1
|
Valipour M, Zakeri Khatir Z, Abdollahi E, Ayati A. Recent Applications of Protoberberines as Privileged Starting Materials for the Development of Novel Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents: A Concise Review (2017-2023). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:48-71. [PMID: 38230282 PMCID: PMC10789142 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Berberine is a well-known phytochemical with significant antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses. Due to having a unique backbone consisting of four interconnected rings, it can be used as a platform for the design and development of novel semisynthetic antiviral agents. The question here is whether novel broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with enhanced activity and toxicity potential can be obtained by attempting to modify the structure of this privileged lead compound. The present study aims to review the results of recent studies in which berberine and its close analogues (protoberberine alkaloids) have been used as starting materials for the production of new semisynthetic antiviral structures. For this purpose, relevant studies published in high-quality journals indexed in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. in the time frame of 2017 to 2023 were collected. Our selection criterion in the current review focuses on the studies in which protoberberines were used as starting materials for the production of semisynthetic agents with antiviral activity during the indicated time period. Correspondingly, studies were identified in which semisynthetic derivatives with significant inhibitory activity against a wide range of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), zika virus (ZIKV), influenza A/B, cytomegalovirus (CMV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coxsackieviruses were designed and synthesized. Our conclusion is that, despite the introduction of diverse semisynthetic derivatives of berberine with improved activity profiles compared to the parent natural leads, sufficient derivatization has not been done yet and more studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi
Drug Research Center, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Zahra Zakeri Khatir
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 6964114483, Iran
- Student
Research Committee, Mazandaran University
of Medical Sciences, Sari 6964114483, Iran
| | - Elaheh Abdollahi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Adileh Ayati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Research Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gabbianelli R, Shahar E, de Simone G, Rucci C, Bordoni L, Feliziani G, Zhao F, Ferrati M, Maggi F, Spinozzi E, Mahajna J. Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents. Nutrients 2023; 15:4719. [PMID: 38004113 PMCID: PMC10675658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be diminishing, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a threat to humans due to their inherent transmissibility, immunological evasion, virulence, and invulnerability to existing therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 500 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. Vaccines are essential, but in circumstances in which vaccination is not accessible or in individuals with compromised immune systems, drugs can provide additional protection. Targeting host signaling pathways is recommended due to their genomic stability and resistance barriers. Moreover, targeting host factors allows us to develop compounds that are effective against different viral variants as well as against newly emerging virus strains. In recent years, the globe has experienced climate change, which may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases through a variety of factors. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can increase the geographic range of disease-carrying vectors, increasing the risk of diseases spreading to new areas. Climate change may also affect vector behavior, leading to a longer breeding season and more breeding sites for disease vectors. Climate change may also disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans closer to wildlife that transmits zoonotic diseases. All the above factors may accelerate the emergence of new viral epidemics. Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. Moreover, viruses manipulate host cells' epigenetic machinery to ensure productive viral infections. Environmental factors, such as natural products, may influence epigenetic modifications. In this review, we explore the potential of plant-derived substances as epigenetic modifiers for broad-spectrum anti-viral activity, reviewing their modulation processes and anti-viral effects on DNA and RNA viruses, as well as addressing future research objectives in this rapidly emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| | - Gaia de Simone
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Giulia Feliziani
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma D, Sharma N, Manchanda N, Prasad SK, Sharma PC, Thakur VK, Rahman MM, Dhobi M. Bioactivity and In Silico Studies of Isoquinoline and Related Alkaloids as Promising Antiviral Agents: An Insight. Biomolecules 2022; 13:17. [PMID: 36671402 PMCID: PMC9856122 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely recognized as the primary cause of infectious diseases around the world. The ongoing global pandemic due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 further added fuel to the fire. The development of therapeutics becomes very difficult as viruses can mutate their genome to become more complex and resistant. Medicinal plants and phytocompounds could be alternative options. Isoquinoline and their related alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds that interfere with multiple pathways including nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and inhibition of Ca2+-mediated fusion. These pathways play a crucial role in viral replication. Thus, the major goal of this study is to comprehend the function of various isoquinoline and related alkaloids in viral infections by examining their potential mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), in silico (particularly for SARS-CoV-2), in vitro and in vivo studies. The current advancements in isoquinoline and related alkaloids as discussed in the present review could facilitate an in-depth understanding of their role in the drug discovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Neetika Sharma
