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Polleys CM, Singh P, Thieu HT, Genega EM, Jahanseir N, Zuckerman AL, Díaz FR, Patra A, Beheshti A, Georgakoudi I. Rapid, high-resolution, non-destructive assessments of metabolic and morphological homogeneity uniquely identify high-grade cervical precancerous lesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593564. [PMID: 38798665 PMCID: PMC11118292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Two-photon microscopy (2PM) is an emerging clinical imaging modality with the potential to non-invasively assess tissue metabolism and morphology in high-resolution. This study aimed to assess the translational potential of 2PM for improved detection of high-grade cervical precancerous lesions. Experimental Design 2P images attributed to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and oxidized flavoproteins (FP) were acquired from the full epithelial thickness of freshly excised human cervical tissue biopsies (N = 62). Fifteen biopsies harbored high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), 14 biopsies harbored low-grade SILs (LSILs), and 33 biopsies were benign. Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) leveraged morphological and metabolic functional metrics extracted from these images to predict the presence of HSILs. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using datasets available on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to validate the presence of metabolic reprogramming in HSILs. Results Integrating metabolic and morphological 2P-derived metrics from finely sampled, full-thickness epithelia achieved a high 90.8 ± 6.1% sensitivity and 72.3 ± 11.3% specificity of HSIL detection. Notably, sensitivity (91.4 ± 12.0%) and specificity (77.5 ± 12.6%) were maintained when utilizing metrics from only two images at 12- and 72-μm from the tissue surface. Upregulation of glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation in HSIL tissues validated the metabolic reprogramming captured by 2P biomarkers. Conclusion Label-free 2P images from as few as two epithelial depths enable rapid and robust HSIL detection through the quantitative characterization of metabolic and morphological reprogramming, underscoring the potential of this tool for clinical evaluation of cervical precancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pramesh Singh
- Data Intensive Studies Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hong-Thao Thieu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Genega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Narges Jahanseir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Andrea L. Zuckerman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Francisca Rius Díaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 32 Louis Pasteur Boulevard, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Abani Patra
- Data Intensive Studies Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98104 USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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2
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Camli B, Andrus L, Roy A, Mishra B, Xu C, Georgakoudi I, Tkaczyk T, Ben-Yakar A. Two photon imaging probe with highly efficient autofluorescence collection at high scattering and deep imaging conditions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3163-3182. [PMID: 38855663 PMCID: PMC11161376 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a 2-photon imaging probe system featuring a novel fluorescence collection method with improved and reliable efficiency. The system aims to miniaturize the potential of 2-photon imaging in the metabolic and morphological characterization of cervical tissue at sub-micron resolution over large imaging depths into a flexible and clinically viable platform towards the early detection of cancers. Clinical implementation of such a probe system is challenging due to inherently low levels of autofluorescence, particularly when imaging deep in highly scattering tissues. For an efficient collection of fluorescence signals, our probe employs 12 0.5 NA collection fibers arranged around a miniaturized excitation objective. By bending and terminating a multitude of collection fibers at a specific angle, we increase collection area and directivity significantly. Positioning of these fibers allows the collection of fluorescence photons scattered away from their ballistic trajectory multiple times, which offers a system collection efficiency of 4%, which is 55% of what our bench-top microscope with 0.75 NA objective achieves. We demonstrate that the collection efficiency is largely maintained even at high scattering conditions and high imaging depths. Radial symmetry of arrangement maintains uniformity of collection efficiency across the whole FOV. Additionally, our probe can image at different tissue depths via axial actuation by a dc servo motor, allowing depth dependent tissue characterization. We designed our probe to perform imaging at 775 nm, targeting 2-photon autofluorescence from NAD(P)H and FAD molecules, which are often used in metabolic tissue characterization. An air core photonic bandgap fiber delivers laser pulses of 100 fs duration to the sample. A miniaturized objective designed with commercially available lenses of 3 mm diameter focuses the laser beam on tissue, attaining lateral and axial imaging resolutions of 0.66 µm and 4.65 µm, respectively. Characterization results verify that our probe achieves collection efficiency comparable to our optimized bench-top 2-photon imaging microscope, minimally affected by imaging depth and radial positioning. We validate autofluorescence imaging capability with excised porcine vocal fold tissue samples. Images with 120 µm FOV and 0.33 µm pixel sizes collected at 2 fps confirm that the 300 µm imaging depth was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Camli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Liam Andrus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Aditya Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomasz Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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3
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Shiu J, Lentsch G, Polleys CM, Mobasher P, Ericson M, Georgakoudi I, Ganesan AK, Balu M. Noninvasive Imaging Techniques for Monitoring Cellular Response to Treatment in Stable Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:912-915.e2. [PMID: 37952609 PMCID: PMC11081004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shiu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Pezhman Mobasher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marissa Ericson
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Design, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Skin Biology Resource Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Skin Biology Resource Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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4
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Krolopp Á, Fésűs L, Szipőcs G, Wikonkál N, Szipőcs R. A 20 MHz Repetition Rate, Sub-Picosecond Ti-Sapphire Laser for Fiber Delivery in Nonlinear Microscopy of the Skin. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:231. [PMID: 38398740 PMCID: PMC10889949 DOI: 10.3390/life14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy (NM) enables us to investigate the morphology or monitor the physiological processes of the skin through the use of ultrafast lasers. Fiber (or fiber-coupled) lasers are of great interest because they can easily be combined with a handheld, scanning nonlinear microscope. This latter feature greatly increases the utility of NM for pre-clinical applications and in vivo tissue imaging. Here, we present a fiber-coupled, sub-ps Ti-sapphire laser system being optimized for in vivo, stain-free, 3D imaging of skin alterations with a low thermal load of the skin. The laser is pumped by a low-cost, 2.1 W, 532 nm pump laser and delivers 0.5-1 ps, high-peak-power pulses at a ~20 MHz repetition rate. The spectral bandwidth of the laser is below 2 nm, which results in a low sensitivity for dispersion during fiber delivery. The reduction in the peak intensity due to the increased pulse duration is compensated by the lower repetition rate of our laser. In our proof-of-concept imaging experiments, a ~1.8 m long, commercial hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber was used for fiber delivery. Fresh and frozen skin biopsies of different skin alterations (e.g., adult hemangioma, basal cell cancer) and an unaffected control were used for high-quality, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (2PEF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) z-stack (3D) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Krolopp
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luca Fésűs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szipőcs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Wikonkál
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szipőcs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Vora N, Polleys CM, Sakellariou F, Georgalis G, Thieu HT, Genega EM, Jahanseir N, Patra A, Miller E, Georgakoudi I. Restoration of metabolic functional metrics from label-free, two-photon human tissue images using multiscale deep-learning-based denoising algorithms. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:126006. [PMID: 38144697 PMCID: PMC10742979 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.126006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Significance Label-free, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging captures morphological and functional metabolic tissue changes and enables enhanced understanding of numerous diseases. However, noise and other artifacts present in these images severely complicate the extraction of biologically useful information. Aim We aim to employ deep neural architectures in the synthesis of a multiscale denoising algorithm optimized for restoring metrics of metabolic activity from low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), TPEF images. Approach TPEF images of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and flavoproteins (FAD) from freshly excised human cervical tissues are used to assess the impact of various denoising models, preprocessing methods, and data on metrics of image quality and the recovery of six metrics of metabolic function from the images relative to ground truth images. Results Optimized recovery of the redox ratio and mitochondrial organization is achieved using a novel algorithm based on deep denoising in the wavelet transform domain. This algorithm also leads to significant improvements in peak-SNR (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) for all images. Interestingly, other models yield even higher PSNR and SSIM improvements, but they are not optimal for recovery of metabolic function metrics. Conclusions Denoising algorithms can recover diagnostically useful information from low SNR label-free TPEF images and will be useful for the clinical translation of such imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Vora
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christopher M. Polleys
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Georgios Georgalis
- Tufts University, Data Intensive Studies Center, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hong-Thao Thieu
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Genega
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Narges Jahanseir
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abani Patra
- Tufts University, Data Intensive Studies Center, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Tufts University, Department of Mathematics, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eric Miller
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Tufts University, Tufts Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
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6
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Hu L, Wang N, Bryant JD, Liu L, Xie L, West AP, Walsh AJ. Label-free spatially maintained measurements of metabolic phenotypes in cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1293268. [PMID: 38090715 PMCID: PMC10715269 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1293268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming at a cellular level contributes to many diseases including cancer, yet few assays are capable of measuring metabolic pathway usage by individual cells within living samples. Here, autofluorescence lifetime imaging is combined with single-cell segmentation and machine-learning models to predict the metabolic pathway usage of cancer cells. The metabolic activities of MCF7 breast cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells were controlled by growing the cells in culture media with specific substrates and metabolic inhibitors. Fluorescence lifetime images of two endogenous metabolic coenzymes, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), were acquired by a multi-photon fluorescence lifetime microscope and analyzed at the cellular level. Quantitative changes of NADH and FAD lifetime components were observed for cells using glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutaminolysis. Conventional machine learning models trained with the autofluorescence features classified cells as dependent on glycolytic or oxidative metabolism with 90%-92% accuracy. Furthermore, adapting convolutional neural networks to predict cancer cell metabolic perturbations from the autofluorescence lifetime images provided improved performance, 95% accuracy, over traditional models trained via extracted features. Additionally, the model trained with the lifetime features of cancer cells could be transferred to autofluorescence lifetime images of T cells, with a prediction that 80% of activated T cells were glycolytic, and 97% of quiescent T cells were oxidative. In summary, autofluorescence lifetime imaging combined with machine learning models can detect metabolic perturbations between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism of living samples at a cellular level, providing a label-free technology to study cellular metabolism and metabolic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Nianchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joshua D. Bryant
