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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Cho B, Zheng X, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae096. [PMID: 38629438 PMCID: PMC11321855 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, genetic studies of the role of specific NFκB transcription factors in sleep have been limited. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the unique expression pattern of a Dif- GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was reduced in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal overexpression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype by significantly increasing sleep and reducing nighttime arousability. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote deep sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K O’Hara
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Bumsik Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie A Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chowdhury B, Shafer OT. Drosophila sleep homeostasis in sickness and in health. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae128. [PMID: 38899406 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Chowdhury
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orie T Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Das S, Khan R, Banerjee S, Ray S, Ray S. Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5. [PMID: 38702566 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the world is acquitting from the throes of COVID-19 and returning to the regularity of life, its effects on physical and mental health are prominently evident in the post-pandemic era. The pandemic subjected us to inadequate sleep and physical activities, stress, irregular eating patterns, and work hours beyond the regular rest-activity cycle. Thus, perturbing the synchrony of the regular circadian clock functions led to chronic psychiatric and neurological disorders and poor immunological response in several COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the links between the host immune system and viral replication machinery from a clock-infection biology perspective promises novel avenues of intervention. Behavioral improvements in our daily lifestyle can reduce the severity and expedite the convalescent stage of COVID-19 by maintaining consistent eating, sleep, and physical activity schedules. Including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with prophylactic value aids in combating COVID-19, as their deficiency can lead to a higher risk of infection, vulnerability, and severity of COVID-19. Thus, besides developing therapeutic measures, perpetual healthy practices could also contribute to combating the upcoming pandemics. This review highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on biological rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, physical activities, and eating patterns and how those disruptions possibly contribute to the response, severity, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Rajni Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hajipur, Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Srishti Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Shashikant Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India.
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Li Z, Cui S, Wang H, Xiong W, Han Y, Dai W, Xi W, Cui T, Zhang X. Associations of maternal sleep trajectories during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Sleep Med 2024; 117:71-78. [PMID: 38513533 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep problems are common in pregnant women and sleep is altered during pregnancy. However, the associations between sleep trajectory patterns and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes are unclear. The current study aims to identify sleep trajectory patterns and explore their associations with adverse perinatal outcomes in a prospective cohort study. METHODS Pregnant women (N = 232) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index each trimester during pregnancy in Tianjin, China. Perinatal outcomes were extracted from the hospital delivery records. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) described the trajectories of sleep timing, duration, and efficiency. Multivariable linear regression and multivariable logistic regression were employed to evaluate associations between sleep trajectory patterns and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS Trajectories were identified for bedtime (early, 49.1%; delaying, 50.9%), wake-up time (early, 82.8% of the sample; late, 17.2%), duration (short, 5.2%; adequate 78.0%; excessive, 16.8%), and efficiency (high, 88.4%; decreasing, 11.6%). Compared with women in more optimal sleep groups, those in the late wake-up, excessive duration, and decreasing efficiency groups had babies with shorter birth lengths (β range, -0.50 to -0.28, p < 0.05). Moreover, women in the decreasing efficiency group had babies with lower birth weight (β, -0.44; p < 0.05). Women in the delaying bedtime group had greater odds of preterm delivery (OR, 4.57; p < 0.05), while those in the decreasing efficiency group had greater odds of cesarean section (OR, 3.12; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Less optimal sleep trajectory patterns during pregnancy are associated with perinatal outcomes. Therefore, early assessment of maternal sleep during pregnancy is significant for identifying at-risk women and initiating interventions to reduce perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shanshan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenjuan Xiong
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tingkai Cui
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Pop M, Klemke AL, Seidler L, Wernet N, Steudel PL, Baust V, Wohlmann E, Fischer R. Caenorhabditis elegans neuropeptide NLP-27 enhances neurodegeneration and paralysis in an opioid-like manner during fungal infection. iScience 2024; 27:109484. [PMID: 38784855 PMCID: PMC11112505 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous system of metazoans is involved in host-pathogen interactions to control immune activation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this includes sleep induction, mediated by neuropeptide-like proteins (NLPs), which increases the chance of survival after wounding. Here we analyzed the role of NLP-27 in the infection of C. elegans with the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys flagrans. Early responses of C. elegans were the upregulation of nlp-27, the induction of paralysis (sleep), and neurodegeneration of the mechanosensing PVD (Posterior Ventral Process D) neurons. Deletion of nlp-27 reduced neurodegeneration during fungal attack. Induction of nlp-27 was independent of the MAP kinase PMK-1, and expression of nlp-27 in the hypodermis was sufficient to induce paralysis, although NLP-27 was also upregulated in head neurons. NLP-27 contains the pentapeptide YGGYG sequence known to bind the human μ- and κ-type opioid receptors suggesting NLP-27 or peptides thereof act on opioid receptors. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone shortened the paralysis time like overexpression of NLP-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pop
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Klemke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena Seidler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Wernet
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pietrina Loredana Steudel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baust
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Wohlmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Mohammed Salah Gabal HA, Manzour AF. Lifestyle and eating habits changes among adults during COVID-19 era in Egypt: a population-based study. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:52. [PMID: 38504309 PMCID: PMC10949811 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 recent Coronavirus is without a doubt one of the most complicated viruses to ever pose a threat to humanity. Numerous viral containment strategies forced sedentary behaviors and dietary changes that would-otherwise- increase the chances of acquiring non-communicable diseases. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the current study are to identify any changes in eating behaviors through the Mediterranean Diet Adherence in a sample of Egyptians throughout the COVID-19 era. METHODS A cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 205 Egyptians by an online self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included socio-demographic factors, self-reported weights and heights, a validated Arabic form of the well-known International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), a validated Arabic version of 14-items Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), in addition to a section assessing dietetic changes. The data was then analyzed using the SPSS version 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). RESULTS The majority of the study sample were females (74.6%); had a high level of education (93.2%); and about 75% were married. Most of the participants were non-smokers, with around a 7% increased frequency of smoking after the COVID-19 pandemic. Fast food consumption was also reported by a major percentage of study participants (60%). Low Mediterranean Diet Adherence was found in 52.7%. Moreover, Physical Activity (PA) decreased to 61%. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase seen in the participants' BMI as well as the number of sleeping hours (p = 0.001 and 0.043 respectively) after the pandemic. Both changed hunger sensation and any changes in physical activity were significantly associated with increased BMI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS A substantial proportion of the participants showed unhealthy changes in their dietary habits as well as physical activity. Consequently, this calls for urgent public health policies and interventions to guard against the consequences of such unhealthy behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayat F Manzour