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Namish Manchanda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Prabodh Chander Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, 11 West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
| | - M. Mukhlesur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Health, Sports and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Babalghith AO, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, De Waard M, Al-Hamash SM, Jean-Marc S, Negm WA, Batiha GES. The role of berberine in Covid-19: potential adjunct therapy. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2003-2016. [PMID: 36183284 PMCID: PMC9526677 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global diastrophic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 leads to inflammatory, immunological, and oxidative changes, by which SARS-CoV-2 leads to endothelial dysfunction (ED), acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure (MOF). Despite evidence illustrating that some drugs and vaccines effectively manage and prevent Covid-19, complementary herbal medicines are urgently needed to control this pandemic disease. One of the most used herbal medicines is berberine (BBR), which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immune-regulatory effects; thus, BBR may be a prospective candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review found that BBR has anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects with mitigation of associated inflammatory changes. BBR also reduces the risk of ALI/ARDS in Covid-19 patients by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory signaling pathways. In conclusion, BBR has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. Therefore, it can be utilized as a possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. BBR inhibits the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 and attenuates the associated inflammatory disorders linked by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Indeed, BBR can alleviate ALI/ARDS in patients with severe Covid-19. In this sense, clinical trials and prospective studies are suggested to illustrate the potential role of BBR in treating Covid-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad O. Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, 38120 Saint-Egrève, France
- L’institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, 44007 Nantes, France
- LabEx « Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics», Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Sadiq Mohammed Al-Hamash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sabatier Jean-Marc
- Faculté des sciences médicales et paramédicales, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR, 7051, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Al Beheira Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui G, Wang H, Yang C, Zhou X, Wang J, Wang T, Ma T. Berberine prevents lethal EV71 neurological infection in newborn mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027566. [PMID: 36386168 PMCID: PMC9640474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen causing fatal neurological complications of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Currently no effective antiviral therapy is available. In the present study, we found that natural compound Berberine (BBR) displayed potent inhibitory effects on EV71 replication in various neural cells (IC50 of 2.79–4.03 μM). In a newborn mouse model of lethal EV71 infection, Berberine at 2–5 mg/kg markedly reduced mortality and clinical scores. Consistently, the replication of EV71 and pathological changes were attenuated in various infected organs including brain and lung with BBR treatment. Interestingly, EV71 infection in the brain mainly localized in the peripheral zone of brainstem and largely in astrocytes. Primary culture of astrocytes from newborn mouse brain confirmed the efficient EV71 replication that was mostly inhibited by BBR treatment at 5 μM. Further investigations revealed remarkably elevated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that coincided with EV71 replication in primary cultured astrocytes and various cell lines. BBR largely abolished the virus-elevated ROS production and greatly diminished EV71 replication by up-regulating NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) via the kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap)-Nrf2 axis. The nuclear localization of Nrf2 and expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) were increased significantly by BBR treatment. Collectively, our findings revealed that BBR prevents lethal EV71 neurological infection via inhibiting virus replication through regulating Keap-Nrf2 axis and ROS generation in astrocytes of brainstem, thus providing a potential antiviral treatment for severe EV71 infection associated with neurological complications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jin Y, Zhang J, Pan Y, Shen W. Berberine Suppressed the Progression of Human Glioma Cells by Inhibiting the TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 Signaling Pathway. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221130303. [PMID: 36255058 PMCID: PMC9583234 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown that berberine can inhibit glioma progression,
although the underlying molecular mechanisms needed to be explored further.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the suppressive effects of berberine
