic effects of ketamine. However, the roles of NMDARs in antidepressant effects of ketamine are complicated and controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of MedicineSunYat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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12
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Beckley JT, Aman TK, Ackley MA, Kazdoba TM, Lewis MC, Smith AC, Farley BJ, Dai J, Deats W, Hoffmann E, Robichaud AJ, Doherty JJ, Quirk MC. Pharmacological characterization of SAGE-718, a novel positive allosteric modulator of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1028-1050. [PMID: 37698384 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Select neuroactive steroids tune neural activity by modulating excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, including the endogenous cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC), which is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM). NMDA receptor PAMs are potentially an effective pharmacotherapeutic strategy to treat conditions associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological recording experiments and behavioural approaches, we evaluated the effect of SAGE-718, a novel neuroactive steroid NMDA receptor PAM currently in clinical development for the treatment of cognitive impairment, on NMDA receptor function and endpoints that are altered by NMDA receptor hypoactivity and assessed its safety profile. KEY RESULTS SAGE-718 potentiated GluN1/GluN2A-D NMDA receptors with equipotency and increased NMDA receptor excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude without affecting decay kinetics in striatal medium spiny neurons. SAGE-718 increased the rate of unblock of the NMDA receptor open channel blocker ketamine on GluN1/GluN2A in vitro and accelerated the rate of return on the ketamine-evoked increase in gamma frequency band power, as measured with electroencephalogram (EEG), suggesting that PAM activity is driven by increased channel open probability. SAGE-718 ameliorated deficits due to NMDA receptor hypofunction, including social deficits induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine, and behavioural and electrophysiological deficits from cholesterol and 24(S)-HC depletion caused by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase inhibition. Finally, SAGE-718 did not produce epileptiform activity in a seizure model or neurodegeneration following chronic dosing. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings provide strong evidence that SAGE-718 is a neuroactive steroid NMDA receptor PAM with a mechanism that is well suited as a treatment for conditions associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa K Aman
- Sage Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne C Smith
- Sage Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jing Dai
- Sage Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wayne Deats
- Sage Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Yao H, Wang X, Chi J, Chen H, Liu Y, Yang J, Yu J, Ruan Y, Xiang X, Pi J, Xu JF. Exploring Novel Antidepressants Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Key Membrane Receptors Based on Molecular Structures. Molecules 2024; 29:964. [PMID: 38474476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder that involves alterations in signal transmission across multiple scales and structural abnormalities. The development of effective antidepressants (ADs) has been hindered by the dominance of monoamine hypothesis, resulting in slow progress. Traditional ADs have undesirable traits like delayed onset of action, limited efficacy, and severe side effects. Recently, two categories of fast-acting antidepressant compounds have surfaced, dissociative anesthetics S-ketamine and its metabolites, as well as psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This has led to structural research and drug development of the receptors that they target. This review provides breakthroughs and achievements in the structure of depression-related receptors and novel ADs based on these. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has enabled researchers to identify the structures of membrane receptors, including the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor. These high-resolution structures can be used for the development of novel ADs using virtual drug screening (VDS). Moreover, the unique antidepressant effects of 5-HT1A receptors in various brain regions, and the pivotal roles of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (TrkB) in regulating synaptic plasticity, emphasize their potential as therapeutic targets. Using structural information, a series of highly selective ADs were designed based on the different role of receptors in MDD. These molecules have the favorable characteristics of rapid onset and low adverse drug reactions. This review offers researchers guidance and a methodological framework for the structure-based design of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiaxin Chi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Haorong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xufu Xiang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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15
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Sapienza J, Agostoni G, Dall'Acqua S, Sut S, Nasini S, Martini F, Marchesi A, Bechi M, Buonocore M, Cocchi F, Cavallaro R, Spangaro M, Comai S, Bosia M. The kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant schizophrenia at the crossroads between pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:71-80. [PMID: 38101180 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Two cardinal elements in the complex and multifaceted pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) are neuroinflammation and dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, with the latter being especially involved in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Interestingly, the Kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) is at the crossroad between them, constituting a potential causal link and a therapeutic target. Although there is preclinical and clinical evidence indicating a dysregulation of KP associated with the clinical phenotype of SCZ, clinical studies investigating the possible relationship between changes in biomarkers of the KP and response to pharmacotherapy are still limited. Therefore, we have studied possible differences in the circulating levels of biomarkers of the metabolism of tryptophan along the KP in 43 responders to first-line treatments (FLR) and 32 TRS patients treated with clozapine, and their possible associations with psychopathology in the two subgroups. Plasma levels of KYN were significantly higher in TRS patients than in FLR patients, indicating a greater activation of KP. Furthermore, the levels of quinolinic (NMDA receptor agonist) and kynurenic acid (NMDA negative allosteric modulator) showed a negative and a positive correlation with several dimensions and the overall symptomatology in the whole sample and in FLR, but not in TRS, suggesting a putative modulating effect of clozapine elicited through the NMDA receptors. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study that prevents us from demonstrating causation, these findings show a significant relationship among circulating KP biomarkers, psychopathology, and response to pharmacotherapy in SCZ. Therefore, plasma KP biomarkers should be further investigated for developing personalized medicine approaches in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Sapienza
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Humanities and Life Sciences, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Nasini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Marchesi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Bechi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buonocore
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cocchi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cavallaro
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spangaro
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Marta Bosia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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16
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Huang X, Chen W, Zhu S. Expression and Purification of Mammalian NMDA Receptor Protein for Functional Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2799:13-27. [PMID: 38727900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3830-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are critical for brain function and serve as drug targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. They typically form the tetrameric assembly of GluN1-GluN2 (2A to 2D) subtypes, with their diverse three-dimensional conformations linked with the physiologically relevant function in vivo. Purified proteins of tetrameric assembled NMDA receptors have broad applications in the structural elucidation, hybridoma technology for antibody production, and high-throughput drug screening. However, obtaining sufficient quantity and monodisperse NMDA receptor protein is still technically challenging. Here, we summarize a paradigm for the expression and purification of diverse NMDA receptor subtypes, with detailed descriptions on screening constructs by fluorescence size-exclusion chromatography (FSEC), generation of recombinant baculovirus, expression in the eukaryotic expression system, protein purification by affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), biochemical and functional validation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Hanson JE, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Banke TG, Xing H, Tsai MC, Menniti FS, Traynelis SF. Therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:51-66. [PMID: 37369776 PMCID: PMC10700609 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission, are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, and regulate synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptor modulators have long been considered as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New interest in NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets has been spurred by the findings that certain inhibitors of NMDA receptors produce surprisingly rapid and robust antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism, the induction of changes in the brain that well outlast the presence of drug in the body. These findings are driving research into an entirely new paradigm for using NMDA receptor antagonists in a host of related conditions. At the same time positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors are being pursued for enhancing synaptic function in diseases that feature NMDA receptor hypofunction. While there is great promise, developing the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor modulators must also navigate the potential significant risks posed by the use of such agents. We review here the emerging pharmacology of agents that target different NMDA receptor subtypes, offering new avenues for capturing the therapeutic potential of targeting this important receptor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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18
