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Chaurasia M, Singh R, Sur S, Flora SJS. A review of FDA approved drugs and their formulations for the treatment of breast cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184472. [PMID: 37576816 PMCID: PMC10416257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed solid cancers globally. Extensive research has been going on for decades to meet the challenges of treating solid tumors with selective compounds. This article aims to summarize the therapeutic agents which are either being used or are currently under approval for use in the treatment or mitigation of breast cancer by the US FDA, to date. A structured search of bibliographic databases for previously published peer-reviewed research papers on registered molecules was explored and data was sorted in terms of various categories of drugs used in first line/adjuvant therapy for different stages of breast cancer. We included more than 300 peer-reviewed papers, including both research and reviews articles, in order to provide readers an useful comprehensive information. A list of 39 drugs are discussed along with their current status, dose protocols, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, possible side effects, and marketed formulations. Another interesting aspect of the article included focusing on novel formulations of these drugs which are currently in clinical trials or in the process of approval. This exhaustive review thus shall be a one-stop solution for researchers who are working in the areas of formulation development for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. J. S. Flora
- Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Kumar K, Kanojia D, Bentrem DJ, Hwang RF, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S, Munshi HG. Targeting BET Proteins Decreases Hyaluronidase-1 in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:1490. [PMID: 37296612 PMCID: PMC10253193 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the presence of dense stroma that is enriched in hyaluronan (HA), with increased HA levels associated with more aggressive disease. Increased levels of the HA-degrading enzymes hyaluronidases (HYALs) are also associated with tumor progression. In this study, we evaluate the regulation of HYALs in PDAC. METHODS Using siRNA and small molecule inhibitors, we evaluated the regulation of HYALs using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and ELISA. The binding of BRD2 protein on the HYAL1 promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Mice with xenograft tumors were treated with BET inhibitors. The expression of HYALs in tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We show that HYAL1, HYAL2, and HYAL3 are expressed in PDAC tumors and in PDAC and pancreatic stellate cell lines. We demonstrate that inhibitors targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins, which are readers of histone acetylation marks, primarily decrease HYAL1 expression. We show that the BET family protein BRD2 regulates HYAL1 expression by binding to its promoter region and that HYAL1 downregulation decreases proliferation and enhances apoptosis of PDAC and stellate cell lines. Notably, BET inhibitors decrease the levels of HYAL1 expression in vivo without affecting the levels of HYAL2 or HYAL3. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the pro-tumorigenic role of HYAL1 and identify the role of BRD2 in the regulation of HYAL1 in PDAC. Overall, these data enhance our understanding of the role and regulation of HYAL1 and provide the rationale for targeting HYAL1 in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David J. Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rosa F. Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Moreno V, Vieito M, Sepulveda JM, Galvao V, Hernández-Guerrero T, Doger B, Saavedra O, Carlo-Stella C, Michot JM, Italiano A, Magagnoli M, Carpio C, Pinto A, Sarmiento R, Amoroso B, Aronchik I, Filvaroff E, Hanna B, Wei X, Nikolova Z, Braña I. BET inhibitor trotabresib in heavily pretreated patients with solid tumors and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1359. [PMID: 36914652 PMCID: PMC10011554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal proteins (BET) play key roles in regulation of gene expression, and may play a role in cancer-cell proliferation, survival, and oncogenic progression. CC-90010-ST-001 (NCT03220347) is an open-label phase I study of trotabresib, an oral BET inhibitor, in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors and relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Primary endpoints were the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose, and RP2D of trotabresib. Secondary endpoints were clinical benefit rate (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR] + stable disease [SD] of ≥4 months' duration), objective response rate (CR + PR), duration of response or SD, progression-free survival, overall survival, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of trotabresib. In addition, part C assessed the effects of food on the PK of trotabresib as a secondary endpoint. The dose escalation (part A) showed that trotabresib was well tolerated, had single-agent activity, and determined the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and schedule for the expansion study. Here, we report long-term follow-up results from part A (N = 69) and data from patients treated with the RP2D of 45 mg/day 4 days on/24 days off or an alternate RP2D of 30 mg/day 3 days on/11 days off in the dose-expansion cohorts (parts B [N = 25] and C [N = 41]). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) are reported in almost all patients. The most common severe TRAEs are hematological. Toxicities are generally manageable, allowing some patients to remain on treatment for ≥2 years, with two patients receiving ≥3 years of treatment. Trotabresib monotherapy shows antitumor activity, with an ORR of 13.0% (95% CI, 2.8-33.6) in patients with R/R DLBCL (part B) and an ORR of 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-8.6) and a CBR of 31.7% (95% CI, 18.1-48.1) in patients with advanced solid tumors (part C). These results support further investigation of trotabresib in combination with other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vieito