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - A. Phillip West
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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7
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Sánchez-Hernández A, Polleys CM, Georgakoudi I. Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding interfere with the preservation of optical metabolic assessments based on endogenous NAD(P)H and FAD two-photon excited fluorescence. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5238-5253. [PMID: 37854574 PMCID: PMC10581792 DOI: 10.1364/boe.498297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous NAD(P)H and FAD two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images provide functional metabolic information with high spatial resolution for a wide range of living specimens. Preservation of metabolic function optical metrics upon fixation would facilitate studies which assess the impact of metabolic changes in the context of numerous diseases. However, robust assessments of the impact of formalin fixation, paraffin embedding, and sectioning on the preservation of optical metabolic readouts are lacking. Here, we evaluate intensity and lifetime images at excitation/emission settings optimized for NAD(P)H and FAD TPEF detection from freshly excised murine oral epithelia and corresponding bulk and sectioned fixed tissues. We find that fixation impacts the overall intensity as well as the intensity fluctuations of the images acquired. Accordingly, the depth-dependent variations of the optical redox ratio (defined as FAD/(NAD(P)H + FAD)) across squamous epithelia are not preserved following fixation. This is consistent with significant changes in the 755 nm excited spectra, which reveal broadening upon fixation and additional distortions upon paraffin embedding and sectioning. Analysis of fluorescence lifetime images acquired for excitation/emission settings optimized for NAD(P)H TPEF detection indicate that fixation alters the long lifetime of the observed fluorescence and the long lifetime intensity fraction. These parameters as well as the short TPEF lifetime are significantly modified upon embedding and sectioning. Thus, our studies highlight that the autofluorescence products formed during formalin fixation, paraffin embedding and sectioning overlap highly with NAD(P)H and FAD emission and limit the potential to utilize such tissues to assess metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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8
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Chen KJ, Han Y, Wang ZY, Cui Y. Submicron resolution techniques: Multiphoton microscopy in skin disease. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1613-1623. [PMID: 37522747 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive optical examination plays a crucial role in various aspects of dermatology, such as diagnosis, management and research. Multiphoton microscopy uses a unique submicron technology to stimulate autofluorescence (AF), allowing for the observation of cellular structure, assessment of redox status and quantification of collagen fibres. This advanced imaging technique offers dermatologists novel insights into the skin's structure, positioning it as a promising 'stethoscope' for future development in the field. This review provides an overview of multiphoton microscopy's principles, technology and application in studying normal skin, tumour and inflammatory diseases, as well as collagen-related and pigmentary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Shiu J, Lentsch G, Polleys CM, Mobasher P, Ericson M, Georgakoudi I, Ganesan AK, Balu M. Non-invasive Imaging Techniques for Monitoring Cellular Response to Treatment in Stable Vitiligo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553419. [PMID: 37645823 PMCID: PMC10462045 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Punch grafting procedures, where small pieces of normal skin are transplanted into stable vitiligo patches, results in repigmentation in only half of patients treated, yet the factors that determine whether a patient responds to treatment or not are still unknown. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is adept at visualizing melanocyte migration and epidermal changes over large areas while multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can capture metabolic changes in keratinocytes. With the overall goal of identifying optical biomarkers for early treatment response, we followed 12 vitiligo lesions undergoing punch grafting. Dendritic melanocytes adjacent to the graft site were observed before clinical evidence of repigmentation in treatment responsive patients but not in treatment non-responsive patients, suggesting that the early visualization of melanocytes is indicative of a therapeutic response. Keratinocyte metabolic changes in vitiligo skin adjacent to the graft site also correlated with treatment response, indicating that a keratinocyte microenvironment that more closely resembles normal skin is more hospitable for migrating melanocytes. Taken together, these studies suggest that successful melanocyte transplantation requires both the introduction of new melanocytes and modulation of the local tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shiu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Pezhman Mobasher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marissa Ericson
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Design, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Skin Biology Resource Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Skin Biology Resource Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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10
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Sánchez-Hernández A, Polleys CM, Georgakoudi I. Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding interfere with preservation of optical metabolic assessments based on endogenous NAD(P)H and FAD two photon excited fluorescence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.16.545363. [PMID: 37398103 PMCID: PMC10312786 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous NAD(P)H and FAD two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images provide functional metabolic information with high spatial resolution for a wide range of living specimens. Preservation of metabolic function optical metrics upon fixation would facilitate studies which assess the impact of metabolic changes in the context of numerous diseases. However, robust assessments of the impact of formalin fixation, paraffin embedding, and sectioning on the preservation of optical metabolic readouts are lacking. Here, we evaluate intensity and lifetime images at excitation/emission settings optimized for NAD(P)H and FAD TPEF detection from freshly excised murine oral epithelia and corresponding bulk and sectioned fixed tissues. We find that fixation impacts the overall intensity as well as the intensity fluctuations of the images acquired. Accordingly, the depth-dependent variations of the optical redox ratio (defined as FAD/(NAD(P)H + FAD)) across squamous epithelia are not preserved following fixation. This is consistent with significant changes in the 755 nm excited spectra, which reveal broadening upon fixation and additional distortions upon paraffin embedding and sectioning. Analysis of fluorescence lifetime images acquired for excitation/emission settings optimized for NAD(P)H TPEF detection indicate that fixation alters the long lifetime of the observed fluorescence and the long lifetime intensity fraction. These parameters as well as the short TPEF lifetime are significantly modified upon embedding and sectioning. Thus, our studies highlight that the autofluorescence products formed during formalin fixation, paraffin embedding and sectioning overlap highly with NAD(P)H and FAD emission and limit the potential to utilize such tissues to assess metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, US
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11
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Vora N, Polleys CM, Sakellariou F, Georgalis G, Thieu HT, Genega EM, Jahanseir N, Patra A, Miller E, Georgakoudi I. Restoration of metabolic functional metrics from label-free, two-photon cervical tissue images using multiscale deep-learning-based denoising algorithms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544033. [PMID: 37333366 PMCID: PMC10274804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Label-free, two-photon imaging captures morphological and functional metabolic tissue changes and enables enhanced understanding of numerous diseases. However, this modality suffers from low signal arising from limitations imposed by the maximum permissible dose of illumination and the need for rapid image acquisition to avoid motion artifacts. Recently, deep learning methods have been developed to facilitate the extraction of quantitative information from such images. Here, we employ deep neural architectures in the synthesis of a multiscale denoising algorithm optimized for restoring metrics of metabolic activity from low-SNR, two-photon images. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and flavoproteins (FAD) from freshly excised human cervical tissues are used. We assess the impact of the specific denoising model, loss function, data transformation, and training dataset on established metrics of image restoration when comparing denoised single frame images with corresponding six frame averages, considered as the ground truth. We further assess the restoration accuracy of six metrics of metabolic function from the denoised images relative to ground truth images. Using a novel algorithm based on deep denoising in the wavelet transform domain, we demonstrate optimal recovery of metabolic function metrics. Our results highlight the promise of denoising algorithms to recover diagnostically useful information from low SNR label-free two-photon images and their potential importance in the clinical translation of such imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Vora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hong-Thao Thieu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Genega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Narges Jahanseir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Abani Patra
- Data Intensive Studies Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Tufts Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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12
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Abstract
Over the last half century, the autofluorescence of the metabolic cofactors NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) has been quantified in a variety of cell types and disease states. With the spread of nonlinear optical microscopy techniques in biomedical research, NADH and FAD imaging has offered an attractive solution to noninvasively monitor cell and tissue status and elucidate dynamic changes in cell or tissue metabolism. Various tools and methods to measure the temporal, spectral, and spatial properties of NADH and FAD autofluorescence have been developed. Specifically, an optical redox ratio of cofactor fluorescence intensities and NADH fluorescence lifetime parameters have been used in numerous applications, but significant work remains to mature this technology for understanding dynamic changes in metabolism. This article describes the current understanding of our optical sensitivity to different metabolic pathways and highlights current challenges in the field. Recent progress in addressing these challenges and acquiring more quantitative information in faster and more metabolically relevant formats is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA;
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Arkansas Integrative Metabolic Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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13