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Ritter N, Disse P, Aymanns I, Mücher L, Schreiber JA, Brenker C, Strünker T, Schepmann D, Budde T, Strutz-Seebohm N, Ametamey SM, Wünsch B, Seebohm G. Downstream Allosteric Modulation of NMDA Receptors by 3-Benzazepine Derivatives. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7238-7252. [PMID: 37542648 PMCID: PMC10657792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) composed of different splice variants display distinct pH sensitivities and are crucial for learning and memory, as well as for inflammatory or injury processes. Dysregulation of the NMDAR has been linked to diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. The development of selective receptor modulators, therefore, constitutes a promising approach for numerous therapeutical applications. Here, we identified (R)-OF-NB1 as a promising splice variant selective NMDAR antagonist. We investigated the interaction of (R)-OF-NB1 and NMDAR from a biochemical, bioinformatical, and electrophysiological perspective to characterize the downstream allosteric modulation of NMDAR by 3-benzazepine derivatives. The allosteric modulatory pathway starts at the ifenprodil binding pocket in the amino terminal domain and immobilizes the connecting α5-helix to the ligand binding domain, resulting in inhibition. In contrast, the exon 5 splice variant GluN1-1b elevates the NMDARs flexibility and promotes the open state of its ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ritter
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Aymanns
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Mücher
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Brenker
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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19
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Ladagu AD, Olopade FE, Adejare A, Olopade JO. GluN2A and GluN2B N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDARs) Subunits: Their Roles and Therapeutic Antagonists in Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1535. [PMID: 38004401 PMCID: PMC10674917 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate, playing a crucial role in the permeability of calcium ions and excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Composed of various subunits, NMDARs are predominantly formed by two obligatory GluN1 subunits (with eight splice variants) along with regulatory subunits GluN2 (GluN2A-2D) and GluN3 (GluN3A-B). They are widely distributed throughout the CNS and are involved in essential functions such as synaptic transmission, learning, memory, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. The presence of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits is particularly important for cognitive processes and has been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the roles of GluN2A and GluN2B NMDARs in neuropathologies provides valuable insights into the underlying causes and complexities of major nervous system disorders. This knowledge is vital for the development of selective antagonists targeting GluN2A and GluN2B subunits using pharmacological and molecular methods. Such antagonists represent a promising class of NMDA receptor inhibitors that have the potential to be developed into neuroprotective drugs with optimal therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Digal Ladagu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria; (A.D.L.); (J.O.O.)
| | - Funmilayo Eniola Olopade
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Adeboye Adejare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria; (A.D.L.); (J.O.O.)
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20
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Xie X, Yu T, Li X, Zhang N, Foster LJ, Peng C, Huang W, He G. Recent advances in targeting the "undruggable" proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:335. [PMID: 37669923 PMCID: PMC10480221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Undruggable proteins are a class of proteins that are often characterized by large, complex structures or functions that are difficult to interfere with using conventional drug design strategies. Targeting such undruggable targets has been considered also a great opportunity for treatment of human diseases and has attracted substantial efforts in the field of medicine. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent development of drug discovery targeting "undruggable" proteins and their application in clinic. To make this review well organized, we discuss the design strategies targeting the undruggable proteins, including covalent regulation, allosteric inhibition, protein-protein/DNA interaction inhibition, targeted proteins regulation, nucleic acid-based approach, immunotherapy and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Park C, Hahn O, Gupta S, Moreno AJ, Marino F, Kedir B, Wang D, Villeda SA, Wyss-Coray T, Dubal DB. Platelet factors are induced by longevity factor klotho and enhance cognition in young and aging mice. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:1067-1078. [PMID: 37587231 PMCID: PMC10501899 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelet factors regulate wound healing and can signal from the blood to the brain1,2. However, whether platelet factors modulate cognition, a highly valued and central manifestation of brain function, is unknown. Here we show that systemic platelet factor 4 (PF4) permeates the brain and enhances cognition. We found that, in mice, peripheral administration of klotho, a longevity and cognition-enhancing protein3-7, increased the levels of multiple platelet factors in plasma, including PF4. A pharmacologic intervention that inhibits platelet activation blocked klotho-mediated cognitive enhancement, indicating that klotho may require platelets to enhance cognition. To directly test the effects of platelet factors on the brain, we treated mice with vehicle or systemic PF4. In young mice, PF4 enhanced synaptic plasticity and cognition. In old mice, PF4 decreased cognitive deficits and restored aging-induced increases of select factors associated with cognitive performance in the hippocampus. The effects of klotho on cognition were still present in mice lacking PF4, suggesting this platelet factor is sufficient to enhance cognition but not necessary for the effects of klotho-and that other unidentified factors probably contribute. Augmenting platelet factors, possible messengers of klotho, may enhance cognition in the young brain and decrease cognitive deficits in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana Park
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shweta Gupta
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arturo J Moreno
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Marino
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Blen Kedir
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saul A Villeda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Zhou C, Tajima N. Structural insights into NMDA receptor pharmacology. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1713-1731. [PMID: 37431773 PMCID: PMC10586783 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) comprise a subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors that form heterotetrameric ligand-gated ion channels and play fundamental roles in neuronal processes such as synaptic signaling and plasticity. Given their critical roles in brain function and their therapeutic importance, enormous research efforts have been devoted to elucidating the structure and function of these receptors and developing novel therapeutics. Recent studies have resolved the structures of NMDARs in multiple functional states, and have revealed the detailed gating mechanism, which was found to be distinct from that of other ionotropic glutamate receptors. This review provides a brief overview of the recent progress in understanding the structures of NMDARs and the mechanisms underlying their function, focusing on subtype-specific, ligand-induced conformational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A
| | - Nami Tajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A
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23
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Irie K, Oda Y, Sumikama T, Oshima A, Fujiyoshi Y. The structural basis of divalent cation block in a tetrameric prokaryotic sodium channel. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4236. [PMID: 37454189 PMCID: PMC10349818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Divalent cation block is observed in various tetrameric ion channels. For blocking, a divalent cation is thought to bind in the ion pathway of the channel, but such block has not yet been directly observed. So, the behaviour of these blocking divalent cations remains still uncertain. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of the divalent cation block by reproducing the blocking effect into NavAb, a well-studied tetrameric sodium channel. Our crystal structures of NavAb mutants show that the mutations increasing the hydrophilicity of the inner vestibule of the pore domain enable a divalent cation to stack on the ion pathway. Furthermore, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation showed that the stacking calcium ion repel sodium ion at the bottom of the selectivity filter. These results suggest the primary process of the divalent cation block mechanism in tetrameric cation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Irie
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1, Shichibancho, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan.
