1
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Sheldon RA. Waste Valorization in a Sustainable Bio-Based Economy: The Road to Carbon Neutrality. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402207. [PMID: 39240026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable chemistry underlying the quest to minimize and/or valorize waste in the carbon-neutral manufacture of chemicals is followed over the last four to five decades. Both chemo- and biocatalysis have played an indispensable role in this odyssey. in particular developments in protein engineering, metagenomics and bioinformatics over the preceding three decades have played a crucial supporting role in facilitating the widespread application of both whole cell and cell-free biocatalysis. The pressing need, driven by climate change mitigation, for a drastic reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has precipitated an energy transition based on decarbonization of energy and defossilization of organic chemicals production. The latter involves waste biomass and/or waste CO2 as the feedstock and green electricity generated using solar, wind, hydroelectric or nuclear energy. The use of waste polysaccharides as feedstocks will underpin a renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry with pentoses and hexoses as base chemicals and bio-based solvents and polymers as environmentally friendly downstream products. The widespread availability of inexpensive electricity and solar energy has led to increasing attention for electro(bio)catalysis and photo(bio)catalysis which in turn is leading to myriad innovations in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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West JG. Building Catalytic Reactions One Electron at a Time. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39317431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusClassical education in organic chemistry and catalysis, not the least my own, has centered on two-electron transformations, from nucleophilic attack to oxidative addition. The focus on two-electron chemistry is well-founded, as this brand of chemistry has enabled incredible feats of synthesis, from the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals to the production of ubiquitous commodity chemicals. With that said, this approach is in many ways complementary to the approach of nature, where enzymes frequently make use of single-electron "radical" steps to achieve challenging reactions with exceptional selectivity, including light detection and C-H hydroxylation. While the power of radical elementary steps is undeniable, the fundamental understanding of─and ability to apply─these in catalysis remains underdeveloped, constraining the palette with which chemists can make new reactions.Motivation to remedy this traditional underemphasis on radical catalysis has been intensified by the runaway success of outer-sphere photoredox catalysis, not only confirming the versatility of radicals in anthropogenic catalysis but also teaching the value of robust and well-understood catalytic cycles for reaction design. Indeed, I would argue the success of outer-sphere photoredox catalysis has been fueled by strong fundamental understanding of its underlying radical elementary steps, with consideration of single-electron transfer (SET) energetics allowing new reactions to be designed de novo with enviable confidence. However, outer-sphere photoredox catalysis is an outlier in this regard, with other mechanistic approaches remaining underexplored.Our research group is part of a growing movement to expand the vocabulary of synthetic radical catalysis beyond the traditional outer-sphere photoredox SET manifold, assembling new cycles comprised of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), light-induced homolysis (LIH), and radical ligand transfer (RLT) steps in new combinations to achieve challenging transformations. These efforts have been made possible by the ever-growing understanding of these radical elementary steps and discovery of catalyst systems with significant mechanistic flexibility, most recently iron/thiol (Fe/S) cocatalysis.In this Account, I will focus on our efforts applying HAT and LIH steps in Fe/S cocatalysis, sharing broad guidelines we have found helpful for using these steps and demonstrating how they can be combined to make new reactions using three case studies: radical hydrogenation (HAT + HAT), decarboxylative protonation (LIH + HAT), and alkene hydrofluoroalkylation (LIH + HAT, with an intervening radical alkene addition). These efforts have highlighted the importance of several key parameters, including bond dissociation energy (BDE) and radical polarity, and I hope our findings similarly provide a valuable framework to others designing new radical catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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3
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Samanta A, Chaubey A, Pal D, Majhi K, Srimani D. Redox-enabled cooperative catalysis by activating secondary alcohols using low-valent Zn complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10398-10401. [PMID: 39224069 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by nature's redox management in bioinorganic systems, we developed various Zn-complexes to catalyze a radical-mediated borrowing hydrogen process for producing β-disubstituted ketones. A diverse range of secondary alcohols, including fatty alcohols, terpenoids and steroid analogs, were successfully utilized for the chemoselective functionalization of ketones. Several organometallic and control studies suggest that coordinatively unsaturated radical species operate as active catalysts to promote alcohol activation and initiate the HAT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Amit Chaubey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Debjyoti Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Krishna Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Dipankar Srimani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
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4
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Mishra S, Dolkar T, Pareek A, Bonthapally R, Maity DK, Dutta A, Ghosh S. Beyond S and Se: Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Tellurolate-Bridged Co(III)-Mn(I) Heterodinuclear Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:16918-16927. [PMID: 39190592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a series of manganese and cobalt heterodinuclear complexes have been synthesized and characterized that have a stark resemblance with the [NiFe]-hydrogenase active site structure. Irradiation of [Mn2(CO)10] in the presence of 1.5 eq of [NaEPh] [E = S, Se, Te] followed by reaction with [Cp*CoCl]2 led to the formation of half-sandwiched trichalcogenate-bridged heterodinuclear complexes [{Mn(CO)3}(μ-EPh)3(CoCp*)] [E = S (C1); Se (C2) and Te (C3)]. The reaction of these heterodinuclear trichalcogenate-bridged complexes with [LiBH4·THF] yielded the corresponding dichalcogenate hydride-bridged heterobimetallic complexes [(CO)3Mn(μ-EPh)2(μ-H)(CoCp*)] [E = S (C5); Se (C6) and Te (C7)], which closely imitate the Ni-R intermediate of [NiFe]-hydrogenase. The resultant complexes (C5-C7) displayed impressive H2 production in DMF in the presence of HBF4, whereas the Te-based complex (C7) showcased the highest TON (184 h-1) with an impressive Faradaic efficiency of >98%. The DFT investigations revealed a unique role of bridging chalcogens in catalysis, wherein, depending on the identity of the chalcogen (S, Se, or Te), protonation could occur via two distinct routes. This study represents a rare example of the full trio of S/Se/Te-based heterodinuclear complexes whose electrocatalytic HER activity has been probed under analogous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thinles Dolkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anvay Pareek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Dilip Kumar Maity
- Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Center of Excellence CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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5
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Ma Z, Kuloor C, Kreyenschulte C, Bartling S, Malina O, Haumann M, Menezes PW, Zbořil R, Beller M, Jagadeesh RV. Development of Iron-Based Single Atom Materials for General and Efficient Synthesis of Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407859. [PMID: 38923207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Earth abundant metal-based heterogeneous catalysts with highly active and at the same time stable isolated metal sites constitute a key factor for the advancement of sustainable and cost-effective chemical synthesis. In particular, the development of more practical, and durable iron-based materials is of central interest for organic synthesis, especially for the preparation of chemical products related to life science applications. Here, we report the preparation of Fe-single atom catalysts (Fe-SACs) entrapped in N-doped mesoporous carbon support with unprecedented potential in the preparation of different kinds of amines, which represent privileged class of organic compounds and find increasing application in daily life. The optimal Fe-SACs allow for the reductive amination of a broad range of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia and amines to produce diverse primary, secondary, and tertiary amines including N-methylated products as well as drugs, agrochemicals, and other biomolecules (amino acid esters and amides) utilizing green hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ma
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Chakreshwara Kuloor
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Carsten Kreyenschulte
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Ondrej Malina
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Haumann
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prashanth W Menezes
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Rajenahally V Jagadeesh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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6
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Lu CJ, Shi WJ, Gong YN, Zhang JH, Wang YC, Mei JH, Ge ZM, Lu TB, Zhong DC. Modulating the Microenvironments of Robust Metal Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405451. [PMID: 39031893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are outstanding candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. However, most of reported HOFs suffer from poor stability and photocatalytic activity in the absence of Pt cocatalyst. Herein, a series of metal HOFs (Co2-HOF-X, X=COOMe, Br, tBu and OMe) have been rationally constructed based on dinuclear cobalt complexes, which exhibit exceptional stability in the presence of strong acid (12 M HCl) and strong base (5 M NaOH) for at least 10 days. More impressively, by varying the -X groups of the dinuclear cobalt complexes, the microenvironment of Co2-HOF-X can be modulated, giving rise to obviously different photocatalytic H2 production rates, following the -X group sequence of -COOMe>-Br>-tBu>-OMe. The optimized Co2-HOF-COOMe shows H2 generation rate up to 12.8 mmol g-1 h-1 in the absence of any additional noble-metal photosensitizers and cocatalysts, which is superior to most reported Pt-assisted photocatalytic systems. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the -X groups grafted on Co2-HOF-X possess different electron-withdrawing ability, thus regulating the electronic structures of Co catalytic centres and proton activation barrier for H2 production, and leading to the distinctly different photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jiu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Wen-Jie Shi
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yun-Nan Gong
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jian-Hua Mei
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Ge
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Di-Chang Zhong
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
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7
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Trevino RE, Fuller JT, Reid DJ, Laureanti JA, Ginovska B, Linehan JC, Shaw WJ. Understanding the role of negative charge in the scaffold of an artificial enzyme for CO 2 hydrogenation on catalysis. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:625-638. [PMID: 39207604 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