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Chen K, Wang Z, Han Y, Cui Y. In vivo detection of healthy skin: Comparison of multiphoton microscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13340. [PMID: 37231920 PMCID: PMC10156995 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive skin examination evolved rapidly in recent years, with multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) being used to image in-vivo skin at high resolution. The aim of this study is to compare the imaging clarity between the two techniques and measure the thickness of the epidermis in different body sites. We also measured the degree of skin aging with noninvasive tools. METHODS Fifty-six volunteers were evaluated and measured at three different body sites, including the cheek, volar forearm, and back. We used RCM and MPM to evaluate the clarity of each skin layer, including stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, dermo-epidermal junction, and dermis. We measured epidermal thickness (ET) at the three body sites in individuals of different ages and genders. We assessed skin aging by the second harmonic to autofluorescence aging index of dermis (SAAID), and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors affecting SAAID. RESULTS MPM had advantages in observation of stratum granulosum, collagen fiber, and elastic fiber (p < 0.001), but RCM provided better observation in dermo-epidermal junction layer (p < 0.001). The epidermis was thicker in the cheek area than the volar forearm and back in both RCM and MPM detection, and the average ET measured by MPM was lower than RCM. ET varied among the three body sites with significant differences (p < 0.05). ET was significantly lower at almost all sites in individuals above 40y (p < 0.05). SAAID decreased with age, and more rapidly in women. Cheeks have lower SAAID scores than other body sites. CONCLUSION MPM and RCM provide noninvasive methods for imaging skin and each method has its own advantages. Epidermal thickness and SAAID correlated with age, gender, and different body sites. MPM could also assess the degree of skin aging, which could guide the clinical treatment of patients with diffferent ages and genders in the above body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke‐Jun Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of DermatologyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zi‐Yi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of DermatologyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yang Han
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of DermatologyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of DermatologyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
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14
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Rickard BP, Overchuk M, Chappell VA, Kemal Ruhi M, Sinawang PD, Nguyen Hoang TT, Akin D, Demirci U, Franco W, Fenton SE, Santos JH, Rizvi I. Methods to Evaluate Changes in Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2564. [PMID: 37174030 PMCID: PMC10177605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are regulators of key cellular processes, including energy production and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various human diseases, including cancer. Importantly, both structural and functional changes can alter mitochondrial function. Morphologic and quantifiable changes in mitochondria can affect their function and contribute to disease. Structural mitochondrial changes include alterations in cristae morphology, mitochondrial DNA integrity and quantity, and dynamics, such as fission and fusion. Functional parameters related to mitochondrial biology include the production of reactive oxygen species, bioenergetic capacity, calcium retention, and membrane potential. Although these parameters can occur independently of one another, changes in mitochondrial structure and function are often interrelated. Thus, evaluating changes in both mitochondrial structure and function is crucial to understanding the molecular events involved in disease onset and progression. This review focuses on the relationship between alterations in mitochondrial structure and function and cancer, with a particular emphasis on gynecologic malignancies. Selecting methods with tractable parameters may be critical to identifying and targeting mitochondria-related therapeutic options. Methods to measure changes in mitochondrial structure and function, with the associated benefits and limitations, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P. Rickard
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Overchuk
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vesna A. Chappell
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Thuy Nguyen Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Naviaux RK. Mitochondrial and metabolic features of salugenesis and the healing cycle. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:131-163. [PMID: 37120082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis and salugenesis are the first and second stages of the two-stage problem of disease production and health recovery. Salugenesis is the automatic, evolutionarily conserved, ontogenetic sequence of molecular, cellular, organ system, and behavioral changes that is used by living systems to heal. It is a whole-body process that begins with mitochondria and the cell. The stages of salugenesis define a circle that is energy- and resource-consuming, genetically programmed, and environmentally responsive. Energy and metabolic resources are provided by mitochondrial and metabolic transformations that drive the cell danger response (CDR) and create the three phases of the healing cycle: Phase 1-Inflammation, Phase 2-Proliferation, and Phase 3-Differentiation. Each phase requires a different mitochondrial phenotype. Without different mitochondria there can be no healing. The rise and fall of extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling is a key driver of the mitochondrial and metabolic reprogramming required to progress through the healing cycle. Sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane lipid rafts act as rheostats for tuning cellular sensitivity to purinergic signaling. Abnormal persistence of any phase of the CDR inhibits the healing cycle, creates dysfunctional cellular mosaics, causes the symptoms of chronic disease, and accelerates the process of aging. New research reframes the rising tide of chronic disease around the world as a systems problem caused by the combined action of pathogenic triggers and anthropogenic factors that interfere with the mitochondrial functions needed for healing. Once chronic pain, disability, or disease is established, salugenesis-based therapies will start where pathogenesis-based therapies end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C107, MC#8467, San Diego, CA 92103.
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16
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Liu Z, Hui Mingalone CK, Gnanatheepam E, Hollander JM, Zhang Y, Meng J, Zeng L, Georgakoudi I. Label-free, multi-parametric assessments of cell metabolism and matrix remodeling within human and early-stage murine osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2023; 6:405. [PMID: 37055483 PMCID: PMC10102009 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage, involving complicated cell-matrix interactions. Systematic investigations of dynamic cellular and matrix changes during OA progression are lacking. In this study, we use label-free two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging to assess cellular and extracellular matrix features of murine articular cartilage during several time points at early stages of OA development following destabilization of medial meniscus surgery. We detect significant changes in the organization of collagen fibers and crosslink-associated fluorescence of the superficial zone as early as one week following surgery. Such changes become significant within the deeper transitional and radial zones at later time-points, highlighting the importance of high spatial resolution. Cellular metabolic changes exhibit a highly dynamic behavior, and indicate metabolic reprogramming from enhanced oxidative phosphorylation to enhanced glycolysis or fatty acid oxidation over the ten-week observation period. The optical metabolic and matrix changes detected within this mouse model are consistent with differences identified in excised human cartilage specimens from OA and healthy cartilage specimens. Thus, our studies reveal important cell-matrix interactions at the onset of OA that may enable improved understanding of OA development and identification of new potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Carrie K Hui Mingalone
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | | | - Judith M Hollander
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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17
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Lu Y, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Pan M, He H. An optical system for noninvasive microscopy of psoriatic mice in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200310. [PMID: 36519190 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involved with both complex morphological changes of skin and immune processes. The clinical diagnostics and research of psoriasis often require invasive biopsy which lacks their real-time dynamics in vivo. Here we report a noninvasive microscopic system developed by combining in vivo fluorescent microscopy, optical clearing, and immunolabeling to enable real-time imaging of immune cells and cytokines in blood flow in psoriatic animal models. The vascular morphology and time-lapse kinetics of interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CD4+ cells in blood are captured at submicron resolution through the thickening epidermis and opaque scales during the development of psoriasis in vivo. Our data suggest IL-23 recruits CD4+ cells to release IL-17 in blood that further leaks out in the psoriatic skin area. This optical system enables noninvasive and real-time assessment of immune molecules and cells in vivo, providing good potential for medical researches on psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao He
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Su S, Chen G, Gao M, Zhong G, Zhang Z, Wei D, Luo X, Wang Q. Kai-Xin-San protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease through SIRT3/NLRP3 pathway. Chin Med 2023; 18:26. [PMID: 36918872 PMCID: PMC10012453 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been reported to have a good curative impact on dementia. The purpose of the study was to determine whether KXS might ameliorate cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice and to evaluate its neuroprotective mechanism. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were employed as an AD animal model; Aβ1-42 and KXS-containing serum were used in HT22 cells. Four different behavioral tests were used to determine the cognitive ability of mice. Nissl staining was utilized to detect hippocampal neuron changes. ROS, SOD, and MDA were used to detect oxidative stress levels. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blot were used to evaluate mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial division, and fusion state. Western blotting and immunofluorescence identified PSD95, BDNF, NGF, SYN, SIRT3, and NLRP3 inflammasome levels. RESULTS The results indicated that KXS protected APP/PS1 mice against cognitive impairments. KXS suppressed neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress among APP/PS1 mice. KXS and KXS-containing serum improved mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic and neurotrophic factors regarding APP/PS1 mice. In addition, KXS and KXS-containing serum enhanced mitochondrial SIRT3 expression and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION KXS improves cognitive dysfunction among APP/PS1 mice via regulating SIRT3-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis. These results suggested that KXS was proposed as a neuroprotective agent for AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiJie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongcan Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghuang Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zerong Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyun Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Non-Invasive Assessment of Vascular Circulation Based on Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030385. [PMID: 36979077 PMCID: PMC10044925 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) is a new non-invasive method for assessing vascular circulation and/or metabolic regulation. It enables assessment of both vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The method measures stimulation of the circulation in response to post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). It analyzes the dynamical changes in the emission of NADH fluorescence from skin tissue, providing the information on mitochondrial metabolic status and intracellular oxygen delivery through the circulatory system. Assessment of the vascular state using the FMSF technique is based on three parameters: reactive hyperemia response (RHR), hypoxia sensitivity (HS), and normoxia oscillatory index (NOI). The RHR and HS parameters determine the risk of vascular circulatory disorders and are the main diagnostic parameters. The NOI parameter is an auxiliary parameter for evaluating the state of microcirculation under stress of various origins (e.g., emotional stress, physical exhaustion, or post-infection stress). The clinical data show that the risk of vascular complications is limited among people whose RHR, log(HS), and NOI parameters are not significantly below the mean values determined by the FMSF technique, especially if they simultaneously meet the conditions RHR > 30% and log(HS) > 1.5 (HS > 30), and NOI > 60%.