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Oda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Sumikama
- PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oshima
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, 501-11193, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Laboratory (CeSPL), Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- CeSPIA Inc., 2-1-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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24
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Beesley S, Kumar SS. The t-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: Making the case for d-Serine to be considered its inverse co-agonist. Neuropharmacology 2023:109654. [PMID: 37437688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an enigmatic macromolecule that has garnered a good deal of attention on account of its involvement in the cellular processes that underlie learning and memory, following its discovery in the mid twentieth century (Baudry and Davis, 1991). Yet, despite advances in knowledge about its function, there remains much more to be uncovered regarding the receptor's biophysical properties, subunit composition, and role in CNS physiology and pathophysiology. The motivation for this review stems from the need for synthesizing new information gathered about these receptors that sheds light on their role in synaptic plasticity and their dichotomous relationship with the amino acid d-serine through which they influence the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of adult epilepsies (Beesley et al., 2020a). This review will outline pertinent ideas relating structure and function of t-NMDARs (GluN3 subunit-containing triheteromeric NMDARs) for which d-serine might serve as an inverse co-agonist. We will explore how tracing d-serine's origins blends glutamate-receptor biology with glial biology to help provide fresh perspectives on how neurodegeneration might interlink with neuroinflammation to initiate and perpetuate the disease state. Taken together, we envisage the review to deepen our understanding of endogenous d-serine's new role in the brain while also recognizing its therapeutic potential in the treatment of TLE that is oftentimes refractory to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Beesley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA
| | - Sanjay S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Program in Neuroscience Florida State University, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA.
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25
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Ray S, Gaudet R. Structures and coordination chemistry of transporters involved in manganese and iron homeostasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:897-923. [PMID: 37283482 PMCID: PMC10330786 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A repertoire of transporters plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of biologically essential transition metals, manganese, and iron, thus ensuring cell viability. Elucidating the structure and function of many of these transporters has provided substantial understanding into how these proteins help maintain the optimal cellular concentrations of these metals. In particular, recent high-resolution structures of several transporters bound to different metals enable an examination of how the coordination chemistry of metal ion-protein complexes can help us understand metal selectivity and specificity. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive list of both specific and broad-based transporters that contribute to cellular homeostasis of manganese (Mn2+) and iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) in bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. Furthermore, we explore the metal-binding sites of the available high-resolution metal-bound transporter structures (Nramps, ABC transporters, P-type ATPase) and provide a detailed analysis of their coordination spheres (ligands, bond lengths, bond angles, and overall geometry and coordination number). Combining this information with the measured binding affinity of the transporters towards different metals sheds light into the molecular basis of substrate selectivity and transport. Moreover, comparison of the transporters with some metal scavenging and storage proteins, which bind metal with high affinity, reveal how the coordination geometry and affinity trends reflect the biological role of individual proteins involved in the homeostasis of these essential transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamayeeta Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
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26
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Façanha Wendel C, Hapuque Oliveira Alencar Q, Viana Vieira R, Teixeira KN. In silico insight into Amurensinine - an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist. World J Pharmacol 2023; 12:25-34. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v12.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some isopavines can exhibit important biological activity in the treatment of neurological disorders since it is considered an antagonist of the specific N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Amurensinine is an isopavine which still has few studies. In view of the potential of isopavines as NMDA receptor antagonists, theoretical studies using bioinformatics were carried out in order to investigate whether Amurensinine binds to the NMDA receptor and to analyze the receptor/Ligand complex. This data can contribute to understanding of the onset of neurological diseases and contribute to the planning of drugs for the treatment of neurological diseases involving the NMDA receptor.
AIM To investigate the interaction of the antagonist Amurensinine on the GluN1A/ GluN2B isoform of the NMDA receptor using bioinformatics.
METHODS The three-dimen-sional structure of the GluN1A/GluN2B NMDA receptor was selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) - PDB: 4PE5, and the three-dimen-sional structure of Amurensinine (ligand) was designed and optimized using ACD/SchemsketchTM software. Prediction of the protonation state of Amur-ensinine at physiological pH was performed using MarvinSketch software (ChemAxon). Protonated and non-protonated Amurensin were prepared using AutoDock Tools 4 software and simulations were performed using Autodock Vina v.1.2.0. The receptor/Ligand complexes were analyzed using PyMol (Schrödinger, Inc) and BIOVIA Discovery Studio (Dassault Systemes) software. To evaluate the NMDA receptor/Amurensinine complex and validate the molecular docking, simulations using NMDA receptor and Ifenprodil antagonist were performed under the same conditions. Ifenprodil was also designed, optimized and protonated, under the same conditions as Amurensinine.
RESULTS Molecular docking simulations showed that both non-protonated and protonated Amurensinine bind to the amino terminal domain (ATD) domain of the GluN1A/GluN2B NMDA receptor with significant affinity energy, -7.9 Kcal/mol and -8.1 Kcal/mol, respectively. The NMDA receptor/non-protonated Amurensinine complex was stabilized by 15 bonds, while the NMDA receptor/protonated Amurensinine complex was stabilized by less than half, 6 bonds. Despite the difference in the number of bonds, the variation in bond length and the average bond length values are similar in both complexes. The complex formed by the NMDA receptor and Ifenprodil showed an affinity energy of -8.2 Kcal/mol, a value very close to that obtained for the NMDA receptor/Amurensinine complex. Molecular docking between Ifenprodil and the GluN1A /GluN2B NMDA receptor demonstrated that this antagonist interacts with the ATD of the receptor, which validates the simulations performed with Amurensinine.