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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7
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Singh K, Gupta JK, Kumar S, Soni U. A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Bioactive Peptides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:507-526. [PMID: 38561605 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037275221240327042353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represent a significant and growing global health challenge. Current therapies predominantly focus on symptom management rather than altering disease progression. In this review, we discuss the major therapeutic strategies in practice for these disorders, highlighting their limitations. For AD, the mainstay treatments are cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. For PD, dopamine replacement therapies, including levodopa, are commonly used. HD is managed primarily with symptomatic treatments, and reusable extends survival in ALS. However, none of these therapies halts or substantially slows the neurodegenerative process. In contrast, this review highlights emerging research into bioactive peptides as potential therapeutic agents. These naturally occurring or synthetically designed molecules can interact with specific cellular targets, potentially modulating disease processes. Preclinical studies suggest that bioactive peptides may mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein misfolding, which are common pathological features in neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical trials using bioactive peptides for neurodegeneration are limited but show promising initial results. For instance, hemiacetal, a γ-secretase inhibitor peptide, has shown potential in AD by reducing amyloid-beta production, though its development was discontinued due to side effects. Despite these advancements, many challenges remain, including identifying optimal peptides, confirming their mechanisms of action, and overcoming obstacles related to their delivery to the brain. Future research should prioritize the discovery and development of novel bioactive peptides and improve our understanding of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ultimately, this approach may lead to more effective therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, moving beyond symptom management to potentially modify the course of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Urvashi Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Hassanpour K, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Khafaei M, Hosseini A, Farnoosh G, Badri T, Akbariqomi M. Sleep as a likely immunomodulation agent: novel approach in the treatment of COVID-19. ALL LIFE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2023.2166131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Hassanpour
- Medical School, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Khafaei
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreaza Farnoosh
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taleb Badri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbariqomi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Krueger JM. Tripping on the edge of consciousness. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 4:zpad039. [PMID: 37954093 PMCID: PMC10632728 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein the major accomplishments, trials and tribulations, and epiphanies experienced by James M. Krueger over the course of his career in sleep research are presented. They include the characterization of a) the supranormal EEG delta waves occurring during NREMS post sleep loss, b) Factor S as a muramyl peptide, c) the physiological roles of cytokines in sleep regulation, d) multiple other sleep regulatory substances, e) the dramatic changes in sleep over the course of infectious diseases, and f) sleep initiation within small neuronal/glial networks. The theory that the preservation of brain plasticity is the primordial sleep function is briefly discussed. These accomplishments resulted from collaborations with many outstanding scientists including James M. Krueger's mentors (John Pappenheimer and Manfred Karnovsky) and collaborators later in life, including Charles Dinarello, Louis Chedid, Mark Opp, Ferenc Obal jr., Dave Rector, Ping Taishi, Linda Toth, Jeannine Majde, Levente Kapas, Eva Szentirmai, Jidong Fang, Chris Davis, Sandip Roy, Tetsuya Kushikata, Fabio Garcia-Garcia, Ilia Karatsoreos, Mark Zielinski, and Alok De, plus many students, e.g. Jeremy Alt, Kathryn Jewett, Erika English, and Victor Leyva-Grado.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Krueger
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, USA
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10
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Axelrod S, Li X, Sun Y, Lincoln S, Terceros A, O’Neil J, Wang Z, Nguyen A, Vora A, Spicer C, Shapiro B, Young MW. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier regulates sleep via Moody G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309331120. [PMID: 37831742 PMCID: PMC10589661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309331120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is vital for most animals, yet its mechanism and function remain unclear. We found that permeability of the BBB (blood-brain barrier)-the organ required for the maintenance of homeostatic levels of nutrients, ions, and other molecules in the brain-is modulated by sleep deprivation (SD) and can cell-autonomously effect sleep changes. We observed increased BBB permeability in known sleep mutants as well as in acutely sleep-deprived animals. In addition to molecular tracers, SD-induced BBB changes also increased the penetration of drugs used in the treatment of brain pathologies. After chronic/genetic or acute SD, rebound sleep or administration of the sleeping aid gaboxadol normalized BBB permeability, showing that SD effects on the BBB are reversible. Along with BBB permeability, RNA levels of the BBB master regulator moody are modulated by sleep. Conversely, altering BBB permeability alone through glia-specific modulation of moody, gαo, loco, lachesin, or neuroglian-each a well-studied regulator of BBB function-was sufficient to induce robust sleep phenotypes. These studies demonstrate a tight link between BBB permeability and sleep and indicate a unique role for the BBB in the regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Axelrod
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Xiaoling Li
- International Personalized Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin300308, China
| | - Yingwo Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Samantha Lincoln
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrea Terceros
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jenna O’Neil
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Zikun Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Aabha Vora
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Carmen Spicer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Benjamin Shapiro
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Michael W. Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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11
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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562029. [PMID: 37905096 PMCID: PMC10614778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, efforts have been limited toward understanding how specific NFκB transcription factors function in sleep. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the distribution of a Dif-associated GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was suppressed in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104
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12
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Cuddapah VA, Hsu CT, Li Y, Shah HM, Saul C, Killiany S, Shon J, Yue Z, Gionet G, Putt ME, Sehgal A. Sleepiness, not total sleep amount, increases seizure risk. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.560325. [PMID: 37873373 PMCID: PMC10592838 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.560325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep loss has been associated with increased seizure risk since antiquity. Despite this observation standing the test of time, how poor sleep drives susceptibility to seizures remains unclear. To identify underlying mechanisms, we restricted sleep in Drosophila epilepsy models and developed a method to identify spontaneous seizures using quantitative video tracking. Here we find that sleep loss exacerbates seizures but only when flies experience increased sleep need, or sleepiness , and not necessarily with reduced sleep quantity. This is supported by the paradoxical finding that acute activation of sleep-promoting circuits worsens seizures, because it increases sleep need without changing sleep amount. Sleep-promoting circuits become hyperactive after sleep loss and are associated with increased whole-brain activity. During sleep restriction, optogenetic inhibition of sleep-promoting circuits to reduce sleepiness protects against seizures. Downregulation of the 5HT1A serotonin receptor in sleep-promoting cells mediates the effect of sleep need on seizures, and we identify an FDA-approved 5HT1A agonist to mitigate seizures. Our findings demonstrate that while homeostatic sleep is needed to recoup lost sleep, it comes at the cost of increasing seizure susceptibility. We provide an unexpected perspective on interactions between sleep and seizures, and surprisingly implicate sleep- promoting circuits as a therapeutic target for seizure control.