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20
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Nelson MS, Liu Y, Wilson HM, Li B, Rosado-Mendez IM, Rogers JD, Block WF, Eliceiri KW. Multiscale Label-Free Imaging of Fibrillar Collagen in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:187-235. [PMID: 36587127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cancer therapeutics, there is a great need for improved imaging methods for characterizing cancer onset and progression in a quantitative and actionable way. Collagen, the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in the tumor microenvironment (and the body in general), plays a multifaceted role, both hindering and promoting cancer invasion and progression. Collagen deposition can defend the tumor with immunosuppressive effects, while aligned collagen fiber structures can enable tumor cell migration, aiding invasion and metastasis. Given the complex role of collagen fiber organization and topology, imaging has been a tool of choice to characterize these changes on multiple spatial scales, from the organ and tumor scale to cellular and subcellular level. Macroscale density already aids in the detection and diagnosis of solid cancers, but progress is being made to integrate finer microscale features into the process. Here we review imaging modalities ranging from optical methods of second harmonic generation (SHG), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to the medical imaging approaches of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods have enabled scientists and clinicians to better understand the impact collagen structure has on the tumor environment, at both the bulk scale (density) and microscale (fibrillar structure) levels. We focus on imaging methods with the potential to both examine the collagen structure in as natural a state as possible and still be clinically amenable, with an emphasis on label-free strategies, exploiting intrinsic optical properties of collagen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Nelson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuming Liu
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Helen M Wilson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ivan M Rosado-Mendez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Walter F Block
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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21
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Shiu J, Zhang L, Lentsch G, Flesher JL, Jin S, Polleys CM, Jo SJ, Mizzoni C, Mobasher P, Kwan J, Rius-Diaz F, Tromberg BJ, Georgakoudi I, Nie Q, Balu M, Ganesan AK. Multimodal analyses of vitiligo skin identifies tissue characteristics of stable disease. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154585. [PMID: 35653192 PMCID: PMC9310536 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by the destruction of melanocytes by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Melanocyte destruction in active vitiligo is mediated by CD8+ T cells, but the persistence of white patches in stable disease is poorly understood. The interaction between immune cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in situ in human skin has been difficult to study due to the lack of proper tools. We combine noninvasive multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) to identify subpopulations of keratinocytes in stable vitiligo patients. We show that, compared with nonlesional skin, some keratinocyte subpopulations are enriched in lesional vitiligo skin and shift their energy utilization toward oxidative phosphorylation. Systematic investigation of cell-to-cell communication networks show that this small population of keratinocyte secrete CXCL9 and CXCL10 to potentially drive vitiligo persistence. Pseudotemporal dynamics analyses predict an alternative differentiation trajectory that generates this new population of keratinocytes in vitiligo skin. Further MPM imaging of patients undergoing punch grafting treatment showed that keratinocytes favoring oxidative phosphorylation persist in nonresponders but normalize in responders. In summary, we couple advanced imaging with transcriptomics and bioinformatics to discover cell-to-cell communication networks and keratinocyte cell states that can perpetuate inflammation and prevent repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shiu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Jessica L Flesher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Suoqin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Polleys
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States of America
| | - Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Craig Mizzoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States of America
| | - Pezhman Mobasher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Kwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States of America
| | - Francisca Rius-Diaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States of America
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
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22
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Lentsch G, Baugh EG, Lee B, Aszterbaum M, Zachary CB, Kelly KM, Balu M. Research Techniques Made Simple: Emerging Imaging Technologies for Noninvasive Optical Biopsy of Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1243-1252.e1. [PMID: 35461534 PMCID: PMC9802025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, high-resolution optical imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) have advanced significantly as new methodologies for clinical research and for real-time detection, diagnosis, and therapy monitoring of skin diseases. Implementation of these technologies into clinical research and practice requires clinicians to have an understanding of their capabilities, benefits, and limitations. This concise review provides insights on the application of OCT, RCM, and MPM for clinical skin imaging through images acquired in vivo from the same lesions. The presented data are limited to pigmented lesions and basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Erica G. Baugh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bonnie Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michelle Aszterbaum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Kristen M. Kelly
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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23
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Valerio HP, Ravagnani FG, Yaya Candela AP, Dias Carvalho da Costa B, Ronsein GE, Di Mascio P. Spatial proteomics reveals subcellular reorganization in human keratinocytes exposed to UVA light. iScience 2022; 25:104093. [PMID: 35372811 PMCID: PMC8971936 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of UV light on the skin have been extensively investigated. However, systematic information about how the exposure to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light, the least energetic but the most abundant UV radiation reaching the Earth, shapes the subcellular organization of proteins is lacking. Using subcellular fractionation, mass-spectrometry-based proteomics, machine learning algorithms, immunofluorescence, and functional assays, we mapped the subcellular reorganization of the proteome of human keratinocytes in response to UVA light. Our workflow quantified and assigned subcellular localization for over 1,600 proteins, of which about 200 were found to redistribute upon UVA exposure. Reorganization of the proteome affected modulators of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and DNA damage response. Strikingly, mitochondria were identified as one of the main targets of UVA-induced stress. Further investigation demonstrated that UVA induces mitochondrial fragmentation, up-regulates redox-responsive proteins, and attenuates respiratory rates. These observations emphasize the role of this radiation as a potent metabolic stressor in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Paula Valerio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gustavo Ravagnani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela Paola Yaya Candela
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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The Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on NADH in Newly Diagnosed Primary Hypertension. Cardiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:6159883. [PMID: 35402043 PMCID: PMC8989586 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6159883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some antihypertensive medications alter cellular energy production, presumably by modification of the mitochondrial function. In vivo studies of such effects are challenging in humans. We applied a noninvasive forearm skin measurement of the 460-nm fluorescence specific for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to study the 6-week effects of four different antihypertensive medications on mitochondrial function using the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF). Methods In a prospective open-label study, we compared the long-term effects of a 6-week treatment with either amlodipine (5 mg), perindopril (5 mg), nebivolol (5 mg), or metoprolol (50 mg) on the dynamic flow-mediated changes in the skin NADH content in 76 patients (29 women) with untreated primary arterial hypertension (HA). Patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. To study mitochondrial function, the FMSF was measured at rest, during 100-second ischemia and postischemic reperfusion. The control group consisted of 18 healthy people (7 women). Results There were no significant differences in the FMSF parameters between the control and the study group before medication. After the 6-week treatment, all drugs similarly reduced blood pressure. Neither amlodipine, perindopril, nor nebivolol changed the flow-mediated 460-nm skin fluorescence significantly. However, metoprolol raised this fluorescence at rest, during ischemia and reperfusion (P at most <0.05), indicating an increase in the total NADH skin content. Conclusion Amlodipine, perindopril, and nebivolol appear neutral for the skin NADH content during the 6-week antihypertensive treatment. Similar treatment with metoprolol increased skin NADH at rest, during ischemia and reperfusion, probably due to an effect on microcirculation and altered mitochondrial function. Explanation of the potential mechanisms behind metoprolol influence on the skin NADH metabolism requires further investigation.
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25
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Xu Z, Xie X, Li R, Yu K, Lish SR, Xu M. Information entropy of quantitative chemometric endogenous fluorescence improves photonic lung cancer diagnosis. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:478-484. [PMID: 35200886 DOI: 10.1364/ao.439458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative chemometric widefield endogenous fluorescence microscopy (CFM) maps the endogenous absolute chromophore concentration and spatial distribution in cells and tissue sections label-free from fluorescence color images under broadband excitation and detection. By quantifying the endogenous chromophores, including tryptophan, elastin, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD(P)H], and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), CFM reveals the biochemical environment and subcellular structure. Here we show that the chromophore information entropy, marking its spatial distribution pattern of quantitative chemometric endogenous fluorescence at the microscopic scale, improves photonic lung cancer diagnosis with independent diagnostic power to the cellular metabolism biomarker. NAD(P)H and FAD's information entropy is found to decrease from normal to perilesional to cancerous tissue, whereas the information entropy for the redox ratios [FAD/tryptophan and FAD/NAD(P)H] is smaller for the normal tissue than both perilesional and cancerous tissue. CFM imaging of the specimen's inherent biochemical and structural properties eliminates the dependence on measurement details and facilitates robust, accurate diagnosis. The synergy of quantifying absolute chromophore concentration and information entropy achieves high accuracies for a three-class classification of lung tissue into normal, perilesional, and cancerous ones and a three-class classification of lung cancers into grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 using a support vector machine, outperforming the chromophore concentration biomarkers.