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Galvao
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bernard Doger
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Saavedra
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Research Hospital - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Institut Bergonie Centre Regional de Lutte Contre Le Cancer de Bordeaux et Sud Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimo Magagnoli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Research Hospital - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carpio
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Rafael Sarmiento
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | - Barbara Amoroso
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Xin Wei
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zariana Nikolova
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Braña
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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BET inhibitors synergize with sunitinib in melanoma through GDF15 suppression. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:364-376. [PMID: 36720918 PMCID: PMC9981764 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins has shown a promising therapeutic effect on melanoma. The development of strategies to better kill melanoma cells with BET inhibitor treatment may provide new clinical applications. Here, we used a drug synergy screening approach to combine JQ1 with 240 antitumor drugs from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library and found that sunitinib synergizes with BET inhibitors in melanoma cells. We further demonstrated that BET inhibitors synergize with sunitinib in melanoma by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, BET inhibitors sensitize melanoma cells to sunitinib by inhibiting GDF15 expression. Strikingly, GDF15 is transcriptionally regulated directly by BRD4 or indirectly by the BRD4/IL6/STAT3 axis. Xenograft assays revealed that the combination of BET inhibitors with sunitinib causes melanoma suppression in vivo. Altogether, these findings suggest that BET inhibitor-mediated GDF15 inhibition plays a critical role in enhancing sunitinib sensitivity in melanoma, indicating that BET inhibitors synergize with sunitinib in melanoma.
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Combination of microtubule targeting agents with other antineoplastics for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188777. [PMID: 35963551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) have attracted extensive attention for cancer treatment. However, their clinical efficacies are limited by intolerable toxicities, inadequate efficacy and acquired multidrug resistance. The combination of MTAs with other antineoplastics has become an efficient strategy to lower the toxicities, overcome resistance and improve the efficacies for cancer treatment. In this article, we review the combinations of MTAs with some other anticancer drugs, such as cytotoxic agents, kinases inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, immune checkpoints inhibitors, to overcome these obstacles. We strongly believe that this review will provide helpful information for combination therapy based on MTAs.
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Duly AMP, Kao FCL, Teo WS, Kavallaris M. βIII-Tubulin Gene Regulation in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:851542. [PMID: 35573698 PMCID: PMC9096907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.851542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule proteins form a dynamic component of the cytoskeleton, and play key roles in cellular processes, such as vesicular transport, cell motility and mitosis. Expression of microtubule proteins are often dysregulated in cancer. In particular, the microtubule protein βIII-tubulin, encoded by the TUBB3 gene, is aberrantly expressed in a range of epithelial tumours and is associated with drug resistance and aggressive disease. In normal cells, TUBB3 expression is tightly restricted, and is found almost exclusively in neuronal and testicular tissues. Understanding the mechanisms that control TUBB3 expression, both in cancer, mature and developing tissues will help to unravel the basic biology of the protein, its role in cancer, and may ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to target this protein. This review is devoted to the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of TUBB3 in normal and cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M. P. Duly
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity C. L. Kao
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lukas RV, Thakkar JP, Cristofanilli M, Chandra S, Sosman JA, Patel JD, Kumthekar P, Stupp R, Lesniak MS. Leptomeningeal metastases: the future is now. J Neurooncol 2022; 156:443-452. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Vieito M, Simonelli M, de Vos F, Moreno V, Geurts M, Lorenzi E, Macchini M, van den Bent MJ, Del Conte G, de Jonge M, Martín-Soberón MC, Amoroso B, Sanchez-Perez T, Zuraek M, Hanna B, Aronchik I, Filvaroff E, Chang H, Mendez C, Arias Parro M, Wei X, Nikolova Z, Sepulveda JM. Trotabresib (CC-90010) in combination with adjuvant temozolomide or concomitant temozolomide plus radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac146. [PMID: 36382109 PMCID: PMC9653173 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standard-of-care treatment for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (ndGBM), consisting of surgery followed by radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ), has improved outcomes compared with RT alone; however, prognosis remains poor. Trotabresib, a novel bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with high-grade gliomas. Methods