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13
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Wang G. The antimicrobial peptide database is 20 years old: Recent developments and future directions. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4778. [PMID: 37695921 PMCID: PMC10535814 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2023, the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (currently available at https://aps.unmc.edu) is 20-years-old. The timeline for the APD expansion in peptide entries, classification methods, search functions, post-translational modifications, binding targets, and mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been summarized in our previous Protein Science paper. This article highlights new database additions and findings. To facilitate antimicrobial development to combat drug-resistant pathogens, the APD has been re-annotating the data for antibacterial activity (active, inactive, and uncertain), toxicity (hemolytic and nonhemolytic AMPs), and salt tolerance (salt sensitive and insensitive). Comparison of the respective desired and undesired AMP groups produces new knowledge for peptide design. Our unification of AMPs from the six life kingdoms into "natural AMPs" enabled the first comparison with globular or transmembrane proteins. Due to the dominance of amphipathic helical and disulfide-linked peptides, cysteine, glycine, and lysine in natural AMPs are much more abundant than those in globular proteins. To include peptides predicted by machine learning, a new "predicted" group has been created. Remarkably, the averaged amino acid composition of predicted peptides is located between the lower bound of natural AMPs and the upper bound of synthetic peptides. Synthetic peptides in the current APD, with the highest cationic and hydrophobic amino acid percentages, are mostly designed with varying degrees of optimization. Hence, natural AMPs accumulated in the APD over 20 years have laid the foundation for machine learning prediction. We discuss future directions for peptide discovery. It is anticipated that the APD will continue to play a role in research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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14
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Ajayi OM, Wynne NE, Chen SC, Vinauger C, Benoit JB. Sleep: An Essential and Understudied Process in the Biology of Blood-Feeding Arthropods. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:530-547. [PMID: 37429615 PMCID: PMC10503478 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of blood-feeding arthropods is critical to managing them as vectors of etiological agents. Circadian rhythms act in the regulation of behavioral and physiological aspects such as blood feeding, immunity, and reproduction. However, the impact of sleep on these processes has been largely ignored in blood-feeding arthropods, but recent studies in mosquitoes show that sleep-like states directly impact host landing and blood feeding. Our focus in this review is on discussing the relationship between sleep and circadian rhythms in blood-feeding arthropods along with how unique aspects such as blood gluttony and dormancy can impact sleep-like states. We highlight that sleep-like states are likely to have profound impacts on vector-host interactions but will vary between lineages even though few direct studies have been conducted. A myriad of factors, such as artificial light, could directly impact the time and levels of sleep in blood-feeding arthropods and their roles as vectors. Lastly, we discuss underlying factors that make sleep studies in blood-feeding arthropods difficult and how these can be bypassed. As sleep is a critical factor in the fitness of animal systems, a lack of focus on sleep in blood-feeding arthropods represents a significant oversight in understanding their behavior and its role in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun M Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Nicole E Wynne
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shyh-Chi Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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15
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Raizen DM, Mullington J, Anaclet C, Clarke G, Critchley H, Dantzer R, Davis R, Drew KL, Fessel J, Fuller PM, Gibson EM, Harrington M, Ian Lipkin W, Klerman EB, Klimas N, Komaroff AL, Koroshetz W, Krupp L, Kuppuswamy A, Lasselin J, Lewis LD, Magistretti PJ, Matos HY, Miaskowski C, Miller AH, Nath A, Nedergaard M, Opp MR, Ritchie MD, Rogulja D, Rolls A, Salamone JD, Saper C, Whittemore V, Wylie G, Younger J, Zee PC, Craig Heller H. Beyond the symptom: the biology of fatigue. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad069. [PMID: 37224457 PMCID: PMC10485572 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A workshop titled "Beyond the Symptom: The Biology of Fatigue" was held virtually September 27-28, 2021. It was jointly organized by the Sleep Research Society and the Neurobiology of Fatigue Working Group of the NIH Blueprint Neuroscience Research Program. For access to the presentations and video recordings, see: https://neuroscienceblueprint.nih.gov/about/event/beyond-symptom-biology-fatigue. The goals of this workshop were to bring together clinicians and scientists who use a variety of research approaches to understand fatigue in multiple conditions and to identify key gaps in our understanding of the biology of fatigue. This workshop summary distills key issues discussed in this workshop and provides a list of promising directions for future research on this topic. We do not attempt to provide a comprehensive review of the state of our understanding of fatigue, nor to provide a comprehensive reprise of the many excellent presentations. Rather, our goal is to highlight key advances and to focus on questions and future approaches to answering them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet Mullington
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kelly L Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Arctic Biology, Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Josh Fessel
- Division of Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Erin M Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mary Harrington
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, and Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Krupp
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYC, NY, USA
| | - Anna Kuppuswamy
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Julie Lasselin
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura D Lewis
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heidi Y Matos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Opp
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Penn Center for Precision Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dragana Rogulja
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asya Rolls
- Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Clifford Saper
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Whittemore
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Wylie
- Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center at Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jarred Younger
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Craig Heller
- Department of Biology, Stanford University and Sleep Research Society, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Mehmood N, Hassan A, Zhong X, Zhu Y, Ouyang G, Huang Q. Entomopathogenic fungal infection following immune gene silencing decreased behavioral and physiological fitness in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105535. [PMID: 37666588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are a promising category of biocontrol agents with mosquitocidal properties. Prior studies have proved their potential to reduce fecundity, human biting and vector competence, all of them together determine vectorial capacity of the mosquitoes. Unfortunately, conventional vector control strategies are inadequate with growing problem of insecticide resistance and environmental deterioration. Therefore, alternate vector control measures are immediately needed and to accomplish that, an improved understanding of behavioral and physiological defense mechanisms of the mosquitoes against fungal infection is essential. In this study, fitness was considered with respect to different behavioral (self-grooming and flight), physiological (antifungal activity and antimicrobial peptides) parameters and survival rates as compared to the control group. We found a significant upregulation in CLSP2, TEP22, Rel1 and Rel2 genes at multiple time periods of fungal infection, which indicates the successful fungal infection and activation of Toll and IMD pathways in mosquitoes. RNAi-mediated silencing of Rel1 and Rel2 genes (transcription factors of Toll and IMD pathways, respectively) significantly reduced the survival, self-grooming frequencies and durations, and flight locomotor activity among adult Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes. Moreover, Rel1 and Rel2 knockdown significantly decreased antifungal activity and antimicrobial peptides expression levels in target mosquitoes. These results indicate an overall decrease in fitness of the mosquitoes after fungal challenge following Rel1 and Rel2 silencing. These findings provide an improved understanding of behavioral and physiological responses in mosquitoes with altered immunity against entomopathogenic fungal infections which can guide us towards the development of novel biocontrol strategies against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mehmood
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ali Hassan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueshan Zhong
- Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- Guangzhou Yongliang Environmental Protection Technology Service CO., LTD, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang Ouyang
- Guangzhou Yongliang Environmental Protection Technology Service CO., LTD, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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17
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Barlow IL, Mackay E, Wheater E, Goel A, Lim S, Zimmerman S, Woods I, Prober DA, Rihel J. The zebrafish mutant dreammist implicates sodium homeostasis in sleep regulation. eLife 2023; 12:RP87521. [PMID: 37548652 PMCID: PMC10406431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a nearly universal feature of animal behaviour, yet many of the molecular, genetic, and neuronal substrates that orchestrate sleep/wake transitions lie undiscovered. Employing a viral insertion sleep screen in larval zebrafish, we identified a novel gene, dreammist (dmist), whose loss results in behavioural hyperactivity and reduced sleep at night. The neuronally expressed dmist gene is conserved across vertebrates and encodes a small single-pass transmembrane protein that is structurally similar to the Na+,K+-ATPase regulator, FXYD1/Phospholemman. Disruption of either fxyd1 or atp1a3a, a Na+,K+-ATPase alpha-3 subunit associated with several heritable movement disorders in humans, led to decreased night-time sleep. Since atpa1a3a and dmist mutants have elevated intracellular Na+ levels and non-additive effects on sleep amount at night, we propose that Dmist-dependent enhancement of Na+ pump function modulates neuronal excitability to maintain normal sleep behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida L Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eirinn Mackay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Wheater
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Aimee Goel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sumi Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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18
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Duhart JM, Buchler JR, Inami S, Kennedy KJ, Jenny BP, Afonso DJS, Koh K. Modulation and neural correlates of postmating sleep plasticity in Drosophila females. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2702-2716.e3. [PMID: 37352854 PMCID: PMC10527417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is essential, but animals may forgo sleep to engage in other critical behaviors, such as feeding and reproduction. Previous studies have shown that female flies exhibit decreased sleep after mating, but our understanding of the process is limited. Here, we report that postmating nighttime sleep loss is modulated by diet and sleep deprivation, demonstrating a complex interaction among sleep, reproduction, and diet. We also find that female-specific pC1 neurons and sleep-promoting dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) neurons are required for postmating sleep plasticity. Activating pC1 neurons leads to sleep suppression on standard fly culture media but has little sleep effect on sucrose-only food. Published connectome data suggest indirect, inhibitory connections among pC1 subtypes. Using calcium imaging, we show that activating the pC1e subtype inhibits dFB neurons. We propose that pC1 and dFB neurons integrate the mating status, food context, and sleep drive to modulate postmating sleep plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Quilmes B1876BXD, Argentina.