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26
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Ung TPL, Lim S, Solinas X, Mahou P, Chessel A, Marionnet C, Bornschlögl T, Beaurepaire E, Bernerd F, Pena AM, Stringari C. Simultaneous NAD(P)H and FAD fluorescence lifetime microscopy of long UVA-induced metabolic stress in reconstructed human skin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22171. [PMID: 34772978 PMCID: PMC8589997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet longwave UVA1 exposure of human skin has short-term consequences at cellular and molecular level, leading at long-term to photoaging. Following exposure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, inducing oxidative stress that might impair cellular metabolic activity. However, the dynamic of UVA1 impact on cellular metabolism remains unknown because of lacking adequate live imaging techniques. Here we assess the UVA1-induced metabolic stress response in reconstructed human skin with multicolor two-photon fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM). Simultaneous imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by wavelength mixing allows quantifying cellular metabolism in function of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H and FAD/FADH2 redox ratios. After UVA1 exposure, we observe an increase of fraction of bound NAD(P)H and decrease of fraction of bound FAD indicating a metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation or oxidative stress possibly correlated to ROS generation. NAD(P)H and FAD biomarkers have unique temporal dynamic and sensitivity to skin cell types and UVA1 dose. While the FAD biomarker is UVA1 dose-dependent in keratinocytes, the NAD(P)H biomarker shows no dose dependence in keratinocytes, but is directly affected after exposure in fibroblasts, thus reflecting different skin cells sensitivities to oxidative stress. Finally, we show that a sunscreen including a UVA1 filter prevents UVA1 metabolic stress response from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Lien Ung
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Seongbin Lim
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Anatole Chessel
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Claire Marionnet
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP 22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Thomas Bornschlögl
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP 22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP 22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Ana-Maria Pena
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP 22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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27
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Liu Z, Chiang CY, Nip J, Feng L, Zhang Y, Rocha S, Georgakoudi I. Nicotinamide effects on the metabolism of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes assessed by quantitative, label-free fluorescence imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6375-6390. [PMID: 34745743 PMCID: PMC8548000 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolism are central to the aging process. Therefore, understanding the subcellular functional and structural changes associated with metabolic aging is critical. Current established methods for exploring cell metabolism either require the use of exogenous agents or are destructive to the tissue or cells. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging has emerged as a method for monitoring subtle metabolic changes non-invasively. In this study, we use TPEF imaging to acquire high-resolution fluorescence images from two coenzymes, NAD(P)H (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), within human fibroblasts and keratinocytes in response to B3 (a nicotinamide precursor) supplementation and/or UV irradiation, without addition of exogenous labels. In addition, multi-parametric analysis methods are used to extract functional information of cellular metabolism, including cellular redox state, NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime, and mitochondrial organization. Our results demonstrate that such optical metabolic assessments can serve as sensitive, label-free, non-destructive reporters of known effects of B3 to maintain and in some cases even enhance the respiratory function of mitochondria, while lowering oxidative damage. Thus, TPEF imaging, supported by highly-quantitative analysis, can serve as a tool to understand aging-dependent metabolic changes as well as the effect of actives on human epidermal and dermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Currently with the State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | | | - John Nip
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, CT 06611, USA
| | - Lin Feng
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, CT 06611, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sheila Rocha
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, CT 06611, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Label-free two-photon imaging of mitochondrial activity in murine macrophages stimulated with bacterial and viral ligands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14081. [PMID: 34234166 PMCID: PMC8263786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the metabolic hub of the cell, playing a central role in regulating immune responses. Dysfunction of mitochondrial reprogramming can occur during bacterial and viral infections compromising hosts’ immune signaling. Comparative evaluation of these alterations in response to bacterial and viral ligands can provide insights into a cell’s ability to mount pathogen-specific responses. In this study, we used two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) imaging to quantify reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels in the cell and to calculate the optical redox ratio (ORR), an indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction. Analyses were performed on RAW264.7 cells and murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM) stimulated with bacterial (LPS) and viral (Poly(I:C)) ligands. Responses were cell type dependent, with primary cells having significantly higher levels of FAD and higher oxygen consumption rates suggesting BMM may be more dependent on mitochondrial metabolism. Our findings also suggest that FAD-TPEF intensity may be a better predictor of mitochondrial activity and localization since it demonstrates unique mitochondrial clustering patterns in LPS vs. Poly(I:C) stimulated macrophages. Collectively, we demonstrate that TPEF imaging is a powerful label-free approach for quantifying changes in mitochondrial function and organization in macrophages following bacterial and viral stimuli.
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29
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Assessment of microvascular function and pharmacological regulation in genetically confirmed familial hypercholesterolemia. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104216. [PMID: 34182004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic lipid disorder leading to accelerated atherosclerosis, premature cardiovascular disease and death. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction is one of the earliest vascular pathology manifestations and may precede symptomatic atherosclerosis. METHODS In this paper, microvascular endothelial function was assessed in FH patients and healthy controls using flow mediated skin fluorescence (FMSF), based on measurements of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence intensity during brachial artery occlusion (ischemic response, IR) and immediately after occlusion (hyperemic response, HR). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) were used to assess its relation with microvascular parameters evaluated in vivo. RESULTS LDL-C levels were significantly correlated to both HRmax (r = -0.548, p = 0.001) and HRindex (r = -0.514, p = 0.003). Similarly, there was a significant inverse correlation of TC levels and both HRmax (r = -0.538, p = 0.002) and HRindex (r = -0.512, p = 0.003). All FMSF parameters were found lower in FH patients compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Hyperemic response (HRmax) was significantly higher in FH patients examined on statins compared to those without any lipid-lowering treatment (19.9 ± 3.1 vs. 16.4 ± 4.2 respectively, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, in patients with FH, microvascular endothelial-dependent hyperemic response is impaired and inversely correlated to plasma cholesterol levels. Microvascular function was found better in FH patients receiving statins.
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30
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Tissue Imaging and Quantification Relying on Endogenous Contrast. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 3233:257-288. [PMID: 34053031 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7627-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-matrix interactions play an important role in regulating a variety of essential processes in multicellular organisms, and are closely associated with numerous diseases. Modified interactions have major effects upon key features of both cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), and a thorough understanding of changes in these features can lead to critically important insights of diseases as well as the identification of effective therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize recent advances in quantitative, optical imaging of cellular metabolism and ECM spatial organization using endogenous sources of contrast. Specifically, we focus on the two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging of autofluorescent cellular coenzymes, NAD(P)H and FAD, for the extraction of metabolic information described by optical biomarkers including cellular redox state, NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime, and mitochondrial clustering. We show representative applications in assessing adipose tissue function and detecting malignant lesions in human skin, and further demonstrate that a combination of these optical metrics can provide complementary insights into the underlying biological mechanisms. In addition, we review the development of quantitative analysis methods to extract spatial orientation and organization metrics of collagen fibers, a major ECM component, and demonstrate applications of these approaches in two and three dimensions in several diseases, including would healing, osteoarthritis and cancer, as well as assessments of matrix remodeling in hormone-regulated engineered breast tissues. Finally, we summarize this chapter and discuss important research directions that we expect will evolve in the near future.
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31
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Restructured Mitochondrial-Nuclear Interaction in Plasmodium falciparum Dormancy and Persister Survival after Artemisinin Exposure. mBio 2021; 12:e0075321. [PMID: 34044591 PMCID: PMC8262848 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00753-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives (ART) are fast acting, potent antimalarials; however, their use in malaria treatment is frequently confounded by recrudescences from bloodstream Plasmodium parasites that enter into and later reactivate from a dormant persister state. Here, we provide evidence that the mitochondria of dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-exposed persisters are dramatically altered and enlarged relative to the mitochondria of young, actively replicating ring forms. Restructured mitochondrial-nuclear associations and an altered metabolic state are consistent with stress from reactive oxygen species. New contacts between the mitochondria and nuclei may support communication pathways of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, resulting in transcriptional changes in the nucleus as a survival response. Further characterization of the organelle communication and metabolic dependencies of persisters may suggest strategies to combat recrudescences of malaria after treatment.