In this phase Ib, dose-escalation study (NCT04324840), we investigated trotabresib 15, 30, and 45 mg combined with TMZ in the adjuvant setting and trotabresib 15 and 30 mg combined with TMZ+RT in the concomitant setting in patients with ndGBM. Primary endpoints were to determine safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose, and/or recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of trotabresib. Secondary endpoints were assessment of preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics were investigated as an exploratory endpoint. Results The adjuvant and concomitant cohorts enrolled 18 and 14 patients, respectively. Trotabresib in combination with TMZ or TMZ+RT was well tolerated; most treatment-related adverse events were mild or moderate. Trotabresib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in both settings were consistent with previous data for trotabresib monotherapy. The RP2D of trotabresib was selected as 30 mg 4 days on/24 days off in both settings. At last follow-up, 5 (28%) and 6 (43%) patients remain on treatment in the adjuvant and concomitant settings, respectively, with 1 patient in the adjuvant cohort achieving complete response. Conclusions Trotabresib combined with TMZ in the adjuvant setting and with TMZ+RT in the concomitant setting was safe and well tolerated in patients with ndGBM, with encouraging treatment durations. Trotabresib 30 mg was established as the RP2D in both settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vieito
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Simonelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filip de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Macchini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Del Conte
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maja de Jonge
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Cruz Martín-Soberón
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Amoroso
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | - Tania Sanchez-Perez
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Chang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Mendez
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Xin Wei
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zariana Nikolova
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research Europe, A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Seville, Spain
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Wu D, Tan H, Su W, Cheng D, Wang G, Wang J, Ma DA, Dong GM, Sun P. MZF1 mediates oncogene-induced senescence by promoting the transcription of p16 INK4A. Oncogene 2022; 41:414-426. [PMID: 34773072 PMCID: PMC8758531 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene induced senescence is a tumor suppressing defense mechanism, in which the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor p16INK4A (encoded by the CDKN2A gene) plays a key role. We previously reported that a transcriptional co-activator chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) mediates oncogenic ras-induced senescence by inducing transcription of the p16INK4A gene. In the current study, we identified myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) as the transcriptional factor that recruits CHD7 to the p16INK4A promoter, where it mediates oncogenic ras-induced p16INK4A transcription and senescence through CHD7, in primary human cells from multiple origins. Moreover, the expression of MZF1 is induced by oncogenic ras in senescent cells through the c-Jun and Ets1 transcriptional factors upon their activation by the Ras-Raf-1-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) where activating ras mutations occur frequently, reduced MZF1 expression is observed in tumors, as compared to corresponding normal tissues, and correlates with poor patient survival. Analysis of single cell RNA-sequencing data from PAAD patients revealed that among the tumor cells with normal RB expression levels, those with reduced levels of MZF1 are more likely to express lower p16INK4A levels. These findings have identified novel signaling components in the pathway that mediates induction of the p16INK4A tumor suppressor and the senescence response, and suggested that MZF1 is a potential tumor suppressor in at least some cancer types, the loss of which contributes to the inactivation of the p16INK4A/RB pathway and disruption of senescence in tumor cells with intact RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weijun Su
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Guanwen Wang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding A. Ma
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - George M. Dong
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-, Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Wang CC. Metabolic Stress Adaptations Underlie Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Breast Cancer Progression. Cells 2021; 10:2641. [PMID: 34685621 PMCID: PMC8534177 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers display dynamic reprogrammed metabolic activities as cancers develop from premalignant lesions to primary tumors, and then metastasize. Numerous advances focus on how tumors develop pro-proliferative metabolic signaling that differs them from adjacent, non-transformed epithelial tissues. This leads to targetable oncogene-driven liabilities among breast cancer subtypes. Other advances demonstrate how microenvironments trigger stress-response at single-cell resolution. Microenvironmental heterogeneities give rise to cell regulatory states in cancer cell spheroids in three-dimensional cultures and at stratified terminal end buds during mammary gland morphogenesis, where stress and survival signaling juxtapose. The cell-state specificity in stress signaling networks recapture metabolic evolution during cancer progression. Understanding lineage-specific metabolic phenotypes in experimental models is useful for gaining a deeper understanding of subtype-selective breast cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-516-2589