| | - Joseph R Buchler
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kyle J Kennedy
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - B Peter Jenny
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dinis J S Afonso
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, and Synaptic Biology Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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19
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Shekhar S, Moehlman AT, Park B, Ewnetu M, Tracy C, Titos I, Pawłowski K, Tagliabracci VS, Krämer H. Allnighter pseudokinase-mediated feedback links proteostasis and sleep in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2932. [PMID: 37217484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In nervous systems, retrograde signals are key for organizing circuit activity and maintaining neuronal homeostasis. We identify the conserved Allnighter (Aln) pseudokinase as a cell non-autonomous regulator of proteostasis responses necessary for normal sleep and structural plasticity of Drosophila photoreceptors. In aln mutants exposed to extended ambient light, proteostasis is dysregulated and photoreceptors develop striking, but reversible, dysmorphology. The aln gene is widely expressed in different neurons, but not photoreceptors. However, secreted Aln protein is retrogradely endocytosed by photoreceptors. Inhibition of photoreceptor synaptic release reduces Aln levels in lamina neurons, consistent with secreted Aln acting in a feedback loop. In addition, aln mutants exhibit reduced night time sleep, providing a molecular link between dysregulated proteostasis and sleep, two characteristics of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, USA.
| | - Andrew T Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, USA
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brenden Park
- Department of Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ewnetu
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, USA
| | - Charles Tracy
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Department of Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Maryland, USA
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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20
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Domínguez-Oliva A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D. The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071223. [PMID: 37048478 PMCID: PMC10093480 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal research is considered a key element in advance of biomedical science. Although its use is controversial and raises ethical challenges, the contribution of animal models in medicine is essential for understanding the physiopathology and novel treatment alternatives for several animal and human diseases. Current pandemics’ pathology, such as the 2019 Coronavirus disease, has been studied in primate, rodent, and porcine models to recognize infection routes and develop therapeutic protocols. Worldwide issues such as diabetes, obesity, neurological disorders, pain, rehabilitation medicine, and surgical techniques require studying the process in different animal species before testing them on humans. Due to their relevance, this article aims to discuss the importance of animal models in diverse lines of biomedical research by analyzing the contributions of the various species utilized in science over the past five years about key topics concerning human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Master’s Program in Agricultural and Livestock Sciences [Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias], Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis, Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis, Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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21
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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22
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Lu Y, Xiao Y, Tu Y, Dai W, Xie Y. Propofol-induced sleep ameliorates cognition impairment in sleep-deprived rats. Sleep Breath 2023; 27:181-190. [PMID: 35314924 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-022-02591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt in rats after sleep deprivation (SD). We examined whether or not propofol-assisted sleep can restore cognitive function in SD rats and explored the possible mechanisms. METHODS A sleep deprivation model was established by housing 9 to 12 week-old rats to a multiplatform water tank for 96 h. Model rats were then intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations of propofol or 10% fat emulsion (vehicle control). All treatment groups were examined for spatial learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze (MWM). After euthanasia, morphological changes in the hippocampus, hippocampal neurons, and mitochondria were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Serum and hippocampal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and hippocampal concentrations of ATP and Cyt-c were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to assess hippocampal expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS Results showed that escape latencies in MWM training trials were significantly shorter and target crossings in the memory probe trial significantly greater in propofol-treated SD model rats compared to vehicle-treated SD rats. Propofol also reduced the number of apoptotic bodies in the hippocampal CA1 region. Sleep deprivation reduced IL-1β and ATP in hippocampus while increasing TNF-α and Cyt-c, and propofol treatment reversed all these changes. There was no significant difference in Bcl-2 expression between propofol- and vehicle-treated SD rats, but pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression levels were significantly reduced by propofol in SD rats. CONCLUSIONS Propofol-assisted sleep restored cognitive function in SD rats possibly by attenuating mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Youbing Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixin Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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23
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Segu A, Kannan NN. The duration of caffeine treatment plays an essential role in its effect on sleep and circadian rhythm. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 4:zpad014. [PMID: 37193284 PMCID: PMC10108652 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by the homeostatic system and the circadian clock. Caffeine intake promotes wakefulness in Drosophila. In humans, caffeine is consumed on a daily basis and hence it is important to understand the effect of prolonged caffeine intake on both circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep. Furthermore, sleep changes with age and the impact of caffeine on age-dependent sleep fragmentation are yet to be understood. Hence in the present study, we examined the effect of short exposure to caffeine on homeostatic sleep and age-dependent sleep fragmentation in Drosophila. We further assessed the effect of prolonged exposure to caffeine on homeostatic sleep and circadian clock. The results of our study showed that short exposure to caffeine reduces sleep and food intake in mature flies. It also enhances sleep fragmentation with increasing age. However, we have not assessed the effect of caffeine on food intake in older flies. On the other hand, prolonged caffeine exposure did not exert any significant effect on the duration of sleep and food intake in mature flies. Nevertheless, prolonged caffeine ingestion decreased the morning and evening anticipatory activity in these flies indicating that it affects the circadian rhythm. These flies also exhibited phase delay in the clock gene timeless transcript oscillation and exhibited either behavioral arrhythmicity or a longer free-running period under constant darkness. In summary, the results of our studies showed that short exposure to caffeine increases the sleep fragmentation with age whereas prolonged caffeine exposure disrupts the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Segu
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nisha N Kannan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Lee YY, Endale M, Wu G, Ruben MD, Francey LJ, Morris AR, Choo NY, Anafi RC, Smith DF, Liu AC, Hogenesch JB. Integration of genome-scale data identifies candidate sleep regulators. Sleep 2023; 46:zsac279. [PMID: 36462188 PMCID: PMC9905783 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Genetics impacts sleep, yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep regulation remain elusive. In this study, we built machine learning models to predict sleep genes based on their similarity to genes that are known to regulate sleep. METHODS We trained a prediction model on thousands of published datasets, representing circadian, immune, sleep deprivation, and many other processes, using a manually curated list of 109 sleep genes. RESULTS Our predictions fit with prior knowledge of sleep regulation and identified key genes and pathways to pursue in follow-up studies. As an example, we focused on the NF-κB pathway and showed that chronic activation of NF-κB in a genetic mouse model impacted the sleep-wake patterns. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the power of machine learning in integrating prior knowledge and genome-wide data to study genetic regulation of complex behaviors such as sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yeng Lee
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mehari Endale
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Marc D Ruben
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lauren J Francey
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Andrew R Morris
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Natalie Y Choo
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ron C Anafi
- Department of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Duhart JM, Inami S, Koh K. Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time. FEBS J 2023; 290:931-950. [PMID: 34908236 PMCID: PMC9198110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively. However, it is critical to consider other factors influencing sleep. Since sleep is incompatible with other behaviors, it is affected by the need for essential behaviors such as eating, foraging, mating, caring for offspring, and avoiding predators. Sleep is also affected by sensory inputs, sickness, increased need for memory consolidation after learning, and other factors. Here, we review multiple factors influencing sleep and discuss recent insights into the mechanisms balancing competing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
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Luo X, Chen H, Song Y, Qin Z, Xu L, He N, Tan Y, Dessie W. Advancements, challenges and future perspectives on peptide-based drugs: Focus on antimicrobial peptides. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106363. [PMID: 36529161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among other health related issues, the rising concerns on drug resistance led to look for alternative pharmaceutical drugs that are effective both against infectious and noninfectious diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) emerged as potential therapeutic molecule with wide range of applications. With their limitations, AMPs have gained reputable attentions in research as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This review highlighted the historical background, research trends, technological advancements, challenges, and future perspectives in the development and applications of peptide drugs. Some vital questions related with the need for pharmaceutical production, factors for the slow and steady journey, the importance of oral bioavailability, and the drug resistance possibilities of AMPs were raised and addressed accordingly. Therefore, the current study is believed to provide a profound understanding in the past and current scenarios and future directions on the therapeutic impacts of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 425199 Yongzhou, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 425199 Yongzhou, China
| | - Yannan Song
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 425199 Yongzhou, China
| | - Zuodong Qin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 425199 Yongzhou, China
| | - Lijian Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Nongyue He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Yimin Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Wubliker Dessie
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 425199 Yongzhou, China.