CONCLUSION Amurensinine binds to the NMDA receptor on ATD, similar to Ifenprodil, and the affinity energy is closer. These data suggest that Amurensinine could behave as a receptor inhibitor, indicating that this compound may have a potential biological application, which should be evaluated by in vitro and preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Façanha Wendel
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Viana Vieira
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kádima Nayara Teixeira
- Campus Toledo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Toledo 85.919-899, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - Setor Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85.950-000, Paraná, Brazil
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27
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Ritter N, Disse P, Wünsch B, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N. Pharmacological Potential of 3-Benzazepines in NMDAR-Linked Pathophysiological Processes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1367. [PMID: 37239037 PMCID: PMC10216354 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) linked neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia is constantly increasing. This is partly due to demographic change and presents new challenges to societies. To date, there are no effective treatment options. Current medications are nonselective and can lead to unwanted side effects in patients. A promising therapeutic approach is the targeted inhibition of NMDARs in the brain. NMDARs containing different subunits and splice variants display different physiological properties and play a crucial role in learning and memory, as well as in inflammatory or injury processes. They become overactivated during the course of the disease, leading to nerve cell death. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding of the general functions of the receptor and the mechanism of inhibition, which need to be understood in order to develop inhibitors. Ideal compounds should be highly targeted and even splice-variant-selective. However, a potent and splice-variant-selective NMDAR-targeting drug has yet to be developed. Recently developed 3-benzazepines are promising inhibitors for further drug development. The NMDAR splice variants GluN1-1b-4b carry a 21-amino-acid-long, flexible exon 5. Exon 5 lowers the NMDAR's sensitivity to allosteric modulators by probably acting as an NMDAR modulator itself. The role of exon 5 in NMDAR modulation is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the structure and pharmacological relevance of tetrahydro-3-benzazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ritter
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (P.D.); (G.S.); (N.S.-S.)
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (P.D.); (G.S.); (N.S.-S.)
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (P.D.); (G.S.); (N.S.-S.)
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (P.D.); (G.S.); (N.S.-S.)
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28
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Bechthold E, Grey L, Diamant E, Schmidt J, Steigerwald R, Zhao F, Hansen KB, Bunch L, Clausen RP, Wünsch B. In vitro ADME characterization of a very potent 3-acylamino-2-aminopropionic acid-derived GluN2C-NMDA receptor agonist and its ester prodrugs. Biol Chem 2023; 404:255-265. [PMID: 36427206 PMCID: PMC10012426 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The GluN2C subunit exists predominantly, but not exclusively in NMDA receptors within the cerebellum. Antagonists such as UBP1700 and positive allosteric modulators including PYD-106 and 3-acylamino-2-aminopropionic acid derivatives such as UA3-10 ((R)-2-amino-3-{[5-(2-bromophenyl)thiophen-2-yl]carboxamido}propionic acid) represent promising tool compounds to investigate the role of GluN2C-containing NMDA receptors in the signal transduction in the brain. However, due to its high polarity the bioavailability and CNS penetration of the amino acid UA3-10 are expected to be rather low. Herein, three ester prodrugs 12a-c of the NMDA receptor glycine site agonist UA3-10 were prepared and pharmacokinetically characterized. The esters 12a-c showed higher lipophilicity (higher logD 7.4 values) than the acid UA3-10 but almost the same binding at human serum albumin. The acid UA3-10 was rather stable upon incubation with mouse liver microsomes and NADPH, but the esters 12a-c were fast hydrolyzed to afford the acid UA3-10. Incubation with pig liver esterase and mouse serum led to rapid hydrolysis of the esters 12a-c. The isopropyl ester 12c showed a promising logD 7.4 value of 3.57 and the highest stability in the presence of pig liver esterase and mouse serum. These results demonstrate that ester prodrugs of UA3-10 can potentially afford improved bioavailability and CNS penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bechthold
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Lucie Grey
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Emil Diamant
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Schmidt
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Ruben Steigerwald
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kasper B. Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT59812, USA
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus P. Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149Münster, Germany
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29
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Korff M, Steigerwald R, Bechthold E, Schepmann D, Schreiber JA, Meuth SG, Seebohm G, Wünsch B. Chemical, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization of the GluN2B receptor antagonist 3-(4-phenylbutyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-3-benzazepine-1,7-diol - starting point for PET tracer development. Biol Chem 2023; 404:279-289. [PMID: 36215695 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
GluN2B-NMDA receptors play a key role in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In order to develop novel negative allosteric GluN2B-NMDA receptor modulators, the concept of conformational restriction was pursued, i.e. the flexible aminoethanol substructure of ifenprodil was embedded into a more rigid tetrahydro-3-benzazepine system. The resulting tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-1,7-diol (±)-2 (WMS-1410) showed promising receptor affinity in receptor binding studies (K i = 84 nM) as well as pharmacological activity in two-electrode-voltage-clamp experiments (IC 50 = 116 nM) and in cytoprotective assays (IC 50 = 18.5 nM). The interactions of (R)-2 with the ifenprodil binding site of GluN2B-NMDA receptors were analyzed on the molecular level and the "foot-in-the-door" mechanism was developed. Due to promising pharmacokinetic parameters (logD7.4 = 1.68, plasma protein binding of 76-77%, sufficient metabolic stability) F-substituted analogs were prepared and evaluated as tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Both fluorine-18-labeled PET tracers [18F]11 and [18F]15 showed high brain uptake, specific accumulation in regions known for high GluN2B-NMDA receptor expression, but no interactions with σ 1 receptors. Radiometabolites were not observed in the brain. Both PET tracers might be suitable for application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Korff
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ruben Steigerwald
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elena Bechthold
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515 Munster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang Q, Wen H, Liu Z, Wang F, Wang Y, Yao F, Song N, Kou Z, Li Y, Guo F, Zhu S. Distinct structure and gating mechanism in diverse NMDA receptors with GluN2C and GluN2D subunits. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:629-639. [PMID: 36959261 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heterotetramers comprising two GluN1 and two alternate GluN2 (N2A-N2D) subunits. Here we report full-length cryo-EM structures of the human N1-N2D di-heterotetramer (di-receptor), rat N1-N2C di-receptor and N1-N2A-N2C tri-heterotetramer (tri-receptor) at a best resolution of 3.0 Å. The bilobate N-terminal domain (NTD) in N2D intrinsically adopts a closed conformation, leading to a compact NTD tetramer in the N1-N2D receptor. Additionally, crosslinking the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of two N1 protomers significantly elevated the channel open probability (Po) in N1-N2D di-receptors. Surprisingly, the N1-N2C di-receptor adopted both symmetric (minor) and asymmetric (major) conformations, the latter further locked by an allosteric potentiator, PYD-106, binding to a pocket between the NTD and LBD in only one N2C protomer. Finally, the N2A and N2C subunits in the N1-N2A-N2C tri-receptor display a conformation close to one protomer in the N1-N2A and N1-N2C di-receptors, respectively. These findings provide a comprehensive structural understanding of diverse function in major NMDA receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Han Wen
- DP Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | | | - Fenyong Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Song
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengwei Kou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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31
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Zhou L, Sun X, Duan J. NMDARs regulate the excitatory-inhibitory balance within neural circuits. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance is essential for normal neural development, behavior and cognition. E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) regulate AMPAR-mediated excitatory and GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, suggesting that NMDARs play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the E/I balance. In this review, we briefly introduced NMDARs, AMPARs and GABAARs, summarized the current studies on E/I balance mediated by NMDARs, and discussed the current advances in NMDAR-mediated AMPAR and GABAAR development. Specifically, we analyzed the role of NMDAR subunits in the establishment and maintenance of E/I balance, which may provide new therapeutic strategies for the recovery of E/I imbalance in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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32