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32
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Liu JTC, Glaser AK, Bera K, True LD, Reder NP, Eliceiri KW, Madabhushi A. Harnessing non-destructive 3D pathology. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:203-218. [PMID: 33589781 PMCID: PMC8118147 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput methods for slide-free three-dimensional (3D) pathological analyses of whole biopsies and surgical specimens offer the promise of modernizing traditional histology workflows and delivering improvements in diagnostic performance. Advanced optical methods now enable the interrogation of orders of magnitude more tissue than previously possible, where volumetric imaging allows for enhanced quantitative analyses of cell distributions and tissue structures that are prognostic and predictive. Non-destructive imaging processes can simplify laboratory workflows, potentially reducing costs, and can ensure that samples are available for subsequent molecular assays. However, the large size of the feature-rich datasets that they generate poses challenges for data management and computer-aided analysis. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the imaging technologies that enable 3D pathology, and the computational tools-machine learning, in particular-for image processing and interpretation. We also discuss the integration of various other diagnostic modalities with 3D pathology, along with the challenges and opportunities for clinical adoption and regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaustav Bera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Reder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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33
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Tehrani KF, Pendleton EG, Southern WM, Call JA, Mortensen LJ. Spatial frequency metrics for analysis of microscopic images of musculoskeletal tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:4-14. [PMID: 33028134 PMCID: PMC7718369 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1828381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Imaging-based metrics for analysis of biological tissues are powerful tools that can extract information such as shape, size, periodicity, and many other features to assess the requested qualities of a tissue. Muscular and osseous tissues consist of periodic structures that are directly related to their function, and so analysis of these patterns likely reflects tissue health and regeneration.Methods: A method for assessment of periodic structures is by analyzing them in the spatial frequency domain using the Fourier transform. In this paper, we present two filters which we developed in the spatial frequency domain for the purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal structures. These filters provide information about 1) the angular orientation of the tissues and 2) their periodicity. We explore periodic structural patterns in the mitochondrial network of skeletal muscles that are reflective of muscle metabolism and myogenesis; and patterns of collagen fibers in the bone that are reflective of the organization and health of bone extracellular matrix.Results: We present an analysis of mouse skeletal muscle in healthy and injured muscles. We used a transgenic mouse that ubiquitously expresses fluorescent protein in their mitochondria and performed 2-photon microscopy to image the structures. To acquire the collagen structure of the bone we used non-linear SHG microscopy of mouse flat bone. We analyze and compare juvenile versus adult mice, which have different structural patterns.Conclusions: Our results indicate that these metrics can quantify musculoskeletal tissues during development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Forouhesh Tehrani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily G. Pendleton
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W. Michael Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA 30602, USA,Currently with Department of Biochemistry, Molecular
Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA 30602, USA
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
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34
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Stringasci MD, Ciol H, Romano RA, Buzza HH, Leite IS, Inada NM, Bagnato VS. MAL-associated methyl nicotinate for topical PDT improvement. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112071. [PMID: 33242779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitization of all tissue in sufficient quantity to generate damage is one of the limiting factors for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) efficiency. Methyl nicotinate (MN) is a thermogenic and vasodilating substance that facilitates the topical tissue penetration of some compounds. The topical MAL (methyl aminolevulinate) PDT is commonly used as a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). This study investigates the safety of topical use in NM, as well as its ability to improve the efficiency of topical PDT. For this, we investigate the cytotoxicity of MN, as well as its actions in increasing cellular metabolism and vasodilation. Besides, its ability to optimize the formation of PpIX in the tissue when associated with MAL cream was investigated, besides assessing the severity of necrosis obtained by treatments. The cytotoxicity of MN was tested for concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% in cell culture. For the concentration of 0.5%, the cellular metabolism was evaluated using confocal microscopy to calculate the redox rate. In the Chorioallantoic Membrane Model, vasodilation was evaluated for concentrations of 0.5 and 1% MN during 1 h of incubation. In the animal model, the healthy skin of Wistar rat was used to evaluate the production of PpIX in the tissue and the degree of necrosis obtained by Photodynamic therapy when using NM associated with methyl aminolevulinate. It was observed the non-cytotoxicity in vitro of MN in the concentration used (0.5%) and its ability to increase cellular metabolism. In a chorioallantoic model, the MN vasodilation power was demonstrated for different caliber of vessels. In vivo studies are showing that the incorporation of MN in the MAL cream increases the amount of PpIX produced in the tissue causing a higher effect on the epidermis after PDT. This improvement of the protocol may make the procedure more effective both in the destruction of tumor tissue and in the treatment of deeper cells decreasing possible recurrence, in addition to allowing improvements in the protocol, such as reducing the cream's incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heloísa Ciol
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hilde Harb Buzza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hagler Fellow, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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35
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Fast A, Lal A, Durkin AF, Lentsch G, Harris RM, Zachary CB, Ganesan AK, Balu M. Fast, large area multiphoton exoscope (FLAME) for macroscopic imaging with microscopic resolution of human skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18093. [PMID: 33093610 PMCID: PMC7582965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a compact, fast large area multiphoton exoscope (FLAME) system with enhanced molecular contrast for macroscopic imaging of human skin with microscopic resolution. A versatile imaging platform, FLAME combines optical and mechanical scanning mechanisms with deep learning image restoration to produce depth-resolved images that encompass sub-mm2 to cm2 scale areas of tissue within minutes and provide means for a comprehensive analysis of live or resected thick human skin tissue. The FLAME imaging platform, which expands on a design recently introduced by our group, also features time-resolved single photon counting detection to uniquely allow fast discrimination and 3D virtual staining of melanin. We demonstrate its performance and utility by fast ex vivo and in vivo imaging of human skin. With the ability to provide rapid access to depth resolved images of skin over cm2 area and to generate 3D distribution maps of key sub-cellular skin components such as melanocytic dendrites and melanin, FLAME is ready to be translated into a clinical imaging tool for enhancing diagnosis accuracy, guiding therapy and understanding skin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fast
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Akarsh Lal
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Amanda F Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Ronald M Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, 1 Medical Plaza Dr., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christopher B Zachary
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, 1 Medical Plaza Dr., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, 1 Medical Plaza Dr., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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Arslanbaeva LR, Santoro MM. Adaptive redox homeostasis in cutaneous melanoma. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101753. [PMID: 33091721 PMCID: PMC7578258 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Although cutaneous melanoma accounts for a minority of all types of skin cancer, it causes the greatest number of skin cancer related deaths worldwide. Oxidative stress and redox homeostasis have been shown to be involved at each stage of a malignant melanocyte transformation, called melanomagenesis, as well as during drug resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important and diverse role that regulate many aspects of skin cell behaviors ranging from proliferation and stemness, to oxidative damage and cell death. On the other hand, antioxidants are associated with melanoma spread and metastasis. Overall, the contribution of redox homeostasis to melanoma development and progression is controversial and highly complex. The aim of this study is to examine the association between redox homeostasis and the melanomagenic process. To this purpose we are presenting what is currently known about the role of ROS in melanoma initiation and progression. In addition, we are discussing the role of antioxidant mechanisms during the spread of the disease and in cases of melanoma drug resistance. Although challenging, targeting redox homeostasis in melanoma progression remains to be a promising therapeutic approach, especially valid during melanoma drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy.