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Li Y, Haynes P, Zhang SL, Yue Z, Sehgal A. Ecdysone acts through cortex glia to regulate sleep in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e81723. [PMID: 36719183 PMCID: PMC9928426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are attractive candidates for transmitting long-range signals to affect behavior. These lipid-soluble molecules derived from dietary cholesterol easily penetrate the brain and act through nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that function as transcription factors. To determine the extent to which NHRs affect sleep:wake cycles, we knocked down each of the 18 highly conserved NHRs found in Drosophila adults and report that the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and its direct downstream NHR Eip75B (E75) act in glia to regulate the rhythm and amount of sleep. Given that ecdysone synthesis genes have little to no expression in the fly brain, ecdysone appears to act as a long-distance signal and our data suggest that it enters the brain more at night. Anti-EcR staining localizes to the cortex glia in the brain and functional screening of glial subtypes revealed that EcR functions in adult cortex glia to affect sleep. Cortex glia are implicated in lipid metabolism, which appears to be relevant for actions of ecdysone as ecdysone treatment mobilizes lipid droplets (LDs), and knockdown of glial EcR results in more LDs. In addition, sleep-promoting effects of exogenous ecdysone are diminished in lsd-2 mutant flies, which are lean and deficient in lipid accumulation. We propose that ecdysone is a systemic secreted factor that modulates sleep by stimulating lipid metabolism in cortex glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Paula Haynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shirley L Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Huang Z. A Function of Amyloid-β in Mediating Activity-Dependent Axon/Synapse Competition May Unify Its Roles in Brain Physiology and Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:29-57. [PMID: 36710681 PMCID: PMC10023438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) gives rise to amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AβPP, however, is also an ancient molecule dating back in evolution to some of the earliest forms of metazoans. This suggests a possible ancestral function that may have been obscured by those that evolve later. Based on literature from the functions of Aβ/AβPP in nervous system development, plasticity, and disease, to those of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) in bacterial competition as well as mechanisms of cell competition uncovered first by Drosophila genetics, I propose that Aβ/AβPP may be part of an ancient mechanism employed in cell competition, which is subsequently co-opted during evolution for the regulation of activity-dependent neural circuit development and plasticity. This hypothesis is supported by foremost the high similarities of Aβ to AMPs, both of which possess unique, opposite (i.e., trophic versus toxic) activities as monomers and oligomers. A large body of data further suggests that the different Aβ oligomeric isoforms may serve as the protective and punishment signals long predicted to mediate activity-dependent axonal/synaptic competition in the developing nervous system and that the imbalance in their opposite regulation of innate immune and glial cells in the brain may ultimately underpin AD pathogenesis. This hypothesis can not only explain the diverse roles observed of Aβ and AβPP family molecules, but also provide a conceptual framework that can unify current hypotheses on AD. Furthermore, it may explain major clinical observations not accounted for and identify approaches for overcoming shortfalls in AD animal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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29
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Tao H, Zeng X, Hou M, Chen S, Shen J, Liao X, Zou C. Association of adverse childhood experiences and depression among medical students: the role of family functioning and insomnia. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134631. [PMID: 37205075 PMCID: PMC10185847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have explored the mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to depression in medical students. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ACEs and depression through the serial mediation effect of family functioning and insomnia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 368 medical students from university in Chengdu in 2021. The participants were asked to complete four self-report questionnaires, including ACEs scale, the family APGAR index, the ISI and PHQ-9. Singe and serial mediation analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling by Mplus 8.3. Results ACEs had a significant direct effect on depression (β = 0.438, p < 0.001) and through three significantly indirect pathways: (1) through family functioning (β = 0.026, 95% CI: 0.007-0.060), accounting for 5.9% of the total effect; (2) through insomnia (β = 0.103, 95% CI: 0.011-0.187), accounting for 23.5% of the total effect; and (3) through the serial mediators involving in family functioning and insomnia (β = 0.038, 95% CI: 0.015-0.078), accounting for 8.7% of the total effect. The total indirect effect was 38.1%. Limitations This cross-sectional study prevented us from establishing causality. Conclusion This study highlights the role of family functioning and insomnia as serial mediators of the relationship between ACEs and depression. Findings help to elucidate the mechanism that underlines the pathway between ACEs and depression in medical students. These findings may indicate developing measures to strengthen family functioning and improve insomnia aiming to reduce depression in medical students with ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tao
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- The Department of General Practice, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- The Department of General Practice, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Mutian Hou
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanping Chen
- The Department of Geriatric Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shen
- The Department of General Practice, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyang Liao, ; Chuan Zou,
| | - Chuan Zou
- The Department of General Practice, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyang Liao, ; Chuan Zou,
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Abstract
Sickness behavior was conceptualized initially as the behavioral counterpart of the fever response to infectious pathogens. It helps to raise body temperature to its higher setpoint and to maintain it at this new level and it has the additional benefit of enabling a weakened organism to protect itself from other dangers. The discovery of the behavioral effects of proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated immune cells provided a cellular and molecular basis to this phenomenon. The administration of cytokines or cytokine inducers like lipopolysaccharide to healthy rodents allowed to reveal the similarities and differences between inflammation-induced sickness behavior and the fever response. It also led to the understanding of how the inflammatory response that is triggered at the periphery can propagate into the brain and induce the behavioral manifestations of sickness. At the behavioral level, the demonstration that sickness behavior is the expression of a motivational state that reorganizes perception and action in face of a microbial pathogen just like fear in face of a predator appeared at first glance to strengthen the adaptive value of this behavior. However, all aspects of sickness behavior are not always favorable for the organism. This is the case for anorexia that is beneficial in the context of bacterial infection but detrimental in the context of viral infection. In addition, studies of sickness behavior in natural conditions revealed that like any other defensive behavior, sickness behavior requires trade-offs between its survival benefits for the sick individual and the costs incurred especially in the context of gregarious groups. Thanks to these studies, evidence is emerging that sickness behavior is much more variable in its expression than initially thought, and that part of this variability depends not only on the pathogen and the social context in which the infection develops but also on individual factors including species, sex, age, nutrition, and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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31
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Bonini NM. A perspective on Drosophila genetics and its insight into human neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1060796. [PMID: 36518845 PMCID: PMC9743296 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has been long appreciated as a classic genetic system for its ability to define gene function in vivo. Within the last several decades, the fly has also emerged as a premiere system for modeling and defining mechanisms of human disease by expressing dominant human disease genes and analyzing the effects. Here I discuss key aspects of this latter approach that first intrigued me to focus my laboratory research on this idea. Differences between the loss-of-function vs. the gain-of-function approach are raised-and the insight of these approaches for appreciating mechanisms that contribute to human neurodegenerative disease. The application of modifier genetics, which is a prominent goal of models of human disease, has implications for how specific genes or pathways intersect with the dominant disease-associated mechanisms. Models of human disease will continue to reveal unanticipated insight into fundamental cellular processes-insight that might be harder to glean from classical genetic methodologies vs modifier genetics of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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32
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Mohan P, Sinu PA. Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220280. [PMID: 36448293 PMCID: PMC9709512 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodyguard manipulation is a behavioural manipulation in which the host's behaviour is altered to protect the inducer's offspring from imminent biotic threats. The behaviour of a post-parasitoid-egressed host resembles a quiescence state with a characteristic reduction in motor activities like feeding, locomotion, respiration, and metabolic rate. Yet, they respond aggressively through a defensive response when disturbed, which ensures better fitness for the parasitoid's offspring. The behavioural changes in the parasitized host appear after the parasitoid egression. Several hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate how the parasitized host's behaviour is manipulated for the fitness benefits of the inducers, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We review evidence to explain the behavioural changes and their mechanism in the parasitized hosts. The evidence suggests that parasitoid pre-pupal egression may drive the host to stress-induced sleep. The elevated octopamine concentration also reflects the stress response in the host. Given the theoretical links between the behavioural and the physiological changes in the post-parasitoid-egressed host and stress-induced sleep of other invertebrates, we suggest that behavioural studies combined with functional genomics, proteomics, and histological analyses might give a better understanding of bodyguard manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha Mohan
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India,Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palatty Allesh Sinu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved, plastic behavior that is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms as well as genetic factors and environmental factors, such as light, humidity, and temperature. Among environmental cues, temperature plays an important role in the regulation of sleep. This review presents an overview of thermoreception in animals and the neural circuits that link this process to sleep. Understanding the influence of temperature on sleep can provide insight into basic physiologic processes that are required for survival and guide strategies to manage sleep disorders.