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Jiang C, He X, Wang Y, Chen CJ, Othman Y, Hao Y, Yuan J, Xie XQ, Feng Z. Molecular Modeling Study of a Receptor-Orthosteric Ligand-Allosteric Modulator Signaling Complex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:418-434. [PMID: 36692197 PMCID: PMC10032570 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) are considered as a perpetual hotspot in research for their higher selectivity and various effects on orthosteric ligands (OL). They are classified in terms of their functionalities as positive, negative, or silent allosteric modulators (PAM, NAM, or SAM, respectively). In the present work, 11 pairs of three-dimensional (3D) structures of receptor-orthosteric ligand and receptor-orthosteric ligand-allosteric modulator complexes have been collected for the studies, including three different systems: GPCR, enzyme, and ion channel. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to quantify the dynamic interactions in both the orthosteric and allosteric binding pockets and the structural fluctuation of the involved proteins. Our results showed that MD simulations of moderately large molecules or peptides undergo insignificant changes compared to crystal structure results. Furthermore, we also studied the conformational changes of receptors that bound with PAM and NAM, as well as the different allosteric binding sites in a receptor. There should be no preference for the position of the allosteric binding pocket after comparing the allosteric binding pockets of these three systems. Finally, we aligned four distinct β2 adrenoceptor structures and three N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) structures to investigate conformational changes. In the β2 adrenoceptor systems, the aligned results revealed that transmembrane (TM) helices 1, 5, and 6 gradually increased outward movement from an enhanced inactive state to an improved active state. TM6 endured the most significant conformational changes (around 11 Å). For NMDAR, the bottom section of NMDAR's ligand-binding domain (LBD) experienced an upward and outward shift during the gradually activating process. In conclusion, our research provides insight into receptor-orthosteric ligand-allosteric modulator studies and the design and development of allosteric modulator drugs using MD simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Xibing He
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- School
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing
University of Technology, Chongqing400054, China
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing400054, China
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Target Based Drug Screening and Effect Evaluation, Chongqing400054, China
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Yasmin Othman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Yixuan Hao
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening
Center, Pharmacometrics & System Pharmacology (PSP) PharmacoAnalytics,
School of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational
Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15261, United States
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33
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Zhu C, Liang X, Chen X, Liang M, Zheng J, Wan B, Luo S. Characterizing the Specific Recognition of Xanthurenic Acid by GEP1 and GEP1-GCα Interactions in cGMP Signaling Pathway in Gametogenesis of Malaria Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032561. [PMID: 36768882 PMCID: PMC9916804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametogenesis is an essential step for malaria parasite transmission and is activated in mosquito by signals including temperature drop, pH change, and mosquito-derived xanthurenic acid (XA). Recently, a membrane protein gametogenesis essential protein 1 (GEP1) was found to be responsible for sensing these signals and interacting with a giant guanylate cyclase α (GCα) to activate the cGMP-PKG-Ca2+ signaling pathway for malaria parasite gametogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms for this process remain unclear. In this study, we used AlphaFold2 to predict the structure of GEP1 and found that it consists of a conserved N-terminal helical domain and a transmembrane domain that adopts a structure similar to that of cationic amino acid transporters. Molecular docking results showed that XA binds to GEP1 via a pocket similar to the ligand binding sites of known amino acid transporters. In addition, truncations of this N-terminal sequence significantly enhanced the expression, solubility, and stability of GEP1. In addition, we found that GEP1 interacts with GCα via its C-terminal region, which is interrupted by mutations of a few conserved residues. These findings provide further insights into the molecular mechanism for the XA recognition by GEP1 and the activation of the gametogenesis of malaria parasites through GEP1-GCα interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoge Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Miaomiao Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingbing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shukun Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence:
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34
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Chen H, Dong Y, Wu Y, Yi F. Targeting NMDA receptor signaling for therapeutic intervention in brain disorders. Rev Neurosci 2023:revneuro-2022-0096. [PMID: 36586105 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hyperfunction plays a key role in the pathological processes of depression and neurodegenerative diseases, whereas NMDA receptor hypofunction is implicated in schizophrenia. Considerable efforts have been made to target NMDA receptor function for the therapeutic intervention in those brain disorders. In this mini-review, we first discuss ion flux-dependent NMDA receptor signaling and ion flux-independent NMDA receptor signaling that result from structural rearrangement upon binding of endogenous agonists. Then, we review current strategies for exploring druggable targets of the NMDA receptor signaling and promising future directions, which are poised to result in new therapeutic agents for several brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Dong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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35
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Kolcheva M, Ladislav M, Netolicky J, Kortus S, Rehakova K, Krausova BH, Hemelikova K, Misiachna A, Kadkova A, Klima M, Chalupska D, Horak M. The pathogenic N650K variant in the GluN1 subunit regulates the trafficking, conductance, and pharmacological properties of NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109297. [PMID: 36341805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an essential role in excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain, and their physiological importance is underscored by the large number of pathogenic mutations that have been identified in the receptor's GluN subunits and associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders. Here, we characterized the functional and pharmacological effects of the pathogenic N650K variant in the GluN1 subunit, which is associated with developmental delay and seizures. Our microscopy experiments showed that when expressed in HEK293 cells (from ATCC®), the GluN1-N650K subunit increases the surface expression of both GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B receptors, but not GluN1/GluN3A receptors, consistent with increased surface expression of the GluN1-N650K subunit expressed in hippocampal neurons (from embryonic day 18 of Wistar rats of both sexes). Using electrophysiology, we found that the GluN1-N650K variant increases the potency of GluN1/GluN2A receptors to both glutamate and glycine but decreases the receptor's conductance and open probability. In addition, the GluN1-N650K subunit does not form functional GluN1/GluN2B receptors but does form fully functional GluN1/GluN3A receptors. Moreover, in the presence of extracellular Mg2+, GluN1-N650K/GluN2A receptors have a similar and increased response to ketamine and memantine, respectively, while the effect of both drugs had markedly slower onset and offset compared to wild-type GluN1/GluN2A receptors. Finally, we found that expressing the GluN1-N650K subunit in hippocampal neurons reduces excitotoxicity, and memantine shows promising neuroprotective effects in neurons expressing either wild-type GluN1 or the GluN1-N650K subunit. This study provides the functional and pharmacological characterization of NMDARs containing the GluN1-N650K variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Kolcheva
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ladislav
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Netolicky
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kortus
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Rehakova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hrcka Krausova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Hemelikova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Misiachna
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kadkova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 542/2, P.O. Box:16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 542/2, P.O. Box:16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Niu M, Yang X, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang L, Ha J, Xie Y, Gao Z, Tian C, Wang L, Sun Y. Progresses in GluN2A-containing NMDA Receptors and their Selective Regulators. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:139-153. [PMID: 34978648 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors play an important physiological role in regulating synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. GluN2A subunits are the most abundant functional subunits of NMDA receptors expressed in mature brain, and their dysfunction is related to various neurological diseases. According to subunit composition, GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors can be divided into two types: diheteromeric and triheteromeric receptors. In this review, the expression, functional and pharmacological properties of different kinds of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors as well as selective GluN2A regulators were described to further understand this type of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Fangxing Road 88, Shijiazhuang, 050026, Hebei, China.,Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, USA
| | - Jing Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Yinghua Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changzheng Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Donggang Road 89, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Fangxing Road 88, Shijiazhuang, 050026, Hebei, China. .,Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050018, Hebei, China. .,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China.