on human glioma cells, and identify the underlying signaling pathways. Material and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of berberine against normal
human glial cells (HEB) and 4 glioma cell lines was evaluated by the CCK-8
assay. Apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry. In vitro migration and
invasion were analyzed by the wound healing and transwell assays. The
expression levels of specific proteins were measured by western blotting and
ELISA. Results: Berberine significantly inhibited the proliferation of human glioma U-87
cells, and induced apoptosis in the U-87 and LN229 cells by downregulating
Bcl-2, and upregulating Bax and caspase-3. In addition, berberine also
inhibited migration and invasion of the glioma cells. Furthermore, berberine
exerted its effects on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis
of glioma cells by inhibiting the TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway, and
exogenous TGF-β abrogated the pro-apoptotic and anti-oncogenic effects of
berberine. Conclusions: Berberine inhibits glioma progression by targeting the TGF-β1/SMAD2/3
signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jin
- Tongxiang First People’s Hospital,
Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Tongxiang First People’s Hospital,
Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Tongxiang First People’s Hospital,
Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangzhen Shen
- Tongxiang First People’s Hospital,
Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China,Wangzhen Shen, Department of Neurosurgery,
Tongxiang First People’s Hospital, No. 1918, Jiaochang East Road, Zhendong New
District, Tongxiang City, Zhejiang 314500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cui Y, Zhang L, Hu D, Yang Y. Berberine Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication in HEK293T Cells. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7137401. [PMID: 36276998 PMCID: PMC9586773 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Berberine exhibits polytrophic medicinal roles in various diseases and is safe and effective. However, its role and the underlying mechanism in the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) remain unreported. This research aimed to determine the functional mechanisms of berberine on HSV-1 infection. We determined the CC50 (405.11 ± 15.67 μM) and IC50 (45.6 ± 6.84 μM) of berberine on HEK293T cells infected with HSV-1. Berberine inhibited the transcription and translation of HSV-1 activity-related genes (gD, ICP-4, ICP-5, and ICP-8) in HSV-1-infected HEK293T cells dose-dependently. Berberine also inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK proteins (JNK and p38) and inflammatory responses induced by HSV-1 infection in HEK293T cells dose-dependently. In conclusion, berberine attenuates HSV-1 replication through its activity, infective ability, and inflammatory response. Our research indicated that berberine may be a candidate drug for HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Cui
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
- Beijing Yanqing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 102100, China
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Beijing Yanqing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 102100, China
| | - Dandong Hu
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
- Beijing Yanqing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 102100, China
- Beijing Yanqing Market Supervision Inspection and Testing Monitoring Center, Beijing 102100, China
| | - Yingli Yang
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Activity of Chelidonium majus L. Latex and Its Components on HPV Reveal Insights into the Antiviral Molecular Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169241. [PMID: 36012505 PMCID: PMC9409487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow-orange latex of Chelidonium majus L. has been used in folk medicine as a therapeutic agent against warts and other visible symptoms of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections for centuries. The observed antiviral and antitumor properties of C. majus latex are often attributed to alkaloids contained therein, but recent studies indicate that latex proteins may also play an important role in its pharmacological activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the crude C. majus latex and its protein and alkaloid-rich fractions on different stages of the HPV replication cycle. The results showed that the latex components, such as alkaloids and proteins, decrease HPV infectivity and inhibit the expression of viral oncogenes (E6, E7) on mRNA and protein levels. However, the crude latex and its fractions do not affect the stability of structural proteins in HPV pseudovirions and they do not inhibit the virus from attaching to the cell surface. In addition, the protein fraction causes increased TNFα secretion, which may indicate the induction of an inflammatory response. These findings indicate that the antiviral properties of C. majus latex arise both from alkaloids and proteins contained therein, acting on different stages of the viral replication cycle.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang Q, Luan F, Yuan A, Sun J, Rao Z, Wang B, Liu Y, Zeng N. Sophoridine Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Blocking the Activation of Cellular PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Pathways. