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Hou C, Jin Y, Wu H, Li P, Liu L, Zheng K, Wang C. Alternative strategies for Chlamydia treatment: Promising non-antibiotic approaches. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987662. [PMID: 36504792 PMCID: PMC9727249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium where most species are pathogenic and infectious, causing various infectious diseases and complications in humans and animals. Antibiotics are often recommended for the clinical treatment of chlamydial infections. However, extensive research has shown that antibiotics may not be sufficient to eliminate or inhibit infection entirely and have some potential risks, including antibiotic resistance. The impact of chlamydial infection and antibiotic misuse should not be underestimated in public health. This study explores the possibility of new therapeutic techniques, including a review of recent studies on preventing and suppressing chlamydial infection by non-antibiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yingqi Jin
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Pengyi Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Longyun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Kang Zheng
| | - Chuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Chuan Wang
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Pivarcsik T, Tóth G, Szemerédi N, Bogdanov A, Spengler G, Kljun J, Kladnik J, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Comparison of Solution Chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Ruthenium Complexes of Selected β-Diketone, 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Pyrithione Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:518. [PMID: 34072270 PMCID: PMC8226722 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the various biological activities of eight organoruthenium(II) complexes were evaluated to reveal correlations with their stability and reactivity in aqueous media. Complexes with general formula [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(X,Y)(Z)] were prepared, where (X,Y) represents either an O,O-ligand (β-diketone), N,O-ligand (8-hydroxyquinoline) or O,S-pyrithione-type ligands (pyrithione = 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione) with Cl- or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) as a co-ligand (Z). The tested complexes inhibit the chlamydial growth on HeLa cells, and one of the complexes inhibits the growth of the human herpes simplex virus-2. The chlorido complexes with N,O- and O,S-ligands displayed strong antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains including the resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were cytotoxic in adenocarcinoma cell lines. Effect of the structural variation on the biological properties and solution stability was clearly revealed. The decreased bioactivity of the β-diketone complexes can be related to their lower stability in solution. In contrast, the O,S-pyrithione-type complexes are highly stable in solution and the complexation prevents the oxidation of the O,S-ligands. Comparing the binding of PTA and the chlorido co-ligands, it can be concluded that PTA is generally more strongly coordinated to ruthenium, which at the same time decreased the reactivity of complexes with human serum albumin or 1-methylimidazole as well as diminished their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Nikoletta Szemerédi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Sarshar M, Scribano D, Tranquilli G, Di Pietro M, Filardo S, Zagaglia C, Sessa R, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C. A simple, fast and reliable scan-based technique as a novel approach to quantify intracellular bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:252. [PMID: 31718545 PMCID: PMC6849193 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of intracellular bacteria is fundamental in many areas of cellular and clinical microbiology to study acute and chronic infections. Therefore, rapid, accurate and low-cost methods represent valuable tools in determining bacterial ability to persist and proliferate within eukaryotic cells. Results Herein, we present the first application of the immunofluorescence In-Cell Western (ICW) assay aimed at quantifying intracellular bacteria in in vitro infection models. The performance of this new approach was evaluated in cell culture infection models using three microorganisms with different lifestyles. Two facultative intracellular bacteria, the fast-growing Shigella flexneri and a persistent strain of Escherichia coli, as well as the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis were chosen as bacterial models. The ICW assay was performed in parallel with conventional quantification methods, i.e. colony forming units (CFUs) and inclusion forming units (IFUs). The fluorescence signal intensity values from the ICW assay were highly correlated to CFU/IFUs counting and showed coefficients of determination (R2), ranging from 0,92 to 0,99. Conclusions The ICW assay offers several advantages including sensitivity, reproducibility, high speed, operator-independent data acquisition and overtime stability of fluorescence signals. All these features, together with the simplicity in performance, make this assay particularly suitable for high-throughput screening and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Tranquilli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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Selenocompounds as Novel Antibacterial Agents and Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081487. [PMID: 31014009 PMCID: PMC6514980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial multidrug resistance is becoming a growing problem for public health, due to the development and spreading of bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobials. In this study, the antibacterial and multidrug resistance reversing activity of a series of seleno-carbonyl compounds has been evaluated. The effects of eleven selenocompounds on bacterial growth were evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Chlamydia trachomatis D. The combination effect of compounds with antibiotics was examined by the minimum inhibitory concentration reduction assay. Their efflux pump (EP) inhibitory properties were assessed using real-time fluorimetry. Relative expressions of EP and quorum-sensing genes were studied by quantitative PCR. Results showed that a methylketone selenoester had remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and potentiated the activity of oxacillin in MRSA. Most of the selenocompounds showed significant anti-chlamydial effects. The selenoanhydride and the diselenodiester were active inhibitors of the AcrAB-TolC system. Based on these results it can be concluded that this group of selenocompounds can be attractive potential antibacterials and EP inhibitors. The discovery of new derivatives with a significant antibacterial activity as novel selenocompounds, is of high impact in the fight against resistant pathogens.