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Infection increases activity via Toll dependent and independent mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010826. [PMID: 36129961 PMCID: PMC9529128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host behavioural changes are among the most apparent effects of infection. ‘Sickness behaviour’ can involve a variety of symptoms, including anorexia, depression, and changed activity levels. Here, using a real-time tracking and behavioural profiling platform, we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, several systemic bacterial infections cause significant increases in physical activity, and that the extent of this activity increase is a predictor of survival time in some lethal infections. Using multiple bacteria and D. melanogaster immune and activity mutants, we show that increased activity is driven by at least two different mechanisms. Increased activity after infection with Micrococcus luteus, a Gram-positive bacterium rapidly cleared by the immune response, strictly requires the Toll ligand spätzle. In contrast, increased activity after infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram-negative bacterium that cannot be cleared by the immune response, is entirely independent of both Toll and the parallel IMD pathway. The existence of multiple signalling mechanisms by which bacterial infections drive increases in physical activity implies that this effect may be an important aspect of the host response. Sickness behaviours are often observed during infection. Animals have been shown to change their feeding, mating, social and resting (sleeping) behaviours in response to infection. We show here that fruit-flies infected with bacteria respond by increasing their physical activity and decreasing the amount of time spent sleeping. This increase in activity is seen in some, but not all, bacterial infections, and appears to be driven by at least two different mechanisms: with some bacteria, activating the immune response is the only requirement to induce increased activity, while other bacteria induce increased activity independently of known immune detection pathways. The biological role of increased activity is unclear; flies in the wild may be driven to flee sites where infection risk or pathogen burden is high. Alternatively, increased activity could serve a less direct anti-microbial function. For example, active animals may be more likely to encounter potential mates or food resource.
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Chen Y, Xu W, Chen Y, Han A, Song J, Zhou X, Song W. Renal NF-κB activation impairs uric acid homeostasis to promote tumor-associated mortality independent of wasting. Immunity 2022; 55:1594-1608.e6. [PMID: 36029766 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced host wasting and mortality are general phenomena across species. Many groups have previously demonstrated endocrinal impacts of malignant tumors on host wasting in rodents and Drosophila. Whether and how environmental factors and host immune response contribute to tumor-associated host wasting and survival, however, are largely unknown. Here, we report that flies bearing malignant yki3SA-gut tumors exhibited the exponential increase of commensal bacteria, which were mostly acquired from the environment, and systemic IMD-NF-κB activation due to suppression of a gut antibacterial amidase PGRP-SC2. Either gut microbial elimination or specific IMD-NF-κB blockade in the renal-like Malpighian tubules potently improved mortality of yki3SA-tumor-bearing flies in a manner independent of host wasting. We further indicate that renal IMD-NF-κB activation caused uric acid (UA) overload to reduce survival of tumor-bearing flies. Therefore, our results uncover a fundamental mechanism whereby gut commensal dysbiosis, renal immune activation, and UA imbalance potentiate tumor-associated host death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Anxuan Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jiantao Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Wang X, Hong X, Chen F, Wang KJ. A truncated peptide Spgillcin177–189 derived from mud crab Scylla paramamosain exerting multiple antibacterial activities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928220. [PMID: 36061863 PMCID: PMC9435603 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may be the most promising substitute for antibiotics due to their effective bactericidal activity and multiple antimicrobial modes against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a new functional gene named Spgillcin was identified in Scylla paramamosain, which encoded 216 amino acids of mature peptide. In vivo, Spgillcin was dominantly expressed in the gills of male and female crabs, offering the highest expression level among all tested organs or tissues. The expression pattern of Spgillcin was significantly altered when challenged by Staphylococcus aureus, indicating a positive immune response. In vitro, a functional truncated peptide Spgillcin177–189 derived from the amino acid sequence of Spgillcin was synthesized and showed a broad-spectrum and potent antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains, including the clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with a range of minimum inhibitory concentrations from 1.5 to 48 μM. Spgillcin177–189 also showed rapid bactericidal kinetics for S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but did not display any cytotoxicity to mammalian cells and maintained its antimicrobial activity in different conditions. Mechanistic studies indicated that Spgillcin177–189 was mainly involved in the disruption of cell membrane integrity where the membrane components lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide could significantly inhibit the antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Spgillcin177–189 could change the membrane permeability and cause the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. No resistance was generated to Spgillcin177–189 when the clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and MDR P. aeruginosa were treated with Spgillcin177–189 and then subjected to a long term of continuous culturing for 50 days. In addition, Spgillcin177–189 exerted a strong anti-biofilm activity by inhibiting biofilm formation and was also effective at killing extracellular S. aureus in the cultural supernatant of RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, Spgillcin177–189 has strong potential as a substitute for antibiotics in future aquaculture and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Ke-Jian Wang,
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The regulation of circadian rhythm by insulin signaling in Drosophila. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:76-83. [PMID: 35872183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is well conserved across species and relates to numerous biological functions. Circadian misalignment impairs metabolic function. Insulin signaling is a key modulator of metabolism in the fruit fly as well as mammals and its defects cause metabolic disease. Daily diet timing affects both circadian rhythmicities of behavior and metabolism. However, the relationship between the circadian clock and insulin signaling is still elusive. Here, we report that insulin signaling regulates circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. We found the insulin receptor substrate mutant, chico1, showed a shorter free-running circadian period. The knockdown of insulin receptor (InR), or another signaling molecule downstream of InR, dp110, or the expression of a dominant-negative form of InR resulted in the shortening of the circadian period and diminished its amplitude. The impairment of insulin signaling both in all neurons and restricted circadian clock neurons altered circadian period length, indicating that the insulin signaling plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm in clock cells. Among 3 insulin-like ligands expressed in the brain, dilp5 showed the largest effect on circadian phenotype when deleted. These results suggested that insulin signaling contributes to the robustness of the circadian oscillation and coordinates metabolism and behavior.