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872505. [PMID: 35756044 PMCID: PMC9229184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous and important human pathogen capable of causing significant clinical diseases ranging from skin damage to encephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised and neonatal hosts. Currently, widely used nucleoside analogs, including acyclovir and penciclovir, have some limitations in their use due to side effects and drug resistance. Herein, we report sophoridine's (SRI) dramatic inhibition of HSV-1 replication in vitro. SRI exhibited a remarkable inhibitory influence on HSV-1 virus-induced cytopathic effect and plaque formation, as well as on progeny viruses in Vero and HeLa cells, with selection indexes (SI) of 38.96 and 22.62, respectively. Moreover, SRI also considerably suppressed HSV-1 replication by hindering the expression of viral immediate-early (ICP0 and ICP22), early (ICP8 and TK), and late (gB and gD) genes and the expression of viral proteins ICP0, gB, and gD. We suggest that SRI can directly inactivate viral particles and block some stages in the life cycle of HSV-1 after adsorption. Further experiments showed that SRI downregulated the cellular PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and obstructed HSV-1 replication even more. Most importantly, SRI markedly repressed HSV-1-induced p38 MAPK pathway activation. Collectively, this natural bioactive alkaloid could be a promising therapeutic candidate against HSV-1 via the modulation of cellular PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - An Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhili Rao
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abookleesh FL, Al-Anzi BS, Ullah A. Potential Antiviral Action of Alkaloids. Molecules 2022; 27:903. [PMID: 35164173 PMCID: PMC8839337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and outbreaks have become a major concern and are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of successful antiviral therapeutics and vaccines remains a daunting challenge. The discovery of novel antiviral agents is a public health emergency, and extraordinary efforts are underway globally to identify safe and effective treatments for different viral diseases. Alkaloids are natural phytochemicals known for their biological activities, many of which have been intensively studied for their broad-spectrum of antiviral activities against different DNA and RNA viruses. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting the efficacy of the antiviral activity of plant alkaloids at half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) or half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) below 10 μM and describe the molecular sites most often targeted by natural alkaloids acting against different virus families. This review highlights that considering the devastating effects of virus pandemics on humans, plants, and animals, the development of high efficiency and low-toxicity antiviral drugs targeting these viruses need to be developed. Furthermore, it summarizes the current research status of alkaloids as the source of antiviral drug development, their structural characteristics, and antiviral targets. Overall, the influence of alkaloids at the molecular level suggests a high degree of specificity which means they could serve as potent and safe antiviral agents waiting for evaluation and exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frage L. Abookleesh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Bader S. Al-Anzi
- Department of Environment Technologies and Management, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait;
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Abstract
Viruses completely rely on the energy and metabolic systems of host cells for life activities. Viral infections usually lead to cytopathic effects and host diseases. To date, there are still no specific clinical vaccines or drugs against most viral infections. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of viral infections is of great significance to prevent and treat viral diseases. A variety of viral infections are related to the p38 MAPK signalling pathway, and p38 is an important host factor in virus-infected cells. Here, we introduce the different signalling pathways of p38 activation and then summarise how different viruses induce p38 phosphorylation. Finally, we provide a general summary of the effect of p38 activation on virus replication. Our review provides integrated data on p38 activation and viral infections and describes the potential application of targeting p38 as an antiviral strategy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebob OT, Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F. Natural Products as Potential Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against SARS-CoV-2. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:611-628. [PMID: 34515981 PMCID: PMC8435765 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-021-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For the past 2 years, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 infection has become a world pandemic, ruining the lives and economies of several nations in the world. This has scaled up research on the virus and the resulting infection with the goal of developing new vaccines and therapies. Natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, including against infectious diseases caused by microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi). In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products with inhibitory concentrations against the coronaviruses or their target proteins, which lie below 10 µM. This led to the identification of 42 compounds belonging to the alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, phenolic, xanthone and saponin classes. The cut off concentration of 10 µM was to limit the study to the most potent chemical entities, which could be developed into therapies against the viral infection to make a contribution towards limiting the spread of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyere Tanyi Ebob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruchawapol C, Yuan M, Wang SM, Fu WW, Xu HX. Natural Products and Their Derivatives against Human Herpesvirus Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:6290. [PMID: 34684870 PMCID: PMC8541008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host and are known to cause numerous diseases. The prevalence of viral infection is significantly increased and causes a worldwide challenge in terms of health issues due to drug resistance. Prolonged treatment with conventional antiviral drugs is more likely to develop drug-resistant strains due to mutations of thymidine nucleoside kinase or DNA polymerase. Hence, the development of alternative treatments is clearly required. Natural products and their derivatives have played a significant role in treating herpesvirus infection rather than nucleoside analogs in drug-resistant strains with minimal undesirable effects and different mechanisms of action. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria-derived compounds have been proved to be efficient and safe for treating human herpesvirus infection. This review covers the natural antiherpetic agents with the chemical structural class of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, anthracyclines, and miscellaneous compounds, and their antiviral mechanisms have been summarized. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products and their derivatives, and to evaluate the feasibility of natural compounds as an alternative therapy against herpesvirus infections in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chattarin Ruchawapol
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Šudomová M, Berchová-Bímová K, Marzocco S, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Hassan ST. Berberine in Human Oncogenic Herpesvirus Infections and Their Linked Cancers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061014. [PMID: 34071559 PMCID: PMC8229678 DOI: 10.3390/v13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are known to induce a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from common cold sores to cancer, and infections with some types of these viruses, known as human oncogenic herpesviruses (HOHVs), can cause cancer. Challenges with viral latency, recurrent infections, and drug resistance have generated the need for finding new drugs with the ability to overcome these barriers. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its multiple biological activities, including antiviral and anticancer effects. This paper comprehensively compiles all studies that have featured anti-HOHV properties of BBR along with promising preventive effects against the associated cancers. The mechanisms and pathways induced by BBR via targeting the herpesvirus life cycle and the pathogenesis of the linked malignancies are reviewed. Approaches to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BBR and its use in clinical practice as an anti-herpesvirus drug are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Berchová-Bímová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Sherif T.S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-774-630-604
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular Docking Studies and Biological Evaluation of Berberine-Benzothiazole Derivatives as an Anti-Influenza Agent via Blocking of Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052368. [PMID: 33673431 PMCID: PMC7956587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have introduced newly synthesized substituted benzothiazole based berberine derivatives that have been analyzed for their in vitro and in silico biological properties. The activity towards various kinds of influenza virus strains by employing the cytopathic effect (CPE) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Several berberine–benzothiazole derivatives (BBDs), such as BBD1, BBD3, BBD4, BBD5, BBD7, and BBD11, demonstrated interesting anti-influenza virus activity on influenza A viruses (A/PR/8/34, A/Vic/3/75) and influenza B viral (B/Lee/40, and B/Maryland/1/59) strain, respectively. Furthermore, by testing neuraminidase activity (NA) with the neuraminidase assay kit, it was identified that BBD7 has potent neuraminidase activity. The molecular docking analysis further suggests that the BBD1–BBD14 compounds’ antiviral activity may be because of interaction with residues of NA, and the same as in oseltamivir.
Collapse
|
16
|
Varghese FS, van Woudenbergh E, Overheul GJ, Eleveld MJ, Kurver L, van Heerbeek N, van Laarhoven A, Miesen P, den Hartog G, de Jonge MI, van Rij RP. Berberine and Obatoclax Inhibit SARS-Cov-2 Replication in Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:282. [PMID: 33670363 PMCID: PMC7918080 DOI: 10.3390/v13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a new human pathogen in late 2019 and it has infected over 100 million people in less than a year. There is a clear need for effective antiviral drugs to complement current preventive measures, including vaccines. In this study, we demonstrate that berberine and obatoclax, two broad-spectrum antiviral compounds, are effective against multiple isolates of SARS-CoV-2. Berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar concentrations and obatoclax, which was originally developed as an anti-apoptotic protein antagonist, was effective at sub-micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition studies indicated that berberine acts on the late stage of the viral life cycle. In agreement, berberine mildly affected viral RNA synthesis, but it strongly reduced infectious viral titers, leading to an increase in the particle-to-pfu ratio. In contrast, obatoclax acted at the early stage of the infection, which is in line with its activity to neutralize the acidic environment in endosomes. We assessed infection of primary human nasal epithelial cells that were cultured on an air-liquid interface and found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced and repressed expression of specific sets of cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, both obatoclax and berberine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in these primary target cells. We propose berberine and obatoclax as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that could be considered for further efficacy testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finny S. Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.S.V.); (G.J.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Esther van Woudenbergh
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.v.W.); (M.J.E.); (M.I.d.J.)