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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11
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Emerging role of ferroptosis in breast cancer: New dawn for overcoming tumor progression. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107992. [PMID: 34606782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become a serious threat to women's health. Cancer progression is mainly derived from resistance to apoptosis induced by procedures or therapies. Therefore, new drugs or models that can overcome apoptosis resistance should be identified. Ferroptosis is a recently identified mode of cell death characterized by excess reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation. Since ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, its induction successfully eliminates cancer cells that are resistant to other modes of cell death. Therefore, ferroptosis may become a new direction around which to design breast cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the complete appearance of ferroptosis in breast cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, whether ferroptosis inducers can be used in combination with traditional anti- breast cancer drugs is still unknown. Moreover, a summary of ferroptosis in breast cancer progression and therapy is currently not available. In this review, we discuss the roles of ferroptosis-associated modulators glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, iron, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2, superoxide dismutases, lipoxygenase and coenzyme Q in breast cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that traditional drugs against breast cancer induce ferroptosis, and that ferroptosis inducers eliminate breast cancer cells. Finally, we put forward prospect of using ferroptosis inducers in breast cancer therapy, and predict possible obstacles and corresponding solutions. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and breast cancer, and provide new insights into breast cancer-related therapeutic strategies.
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βIII-tubulin overexpression in cancer: Causes, consequences, and potential therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188607. [PMID: 34364992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin) is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with resistance to microtubule-targeting agents, tumor aggressiveness, and poor patient outcome. Understanding the mechanisms regulating βIII-tubulin expression and the varied functions βIII-tubulin may have in different cancers is vital to assess the prognostic value of this protein and to develop strategies to enhance therapeutic benefits in βIII-tubulin overexpressing tumors. Here we gather all the available evidence regarding the clinical implications of βIII-tubulin overexpression in cancer, describe factors that regulate βIII-tubulin expression, and discuss current understanding of the mechanisms underlying βIII-tubulin-mediated resistance to microtubule-targeting agents and tumor aggressiveness. Finally, we provide an overview of emerging therapeutic strategies to target tumors that overexpress βIII-tubulin.
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Yu S, Cai L, Liu C, Gu R, Cai L, Zhuo L. Identification of prognostic alternative splicing events related to the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med 2021; 27:36. [PMID: 33832428 PMCID: PMC8034091 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its 5-year survival rate is less than 20%, despite various treatments being available. Increasing evidence indicates that alternative splicing (AS) plays a nonnegligible role in the formation and development of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the comprehensive analysis of the impact on prognostic AS events on immune-related perspectives in HCC is lacking but urgently needed. Methods The transcriptional data and clinical information of HCC patients were downloaded from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database for calculating immune and stromal scores by ESTIMATE algorithm. We then divided patients into high/low score groups and explored their prognostic significance using Kaplan–Meier curves. Based on stromal and immune scores, differentially expressed AS events (DEASs) were screened and evaluated with functional enrichment analysis. Additionally, a risk score model was established by applying univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Finally, gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was adopted to explore differences in biological behaviors between the high- and low-risk subgroups. Results A total of 370 HCC patients with complete and qualified corresponding data were included in the subsequent analysis. According to the results of ESTIMATE analysis, we observed that the high immune/stromal score group had a longer survival probability, which was significantly correlated with prognosis in HCC patients. In addition, 467 stromal/immune score-related DEASs were identified, and enrichment analysis revealed that DEASs were significantly enriched in pathways related to HCC tumorigenesis and the immune microenvironment. More importantly, the final prognostic signature containing 16 DEASs showed powerful predictive ability. Finally, GSVA demonstrated that activation of carcinogenic pathways and immune-related pathways in the high-risk group may lead to poor prognosis. Conclusions Collectively, these outcomes revealed prognostic AS events related to carcinogenesis and the immune microenvironment, which may yield new directions for HCC immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00294-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luya Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Cai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Leying Zhuo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Southern White Elephant Town, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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