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Meštrović T, Virok DP, Ljubin-Sternak S, Raffai T, Burián K, Vraneš J. Antimicrobial Resistance Screening in Chlamydia trachomatis by Optimized McCoy Cell Culture System and Direct qPCR-Based Monitoring of Chlamydial Growth. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2042:33-43. [PMID: 31385269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9694-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obligate intracellular localization of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) complicates antimicrobial sensitivity testing efforts that we are so accustomed to in routine bacteriology. Cell culture systems with immunofluorescence staining, to identify cellular inclusions in the presence of various concentrations of antimicrobial drugs, are still the most pervasive techniques, but more specific and sensitive nucleic acid concentration measuring methods are increasingly being used. Here we describe how to approach antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance screening in C. trachomatis by using a McCoy cell culture system, optimized by a research group from Croatia, and direct qPCR-based monitoring of chlamydial growth, optimized by a research group from Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Meštrović
- University North, University Centre Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia.
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Polyclinic "Dr. Zora Profozić", Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dezső P Virok
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
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Vaginal Gel Component Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Significantly Enhances the Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars D and E. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.02034-18. [PMID: 30373805 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02034-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of the urogenital serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis can be significantly influenced by vaginal gels. Hydroxyethyl cellulose is a commonly used gelling agent that can be found in vaginal gels. Hydroxyethyl cellulose showed a concentration-dependent growth-enhancing effect on C. trachomatis serovars D and E, with a 26.1-fold maximal increase in vitro and a 2.57-fold increase in vivo.
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7
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Talaat DM, Sharaf AAEA, Ghoneim MAEM, El-Shazly SA, El Meligy OAES. Efficacy of two mouth rinse sprays in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans growth on toothbrush bristles. Saudi Dent J 2018; 30:365-372. [PMID: 30202175 PMCID: PMC6128805 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the efficacy of two types of mouth rinse sprays (Periogard and Plax) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on toothbrush bristles used by children. Methods An experimental comparative study was performed. The sample included 60 children aged 6-8 years with high caries index. Children were divided randomly into 3 groups (20 each) according to materials applied on toothbrush. Each group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups A and B (10 each) according to the laboratory standards for processing microbiological specimens. Each toothbrush was placed in phosphate buffered saline, vortexed then serially diluted. Mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar plates were inoculated and incubated for 48 h. S. mutans colonies were identified by morphology, gram stain and biochemical tests. Results Statistically, significant difference was observed between the three groups either when toothbrushes were processed immediately or when processed after 24 h. Group I showed highest bacterial count followed by group III whereas group II showed least bacterial count. Bacterial counts were significantly decreased by time in group I and group III while in group II no significant decrease as both subgroups showed very low bacterial count. Conclusions Although both mouth rinses were effective against S. mutans toothbrush contamination, chlorhexidine gluconate proved to be better.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Omar Abd El Sadek El Meligy
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt
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8
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Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in ApoB100only/LDLR -/- Mouse Strain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8325915. [PMID: 29770337 PMCID: PMC5889898 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8325915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims Hyperlipidaemia model animals have been used to elucidate the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection in atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to investigate the proatherogenic effect of multiple Cpn infections in ApoB100only/LDLR−/− mice which based on lipid profile can be regarded as the most suitable mouse model of human hypercholesterolemia and to compare the lesion development to that in a major atherosclerosis model ApoE−/− mice. Methods and Results Aorta samples of ApoB100only/LDLR−/− mice infected three times with Cpn were subjected to morphometric analyses. Morphometric evaluation disclosed that Cpn infections exacerbated atherosclerosis development in the aortic root and descending aorta of the mice fed with normal diet. Viable Cpn was detected in the ascending aorta by RT-PCR. Chlamydial 16SrRNA expression showed the presence of viable Cpn in the aorta of infected animals. A similar rate of acceleration of atherosclerosis was observed when the infection protocol was applied in ApoB100only/LDLR−/− and in ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion Similar to ApoE−/− mice, ApoB100only/LDLR−/− mice with more human-relevant serum lipoprotein composition develop increased atherosclerosis after Cpn infections; thus this mouse strain can be used as a model of infection-related atherosclerosis enhancement and can provide further evidence for the proatherogenic influence of Cpn in mice.