We have approached the construction of an artificial enzyme by employing a robust protein scaffold, lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator, LmrR, providing a structured secondary and outer coordination spheres around a molecular rhodium complex, [RhI(PEt2NglyPEt2)2]-. Previously, we demonstrated a 2-3 fold increase in activity for one Rh-LmrR construct by introducing positive charge in the secondary coordination sphere. In this study, a series of variants was made through site-directed mutagenesis where the negative charge is located in the secondary sphere or outer coordination sphere, with additional variants made with increasingly negative charge in the outer coordination sphere while keeping a positive charge in the secondary sphere. Placing a negative charge in the secondary or outer coordination sphere demonstrates decreased activity by a factor of two compared to the wild-type Rh-LmrR. Interestingly, addition of positive charge in the secondary sphere, with the negatively charged outer coordination sphere restores activity. Vibrational and NMR spectroscopy suggest minimal changes to the electronic density at the rhodium center, regardless of inclusion of a negative or positive charge in the secondary sphere, suggesting another mechanism is impacting catalytic activity, explored in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina E Trevino
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jack T Fuller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Deseree J Reid
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joseph A Laureanti
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- Admiral Instruments, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - John C Linehan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, MSIN J7-10, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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8
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Ahmed H, Ghosh B, Breitenlechner S, Feßner M, Merten C, Bach T. Intermolecular Enantioselective Amination Reactions Mediated by Visible Light and a Chiral Iron Porphyrin Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407003. [PMID: 38695376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In the presence of 1 mol % of a chiral iron porphyrin catalyst, various 3-arylmethyl-substituted 2-quinolones and 2-pyridones underwent an enantioselective amination reaction (20 examples; 93-99 % ee). The substrates were used as the limiting reagents, and fluorinated aryl azides (1.5 equivalents) served as nitrene precursors. The reaction is triggered by visible light which allows a facile dediazotation at ambient temperature. The selectivity of the reaction is governed by a two-point hydrogen bond interaction between the ligand of the iron catalyst and the substrate. Hydrogen bonding directs the amination to a specific hydrogen atom within the substrate that is displaced by the nitrogen substituent either in a concerted fashion or by a rebound mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussayn Ahmed
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Biki Ghosh
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Malte Feßner
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum
| | - Christian Merten
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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9
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Wyss V, Dinu IA, Marot L, Palivan CG, Delley MF. Thermocatalytic epoxidation by cobalt sulfide inspired by the material's electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2024; 14:4550-4565. [PMID: 39139589 PMCID: PMC11318377 DOI: 10.1039/d4cy00518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
New discoveries in catalysis by earth-abundant materials can be guided by leveraging knowledge across two sub-disciplines of heterogeneous catalysis: electrocatalysis and thermocatalysis. Cobalt sulfide has been reported to be a highly active electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Under these oxidative conditions, cobalt sulfide forms oxidized surfaces that outperform directly prepared cobalt oxide in OER catalysis. We postulated that the catalytic activity of oxidized cobalt sulfide for OER could reflect a more general ability to catalyze O-transfer reactions. Herein, we show that cobalt sulfide (CoS x ) indeed catalyzes the epoxidation of cyclooctene, a thermal O-transfer reaction. Similarly to OER, the surface-oxidized CoS x formed under reaction conditions outperformed the directly prepared cobalt oxide, hydroxide, and oxyhydroxide for epoxidation catalysis. Another notable phenomenological parallel to OER was revealed by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis of all spent Co-based catalysts that showed significant structural changes and the formation of paramagnetic Co(ii) and Co(iv) species. Mechanistic investigations suggest that a higher density of Co(ii) and/or an easier formation of high-valent Co species in the case of surface-oxidized cobalt sulfide is responsible for its high activity as an epoxidation catalyst. Our results provide important insight into the surface chemistry of Co-based catalysts and show the potential of oxidized CoS x as an earth-abundant catalyst for O-transfer reactivity beyond OER. This work highlights the utility of bridging electrocatalysis and thermocatalysis for the development of more sustainable chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel 4056 Basel Switzerland
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10
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Zhu Z, Hu Q, Fu Y, Tong Y, Zhou Z. Design and Evolution of an Enzyme for the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Cyclic Ketones to Nitroolefins by Enamine Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404312. [PMID: 38783596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Consistent introduction of novel enzymes is required for developing efficient biocatalysts for challenging biotransformations. Absorbing catalytic modes from organocatalysis may be fruitful for designing new-to-nature enzymes with novel functions. Herein we report a newly designed artificial enzyme harboring a catalytic pyrrolidine residue that catalyzes the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic ketones to nitroolefins through enamine activation with high efficiency. Diverse chiral γ-nitro cyclic ketones with two stereocenters were efficiently prepared with excellent stereoselectivity (up to 97 % e.e., >20 : 1 d.r.) and good yield (up to 86 %). This work provides an efficient biocatalytic strategy for cyclic ketone functionalization, and highlights the usefulness of artificial enzymes for extending biocatalysis to further non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qinru Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yi Fu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yingjia Tong
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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11
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Fan F, Peng Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Luo Z, Luo M, Zeng X. Metal-carbene-guided twofold cross-coupling of ethers with chromium catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6455. [PMID: 39085244 PMCID: PMC11292013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coupling by metal-carbene transfer enables the formation of several different bonds at the carbenoid site, enabling prochiral Csp3 centers that are fundamental three-dimensional substructures for medicines to be forged with increased efficiency. However, strategies using bulk chemicals are rare because of the challenge of breaking two unactivated geminal bonds. Herein, we report the reactivity of ethers to form metal-carbene intermediate by cleavage of α-Csp3-H/Csp3-O bonds, which achieve selective coupling with arylmagnesium bromides and chlorosilanes. These couplings are catalysed by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-chromium complex and enable the one-step formation of 1,n-arylsilyl alcohols and α-arylated silanes. Mechanistic studies indicate that the in-situ formed low-valent Cr might react with iodobenzene to form phenyl radical species, which abstracts the α-H atom of ether in giving α-oxy radical. The latter combines with Cr by breaking α-Csp3-O bond to afford metal-carbene intermediate, which couples with aryl Grignard and chlorosilane to form two σ-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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12
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Alayoglu P, Rathnayaka SC, Chang T, Wang SG, Chen YS, Mankad NP. Cu site differentiation in tetracopper(i) sulfide clusters enables biomimetic N 2O reduction. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc00701h. [PMID: 39129770 PMCID: PMC11306996 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper clusters feature prominently in both metalloenzymes and synthetic nanoclusters that mediate catalytic redox transformations of gaseous small molecules. Such reactions are critical to biological energy conversion and are expected to be crucial parts of renewable energy economies. However, the precise roles of individual metal atoms within clusters are difficult to elucidate, particularly for cluster systems that are dynamic under operating conditions. Here, we present a metal site-specific analysis of synthetic Cu4(μ4-S) clusters that mimic the Cu Z active site of the nitrous oxide reductase enzyme. Leveraging the ability to obtain structural snapshots of both inactive and active forms of the synthetic model system, we analyzed both states using resonant X-ray diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS), a technique that enables X-ray absorption profiles of individual metal sites within a cluster to be extracted independently. Using DAFS, we found that a change in cluster geometry between the inactive and active states is correlated to Cu site differentiation that is presumably required for efficient activation of N2O gas. More precisely, we hypothesize that the Cu δ+⋯Cu δ- pairs produced upon site differentiation are poised for N2O activation, as supported by computational modeling. These results provide an unprecedented level of detail on the roles of individual metal sites within the synthetic cluster system and how those roles interplay with cluster geometry to impact the reactivity function. We expect this fundamental knowledge to inform understanding of metal clusters in settings ranging from (bio)molecular to nanocluster to extended solid systems involved in energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Alayoglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Suresh C Rathnayaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Tieyan Chang
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
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13
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Hutchison P, Smith LE, Rooney CL, Wang H, Hammes-Schiffer S. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanisms for CO 2 Reduction to Methanol Catalyzed by Surface-Immobilized Cobalt Phthalocyanine. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20230-20240. [PMID: 38984971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) is a highly promising architecture for the six-proton, six-electron reduction of CO2 to methanol. This electroreduction process relies on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions that can occur by sequential or concerted mechanisms. Immobilization on a conductive support such as carbon nanotubes or graphitic flakes can fundamentally alter the PCET mechanisms. We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations of CoPc adsorbed on an explicit graphitic surface model to investigate intermediates in the electroreduction of CO2 to methanol. Our calculations show that the alignment of the CoPc and graphitic electronic states influences the reductive chemistry. These calculations also distinguish between charging the graphitic surface and reducing the CoPc and adsorbed intermediates as electrons are added to the system. This analysis allows us to identify the chemical transformations that are likely to be concerted PCET, defined for these systems as the mechanism in which protonation of a CO2 reduction intermediate is accompanied by electron abstraction from the graphitic surface to the adsorbate without thermodynamically stable intermediates. This work establishes a mechanistic pathway for methanol production that is consistent with experimental observations and provides fundamental insight into how immobilization of the CoPc impacts its CO2 reduction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Logan E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Conor L Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Somachandra MS, Averkiev B, Sues PE. Unsymmetric Co-Facial "Salixpyrrole" Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts: Two Metals are Better than One. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13346-13357. [PMID: 38989677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Designing ligand architectures that can mimic enzyme active sites is a promising approach for developing efficient small molecule activation catalysts for sustainable energy applications. Some key design features include chemically distinct binding pockets for multiple metal centers and a three-dimensional structure that controls the positioning of catalytic sites. With these principles in mind, mono- and bimetallic unsymmetric cofacial palladium complexes, 2 and 3, respectively, bearing ligands with calixpyrrole and salen coordination sites, or "salixpyrrole" ligands, are reported. These species were accessed in a straightforward Schiff-base reaction with appreciable yields. In addition, both 2 and 3 were found to be active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts using para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate as the proton source. The two salixpyrrole species displayed different mechanisms of action, with 2 showing a second-order dependence on acid concentration, whereas 3 exhibited a first-order dependence. Moreover, the bimetallic catalyst was significantly more efficient, with higher turnover frequencies, 4640 s-1 vs 1680 s-1 for 2, and lower overpotentials, 0.39 V vs 0.69 V for 2. The results reported herein provide proof-of-concept that bimetallic catalysts with chemically distinct binding sites demonstrate enhanced catalytic properties in comparison to monometallic or symmetric analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Averkiev