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Hanson MA, Lemaitre B. Repeated truncation of a modular antimicrobial peptide gene for neural context. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010259. [PMID: 35714143 PMCID: PMC9246212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are host-encoded antibiotics that combat invading pathogens. These genes commonly encode multiple products as post-translationally cleaved polypeptides. Recent studies have highlighted roles for AMPs in neurological contexts suggesting functions for these defence molecules beyond infection. During our immune study characterizing the antimicrobial peptide gene Baramicin, we recovered multiple Baramicin paralogs in Drosophila melanogaster and other species, united by their N-terminal IM24 domain. Not all paralogs were immune-induced. Here, through careful dissection of the Baramicin family's evolutionary history, we find that paralogs lacking immune induction result from repeated events of duplication and subsequent truncation of the coding sequence from an immune-inducible ancestor. These truncations leave only the IM24 domain as the prominent gene product. Surprisingly, using mutation and targeted gene silencing we demonstrate that two such genes are adapted for function in neural contexts in D. melanogaster. We also show enrichment in the head for independent Baramicin genes in other species. The Baramicin evolutionary history reveals that the IM24 Baramicin domain is not strictly useful in an immune context. We thus provide a case study for how an AMP-encoding gene might play dual roles in both immune and non-immune processes via its multiple peptide products. As many AMP genes encode polypeptides, a full understanding of how immune effectors interact with the nervous system will require consideration of all their peptide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Naringin Regulates Microglia BV-2 Activation and Inflammation via the JAK/STAT3 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3492058. [PMID: 35646153 PMCID: PMC9135528 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3492058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Microglial BV-2 cells are activated in the brain following insomnia. Naringin (NAR) is a polymethoxylated flavonoid that is also commonly found in citrus fruits and is known for its antioxidant potential. However, the effect of NAR on microglial cells has rarely been studied in the brain of an organism after insomnia. This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of action of NAR on microglial cell activation and inflammation. Methods BV-2 cells were obtained from the China Center for Type Culture Collection and randomly divided into five treatment groups: control, model, NAR (10 μM), WP1066 (5 μM), and NAR + WP1066. With the exception of the control group, all groups were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 6 h. CCK8 was used to quantify cell viability and a scratch test was performed to detect cell migration. The expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), nterleukin 10 (IL-10), and insulin like growth factor (1IGF-1) were measured by ELISA. Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of p-STAT3 and p-JAK. The Focalcheck™ Thin-Ring Fluorescent Microspheres kit was used to detect cell phagocytosis. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the expression of iNOS and arginase1 in BV-2 cells. Results Compared with the control group, cell migration, cell viability, and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS were significantly increased in the model group, whereas the expression levels of IL-10, IGF-1, and arginase 1, as well as cell phagocytosis were reduced. With the increase in NAR concentration, cell migration, cell viability, the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS decreased, while the expression of IL-10, IGF-1, and arginase 1 increased. Compared with the control group, p-STAT3, and p-JAK expression in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of p-STAT3 and p-JAK in the NAR, NAR + WP1066, and WP1066 groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusion NAR treatment inhibited the proliferation, migration, and inflammation of BV-2 cells as well as the activation of microglia to the M1 phenotype. Conversely, NAR treatment promoted the activation of microglia to the M2 phenotype and enhanced the phagocytic function of BV-2 cells by regulating the activity of the JAK/STAT3 pathway.
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Ukita Y, Okumura M, Chihara T. Ubiquitin proteasome system in circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis: Lessons from Drosophila. Genes Cells 2022; 27:381-391. [PMID: 35438236 PMCID: PMC9322287 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by two main processes: the circadian clock and sleep homeostasis. Circadian rhythms have been well studied at the molecular level. In the Drosophila circadian clock neurons, the core clock proteins are precisely regulated by post-translational modifications and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Sleep homeostasis, however, is less understood; nevertheless, recent reports suggest that proteasome-mediated degradation of core clock proteins or synaptic proteins contributes to the regulation of sleep amount. Here, we review the molecular mechanism of the UPS and summarize the role of protein degradation in the regulation of circadian clock and homeostatic sleep in Drosophila. Moreover, we discuss the potential interaction between circadian clock and homeostatic sleep regulation with a prime focus on E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ukita
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misako Okumura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ajayi OM, Marlman JM, Gleitz LA, Smith ES, Piller BD, Krupa JA, Vinauger C, Benoit JB. Behavioral and postural analyses establish sleep-like states for mosquitoes that can impact host landing and blood feeding. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb244032. [PMID: 35502753 PMCID: PMC9234499 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved process that has been described in different animal systems. For insects, sleep characterization has been primarily achieved using behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a few systems. Sleep in mosquitoes, which are important vectors of disease-causing pathogens, has not been directly examined. This is surprising as circadian rhythms, which have been well studied in mosquitoes, influence sleep in other systems. In this study, we characterized sleep in mosquitoes using body posture analysis and behavioral correlates, and quantified the effect of sleep deprivation on sleep rebound, host landing and blood-feeding propensity. Body and appendage position metrics revealed a clear distinction between the posture of mosquitoes in their putative sleep and awake states for multiple species, which correlated with a reduction in responsiveness to host cues. Sleep assessment informed by these posture analyses indicated significantly more sleep during periods of low activity. Night-time and daytime sleep deprivation resulting from the delivery of vibration stimuli induced sleep rebound in the subsequent phase in day and night active mosquitoes, respectively. Lastly, sleep deprivation suppressed host landing in both laboratory and field settings, and impaired blood feeding of a human host when mosquitoes would normally be active. These results suggest that quantifiable sleep states occur in mosquitoes and highlight the potential epidemiological importance of mosquito sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun M. Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Justin M. Marlman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Lucas A. Gleitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Evan S. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Piller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Justyna A. Krupa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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42
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Tran S, Prober DA. Validation of Candidate Sleep Disorder Risk Genes Using Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:873520. [PMID: 35465097 PMCID: PMC9021570 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.873520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders and chronic sleep disturbances are common and are associated with cardio-metabolic diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several genetic pathways and neuronal mechanisms that regulate sleep have been described in animal models, but the genes underlying human sleep variation and sleep disorders are largely unknown. Identifying these genes is essential in order to develop effective therapies for sleep disorders and their associated comorbidities. To address this unmet health problem, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic variants associated with human sleep traits and sleep disorders. However, in most cases, it is unclear which gene is responsible for a sleep phenotype that is associated with a genetic variant. As a result, it is necessary to experimentally validate candidate genes identified by GWAS using an animal model. Rodents are ill-suited for this endeavor due to their poor amenability to high-throughput sleep assays and the high costs associated with generating, maintaining, and testing large numbers of mutant lines. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), an alternative vertebrate model for studying sleep, allows for the rapid and cost-effective generation of mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Numerous zebrafish mutant lines can then be tested in parallel using high-throughput behavioral assays to identify genes whose loss affects sleep. This process identifies a gene associated with each GWAS hit that is likely responsible for the human sleep phenotype. This strategy is a powerful complement to GWAS approaches and holds great promise to identify the genetic basis for common human sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Doldur-Balli F, Imamura T, Veatch OJ, Gong NN, Lim DC, Hart MP, Abel T, Kayser MS, Brodkin ES, Pack AI. Synaptic dysfunction connects autism spectrum disorder and sleep disturbances: A perspective from studies in model organisms. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62:101595. [PMID: 35158305 PMCID: PMC9064929 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances (SD) accompany many neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting SD is a transdiagnostic process that can account for behavioral deficits and influence underlying neuropathogenesis. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) comprises a complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis of ASD is based primarily on behavioral criteria, and there are no drugs that target core symptoms. Among the co-occurring conditions associated with ASD, SD are one of the most prevalent. SD often arises before the onset of other ASD symptoms. Sleep interventions improve not only sleep but also daytime behaviors in children with ASD. Here, we examine sleep phenotypes in multiple model systems relevant to ASD, e.g., mice, zebrafish, fruit flies and worms. Given the functions of sleep in promoting brain connectivity, neural plasticity, emotional regulation and social behavior, all of which are of critical importance in ASD pathogenesis, we propose that synaptic dysfunction is a major mechanism that connects ASD and SD. Common molecular targets in this interplay that are involved in synaptic function might be a novel avenue for therapy of individuals with ASD experiencing SD. Such therapy would be expected to improve not only sleep but also other ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Doldur-Balli
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Toshihiro Imamura
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Olivia J Veatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Naihua N Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Diane C Lim
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Michael P Hart
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Upregulation of IP 3 receptor mediates APP-induced defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110594. [PMID: 35354048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that impaired synaptic and firing homeostasis represents a driving force of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Here, we examine synaptic and sleep homeostasis in a Drosophila model by overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose duplication and mutations cause familial early-onset AD. We find that APP overexpression induces synaptic hyperexcitability. RNA-seq data indicate exaggerated expression of Ca2+-related signaling genes in APP mutants, including genes encoding Dmca1D, calcineurin (CaN) complex, and IP3R. We further demonstrate that increased CaN activity triggers transcriptional activation of Itpr (IP3R) through activating nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Strikingly, APP overexpression causes defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep deprivation-induced sleep rebound, and both defects could be restored by inhibiting IP3R. Our findings uncover IP3R as a shared signaling molecule in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis, and its dysregulation may lead to synaptic hyperexcitability and AD progression at early stage.