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Bogdanov A, Janovák L, Lantos I, Endrész V, Sebők D, Szabó T, Dékány I, Deák J, Rázga Z, Burián K, Virok DP. Nonactivated titanium-dioxide nanoparticles promote the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and decrease the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1335-1345. [PMID: 28799270 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the most prevalent bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections. Due to the chronic nature of their infections, they are able to interact with titanium-dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) applied as food additives or drug delivery vehicles. The aim of this study was to describe the interactions of these two prevalent pathogens with the TiO2 NPs. METHODS AND RESULTS Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV-2 were treated with nonactivated TiO2 NPs, silver NPs and silver decorated TiO2 NPs before infection of HeLa and Vero cells. Their intracellular growth was monitored by quantitative PCR. Unexpectedly, the TiO2 NPs (100 μg ml-1 ) increased the growth of C. trachomatis by approximately fourfold, while the HSV-2 replication was not affected. Addition of TiO2 to silver NPs decreased their antimicrobial activity against C. trachomatis up to 27·92-fold. CONCLUSION In summary, nonactivated TiO2 NPs could increase the replication of C. trachomatis and decrease the antimicrobial activity of silver NPs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The food industry or drug delivery use of TiO2 NPs could enhance the growth of certain intracellular pathogens and potentially worsen disease symptoms, a feature that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Janovák
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Lantos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - V Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D Sebők
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Szabó
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Dékány
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Deák
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Rázga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Párducz L, Eszik I, Wagner G, Burián K, Endrész V, Virok DP. Impact of antiseptics on Chlamydia trachomatis growth. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 63:260-7. [PMID: 27472980 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial vaginosis is a frequent dysbiosis, where the normal lactobacillus-dominated flora is replaced by an anaerob/aerob polymicrobial flora. Bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STI) including the most frequent Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Intravaginal antiseptics are part of the bacterial vaginosis treatment, and ideally they should also inhibit the bacterial vaginosis-related STI. Therefore, we tested the antichlamydial activity of four antiseptics: iodine aqueous solution, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine and borax. First, we measured the impact of antiseptics on the viability of the HeLa cervical epithelial cells, and calculated the maximum nontoxic concentrations. Next, we infected the cells with C. trachomatis preincubated for 1 h with the particular antiseptic. The chlamydial growth was measured by direct quantitative PCR (qPCR) of the infected cells. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine were 3·91 and 97 μg ml(-1) respectively; however, the MIC of chlorhexidine was close to its maximum nontoxic concentration. The iodine aqueous solution and the borax showed no antichlamydial activity. Our in vitro studies showed that chlorhexidine and particularly povidone-iodine are potentially able to limit the bacterial vaginosis-related C. trachomatis infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We measured the antichlamydial effects of various antiseptics. These antiseptics are being used for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but their effect on the bacterial vaginosis-related sexually transmitted infections, particularly the most frequent Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infections has not been investigated. We showed that povidone-iodine (Betadine) inhibited the chlamydial growth in concentrations that was not toxic to the epithelial cells. We concluded that due to its additional antichlamydial effect, povidone-iodine could be a preferable antiseptic in bacterial vaginosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Párducz
- Pándy Kálmán County Hospital, Gyula, Hungary
| | - I Eszik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Wagner
- Pándy Kálmán County Hospital, Gyula, Hungary
| | - K Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - V Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Käser T, Pasternak JA, Hamonic G, Rieder M, Lai K, Delgado-Ortega M, Gerdts V, Meurens F. Flow cytometry as an improved method for the titration of Chlamydiaceae and other intracellular bacteria. Cytometry A 2016; 89:451-60. [PMID: 26849001 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae is a family of intracellular bacteria causing a range of diverse pathological outcomes. The most devastating human diseases are ocular infections with C. trachomatis leading to blindness and genital infections causing pelvic inflammatory disease with long-term sequelae including infertility and chronic pelvic pain. In order to enable the comparison of experiments between laboratories investigating host-chlamydia interactions, the infectious titer has to be determined. Titer determination of chlamydia is most commonly performed via microscopy of host cells infected with a serial dilution of chlamydia. However, other methods including fluorescent ELISpot (Fluorospot) and DNA Chip Scanning Technology have also been proposed to enumerate chlamydia-infected cells. For viruses, flow cytometry has been suggested as a superior alternative to standard titration methods. In this study we compared the use of flow cytometry with microscopy and Fluorospot for the titration of C. suis as a representative of other intracellular bacteria. Titer determination via Fluorospot was unreliable, while titration via microscopy led to a linear read-out range of 16 - 64 dilutions and moderate reproducibility with acceptable standard deviations within and between investigators. In contrast, flow cytometry had a vast linear read-out range of 1,024 dilutions and the lowest standard deviations given a basic training in these methods. In addition, flow cytometry was faster and material costs were lower compared to microscopy. Flow cytometry offers a fast, cheap, precise, and reproducible alternative for the titration of intracellular bacteria like C. suis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - G Hamonic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - M Rieder