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Peter E Sues
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
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15
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Yasumura S, Nagai K, Miyazaki S, Qian Y, Chen D, Toyao T, Kamiya Y, Shimizu KI. Low-Temperature Methane Combustion Using Ozone over Coβ Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39031765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic methane (CH4) combustion is a promising approach to reducing the release of unburned methane in exhaust gas. Here, we report Co-exchanged β zeolite (Coβ) as an efficient catalyst for CH4 combustion using O3. A series of ion-exchanged β zeolites (Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Pd) are subjected to the catalytic test, and Coβ exhibits a superior performance in a low-temperature region (<100 °C). The results of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and catalytic tests for Coβ with different Co loadings indicate the isolated Co species is the plausible active site. The reaction mechanism of CH4 combustion over the isolated Co2+ cation is theoretically investigated by the single-component artificial force-induced reaction (SC-AFIR) method to thoroughly search for possible reaction routes. The resulting path toward CO2 formation shows an activation energy of 73 kJ/mol for the rate-determining step and an exothermicity of 1025 kJ/mol, which supports the experimental results. During a long-term catalytic test for 160 h without external heating, the CH4 conversion gradually decreases from 80 to 40%, but the conversion fully recovers after dehydration at 500 °C (0.5 h). The copresence of H2O and CO exhibits a negative impact on the catalytic activity, while NO and SO2 do not markedly change the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Yasumura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Ken Nagai
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinta Miyazaki
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yucheng Qian
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Duotian Chen
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kamiya
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N-5, K-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shimizu
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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16
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Zhu YY, He YY, Li YX, Liu CH, Lin W. Heterogeneous Porous Synergistic Photocatalysts for Organic Transformations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400842. [PMID: 38691421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent interest has surged in using heterogeneous carriers to boost synergistic photocatalysis for organic transformations. Heterogeneous catalysts not only facilitate synergistic enhancement of distinct catalytic centers compared to their homogeneous counterparts, but also allow for the easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. This mini-review summarizes recent advancements in developing heterogeneous carriers, including metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, and others, for synergistic catalytic reactions. The advantages of porous materials in heterogeneous catalysis originate from their ability to provide a high surface area, facilitate enhanced mass transport, offer a tunable chemical structure, ensure the stability of active species, and enable easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. Both photosensitizers and catalysts can be intricately incorporated into suitable porous carriers to create heterogeneous dual photocatalysts for organic transformations. Notably, experimental evidence from reported cases has shown that the catalytic efficacy of heterogeneous catalysts often surpasses that of their homogeneous analogues. This enhanced performance is attributed to the proximity and confinement effects provided by the porous nature of the carriers. It is expected that porous carriers will provide a versatile platform for integrating diverse catalysts, thus exhibiting superior performance across a range of organic transformations and appealing prospect for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Luescher MU, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. The impact of earth-abundant metals as a replacement for Pd in cross coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9016-9025. [PMID: 38903222 PMCID: PMC11186335 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Substitution of one metal catalyst for another is not as straightforward as simply justifying this change based on the availability and/or cost of the metals. Methodologies to properly assess options for reaction design, including multiple factors like a metal's availability, cost, or environmental indicators have not advanced at the pace needed, leaving decisions to be made along these lines more challenging. Isolated indicators can lead to conclusions being made in too hasty a fashion. Therefore, an extensive life cycle-like assessment was performed documenting that the commonly held view that methods using earth-abundant metals (and in this case study, Ni) are inherently green replacements for methods using palladium in cross-coupling reactions, and Suzuki-Miyaura couplings, in particular, is an incomplete analysis of the entire picture. This notion can be misleading, and unfortunately derives mainly from the standpoint of price, and to some degree, relative natural abundance associated with the impact of mining of each metal. A more accurate picture emerges when several additional reaction parameters involved in the compared couplings are considered. The analysis points to the major impact that use of organic solvents has in these couplings, while the metals themselves actually play subordinate roles in terms of CO2-release into the environment and hence, the overall carbon footprint (i.e., climate change). The conclusion is that a far more detailed analysis is required than that typically being utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael U Luescher
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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18
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Depenbrock F, Limpke T, Stammler A, Oldengott J, Bögge H, Glaser T. Increasing the electron donation in a dinucleating ligand family: molecular and electronic structures in a series of Co IICo II complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9554-9567. [PMID: 38771300 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a family of dinucleating ligands with varying terminal donors to generate dinuclear peroxo and high-valent complexes and to correlate their stabilities and reactivities with their molecular and electronic structures as a function of the terminal donors. It appears that the electron-donating ability of the terminal donors is an important handle for controlling these stabilities and reactivities. Here, we present the synthesis of a new dinucleating ligand with potentially strong donating terminal imidazole donors. As CoII ions are sensitive to variations in donor strength in terms of coordination number, magnetism, UV-Vis-NIR spectra, redox potentials, we probe the electron donation ability of this new ligand in CoIICoII complexes in comparison to the parent CoIICoII complexes with terminal pyridine donors and we synthesize the analogous CoIICoII complexes with terminal 6-methylpyridines and methoxy-substituted pyridines. The molecular structures show indeed strong variations in coordination numbers and bond lengths. These differences in the molecular structures are reflected in the magnetic properties and in the d-d transitions demonstrating that the molecular structures remain intact upon dissolution. The redox potentials are analyzed with respect to the electron donation ability and are the only handle to observe an effect of the methoxy-substituted pyridines. All data taken together show the following order of electron donating ability for the terminal donors: 6-methylpyridines ≪ pyridines < methoxy-substituted pyridines ≪ imidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Depenbrock
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Limpke
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Anja Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Oldengott
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Bögge
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Glaser
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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19
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Dey K, de Ruiter G. Chemoselective Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by a Manganese(I) Hydride Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:4173-4177. [PMID: 38738936 PMCID: PMC11129310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report the chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a well-defined Mn(I) PCNHCP pincer complex [(PCNHCP)Mn(CO)2H] (1). The reaction is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups that include halides, esters, amides, nitriles, nitro, alkynes, and alkenes, and for most substrates occurs readily at ambient hydrogen pressure (1-2 bar). Mechanistic studies and deuterium labeling experiments reveal a non-cooperative mechanism, which is further discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartick Dey
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
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20
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Su Y, Berbille A, Li XF, Zhang J, PourhosseiniAsl M, Li H, Liu Z, Li S, Liu J, Zhu L, Wang ZL. Reduction of precious metal ions in aqueous solutions by contact-electro-catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4196. [PMID: 38760357 PMCID: PMC11101412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Precious metals are core assets for the development of modern technologies in various fields. Their scarcity poses the question of their cost, life cycle and reuse. Recently, an emerging catalysis employing contact-electrification (CE) at water-solid interfaces to drive redox reaction, called contact-electro-catalysis (CEC), has been used to develop metal free mechano-catalytic methods to efficiently degrade refractory organic compounds, produce hydrogen peroxide, or leach metals from spent Li-Ion batteries. Here, we show ultrasonic CEC can successfully drive the reduction of Ag(ac), Rh3+, [PtCl4]2-, Ag+, Hg2+, Pd2+, [AuCl4]-, and Ir3+, in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The effect of oxygen on the reaction is studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and ab-initio simulation. Combining measurements of charge transfers during water-solid CE, EPR spectroscopy and gold extraction experiments help show the link between CE and CEC. What's more, this method based on water-solid CE is capable of extracting gold from synthetic solutions with concentrations ranging from as low as 0.196 ppm up to 196 ppm, reaching in 3 h extraction capacities ranging from 0.756 to 722.5 mg g-1 in 3 h. Finally, we showed CEC is employed to design a metal-free, selective, and recyclable catalytic gold extraction methods from e-waste aqueous leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Su
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Andy Berbille
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - MohammadJavad PourhosseiniAsl
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Huifan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shunning Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Laipan Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA.