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Stuart BAR, Franitza AL, E L. Regulatory Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Nervous System: Implications for Neuronal Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843790. [PMID: 35321204 PMCID: PMC8936185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are classically known as important effector molecules in innate immunity across all multicellular organisms. However, emerging evidence begins to suggest multifunctional properties of AMPs beyond their antimicrobial activity, surprisingly including their roles in regulating neuronal function, such as sleep and memory formation. Aging, which is fundamental to neurodegeneration in both physiological and disease conditions, interestingly affects the expression pattern of many AMPs in an infection-independent manner. While it remains unclear whether these are coincidental events, or a mechanistic relationship exists, previous studies have suggested a close link between AMPs and a few key proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses recent literature and advances in understanding the crosstalk between AMPs and the nervous system at both molecular and functional levels, with the aim to explore how AMPs may relate to neuronal vulnerability in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradey A. R. Stuart
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ariel L. Franitza
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lezi E
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Lezi E
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Lay awake with a racing mind: The associations between sexual objectification, insomnia, and affective symptoms. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:359-366. [PMID: 34915082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual objectification is a form of interpersonal maltreatment that women may experience in daily life. Research has focused on testing how it leads to various psychological distresses. However, little research has examined its influences on women's sleep quality, the underlying psychological mechanisms, and the potential implications for affective symptoms. We addressed this research gap by testing whether sexual objectification predicted perceived stress and insomnia, thereby predicting affective symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety). We further examined whether sex-is-power beliefs moderated these associations. METHODS Participants completed validated measures of sex-is-power beliefs, sexual objectification, perceived stress, insomnia, depression, and anxiety. We conducted regression analyses, structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping analyses to test the associations between these psychological constructs. RESULTS As predicted, the results showed that sexual objectification was positively associated with perceived stress, insomnia, and affective symptoms. Moreover, perceived stress and insomnia serially mediated the association between sexual objectification and affective symptoms. Furthermore, sex-is-power beliefs moderated the serial mediation effect, such that the effect was only observed among participants with weak sex-is-power beliefs. CONCLUSIONS These findings advanced current theories and knowledge of sexual objectification by demonstrating that sexual objectification is associated with perceived stress and insomnia, thereby predicting affective symptoms. The findings also highlighted the role of beliefs in weakening the negative consequences of sexual objectification.
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Stewart NH, Arora VM. Sleep in Hospitalized Patients. Respir Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang J, Gao X, Gao P, Liu J. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Relationship Among Cytokines, 5-HT2A Receptor Polymorphisms, and Sleep Quality of Non-manual Workers in Xinjiang, China. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:777566. [PMID: 35463508 PMCID: PMC9019505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.777566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that cytokine activity changes during the sleep-wake process, suggesting that inflammatory factors may be involved in a mechanism affecting sleep quality. Furthermore, the serotonergic system is also one of the essential components of airway relaxation during sleep, especially the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) type that plays an important role in the sleep-wake process. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effects of cytokines and 5-HTR2A polymorphisms on sleep quality in non-manual workers in Urumqi, Xinjiang in order to explore the relationship between the three. METHODS This study used a cluster sampling method to randomly select non-manual workers who worked in Urumqi, Xinjiang for at least 1 year. From July 2016 and December 2017, this study recruited 1,500 non-manual workers for physical examination in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1,329 non-manual workers were finally included in the questionnaire study. It used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire to assess sleep quality. Moreover, another 15% of respondents were randomly selected as the experimental study group. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect 5-HTR2A gene genotypes. Simultaneously, the cytokine (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) content was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS The results showed that among the 1,329 respondents, 870 had sleep quality problems, and the detection rate was 65.46%. The distribution of -1438G/A genotypes in the 5-HTR2A gene was significantly different among different sleep quality groups (p < 0.05), with no statistical significance present when comparing to T102C (p > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the AG [odds ratio (OR) = 2.771, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.054-7.287] and GG (OR = 4.037, 95% CI: 1.244-13.105) genotypes at -1438G/A loci were both associated with poor sleep quality and were thus considered the susceptibility genotypes for sleep problems. Furthermore, IL-1β was shown to be a protective factor for sleep quality (OR = 0.949, 95% CI: 0.925-0.974). The interaction results showed that AG × IL-1β (OR = 0.952, 95% CI: 0.918-0.987) was associated with a lower risk of sleep problems than AA × IL-1β. CONCLUSION Cytokines and 5-HTR2A polymorphisms not only have independent effects on sleep but also may have cumulative effects. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the related mechanisms affecting sleep quality to improve the sleep quality of non-manual workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Lee D, Oikonomou G, Prober D. Large-scale Analysis of Sleep in Zebrafish. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4313. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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50
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Jin X, Gu P, Han J. Protocol for Drosophila sleep deprivation using single-chip board. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100827. [PMID: 34585161 PMCID: PMC8456114 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior is characterized by long-term quiescence and increased arousal threshold, and it is homeostatically regulated. The sleep rebound after deprivation is utilized to verify the abilities to maintain homeostasis. This protocol shows how to build a programmed mechanic oscillation system and detailed procedures to conduct sleep deprivation in Drosophila. This deprivation system is featured by its programming flexibility. The knowledge of electronic circuits and a certain level of programming are both required to fulfill this protocol. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jin et al. (2021). The retrofitted oscillator is controlled by a pseudo-random trigger signal A programmable single-chip board enables system flexibility The modular design simplifies debugging and maintenance
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Pengyu Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
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