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37
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Pouli D, Thieu HT, Genega EM, Baecher-Lind L, House M, Bond B, Roncari DM, Evans ML, Rius-Diaz F, Munger K, Georgakoudi I. Label-free, High-Resolution Optical Metabolic Imaging of Human Cervical Precancers Reveals Potential for Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diagnosis. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32577625 PMCID: PMC7311071 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While metabolic changes are considered a cancer hallmark, their assessment has not been incorporated in the detection of early or precancers, when treatment is most effective. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic changes are detected in freshly excised human cervical precancerous tissues using label-free, non-destructive imaging of the entire epithelium. The images rely on two-photon excited fluorescence from two metabolic co-enzymes, NAD(P)H and FAD, and have micron-level resolution, enabling sensitive assessments of the redox ratio and mitochondrial fragmentation, which yield metrics of metabolic function and heterogeneity. Simultaneous characterization of morphological features, such as the depth-dependent variation of the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, is demonstrated. Multi-parametric analysis combining several metabolic metrics with morphological ones enhances significantly the diagnostic accuracy of identifying high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Our results motivate the translation of such functional metabolic imaging to in vivo studies, which may enable improved identification of cervical lesions, and other precancers, at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Pouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,Present address: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Thao Thieu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Genega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Laura Baecher-Lind
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael House
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brian Bond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Danielle M Roncari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Megan L Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Francisca Rius-Diaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 32 Louis Pasteur Boulevard, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,Lead Contact
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38
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Datta R, Heaster TM, Sharick JT, Gillette AA, Skala MC. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: fundamentals and advances in instrumentation, analysis, and applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-43. [PMID: 32406215 PMCID: PMC7219965 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.7.071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful technique to distinguish the unique molecular environment of fluorophores. FLIM measures the time a fluorophore remains in an excited state before emitting a photon, and detects molecular variations of fluorophores that are not apparent with spectral techniques alone. FLIM is sensitive to multiple biomedical processes including disease progression and drug efficacy. AIM We provide an overview of FLIM principles, instrumentation, and analysis while highlighting the latest developments and biological applications. APPROACH This review covers FLIM principles and theory, including advantages over intensity-based fluorescence measurements. Fundamentals of FLIM instrumentation in time- and frequency-domains are summarized, along with recent developments. Image segmentation and analysis strategies that quantify spatial and molecular features of cellular heterogeneity are reviewed. Finally, representative applications are provided including high-resolution FLIM of cell- and organelle-level molecular changes, use of exogenous and endogenous fluorophores, and imaging protein-protein interactions with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Advantages and limitations of FLIM are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS FLIM is advantageous for probing molecular environments of fluorophores to inform on fluorophore behavior that cannot be elucidated with intensity measurements alone. Development of FLIM technologies, analysis, and applications will further advance biological research and clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsa Datta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Heaster
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amani A. Gillette
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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39
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Jones JD, Ramser HE, Woessner AE, Veves A, Quinn KP. Quantifying Age-Related Changes in Skin Wound Metabolism Using In Vivo Multiphoton Microscopy. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:90-102. [PMID: 31993251 PMCID: PMC6985773 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The elderly are at high risk for developing chronic skin wounds, but the effects of intrinsic aging on skin healing are difficult to isolate due to common comorbidities like diabetes. Our objective is to use multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to find endogenous, noninvasive biomarkers to differentiate changes in skin wound healing metabolism between young and aged mice in vivo. Approach: We utilized MPM to monitor skin metabolism at the edge of full-thickness, excisional wounds in 24- and 4-month-old mice of both sexes for 10 days. MPM can assess quantitative biomarkers of cellular metabolism in vivo by utilizing autofluorescence from the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Results: An optical redox ratio of FAD/(NADH+FAD) autofluorescence and NADH fluorescence lifetime imaging revealed dynamic changes in keratinocyte function during healing. Aged female mice demonstrated an attenuation of keratinocyte proliferation during wound healing detectable optically through a higher redox ratio and longer NADH fluorescence lifetime. By measuring the correlation between NADH lifetime and the optical redox ratio at each day, we also demonstrate sensitivity to the proliferative phase of wound healing. Innovation: Label-free MPM was used to longitudinally monitor individual wounds in vivo, which revealed age-dependent differences in wound metabolism. Conclusion: These results indicate in vivo MPM can provide quantitative biomarkers of age-related delays in healing, which can be used in the future to provide patient-specific wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Hallie E. Ramser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Alan E. Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Aristidis Veves
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Li Y, He Y, Miao K, Zheng Y, Deng C, Liu TM. Imaging of macrophage mitochondria dynamics in vivo reveals cellular activation phenotype for diagnosis. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2897-2917. [PMID: 32194843 PMCID: PMC7053213 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly plastic macrophages are pivotal players in the body's homeostasis and pathogenesis. Grasping the molecular or cellular factors that drive and support the macrophage activation will help to develop diagnostics and manipulate their functions in these contexts. However, the lack of in vivo characterization methods to reveal the dynamic activation of macrophages impedes these studies in various disease contexts. Methods: Here, in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo Matrigel plug were used to evaluate how mitochondria dynamics supports cellular activation and functions. We conducted macrophage repolarization in vitro to track mitochondria dynamics during the shift of activation status. For in vivo diagnosis, a novel MitoTracker-loaded liposome was first developed to label macrophage mitochondria in mice before/after inflammatory stimulation. Results: Based on the typical activation of in vitro BMDMs, we found glycolysis based macrophages have punctate and discrete mitochondria, while OXPHOS active macrophages have elongated and interconnected mitochondria. M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c activated BMDMs showed clustered and differentiable features in mitochondrial morphology. These features also hold for Matrigel plug-recruited macrophages in mice. Furthermore, with the interventions on M2a macrophages in vitro, we demonstrated that mitochondria morphology could be a metabolic index to evaluate macrophage activation status under drug manipulation. Using the MitoTracker-loaded liposomes, we further achieved subcellular imaging of macrophage mitochondria in vivo. Their organization dynamics revealed the dynamic change from anti-inflammatory macrophages to inflammatory ones in vivo under the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Conclusion: These results reveal that subcellular imaging of mitochondria organization can characterize the activation status of macrophage in vitro and in vivo at a single-cell level, which is critical for the studies of noninvasive diagnosis and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Kapsokalyvas D, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Molecular Imaging in Oncology: Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020; 216:533-561. [PMID: 32594398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42618-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies usually require high levels of morphological, functional, and biochemical information at subcellular resolution. This type of information cannot be obtained from clinical imaging techniques, such as MRI, PET/CT, or US. Luckily, many microscopy techniques exist that can offer this information, also for malignant tissues and therapeutic approaches. In this overview, we discuss the various advanced optical microscopy techniques and their applications in oncological research. After a short introduction in Sect. 16.1, we continue in Sect. 16.2 with a discussion on fluorescent labelling strategies, followed in Sect. 16.3 by an in-depth description of confocal, light-sheet, two-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. We end in Sect. 16.4 with a focus on the applications, specifically in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Baloglu FK, Ziemer LEH, Liu Z, Lyu B, Arendt LM, Georgakoudi I. Factors associated with obesity alter matrix remodeling in breast cancer tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 31983145 PMCID: PMC6982464 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing breast cancer and with worse disease outcomes for women of all ages. The composition, density, and organization of the breast tissue stroma are also known to play an important role in the development and progression of the disease. However, the connections between obesity and stromal remodeling are not well understood. We sought to characterize detailed organization features of the collagen matrix within healthy and cancerous breast tissues acquired from mice exposed to either a normal or high fat (obesity inducing) diet. We performed second-harmonic generation and spectral two-photon excited fluorescence imaging, and we extracted the level of collagen-associated fluorescence (CAF) along with metrics of collagen content, three-dimensional, and two-dimensional organization. There were significant differences in the CAF intensity and overall collagen organization between normal and tumor tissues; however, obesity-enhanced changes in these metrics, especially when three-dimensional organization metrics were considered. Thus, our studies indicate that obesity impacts significantly collagen organization and structure and the related pathways of communication may be important future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fatma Kucuk Baloglu
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Giresun University, Department of Biology, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Lauren E. Hillers Ziemer
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boyang Lyu
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Tufts University, Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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43
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Smokelin IS, Mizzoni C, Erndt-Marino J, Kaplan DL, Georgakoudi I. Optical changes in THP-1 macrophage metabolism in response to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli reported by label-free two-photon imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 31953928 PMCID: PMC7008597 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Temporal changes in macrophage metabolism are likely crucial to their role in inflammatory diseases. Label-free two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy are well suited to track dynamic changes in macrophage metabolism. We performed TPEF imaging of human macrophages following either pro- or an anti-inflammatory stimulation. Two endogenous fluorophores, NAD(P)H and FAD, coenzymes involved in key metabolic pathways, provided contrast. We used the corresponding intensity images to determine the optical redox ratio of FAD to FAD + NAD(P)H. We also analyzed the intensity fluctuation patterns within NAD(P)H TPEF images to determine mitochondrial clustering patterns. Finally, we acquired NAD(P)H TPEF lifetime images to assess the relative levels of bound NAD(P)H. Our studies indicate that the redox ratio increases, whereas mitochondrial clustering decreases in response to both pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli; however, these changes are enhanced in pro-inflammatory macrophages. Interestingly, we did not detect any significant changes in the corresponding NAD(P)H bound fraction. A combination of optical metabolic metrics could be used to classify pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages with high accuracy. Contributions from alterations in different metabolic pathways may explain our findings, which highlight the potential of label-free two-photon imaging to assess nondestructively macrophage functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Smokelin
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Craig Mizzoni
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Josh Erndt-Marino