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21
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Shaw WJ, Kidder MK, Bare SR, Delferro M, Morris JR, Toma FM, Senanayake SD, Autrey T, Biddinger EJ, Boettcher S, Bowden ME, Britt PF, Brown RC, Bullock RM, Chen JG, Daniel C, Dorhout PK, Efroymson RA, Gaffney KJ, Gagliardi L, Harper AS, Heldebrant DJ, Luca OR, Lyubovsky M, Male JL, Miller DJ, Prozorov T, Rallo R, Rana R, Rioux RM, Sadow AD, Schaidle JA, Schulte LA, Tarpeh WA, Vlachos DG, Vogt BD, Weber RS, Yang JY, Arenholz E, Helms BA, Huang W, Jordahl JL, Karakaya C, Kian KC, Kothandaraman J, Lercher J, Liu P, Malhotra D, Mueller KT, O'Brien CP, Palomino RM, Qi L, Rodriguez JA, Rousseau R, Russell JC, Sarazen ML, Sholl DS, Smith EA, Stevens MB, Surendranath Y, Tassone CJ, Tran B, Tumas W, Walton KS. A US perspective on closing the carbon cycle to defossilize difficult-to-electrify segments of our economy. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:376-400. [PMID: 38693313 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrification to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions is essential to mitigate climate change. However, a substantial portion of our manufacturing and transportation infrastructure will be difficult to electrify and/or will continue to use carbon as a key component, including areas in aviation, heavy-duty and marine transportation, and the chemical industry. In this Roadmap, we explore how multidisciplinary approaches will enable us to close the carbon cycle and create a circular economy by defossilizing these difficult-to-electrify areas and those that will continue to need carbon. We discuss two approaches for this: developing carbon alternatives and improving our ability to reuse carbon, enabled by separations. Furthermore, we posit that co-design and use-driven fundamental science are essential to reach aggressive greenhouse gas reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | - Simon R Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Francesca M Toma
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | | | - Tom Autrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Shannon Boettcher
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert C Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jingguang G Chen
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter K Dorhout
- Vice President for Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron S Harper
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Oana R Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jonathan L Male
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Rallo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rachita Rana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Rioux
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Schulte
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Weber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett A Helms
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James L Jordahl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Kourosh Cyrus Kian
- Independent consultant, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Johannes Lercher
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ping Liu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - Karl T Mueller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Casey P O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Long Qi
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Jake C Russell
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, Department of Energy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Emily A Smith
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ba Tran
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - William Tumas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Ajayi T, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Chromium(III) Complexes Containing Bidentate PN and Tridentate P-NH-P and P-NH-P' Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19690-19699. [PMID: 38708235 PMCID: PMC11064035 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chromium(III) complexes bearing bidentate {NH2(CH2)2PPh2: PN, (S,S)-[NH2(CHPh)2PPh2]: P'N} and tridentate [Ph2P(CH2)2N(H)(CH2)2PPh2: P-NH-P, (S,S)-(iPr)2PCH2CH2N(H)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)PPh2: P-NH-P'] ligands have been synthesized using a mechanochemical approach. The complexes {cis-[Cr(PN)Cl2]Cl (1), cis-[Cr(P'N)Cl2]Cl (2), mer-Cr(P-NH-P)Cl3 (3), and mer-Cr(P-NH-P')Cl3 (4)} were obtained in high yield (95-97%) via the grinding of the respective ligands andthe solid Cr(III) ion precursor [CrCl3(THF)3] with the aid of a pestle and mortar, followed by recrystallization in acetonitrile. The isolated complexes are high spin. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 2 revealed a cationic chromium complex with two P'N ligands in a cis configuration with P' trans to P' with chloride as the counteranion. The X-ray study of 4 shows a neutral Cr(III) complex with the P-NH-P' ligand in a mer configuration. The difference in molecular structures and bulkiness of the ligands influence the electronic, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the complexes as exhibited by the bathochromic shifts in the electronic absorption peaks of the complexes and the relative increase in the magnetic moment of 3 (4.19 μβ) and 4 (4.15 μβ) above the spin only value (3.88 μβ) for a d3 electronic configuration. Complexes 1-4 were found to be inactive in the hydrogenation of an aldimine [(E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine] under a variety of activating conditions. The addition of magnesium and trimethylsilyl chloride in THF did cause hydrogenation at room temperature, but this occurred even in the absence of the chromium complex. The hydrogen in the amine product came from the THF solvent in this novel reaction, as determined by deuterium incorporation into the product when deuterated THF was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomilola
J. Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Brunclik SA, Grotemeyer EN, Aghaei Z, Mian MR, Jackson TA. Investigating Ligand Sphere Perturbations on Mn III-Alkylperoxo Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:1849. [PMID: 38675669 PMCID: PMC11053420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese catalysts that activate hydrogen peroxide carry out several different hydrocarbon oxidation reactions with high stereoselectivity. The commonly proposed mechanism for these reactions involves a key manganese(III)-hydroperoxo intermediate, which decays via O-O bond heterolysis to generate a Mn(V)-oxo species that institutes substrate oxidation. Due to the scarcity of characterized MnIII-hydroperoxo complexes, MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes are employed to understand factors that affect the mechanism of the O-O cleavage. Herein, we report a series of novel complexes, including two room-temperature-stable MnIII-alkylperoxo species, supported by a new amide-containing pentadentate ligand (6Medpaq5NO2). We use a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional theory computations to probe the effects of the electronic changes in the ligand sphere trans to the hydroxo and alkylperoxo units to thermal stability and reactivity. The structural characterizations for both MnII(OTf)(6Medpaq5NO2) and [MnIII(OH)(6Medpaq5NO2)](OTf) were obtained via single-crystal X-ray crystallography. A perturbation to the ligand sphere allowed for a marked increase in reactivity towards an organic substrate, a modest change in the distribution of the O-O cleavage products from homolytic and heterolytic pathways, and little change in thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Brunclik
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.A.B.); (E.N.G.); (Z.A.)
| | - Elizabeth N. Grotemeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.A.B.); (E.N.G.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zahra Aghaei
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.A.B.); (E.N.G.); (Z.A.)
| | - Mohammad Rasel Mian
- Protein Structure and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Timothy A. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (S.A.B.); (E.N.G.); (Z.A.)