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37
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Duong SL, Prüss H. Molecular disease mechanisms of human antineuronal monoclonal autoantibodies. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:20-34. [PMID: 36280535 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies targeting brain antigens can mediate a wide range of neurological symptoms ranging from epileptic seizures to psychosis to dementia. Although earlier experimental work indicated that autoantibodies can be directly pathogenic, detailed studies on disease mechanisms, biophysical autoantibody properties, and target interactions were hampered by the availability of human material and the paucity of monospecific disease-related autoantibodies. The emerging generation of patient-derived monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs) provides a novel platform for the detailed characterization of immunobiology and autoantibody pathogenicity in vitro and in animal models. This Feature Review focuses on recent advances in mAb generation and discusses their potential as powerful scientific tools for high-resolution imaging, antigenic target identification, atomic-level structural analyses, and the development of antibody-selective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Duong
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Semenets AP, Suleiman MM, Fedosov AI, Shtrygol SY, Havrylov IO, Mishchenko MV, Kovalenko SM, Georgiyants VA, Perekhoda LO. Synthesis, docking, and biological evaluation of novel 1-benzyl-4-(4-(R)-5-sulfonylidene-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrrolidin-2-ones as potential nootropic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chou TH, Kang H, Simorowski N, Traynelis SF, Furukawa H. Structural insights into assembly and function of GluN1-2C, GluN1-2A-2C, and GluN1-2D NMDARs. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4548-4563.e4. [PMID: 36309015 PMCID: PMC9722627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmission mediated by diverse subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is fundamental for basic brain functions and development as well as neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. NMDARs are glycine- and glutamate-gated ion channels that exist as heterotetramers composed of obligatory GluN1 and GluN2(A-D) and/or GluN3(A-B). The GluN2C and GluN2D subunits form ion channels with distinct properties and spatio-temporal expression patterns. Here, we provide the structures of the agonist-bound human GluN1-2C NMDAR in the presence and absence of the GluN2C-selective positive allosteric potentiator (PAM), PYD-106, the agonist-bound GluN1-2A-2C tri-heteromeric NMDAR, and agonist-bound GluN1-2D NMDARs by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. Our analysis shows unique inter-subunit and domain arrangements of the GluN2C NMDARs, which contribute to functional regulation and formation of the PAM binding pocket and is distinct from GluN2D NMDARs. Our findings here provide the fundamental blueprint to study GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDARs, which are uniquely involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chou
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hyunook Kang
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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40
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Chang A, Liu JM, Nguyen K, Kumar PR. Expression optimization, purification, and biophysical characterization of a GluN2D-containing NMDA receptor. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 198:106129. [PMID: 35752385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are hetero-tetrameric ion channels typically consisting of two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. A GluN2D subunit containing NMDA receptor dysfunction has been implicated in several neurological diseases, including schizophrenia; however, the lack of a purified GluN2D containing NMDA receptor has been a hurdle for structural and biophysical studies. Here, we present expression and purification strategies to generate human GluN2D containing NMDA receptor, confirm its hetero-tetrameric form using fluorescence size exclusion chromatography (FSEC) and evaluated its suitability for structural studies. The purification methodology outlined here will help in the development of GluN2D specific channel modulators and enable structure activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Chang
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Justin M Liu
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Katrina Nguyen
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - P Rajesh Kumar
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Synaptic Dysfunction by Mutations in GRIN2B: Influence of Triheteromeric NMDA Receptors on Gain-of-Function and Loss-of-Function Mutant Classification. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060789. [PMID: 35741674 PMCID: PMC9221112 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GRIN2B mutations are rare but often associated with patients having severe neurodevelopmental disorders with varying range of symptoms such as intellectual disability, developmental delay and epilepsy. Patient symptoms likely arise from mutations disturbing the role that the encoded NMDA receptor subunit, GluN2B, plays at neuronal connections in the developing nervous system. In this study, we investigated the cell-autonomous effects of putative gain- (GoF) and loss-of-function (LoF) missense GRIN2B mutations on excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices. In the absence of both native GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, functional incorporation into synaptic NMDA receptors was attenuated for GoF mutants, or almost eliminated for LoF GluN2B mutants. NMDA-receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDA-EPSCs) from synaptic GoF GluN1/2B receptors had prolonged decays consistent with their functional classification. Nonetheless, in the presence of native GluN2A, molecular replacement of native GluN2B with GoF and LoF GluN2B mutants all led to similar functional incorporation into synaptic receptors, more rapidly decaying NMDA-EPSCs and greater inhibition by TCN-201, a selective antagonist for GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors. Mechanistic insight was gained from experiments in HEK293T cells, which revealed that GluN2B GoF mutants slowed deactivation in diheteromeric GluN1/2B, but not triheteromeric GluN1/2A/2B receptors. We also show that a disease-associated missense mutation, which severely affects surface expression, causes opposing effects on NMDA-EPSC decay and charge transfer when introduced into GluN2A or GluN2B. Finally, we show that having a single null Grin2b allele has only a modest effect on NMDA-EPSC decay kinetics. Our results demonstrate that functional incorporation of GoF and LoF GluN2B mutants into synaptic receptors and the effects on EPSC decay times are highly dependent on the presence of triheteromeric GluN1/2A/2B NMDA receptors, thereby influencing the functional classification of NMDA receptor variants as GoF or LoF mutations. These findings highlight the complexity of interpreting effects of disease-causing NMDA receptor missense mutations in the context of neuronal function.