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - K Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - M Delgado-Ortega
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes, F-44307, France.,Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, CS 40706, INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Nantes, F-44307, France
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Eszik I, Lantos I, Önder K, Somogyvári F, Burián K, Endrész V, Virok DP. High dynamic range detection of Chlamydia trachomatis growth by direct quantitative PCR of the infected cells. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 120:15-22. [PMID: 26578244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria developing in an intracytoplasmic niche, the inclusion. Chlamydia growth measurement by inclusion counting is a key task in the development of novel antichlamydial antibiotics and in vaccine studies. Most of the current counting methods rely on the immunofluorescent staining of the inclusions and either manual or automatic microscopy detection and enumeration. The manual method is highly labor intensive, while the automatic methods are either medium-throughput or require automatic microscopy. The sensitive and specific PCR technology could be an effective method for growth related chlamydial DNA detection; however the currently described PCR approaches have a major limitation, the requirement of purification of DNA or RNA from the infected cells. This limitation makes this approach unfeasible for high-throughput screenings. To overcome this, we developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA directly from the infected HeLa cells. With our method we were able to detect the bacterial growth in a 4 log scale (multiplicity of infection (MOI): 64 to 0.0039), with high correlation between the biological and technical replicates. As a further proof of the method, we applied the direct qPCR for antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. The measured MICs of moxifloxacin, tetracycline, clarithromycin and compound PCC00213 were 0.031 μg/ml, 0.031 μg/ml, 0.0039 μg/ml and 6.2 μg/ml respectively, identical or close to the already published MIC values. Our direct qPCR method for chlamydial growth and antibiotic MIC determination is less time-consuming, more objective and more sensitive than the currently applied manual or automatic fluorescent microscopy- based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Eszik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Lantos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kamil Önder
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Valéria Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, 6720 Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Vromman F, Laverrière M, Perrinet S, Dufour A, Subtil A. Quantitative monitoring of the Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle using GFP-expressing bacteria, microscopy and flow cytometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99197. [PMID: 24911516 PMCID: PMC4049595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria. These pathogens develop inside host cells through a biphasic cycle alternating between two morphologically distinct forms, the infectious elementary body and the replicative reticulate body. Recently, C. trachomatis strains stably expressing fluorescent proteins were obtained. The fluorochromes are expressed during the intracellular growth of the microbe, allowing bacterial visualization by fluorescence microscopy. Whether they are also present in the infectious form, the elementary body, to a detectable level has not been studied. Here, we show that a C. trachomatis strain transformed with a plasmid expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) accumulates sufficient quantities of the probe in elementary bodies for detection by microscopy and flow cytometry. Adhesion of single bacteria was detected. The precise kinetics of bacterial entry were determined by microscopy using automated procedures. We show that during the intracellular replication phase, GFP is a convenient read-out for bacterial growth with several advantages over current methods. In particular, infection rates within a non-homogenous cell population are easily quantified. Finally, in spite of their small size, individual elementary bodies are detected by flow cytometers, allowing for direct enumeration of a bacterial preparation. In conclusion, GFP-expressing chlamydiae are suitable to monitor, in a quantitative manner, progression throughout the developmental cycle. This will facilitate the identification of the developmental steps targeted by anti-chlamydial drugs or host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vromman
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2582, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Marc Laverrière
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2582, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2582, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2582, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Analyse d’images biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2582, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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