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24
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Yuan H, Krishna A, Wei Z, Su Y, Chen J, Hua W, Zheng Z, Song D, Mu Q, Pan W, Xiao L, Yan J, Li G, Yang W, Deng Z, Peng Y. Ligand-Bound CO 2 as a Nonclassical Route toward Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction with a Ni N-Confused Porphyrin. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10550-10558. [PMID: 38584353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Implementing the synergistic effects between the metal and the ligand has successfully streamlined the energetics for CO2 activation and gained high catalytic activities, establishing the important breakthroughs in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Herein, we describe a Ni(II) N-confused porphyrin complex (NiNCP) featuring an acidic N-H group. It is readily deprotonated and exists in an anion form during catalysis. Owing to this functional site, NiNCP gave rise to an outstanding turnover number (TON) as high as 217,000 with a 98% selectivity for CO2 reduction to CO, while the parent Ni(II) porphyrin (NiTPP) was found to be nearly inactive. Our mechanistic analysis revealed a nonclassical reaction pattern where CO2 was effectively activated via the attack of the Lewis-basic ligand. The resulting ligand-bound CO2 adduct could be further reduced to produce CO. This new metal-ligand synergistic effect is anticipated to inspire the design of highly active catalysts for small molecule activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Yuan
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Akash Krishna
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihe Wei
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhui Su
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangyi Zheng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daqi Song
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Mu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Xiao
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Guanna Li
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Ebeler F, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Divergent Reactivity of a Cyclic Bis-Hydridostannylene: A Masked Sn(I) Diradicaloid. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400382. [PMID: 38294490 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, reactivity studies of a cyclic bis-hydridostannylene [(ADC)SnH]2 (1-H2) (ADC=PhC{(NDipp)C}2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3) with various unsaturated organic substrates are reported. Reactions of terminal alkynes (RC≡CH) with 1-H2 afford mixed acetylide-vinyl-functionalized bis-stannylenes via dehydrogenation and hydrostannylation. Treatment of 1-H2 with PhC≡CCH3 gives a unique distannabarrelene via dehydrogenative C(sp3)-H stannylation and hydrostannylation of the C≡CCH3 moiety. 1-H2 undergoes dehydrogenative [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions with diphenylacetylene, azobenzene, acetone, benzophenone, and benzaldehyde to form the 1,4-distannabarrelene derivatives. The elimination of H2 in these reactions suggests the masked-diradical property of 1-H2. In fact, these [2+2]-cycloaddition products are also accessible on treatments of the Sn(I) diradicaloid [(ADC)Sn]2 (1) with appropriate reagents. All compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the catalytic activity of 1-H2 has been shown for the hydroboration of unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Li Q, Zhao Z, Chen F, Xu X, Xu L, Cheng L, Adeli M, Luo X, Cheng C. Delocalization Engineering of Heme-Mimetic Artificial Enzymes for Augmented Reactive Oxygen Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400838. [PMID: 38372011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Developing artificial enzymes based on organic molecules or polymers for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related catalysis has broad applicability. Herein, inspired by porphyrin-based heme mimics, we report the synthesis of polyphthalocyanine-based conjugated polymers (Fe-PPc-AE) as a new porphyrin-evolving structure to serve as efficient and versatile artificial enzymes for augmented reactive oxygen catalysis. Owing to the structural advantages, such as enhanced π-conjugation networks and π-electron delocalization, promoted electron transfer, and unique Fe-N coordination centers, Fe-PPc-AE showed more efficient ROS-production activity in terms of Vmax and turnover numbers as compared with porphyrin-based conjugated polymers (Fe-PPor-AE), which also surpassed reported state-of-the-art artificial enzymes in their activity. More interestingly, by changing the reaction medium and substrates, Fe-PPc-AE also revealed significantly improved activity and environmental adaptivity in many other ROS-related biocatalytic processes, validating the potential of Fe-PPc-AE to replace conventional (poly)porphyrin-based heme mimics for ROS-related catalysis, biosensors, or biotherapeutics. It is suggested that this study will offer essential guidance for designing artificial enzymes based on organic molecules or polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhenyang Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Fan Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68137-17133, Iran
| | - Xianglin Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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27
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Miyazaki Y, Michigami K, Ohashi M. Isolation of Cationic η 3-Allenylnickel(II) Key Intermediate Complexes: Origins of Enantioselectivity and Regioselectivity in Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Substitutions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8757-8767. [PMID: 38498989 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and isolation of cationic η3-allenylnickel(II) complexes that bear rac-BINAP as a bidentate ligand for the first time via Me3SiOTf-promoted C-O bond cleavage of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate. In contrast, in the presence of the monodentate phosphine ligand PEt3, treatment of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate with Ni(cod)2 resulted in a gradual C-O bond cleavage leading to η1-allenylnickel(II) complexes, i.e., trans-(PEt3)2Ni(η1-CPh═C═CHR)(OBoc). X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy studies of [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni(rac-BINAP)](OTf) revealed that the complex adopts an η3-allenyl coordination mode both in the crystal lattice and in solution. A thorough structural comparison between [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni(rac-BINAP)](OTf) and palladium and platinum analogues revealed that the η3-allenyl moiety in the nickel complex is similar to that observed in palladium and platinum complexes, albeit that each Ni-C bond is shorter than the corresponding Pd-C and Pt-C bonds due to the smaller ionic radius of nickel to that of Pd or Pt. The reactions of either N-methylaniline or sodium N-methylanilide with [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni((R)-BINAP)](OTf) furnished (R)-PhC≡CCH(NMePh)Me as an asymmetric propargylic substitution (APS) product with excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, when the nickel-catalyzed APS reaction of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate with N-methylaniline was conducted in DMSO at 60 °C in the presence of 5 mol % of [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni((R)-BINAP)](OTf) and 7.5 mol % of sodium N-methylanilide as a catalytic precursor and an additive, respectively, (R)-PhC≡CCH(NMePh)Me was obtained in 79% yield with 90% ee. The experimental results and computational calculations strongly suggest that the nickel-catalyzed APS reaction might proceed via a cationic η3-allenylnickel(II) species as the key reaction intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichi Michigami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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28
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Luo Z, Li L, Nguyen VT, Kanbur U, Li Y, Zhang J, Nie R, Biswas A, Bud'ko SL, Oh J, Zhou L, Huang W, Sadow AD, Wang B, Scott SL, Qi L. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis by Atomically Dispersed Iron Sites Embedded in Chemically and Redox Non-innocent N-Doped Carbon. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8618-8629. [PMID: 38471106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed first-row transition metals embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon materials (M-N-C) show promising performance in catalytic hydrogenation but are less well-studied for reactions with more complex mechanisms, such as hydrogenolysis. Their ability to catalyze selective C-O bond cleavage of oxygenated hydrocarbons such as aryl alcohols and ethers is enhanced with the participation of ligands directly bound to the metal ion as well as longer-range contributions from the support. In this article, we describe how Fe-N-C catalysts with well-defined local structures for the Fe sites catalyze C-O bond hydrogenolysis. The reaction is facilitated by the N-C support. According to spectroscopic analyses, the as-synthesized catalysts contain mostly pentacoordinated FeIII sites, with four in-plane nitrogen donor ligands and one axial hydroxyl ligand. In the presence of 20 bar of H2 at 170-230 °C, the hydroxyl ligand is lost when N4FeIIIOH is reduced to N4FeII, assisted by the H2 chemisorbed on the support. When an alcohol binds to the tetracoordinated FeII sites, homolytic cleavage of the O-H bond is accompanied by reoxidation to FeIII and H atom transfer to the support. The role of the N-C support in catalytic hydrogenolysis is analogous to the behavior of chemically and redox-non-innocent ligands in molecular catalysts based on first-row transition metal ions and enhances the ability of M-N-Cs to achieve the types of multistep activations of strong bonds needed to upgrade renewable and recycled feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Luo
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vy T Nguyen
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Uddhav Kanbur
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yuting Li
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Renfeng Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Abhranil Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sergey L Bud'ko
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jinsu Oh
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenyu Huang
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Susannah L Scott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Long Qi
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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29
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Tankard RE, Romeggio F, Akazawa SK, Krabbe A, Sloth OF, Secher NM, Colding-Fagerholt S, Helveg S, Palmer R, Damsgaard CD, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I. Stable mass-selected AuTiO x nanoparticles for CO oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9253-9263. [PMID: 38445363 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Stability under reactive conditions poses a common challenge for cluster- and nanoparticle-based catalysts. Since the catalytic properties of <5 nm gold nanoparticles were first uncovered, optimizing their stability at elevated temperatures for CO oxidation has been a central theme. Here we report direct observations of improved stability of AuTiOx alloy nanoparticles for CO oxidation compared with pure Au nanoparticles on TiO2. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a magnetron sputtering, gas-phase aggregation cluster source, size-selected using a lateral time-of-flight mass filter and deposited onto TiO2-coated micro-reactors for thermocatalytic activity measurements of CO oxidation. The AuTiOx nanoparticles exhibited improved stability at elevated temperatures, which is attributed to a self-anchoring interaction with the TiO2 substrate. The structure of the AuTiOx nanoparticles was also investigated in detail using ion scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The measurements showed that the alloyed nanoparticles exhibited a core-shell structure with an Au core surrounded by an AuTiOx shell. The structure of these alloy nanoparticles appeared stable even at temperatures up to 320 °C under reactive conditions, for more than 140 hours. The work presented confirms the possibility of tuning catalytic activity and stability via nanoparticle alloying and self-anchoring on TiO2 substrates, and highlights the importance of complementary characterization techniques to investigate and optimize nanoparticle catalyst designs of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Egeberg Tankard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Filippo Romeggio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stefan Kei Akazawa