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Structural insights into binding of therapeutic channel blockers in NMDA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:507-518. [PMID: 35637422 PMCID: PMC10075384 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory signaling mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is critical for brain development and function, as well as for neurological diseases and disorders. Channel blockers of NMDARs are of medical interest owing to their potential for treating depression, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy. However, precise mechanisms underlying binding and channel blockade have remained limited owing to challenges in obtaining high-resolution structures at the binding site within the transmembrane domains. Here, we monitor the binding of three clinically important channel blockers: phencyclidine, ketamine, and memantine in GluN1-2B NMDARs at local resolutions of 2.5-3.5 Å around the binding site using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology. The channel blockers form different extents of interactions with the pore-lining residues, which control mostly off-speeds but not on-speeds. Our comparative analyses of the three unique NMDAR channel blockers provide a blueprint for developing therapeutic compounds with minimal side effects.
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Han W, Yuan H, Allen JP, Kim S, Shaulsky GH, Perszyk RE, Traynelis SF, Myers SJ. Opportunities for Precision Treatment of GRIN2A and GRIN2B Gain-of-Function Variants in Triheteromeric N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:54-66. [PMID: 35110392 PMCID: PMC11046977 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are tetrameric assemblies of two glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits, GluN1 and two GluN2, that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Four genes (GRIN2A-D) encode four distinct GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D). Thus, NMDARs can be diheteromeric assemblies of two GluN1 plus two identical GluN2 subunits, or triheteromeric assemblies of two GluN1 subunits plus two different GluN2 subunits. An increasing number of de novo GRIN variants have been identified in patients with neurologic conditions and with GRIN2A and GRIN2B harboring the vast majority (> 80%) of variants in these cases. These variants produce a wide range of effects on NMDAR function depending upon its subunit subdomain location and additionally on the subunit composition of diheteromeric versus triheteromeric NMDARs. Increasing evidence implicates triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B receptors as a major component of the NMDAR pool in the adult cortex and hippocampus. Here, we explore the ability of GluN2A- and GluN2B-selective inhibitors to reduce excess current flow through triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B receptors that contain one copy of GRIN2A or GRIN2B gain-of-function variants. Our data reveal a broad range of sensitivities for variant-containing triheteromeric receptors to subunit-selective inhibitors, with some variants still showing strong sensitivity to inhibitors, whereas others are relatively insensitive. Most variants, however, retain sensitivity to non-selective channel blockers and the competitive antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. These results suggest that with comprehensive analysis, certain disease-related GRIN2A and GRIN2B variants can be identified as potential targets for subunit-selective modulation and potential therapeutic gain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Triheteromeric NMDA receptors that contain one copy each of the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits show intermediate sensitivity to GluN2A- and GluN2B-selective inhibitors, making these compounds candidates for attenuating overactive, GRIN variant-containing NMDA receptors associated with neurological conditions. We show that functional evaluation of variant properties with inhibitor pharmacology can support selection of a subset of variants for which GluN2 subunit-selective agents remain effective inhibitors of variant-containing triheteromeric NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Gil H Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
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Tajima N, Simorowski N, Yovanno RA, Regan MC, Michalski K, Gómez R, Lau AY, Furukawa H. Development and characterization of functional antibodies targeting NMDA receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:923. [PMID: 35177668 PMCID: PMC8854693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critically involved in basic brain functions and neurodegeneration as well as tumor invasiveness. Targeting specific subtypes of NMDARs with distinct activities has been considered an effective therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders and diseases. However, complete elimination of off-target effects of small chemical compounds has been challenging and thus, there is a need to explore alternative strategies for targeting NMDAR subtypes. Here we report identification of a functional antibody that specifically targets the GluN1-GluN2B NMDAR subtype and allosterically down-regulates ion channel activity as assessed by electrophysiology. Through biochemical analysis, x-ray crystallography, single-particle electron cryomicroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this inhibitory antibody recognizes the amino terminal domain of the GluN2B subunit and increases the population of the non-active conformational state. The current study demonstrates that antibodies may serve as specific reagents to regulate NMDAR functions for basic research and therapeutic objectives. Selective targeting individual subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is a desirable therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. Here, the authors report identification of a functional antibody that specifically targets and allosterically down-regulates ion channel activity of the GluN1—GluN2B NMDAR subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Tajima
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Remy A Yovanno
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, WBSB 706, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael C Regan
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Kevin Michalski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Ricardo Gómez
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, WBSB 706, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA.
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Charron JG, Hernandez A, Bilinovich SM, Vogt DL, Bedinger LA, Seaver LH, Williams M, Devries S, Campbell DB, Bupp CP, Prokop JW. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor genetics: The power of paralog homology and protein dynamics in defining dominant genetic variants. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:556-568. [PMID: 34726335 PMCID: PMC10472328 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Predicting genotype-to-phenotype correlations from genomic variants has been challenging, particularly for genes that have a complex balance of dominant and recessive inheritance for phenotypes. Variants in NMDA receptor components GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B cause a myriad of dominant disease phenotypes, with the most common being epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. Starting from the analysis of a variant of uncertain significance (VUS, GRIN2A G760S), we realized the need for tools to map dominant variants for the components of the NMDA receptor. Some variants within GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B exert dominant epilepsy and developmental delay, yet other amino acid variants are conserved and predicted to alter protein function but do not have dominant phenotypes. Common variant annotation tools are not powered to determine pathogenic dominant outcomes. To address this gap, we integrated sequence and structural analyses for GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B. Using this approach, we determined that paralog homology mapping and topology can segregate dominant variants, with an elevation of intermolecular contacts between the subunits. Furthermore, demonstrating the general utility of our methodology, we show that 25 VUS within ClinVar also reach a dominant variant annotation, including the GRIN2A G760S variant. Our work suggests paralog homology and protein topology as a powerful strategy within the receptor complex to resolve dominant genetic variants relative to variants that would fit a recessive inheritance, requiring two damaging variants. These strategies should be tested in additional dominant genetic disorders to determine the broader utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Charron
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids MI 49506, USA
| | - Angel Hernandez
- Pediatric Neurology, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Stephanie M Bilinovich
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Center for Research in Autism, Intellectual, and other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel L Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Center for Research in Autism, Intellectual, and other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura A Bedinger
- Division of Medical Genetics, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Laurie H Seaver