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Tufts University, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Dadgar S, Rajaram N. Optical Imaging Approaches to Investigating Radiation Resistance. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1152. [PMID: 31750246 PMCID: PMC6848224 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is frequently the first line of treatment for over 50% of cancer patients. While great advances have been made in improving treatment response rates and reducing damage to normal tissue, radiation resistance remains a persistent clinical problem. While hypoxia or a lack of tumor oxygenation has long been considered a key factor in causing treatment failure, recent evidence points to metabolic reprogramming under well-oxygenated conditions as a potential route to promoting radiation resistance. In this review, we present recent studies from our lab and others that use high-resolution optical imaging as well as clinical translational optical spectroscopy to shine light on the biological basis of radiation resistance. Two-photon microscopy of endogenous cellular metabolism has identified key changes in both mitochondrial structure and function that are specific to radiation-resistant cells and help promote cell survival in response to radiation. Optical spectroscopic approaches, such as diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy have demonstrated functional and molecular differences between radiation-resistant and sensitive tumors in response to radiation. These studies have uncovered key changes in metabolic pathways and present a viable route to clinical translation of optical technologies to determine radiation resistance at a very early stage in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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45
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Liu CH, Abrams ND, Carrick DM, Chander P, Dwyer J, Hamlet MRJ, Kindzelski AL, PrabhuDas M, Tsai SYA, Vedamony MM, Wang C, Tandon P. Imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease: current status, clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities. FASEB J 2019; 33:13085-13097. [PMID: 31577913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal process in our body; acute inflammation acts to suppress infections and support wound healing. Chronic inflammation likely leads to a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Tools to locate and monitor inflammation are critical for developing effective interventions to arrest inflammation and promote its resolution. To identify current clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities in advancing imaging-based evaluations of inflammatory status in patients, the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a workshop on imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease. Clinical speakers described their needs for image-based capabilities that could help determine the extent of inflammatory conditions in patients to guide treatment planning and undertake necessary interventions. The imaging speakers showcased the state-of-the-art in vivo imaging techniques for detecting inflammation in different disease areas. Many imaging capabilities developed for 1 organ or disease can be adapted for other diseases and organs, whereas some have promise for clinical utility within the next 5-10 yr. Several speakers demonstrated that multimodal imaging measurements integrated with serum-based measures could improve in robustness for clinical utility. All speakers agreed that multiple inflammatory measures should be acquired longitudinally to comprehend the dynamics of unresolved inflammation that leads to disease development. They also agreed that the best strategies for accelerating clinical translation of imaging inflammation capabilities are through integration between new imaging techniques and biofluid-based biomarkers of inflammation as well as already established imaging measurements.-Liu, C. H., Abrams, N. D., Carrick, D. M., Chander, P., Dwyer, J., Hamlet, M. R. J., Kindzelski, A. L., PrabhuDas, M., Tsai, S.-Y. A., Vedamony, M. M., Wang, C., Tandon, P. Imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease: current status, clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Preethi Chander
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Johanna Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Mercy PrabhuDas
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shang-Yi Anne Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Merriline M Vedamony
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiayeng Wang
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pushpa Tandon
- National Cancer Institute, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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46
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Lee JH, Rico-Jimenez JJ, Zhang C, Alex A, Chaney EJ, Barkalifa R, Spillman DR, Marjanovic M, Arp Z, Hood SR, Boppart SA. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence and multi-harmonic imaging reveals in vivo structural and metabolic changes in murine skin. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5431-5444. [PMID: 31646056 PMCID: PMC6788598 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification of multifarious cellular metabolites and the extracellular matrix in vivo has been long sought. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence and multi-harmonic (SLAM) microscopy has achieved simultaneous four-channel nonlinear imaging to study tissue structure and metabolism. In this study, we implemented two laser systems and directly compared SLAM microscopy with conventional two-photon microscopy for in vivo imaging. We found that three-photon imaging of adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) in SLAM microscopy using our tailored laser source provided better resolution, contrast, and background suppression than conventional two-photon imaging of NAD(P)H. We also integrated fluorescence lifetime imaging with SLAM microscopy, and enabled differentiation of free and bound NAD(P)H. We imaged murine skin in vivo and showed that changes in tissue structure, cell dynamics, and metabolism can be monitored simultaneously in real-time. We also discovered an increase in metabolism and protein-bound NAD(P)H in skin cells during the early stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyuk Lee
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Jose J. Rico-Jimenez
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Aneesh Alex
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zane Arp
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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47
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York EM, Weilinger NL, LeDue JM, MacVicar BA. Green fluorescent protein emission obscures metabolic fluorescent lifetime imaging of NAD(P)H. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4381-4394. [PMID: 31565496 PMCID: PMC6757450 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Autofluorescence of endogenous molecules can provide valuable insights in both basic research and clinical applications. One such technique is fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NAD(P)H, which serves as a correlate of glycolysis and electron transport chain rates in metabolically active tissue. A powerful advantage of NAD(P)H-FLIM is the ability to measure cell-specific metabolism within heterogeneous tissues. Cell-type specific identification is most commonly achieved with directed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. However, we demonstrate that NAD(P)H-FLIM should not be analyzed in GFP-expressing cells, as GFP molecules themselves emit photons in the blue spectrum with short fluorescence lifetimes when imaged using two-photon excitation at 750 nm. This is substantially different from the reported GFP emission wavelength and lifetime after two-photon excitation at 910 nm. These blue GFP photons are indistinguishable from free NAD(P)H by both emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime. Therefore, NAD(P)H-FLIM in GFP-expressing cells will lead to incorrect interpretations of metabolic rates, and thus, these techniques should not be combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M York
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas L Weilinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M LeDue
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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48
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Pouli D, Genega EM, Sullivan TB, Rieger-Christ KM, Wright V, Georgakoudi I, Schnelldorfer T. Two-photon images reveal unique texture features for label-free identification of ovarian cancer peritoneal metastases. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4479-4488. [PMID: 31565503 PMCID: PMC6757455 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For cancer patients, treatment selection fundamentally relies on staging, with "under-staging" considered a common problem. Imaging modalities that can complement conventional white-light laparoscopy are needed to detect more accurately small metastatic lesions in patients undergoing operative cancer care. Biopsies from healthy parietal peritoneum and ovarian peritoneal metastases obtained from 8 patients were imaged employing a two-photon laser scanning microscope to generate collagen-second harmonic generation (SHG) and fluorescence images at 755 nm and 900 nm excitation and 460 ± 20 nm and 525 ± 25 nm emission. Forty-one images were analyzed by automated image processing algorithms and statistical textural analysis techniques, namely gray level co-occurrence matrices. Two textural features (contrast and correlation) were employed to describe the spatial intensity variations within the captured images and outcomes were used for discriminant analysis. We found that healthy tissues displayed large variations in contrast and correlation features as a function of distance, corresponding to repetitive, increased local intensity fluctuations. Metastatic tissue images exhibited decreased contrast and correlation related values, representing more uniform intensity patterns and smaller fibers, indicating the destruction of the healthy stroma by the cancerous infiltration. The textural outcomes resulted in high classification accuracy as evaluated quantitatively by discriminant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Pouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Currently with the Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Currently with Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Genega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Travis B. Sullivan
- Departemnt of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
| | | | - Valena Wright
- Departemnt of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Contributed equally as senior co-authors
| | - Thomas Schnelldorfer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Departemnt of Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
- Contributed equally as senior co-authors
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49
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Zhang X, Gibhardt CS, Will T, Stanisz H, Körbel C, Mitkovski M, Stejerean I, Cappello S, Pacheu‐Grau D, Dudek J, Tahbaz N, Mina L, Simmen T, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Schön MP, Helms V, Niemeyer BA, Rehling P, Vultur A, Bogeski I. Redox signals at the ER-mitochondria interface control melanoma progression. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100871. [PMID: 31304984 PMCID: PMC6669928 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as important regulators of cancer growth and metastatic spread. However, how cells integrate redox signals to affect cancer progression is not fully understood. Mitochondria are cellular redox hubs, which are highly regulated by interactions with neighboring organelles. Here, we investigated how ROS at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria interface are generated and translated to affect melanoma outcome. We show that TMX1 and TMX3 oxidoreductases, which promote ER-mitochondria communication, are upregulated in melanoma cells and patient samples. TMX knockdown altered mitochondrial organization, enhanced bioenergetics, and elevated mitochondrial- and NOX4-derived ROS. The TMX-knockdown-induced oxidative stress suppressed melanoma proliferation, migration, and xenograft tumor growth by inhibiting NFAT1. Furthermore, we identified NFAT1-positive and NFAT1-negative melanoma subgroups, wherein NFAT1 expression correlates with melanoma stage and metastatic potential. Integrative bioinformatics revealed that genes coding for mitochondrial- and redox-related proteins are under NFAT1 control and indicated that TMX1, TMX3, and NFAT1 are associated with poor disease outcome. Our study unravels a novel redox-controlled ER-mitochondria-NFAT1 signaling loop that regulates melanoma pathobiology and provides biomarkers indicative of aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
- BiophysicsCIPMMSaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Christine S Gibhardt
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Will
- Center for BioinformaticsSaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
| | - Hedwig Stanisz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Christina Körbel
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental SurgerySaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy FacilityMax Planck Institute for Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Ioana Stejerean
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabrina Cappello
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - David Pacheu‐Grau
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Nasser Tahbaz
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Lucas Mina
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental SurgerySaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental SurgerySaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for BioinformaticsSaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
| | | | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
| | - Adina Vultur
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity Medical CenterGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
- BiophysicsCIPMMSaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
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50
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Metabolic flexibility in melanoma: A potential therapeutic target. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:187-207. [PMID: 31362075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents one of the most metastasizing and drug resistant solid tumors. CM is characterized by a remarkable metabolic plasticity and an important connection between oncogenic activation and energetic metabolism. In fact, melanoma cells can use both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression. However, the CM energetic demand mainly depends on glycolysis, whose upregulation is strictly linked to constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK pathway affected by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. Furthermore, the impressive metabolic plasticity of melanoma allows the development of resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and the adaptation to microenvironmental changes. The metabolic interaction between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment affects the immune response and CM growth. In this review article, we describe the regulation of melanoma metabolic alterations and the metabolic interactions between cancer cells and microenvironment that influence melanoma progression and immune response. Finally, we summarize the hallmarks of melanoma therapies and we report BRAF/MEK pathway targeted therapy and mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
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