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Krabbe
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Olivia Fjord Sloth
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Niklas Mørch Secher
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofie Colding-Fagerholt
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard Palmer
- Nanomaterials Lab, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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30
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Gardner A, Neri G, Siritanaratkul B, Jang H, Saeed KH, Donaldson PM, Cowan AJ. Potential Dependent Reorientation Controlling Activity of a Molecular Electrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7130-7134. [PMID: 38441442 PMCID: PMC10958496 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The activity of molecular electrocatalysts depends on the interplay of electrolyte composition near the electrode surface, the composition and morphology of the electrode surface, and the electric field at the electrode-electrolyte interface. This interplay is challenging to study and often overlooked when assessing molecular catalyst activity. Here, we use surface specific vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to study the solvent and potential dependent activation of Mo(bpy)(CO)4, a CO2 reduction catalyst, at a polycrystalline Au electrode. We find that the parent complex undergoes potential dependent reorientation at the electrode surface when a small amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is present. This preactivates the complex, resulting in greater yields at less negative potentials, of the active electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian
M. Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Early
Career Laser Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Neri
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hansaem Jang
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Khezar H. Saeed
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Donaldson
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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31
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Chernyshov IY, Pidko EA. MACE: Automated Assessment of Stereochemistry of Transition Metal Complexes and Its Applications in Computational Catalysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2313-2320. [PMID: 38365199 PMCID: PMC10938507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Computational chemistry pipelines typically commence with geometry generation, well-established for organic compounds but presenting a considerable challenge for transition metal complexes. This paper introduces MACE, an automated computational workflow for converting chemist SMILES/MOL representations of the ligands and the metal center to 3D coordinates for all feasible stereochemical configurations for mononuclear octahedral and square planar complexes directly suitable for quantum chemical computations and implementation in high-throughput computational chemistry workflows. The workflow is validated through a structural screening of a data set of transition metal complexes extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database. To further illustrate the power and capabilities of MACE, we present the results of a model DFT study on the hemilability of pincer ligands in Ru, Fe, and Mn complexes, which highlights the utility of the workflow for both focused mechanistic studies and larger-scale high-throughput pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu. Chernyshov
- Inorganic Systems Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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32
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Mhaske K, Gangai S, Fernandes R, Kamble A, Chowdhury A, Narayan R. Aerobic Catalytic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Furans with Indoles Provides Access to Fluorophores with Large Stokes Shift. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302929. [PMID: 38175849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sustainability in chemical processes is a crucial aspect in contemporary chemistry with sustainable catalysis as a vital parameter of the same. There has been a renewed focus on utilizing earth-abundant metal catalysts to expand the repertoire of organic reactions. Furan is a versatile heterocycle of natural origin used for multiple applications. However, it has scarcely been used in cross-dehydrogenative coupling. In this work, we have explored the cross-dehydrogentive coupling of furans with indoles using commonly available, inexpensive FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O (<0.25 $/g) as catalyst in the presence of so called 'ultimate oxidant' - oxygen, without the need for any external ligand or additive. The reactions were found to be scalable and to work even under partially aqueous conditions. This makes the reaction highly economical, practical, operationally simple and sustainable. The methodology provides direct access to π-conjugated short oligomers consisting of furan, thiophene and indole. These compounds were found to show interesting fluorescence properties with remarkably large Stokes shift (up to 205 nm). Mechanistic investigations reveal that the reaction proceeds through chemoselective oxidation of indole by the metal catalyst followed by nucleophilic trapping by furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mhaske
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Rushil Fernandes
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Angulimal Kamble
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Arkaprava Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa, 403401, India
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33
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Sonea A, Crudo NR, Warren JJ. Understanding the Interplay of the Brønsted Acidity of Catalyst Ancillary Groups and the Solution Components in Iron-porphyrin-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3721-3731. [PMID: 38307036 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid and efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) is an ongoing challenge. Catalysts based on iron-porphyrin cores have emerged as excellent electrochemical mediators of the two proton + two electron reduction of CO2 to CO, and many of the design features that promote function are known. Of those design features, the incorporation of Brønsted acids in the second coordination sphere of the iron ion has a significant impact on catalyst turnover kinetics. The Brønsted acids are often in the form of hydroxyphenyl groups. Herein, we explore how the acidity of an ancillary 2-hydroxyphenyl group affects the performance of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. A series of meso-5,10,15,20-tetraaryl porphyrins were prepared where only the functional group at the 5-meso position has an ionizable proton. A series of cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments reveal that the complex with -OMe positioned para to the ionizable -OH shows the largest CO2 reduction rate constants in acetonitrile solvent. This is the least acidic -OH of the compounds surveyed. The turnover frequency of the -OMe derivative can be further improved with the addition of 4-trifluoromethylphenol to the solution. In contrast, the iron-porphyrin complex with -CF3 positioned opposite the ionizable -OH shows the smallest CO2 reduction rate constants, and its turnover frequency is less enhanced with the addition of phenols to the reaction solutions. The origin of this effect is rationalized based on kinetic isotope effect experiments and density functional calculations. We conclude that catalysts with weaker internal acids coupled with stronger external acid additives provide superior CO2 reduction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sonea
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Crudo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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34
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Sinhababu S, Singh RP, Radzhabov MR, Kumawat J, Ess DH, Mankad NP. Coordination-induced O-H/N-H bond weakening by a redox non-innocent, aluminum-containing radical. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1315. [PMID: 38351122 PMCID: PMC10864259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Several renewable energy schemes aim to use the chemical bonds in abundant molecules like water and ammonia as energy reservoirs. Because the O-H and N-H bonds are quite strong (>100 kcal/mol), it is necessary to identify substances that dramatically weaken these bonds to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer processes required for energy conversion. Usually this is accomplished through coordination-induced bond weakening by redox-active metals. However, coordination-induced bond weakening is difficult with earth's most abundant metal, aluminum, because of its redox inertness under mild conditions. Here, we report a system that uses aluminum with a redox non-innocent ligand to achieve significant levels of coordination-induced bond weakening of O-H and N-H bonds. The multisite proton-coupled electron transfer manifold described here points to redox non-innocent ligands as a design element to open coordination-induced bond weakening chemistry to more elements in the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | - Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jugal Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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35
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Torres-Méndez C, Axelsson M, Tian H. Small Organic Molecular Electrocatalysts for Fuels Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312879. [PMID: 37905977 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heterocyclic organic compounds have been explored as molecular electrocatalysts in relevant reactions for energy conversion and storage. Merging mimetics of biological systems that perform hydride transfer with rational synthetic chemical design has opened many opportunities for organic molecules to be tuned at the atomic level conferring them interesting reactivities. These molecular electrocatalysts represent an alternative to traditional metallic materials and metal complexes employed for water oxidation, hydrogen production, and carbon dioxide reduction. This minireview describes recent reports concerning design, catalytic activity and the mechanism of synthetic molecular electrocatalysts towards solar fuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Torres-Méndez
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Axelsson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Fukuda Y, Lintuluoto M, Kurihara K, Hasegawa K, Inoue T, Tamada T. Overlooked Hydrogen Bond in a Blue Copper Protein Uncovered by Neutron and Sub-Ångström Resolution X-ray Crystallography. Biochemistry 2024; 63:339-347. [PMID: 38232298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Metalloproteins play fundamental roles in organisms and are utilized as starting points for the directed evolution of artificial enzymes. Knowing the strategies of metalloproteins, by which they exquisitely tune their activities, will not only lead to an understanding of biochemical phenomena but also contribute to various applications. The blue copper protein (BCP) has been a renowned model system to understand the biology, chemistry, and physics of metalloproteins. Pseudoazurin (Paz), a blue copper protein, mediates electron transfer in the bacterial anaerobic respiratory chain. Its redox potential is finely tuned by hydrogen (H) bond networks; however, difficulty in visualizing H atom positions in the protein hinders the detailed understanding of the protein's structure-function relationship. We here used neutron and sub-ångström resolution X-ray crystallography to directly observe H atoms in Paz. The 0.86-Å-resolution X-ray structure shows that the peptide bond between Pro80 and the His81 Cu ligand deviates from the ideal planar structure. The 1.9-Å-resolution neutron structure confirms a long-overlooked H bond formed by the amide of His81 and the S atom of another Cu ligand Cys78. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations show that this H bond increases the redox potential of the Cu site and explains the experimental results well. Our study demonstrates the potential of neutron and sub-ångström resolution X-ray crystallography to understand the chemistry of metalloproteins at atomic and quantum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohta Fukuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Lintuluoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Tamada