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Division of Medical Genetics, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Center for Research in Autism, Intellectual, and other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Seth Devries
- Pediatric Neurology, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Daniel B Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Center for Research in Autism, Intellectual, and other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Division of Medical Genetics, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI. 49503
- Center for Research in Autism, Intellectual, and other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Irie K. The insights into calcium ion selectivity provided by ancestral prokaryotic ion channels. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 18:274-283. [PMID: 35004101 PMCID: PMC8677417 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic channels play an important role in the structural biology of ion channels. At the end of the 20th century, the first structure of a prokaryotic ion channel was revealed. Subsequently, the reporting of structures of various prokaryotic ion channels have provided fundamental insights into the structure of ion channels of higher organisms. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (Cavs) are indispensable for coupling action potentials with Ca2+ signaling. Similar to other proteins, Cavs were predicted to have a prokaryotic counterpart; however, it has taken more than 20 years for one to be identified. The homotetrameric channel obtained from Meiothermus ruber generates the calcium ion specific current, so it is named as CavMr. Its selectivity filter contains a smaller number of negatively charged residues than mutant Cavs generated from other prokaryotic channels. CavMr belonged to a different cluster of phylogenetic trees than canonical prokaryotic cation channels. The glycine residue of the CavMr selectivity filter is a determinant for calcium selectivity. This glycine residue is conserved among eukaryotic Cavs, suggesting that there is a universal mechanism for calcium selectivity. A family of homotetrameric channels has also been identified from eukaryotic unicellular algae, and the investigation of these channels can help to understand the mechanism for ion selection that is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Irie
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan.,Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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47
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Structure of ABCB1/P-Glycoprotein in the Presence of the CFTR Potentiator Ivacaftor. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120923. [PMID: 34940424 PMCID: PMC8703531 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ABCB1/P-glycoprotein is an ATP binding cassette transporter that is involved in the clearance of xenobiotics, and it affects the disposition of many drugs in the body. Conformational flexibility of the protein within the membrane is an intrinsic part of its mechanism of action, but this has made structural studies challenging. Here, we have studied different conformations of P-glycoprotein simultaneously in the presence of ivacaftor, a known competitive inhibitor. In order to conduct this, we used high contrast cryo-electron microscopy imaging with a Volta phase plate. We associate the presence of ivacaftor with the appearance of an additional density in one of the conformational states detected. The additional density is in the central aqueous cavity and is associated with a wider separation of the two halves of the transporter in the inward-facing state. Conformational changes to the nucleotide-binding domains are also observed and may help to explain the stimulation of ATPase activity that occurs when transported substrate is bound in many ATP binding cassette transporters.
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48
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Lam YTH, Ricardo MG, Rennert R, Frolov A, Porzel A, Brandt W, Stark P, Westermann B, Arnold N. Rare Glutamic Acid Methyl Ester Peptaibols from Sepedonium ampullosporum Damon KSH 534 Exhibit Promising Antifungal and Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312718. [PMID: 34884518 PMCID: PMC8657771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species of genus Sepedonium are rich sources of diverse secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, peptaibols), which exhibit variable biological activities. Herein, two new peptaibols, named ampullosporin F (1) and ampullosporin G (2), together with five known compounds, ampullosporin A (3), peptaibolin (4), chrysosporide (5), c(Trp-Ser) (6) and c(Trp-Ala) (7), have been isolated from the culture of Sepedonium ampullosporum Damon strain KSH534. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated based on ESI-HRMSn experiments and intense 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The sequence of ampullosporin F (1) was determined to be Ac-Trp1-Ala2-Aib3-Aib4-Leu5-Aib6-Gln7-Aib8-Aib9-Aib10-GluOMe11-Leu12-Aib13-Gln14-Leuol15, while ampullosporin G (2) differs from 1 by exchanging the position of Gln7 with GluOMe11. Furthermore, the total synthesis of 1 and 2 was carried out on solid-phase to confirm the absolute configuration of all chiral amino acids as L. In addition, ampullosporin F (1) and G (2) showed significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea and P. infestans, but were inactive against S. tritici. Cell viability assays using human prostate (PC-3) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cells confirmed potent anticancer activities of 1 and 2. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed in silico as an attempt to explain the structure-activity correlation of the characteristic ampullosporins (1–3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T. H. Lam
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Manuel G. Ricardo
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Rennert
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Pauline Stark
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.T.H.L.); (M.G.R.); (R.R.); (A.F.); (A.P.); (W.B.); (P.S.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5582-1310
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Langer K, Müller-Längle A, Wempe J, Laube B. Analysis of M4 Transmembrane Segments in NMDA Receptor Function: A Negative Allosteric Modulatory Site at the GluN1 M4 is Determining the Efficiency of Neurosteroid Modulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769046. [PMID: 34658899 PMCID: PMC8517087 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that play a crucial role in excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Each subunit contributes with three helical transmembrane segments (M1, M3, and M4) and a pore loop (M2) to form the channel pore. Recent studies suggest that the architecture of all eukaryotic iGluRs derives from a common prokaryotic ancestral receptor that lacks M4 and consists only of transmembrane segments M1 and M3. Although significant contribution has emerged in the last years, the role of this additionally evolved transmembrane segment in iGluR assembly and function remains unclear. Here, we have investigated how deletions and mutations of M4 in members of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subfamily, the conventional heteromeric GluN1/GluN2 and glycine-gated GluN1/GluN3 NMDARs, affect expression and function in Xenopus oocytes. We show that deletion of M4 in the GluN1, GluN2A, or GluN3A subunit, despite retained receptor assembly and cell surface expression, results in nonfunctional membrane receptors. Coexpression of the corresponding M4 as an isolated peptide in M4-deleted receptors rescued receptor function of GluN1/GluN2A NMDARs without altering the apparent affinity of glutamate or glycine. Electrophysiological analyses of agonist-induced receptor function and its modulation by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) at mutations of the GluN1-M4/GluN2/3-transmembrane interfaces indicate a crucial role of position M813 in M4 of GluN1 for functional coupling to the core receptor and the negative modulatory effects of PS. Substitution of residues and insertion of interhelical disulfide bridges confirmed interhelical interactions of positions in M4 of GluN1 with residues of transmembrane segments of neighboring subunits. Our results show that although M4s in NMDARs are not important for receptor assembly and surface expression, the residues at the subunit interface are substantially involved in M4 recognition of the core receptor and regulation of PS efficacy. Because mutations in the M4 of GluN1 specifically resulted in loss of PS-induced inhibition of GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN3A NMDAR currents, our results point to distinct roles of M4s in NMDAR modulation and highlight the importance of the evolutionarily newly evolved M4 for selective in vivo modulation of glutamate- and glycine-activated NMDARs by steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Langer
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adriana Müller-Längle
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jannik Wempe
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bodo Laube
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neurosensory Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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