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8552, Chiba, Japan
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37
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Rickmeyer K, Huber M, Hess CR. Influence of a neighbouring Cu centre on electro- and photocatalytic CO 2 reduction by Fe-Mabiq. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:819-822. [PMID: 38113085 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO2 reduction by a heterobimetallic Cu/Fe-Mabiq complex were examined and compared to the monometallic [Fe(Mabiq)]+. The neighbouring Cu-Xantphos unit leads to marked changes in the electrocatalytic mechanism and enhanced photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rickmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Matthias Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Corinna R Hess
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
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38
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Abuhafez N, Ehlers AW, de Bruin B, Gramage-Doria R. Markovnikov-Selective Cobalt-Catalyzed Wacker-Type Oxidation of Styrenes into Ketones under Ambient Conditions Enabled by Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316825. [PMID: 38037901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of palladium catalysts for Wacker-type oxidation of olefins into ketones by first-row transition metals is a relevant approach for searching more sustainable protocols. Besides highly sophisticated iron catalysts, all the other first-row transition metal complexes have only led to poor activities and selectivities. Herein, we show that the cobalt-tetraphenylporphyrin complex is a competent catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of styrenes into ketones with silanes as the hydrogen sources. Remarkably, under room temperature and air atmosphere, the reactions were exceedingly fast (up to 10 minutes) with a low catalyst loading (1 mol %) while keeping an excellent chemo- and Markovnikov-selectivity (up to 99 % of ketone). Unprecedently high TOF (864 h-1 ) and TON (5,800) were reached for the oxidation of aromatic olefins under these benign conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest a reaction mechanism similar to the Mukaiyama-type hydration of olefins with a change in the last fundamental step, which controls the chemoselectivity, thanks to a unique hydrogen bonding network between the ethanol solvent and the cobalt peroxo intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba Abuhafez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1094 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1094 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Gangai S, Fernandes R, Mhaske K, Narayan R. Cu(ii)-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling of furans with indoles enables expeditious synthesis of indolyl-furans with blue fluorescence. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1239-1249. [PMID: 38174245 PMCID: PMC10762296 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of incorporating sustainability in chemical processes, there has been a renewed focus on utilizing earth-abundant metal catalysts to expand the repertoire of organic reactions and processes. In this work, we have explored the atom-economic oxidative coupling between two important electron-rich heterocycles - indoles and furans - using commonly available, inexpensive metal catalyst CuCl2·2H2O (<0.25$ per g) to develop an expeditious synthesis of indolyl-furans. Moreover, the reaction proceeded well in the presence of the so-called 'ultimate oxidant' - air, without the need for any external ligand or additive. The reaction was found to be scalable and to work even under partially aqueous conditions. This makes the methodology highly economical, practical, operationally simple and sustainable. In addition, the methodology provides direct access to novel indole-furan-thiophene (IFT)-based electron-rich π-conjugated systems, which show green-yellow fluorescence with large Stokes shift and high quantum yields. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the reaction proceeds through chemoselective oxidation of indole by the metal catalyst followed by the nucleophilic attack by furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, GEC Campus Farmagudi Goa-403401 India
| | - Rushil Fernandes
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, GEC Campus Farmagudi Goa-403401 India
| | - Krishna Mhaske
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, GEC Campus Farmagudi Goa-403401 India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, GEC Campus Farmagudi Goa-403401 India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa GEC Campus, Farmagudi Goa-403401 India
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40
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Moon J, Beker W, Siek M, Kim J, Lee HS, Hyeon T, Grzybowski BA. Active learning guides discovery of a champion four-metal perovskite oxide for oxygen evolution electrocatalysis. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:108-115. [PMID: 37919351 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Multi-metal oxides in general and perovskite oxides in particular have attracted considerable attention as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Although numerous theoretical studies have been undertaken, the most promising perovskite-based catalysts continue to emerge from human-driven experimental campaigns rather than data-driven machine learning protocols, which are often limited by the scarcity of experimental data on which to train the models. This work promises to break this impasse by demonstrating that active learning on even small datasets-but supplemented by informative structural-characterization data and coupled with closed-loop experimentation-can yield materials of outstanding performance. The model we develop not only reproduces several non-obvious and actively studied experimental trends but also identifies a composition of a perovskite oxide electrocatalyst exhibiting an intrinsic overpotential at 10 mA cm-2oxide of 391 mV, which is among the lowest known of four-metal perovskite oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok Moon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wiktor Beker
- Allchemy, Inc., Highland, IN, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Siek
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seok Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Qiu Y, Ray D, Yan L, Li X, Song M, Engelhard MH, Sun J, Lee MS, Zhang X, Nguyen MT, Glezakou VA, Wang Y, Rousseau R, Shao Y. Proton Relay for the Rate Enhancement of Electrochemical Hydrogen Reactions at Heterogeneous Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26016-26027. [PMID: 37976467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is critically important to many electrocatalytic reactions, and directed proton delivery could open new avenues for the design of electrocatalysts. However, although this approach has been successful in molecular electrocatalysis, proton transfer has not received the same attention in heterogeneous electrocatalyst design. Here, we report that a metal oxide proton relay can be built within heterogeneous electrocatalyst architectures and improves the kinetics of electrochemical hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions. The volcano-type relationship between activity enhancement and pKa of amine additives confirms this improvement; we observe maximum rate enhancement when the pKa of a proton relay matches the pH of the electrolyte solution. Density-functional-theory-based reactivity studies reveal a decreased proton transfer energy barrier with a metal oxide proton relay. These findings demonstrate the possibility of controlling the proton delivery and enhancing the reaction kinetics by tuning the chemical properties and structures at heterogeneous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Litao Yan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Miao Song
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Junming Sun
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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42
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Wang Y, He Y, Zhu S. Nickel-Catalyzed Migratory Cross-Coupling Reactions: New Opportunities for Selective C-H Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3475-3491. [PMID: 37971926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMigratory cross-coupling via metal migration is a process of significant academic and industrial interest. It provides an attractive alternative for the selective installation of a functional group at remote C-H positions from simple precursors, thus enabling the direct synthesis of challenging structures not accessible with traditional cross-coupling. In particular, with the merger of 1,n-Ni/H shift and cross-coupling of nickel, the Ni-catalyzed migratory functionalization of simple precursors has undergone particularly intense development and emerged as a valuable field of research in the past few years. This Account will outline the recent progress made in this arena in terms of migration-functionalization modes, diverse functionalizations, and strategies for regio- and stereocontrol. Mechanistic studies and synthetic applications are also discussed.In detail, we systematically categorize our work into two parts based on the migration modes. In the first part, a platform is created for Ni-catalyzed migratory sp3 C-H functionalization of alkenes or alkyl halides via iterative 1,2-Ni/H shift-selective cross-coupling. The key reactive Ni(II)H species for chain-walking could be generated in situ either in a polarity-reversed fashion relying on stoichiometric reductants (X-Ni(II)-H) or in a redox-neutral fashion with the participation of nucleophilic coupling partners (FG-Ni(II)-H). One significant advantage associated with the polarity-reversed NiH system is the use of relatively stable, abundant, and safe olefin surrogates or alkyl halides instead of the sensitive organometallics required in traditional cross-coupling reactions. Another advantage is that diverse functionalizations, including carbonation and more challenging amination and thiolation could be smoothly achieved with suitable electrophiles or their precursors. Finally, to address the challenging multifaceted selectivity and reactivity issues in asymmetric migratory cross-coupling reactions, we have developed a feasible ligand relay catalytic strategy. In this dynamic ligand exchange process, one ligand promotes rapid migration while the other promotes highly regio- and stereoselective coupling. This innovative strategy overcomes the formidable challenge stemming from the difficulty of designing a single ligand to efficiently promote both steps of chain-walking and asymmetric coupling. In the second part, a new platform for Ni-catalyzed migratory sp2 C-H functionalization via 1,4-Ni/H shift-selective cross-coupling has been reported. Starting from readily available aryl or vinyl coupling partners, the in situ-generated aryl- or vinylnickel(II) species could undergo a rapid and reversible 1,4-Ni/H shift along an sp2 backbone, and subsequent selective coupling with various coupling partners would allow regio- and stereoselective access to diverse 1,4-migratory functionalization products. The key to success was the discovery of an appropriate ligand to efficiently promote both migration and subsequent selective cross-coupling. A vinyl-to-aryl 1,4-Ni/H shift successfully enables the modular ipso/ortho difunctionalization of aryl coupling partners, while an aryl-to-vinyl 1,4-Ni/H shift enables regio- and stereoselective access to functionalized trisubstituted alkenes.We hope that this Account will inspire broad interest and future development of migratory cross-coupling reactions. We strongly believe that continued efforts in this fascinating field will overcome many of the remaining challenges, including cutting-edge ligand/catalyst design to enhance reactivity and selectivity, conceptually new migration modes for additional transformations, and in-depth mechanistic studies for rational reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuli He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Upadhyay R, Maurya SK. Titanium-Catalyzed Selective N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols via Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38048482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The N-alkylation of amines with alcohols using earth-abundant and nonprecious metal catalysts has gained considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. We described titanium-catalyzed synthetic protocol for N-alkylation of amines with alcohols via borrowing hydrogen or hydrogen autotransfer reactions. The methodology enables the selective monoalkylation of various substituted (hetero)aromatic amines in good to excellent yields (up to 97% yield). The importance of the protocol was further demonstrated by the applicability of earth-abundant metal catalysis and the synthesis of 32 N-alkylated amines. The work allows the utilization of titanium-based catalysts for various reactions to expand the nature blueprint in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhyay
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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45
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Trowbridge L, Averkiev B, Sues PE. Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution using a Nickel-based Calixpyrrole Complex: Controlling the Secondary Coordination Sphere on an Electrode Surface. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301920. [PMID: 37665793 PMCID: PMC10842979 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating design elements from homogeneous catalysts to construct well defined active sites on electrode surfaces is a promising approach for developing next generation electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions. Furthermore, if functionalities that control the electrode microenvironment could be integrated into these active sites it would be particularly appealing. In this context, a square planar nickel calixpyrrole complex, Ni(DPMDA) (DPMDA=2,2'-((diphenylmethylene)bis(1H-pyrrole-5,2-diyl))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))dianiline) with pendant amine groups is reported that forms a heterogeneous hydrogen evolution catalyst using anilinium tetrafluoroborate as the proton source. The supported Ni(DPMDA) catalyst was surprisingly stable and displayed fast reaction kinetics with turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 25,900 s-1 or 366,000 s-1 cm-2 . Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) studies revealed a KIE of 5.7, and this data, combined with Tafel slope analysis, suggested that a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process involving the pendant amine groups was rate-limiting. While evidence of an outer-sphere reduction of the Ni(DPMDA) catalyst was observed, it is hypothesized that the control over the secondary coordination sphere provided by the pendant amines facilitated such high TOFs and enabled the PCET mechanism. The results reported herein provide insight into heterogeneous catalyst design and approaches for controlling the secondary coordination sphere on electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kansas, 66503, USA
| | - Boris Averkiev
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kansas, 66503, USA
| | - Peter E Sues
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kansas, 66503, USA
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Singh V, Jain H, Nath S, Adhikari D. Multielectron Redox Afforded by a Pincer Ligand Promoting Kumada Cross-Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2023:e202303189. [PMID: 37988192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The redox-active nature of a pincer has been exploited to conduct C-C cross-coupling reactions under mild conditions. A nickel complex with a NNN pincer was dimeric in the solid state, and the structure displayed a Ni2 N2 diamond core. In the dimeric structure, both ligand backbones house an electron, in the iminosemiquinonate form, to keep the metal's oxidation state at +2. In the presence of an aryl Grignard reagent, only 3 mol % loading the nickel complex generates a Kumada cross-coupled product in good yield from a wide variety of aryl-X (X= I, Br, Cl) substrates. That the ligand-based radical remains responsible for promoting such a coupling reaction following a radical pathway is suggested by TEMPO quenching. Furthermore, a radical-clock experiment along with tracing product distribution unambiguously supported the radical's involvement through the catalytic cycle. A series of thorough mechanistic probation, including computational DFT analysis, disclosed the cooperative action of both redox-active pincer ligand and the metal centre to drive the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar, 140306, India
| | - Harshit Jain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar, 140306, India
| | - Shounak Nath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar, 140306, India
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Yoo C, Bhattacharya S, See XY, Cunningham DW, Acosta-Calle S, Perri ST, West NM, Mason DC, Meade CD, Osborne CW, Turner PW, Kilgore RW, King J, Cowden JH, Grajeda JM, Miller AJM. Nickel-catalyzed ester carbonylation promoted by imidazole-derived carbenes and salts. Science 2023; 382:815-820. [PMID: 37972168 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Millions of tons of acetyl derivatives such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride are produced each year. These building blocks of chemical industry are elaborated into esters, amides, and eventually polymer materials, pharmaceuticals, and other consumer products. Most acetyls are produced industrially using homogeneous precious metal catalysts, principally rhodium and iridium complexes. We report here that abundant nickel can be paired with imidazole-derived carbenes or the corresponding salts to catalyze methyl ester carbonylation with turnover frequency (TOF) exceeding 150 hour-1 and turnover number (TON) exceeding 1600, benchmarks that invite comparisons to state-of-the-art rhodium-based systems and considerably surpass known triphenylphosphine-based nickel catalysts, which operate with TOF ~7 hour-1 and TON ~100 under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shrabanti Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, USA
| | - Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sebastian Acosta-Calle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff King
- Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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48
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Singh P, Lee Y, Mayfield JR, Singh R, Denler MC, Jones SD, Day VW, Nordlander E, Jackson TA. Enhanced Understanding of Structure-Function Relationships for Oxomanganese(IV) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18357-18374. [PMID: 37314463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of manganese(II) and oxomanganese(IV) complexes supported by neutral, pentadentate ligands with varied equatorial ligand-field strength (N3pyQ, N2py2I, and N4pyMe2) were synthesized and then characterized using structural and spectroscopic methods. On the basis of electronic absorption spectroscopy, the [MnIV(O)(N4pyMe2)]2+ complex has the weakest equatorial ligand field among a set of similar MnIV-oxo species. In contrast, [MnIV(O)(N2py2I)]2+ shows the strongest equatorial ligand-field strength for this same series. We examined the influence of these changes in electronic structure on the reactivity of the oxomanganese(IV) complexes using hydrocarbons and thioanisole as substrates. The [MnIV(O)(N3pyQ)]2+ complex, which contains one quinoline and three pyridine donors in the equatorial plane, ranks among the fastest MnIV-oxo complexes in C-H bond and thioanisole oxidation. While a weak equatorial ligand field has been associated with high reactivity, the [MnIV(O)(N4pyMe2)]2+ complex is only a modest oxidant. Buried volume plots suggest that steric factors dampen the reactivity of this complex. Trends in reactivity were examined using density functional theory (DFT)-computed bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of the MnIIIO-H and MnIV ═ O bonds. We observe an excellent correlation between MnIV═O BDFEs and rates of thioanisole oxidation, but more scatter is observed between hydrocarbon oxidation rates and the MnIIIO-H BDFEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Yuri Lee
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jaycee R Mayfield
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Reena Singh
- Lund University, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Melissa C Denler
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Shannon D Jones
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Lund University, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Timothy A Jackson
- The University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Bai X, Aireddy DR, Roy A, Ding K. Solvent-Free Depolymerization of Plastic Waste Enabled by Plastic-Catalyst Interfacial Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309949. [PMID: 37775978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Depolymerization of condensation polymers by chemolysis often suffers from the large usage of solvents and homogeneous catalysts such as acids, bases, and metal salts. The catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts is largely constrained by the poor interfacial contact between solid catalysts and solid plastics below melting points. We report here our discovery of autogenous heterogeneous catalyst layer on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces during the generally believed homogeneous catalytic depolymerization process. Inspired by the "contact mass" concept in industrial chlorosilane production, we further demonstrate that the construction of plastic-catalyst solid-solid interfaces enables solvent-free depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate by vapor phase methanolysis at relatively low temperatures. Trace amounts of earth-abundant element (zinc) introduced by electrostatic adsorption is sufficient for catalyzing the depolymerization. The concept of plastic-catalyst contact mass interfacial catalysis might inspire new pathways for tackling plastic waste problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Divakar R Aireddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Amitava Roy
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
| | - Kunlun Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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50
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Pandey B, Krause JA, Guan H. On the Demise of PPP-Ligated Iron Catalysts in the Formic Acid Dehydrogenation Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18714-18723. [PMID: 37907063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The PPP-ligated iron complexes, cis-(iPrPPRP)FeH2(CO) [iPrPPRP = (o-iPr2PC6H4)2PR (R = H or Me)], catalyze the dehydrogenation of formic acid to carbon dioxide but lose their catalytic activity over time. This study focuses on the analysis of the species formed from the degradation of cis-(iPrPPMeP)FeH2(CO) over its course of catalyzing the dehydrogenation reaction. These degradation products include species both soluble and insoluble in the reaction medium. The soluble component of the decomposed catalyst is a mixture of cis-[(iPrPPMeP)FeH(CO)2][(HCO2)(HCO2H)x], protonated iPrPPMeP, and oxidation products resulting from adventitious O2. The precipitate is solvated Fe(OCHO)2. Further mechanistic investigation suggests that cis-[(iPrPPMeP)FeH(CO)2][(HCO2)(HCO2H)x] displays diminished but measurable catalytic activity, likely through the displacement of a CO ligand by the formate ion. The formation of Fe(OCHO)2 along with the dissociation of iPrPPMeP is responsible for the eventual loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedraj Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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