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Gijs J. Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.S.V.); (G.J.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Marc J. Eleveld
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.v.W.); (M.J.E.); (M.I.d.J.)
| | - Lisa Kurver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (L.K.); (A.v.L.)
| | - Niels van Heerbeek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (L.K.); (A.v.L.)
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.S.V.); (G.J.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.v.W.); (M.J.E.); (M.I.d.J.)
| | - Ronald P. van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.S.V.); (G.J.O.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Altamura C, Greco MR, Carratù MR, Cardone RA, Desaphy JF. Emerging Roles for Ion Channels in Ovarian Cancer: Pathomechanisms and Pharmacological Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:668. [PMID: 33562306 PMCID: PMC7914442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, due to late diagnosis, development of platinum resistance, and inadequate alternative therapy. It has been demonstrated that membrane ion channels play important roles in cancer processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion. Here, we review the contribution of ion channels in the development and progression of OC, evaluating their potential in clinical management. Increased expression of voltage-gated and epithelial sodium channels has been detected in OC cells and tissues and shown to be involved in cancer proliferation and invasion. Potassium and calcium channels have been found to play a critical role in the control of cell cycle and in the resistance to apoptosis, promoting tumor growth and recurrence. Overexpression of chloride and transient receptor potential channels was found both in vitro and in vivo, supporting their contribution to OC. Furthermore, ion channels have been shown to influence the sensitivity of OC cells to neoplastic drugs, suggesting a critical role in chemotherapy resistance. The study of ion channels expression and function in OC can improve our understanding of pathophysiology and pave the way for identifying ion channels as potential targets for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.R.G.); (M.R.C.); (J.-F.D.)
| | - Maria Raffaella Greco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.R.G.); (M.R.C.); (J.-F.D.)
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.R.G.); (M.R.C.); (J.-F.D.)
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.R.G.); (M.R.C.); (J.-F.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andronova VL, Galegov GA, Musiyak VV, Vozdvizhenskaya OA, Levit GL, Krasnov VP. [Antiviral effect of novel purine conjugate LAS-131 against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (Herpesviridae: Alphaherpesvirinae: Simplexvirus: Human alphaherpesvirus 1) in vitro]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 65:373-380. [PMID: 33533233 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) are extremely widespread throughout the world and, similar to other herpesviruses, establish lifelong persistent infection in the host. Reactivating sporadically, HSV-1 elicits recurrences in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals and can cause serious diseases (blindness, encephalitis, generalized infections). The currently available antiherpetic drugs that aimed mainly at suppressing replication of viral DNA are not always effective enough, for example, due to the development of drug resistance. As we showed earlier the newly discovered compound LAS-131 exhibits the strong and highly selective inhibitory activity against HSV‑1, including strain resistant to acyclovir (selective index, SI = 63). The presence of LAS-131 at a concentration of 20 μg/ml leads to a decrease in the titer of HSV-1 (strain L2) by 4 lg in a one round of HSV-1 replication. MATERIAL AND METHODS To establish the step(s) of the virus life cycle that is sensitive to the action of LAS-131, we have applied a widely used approach, that made it possible to determine how long the addition of a compound can be postponed before it loses its antiviral activity (time-of-addition assay), and to compare this indicator with the crucial time of application of inhibitors with a well-known mechanism of action (in cell culture). RESULTS It has been shown for the first time that LAS-131 retains a pronounced antiviral effect when introduced into the experimental system no later than 9 hours post-infection (p.i.). However, LAS-131 does not affect the release of HSV-1 from the cell. DISCUSSION Together with published data on the termination of the synthesis of viral DNA 9-12 h after the adsorption in a cell culture infected with HSV with a high multiplicity (≥1 PFU/cell), our results suggest that LAS-131 interferes the life cycle of HSV-1 during synthesis of viral DNA. Further studies of the mechanism of action are necessary to establish definitely the biological target for this compound,.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Andronova
- FSBI «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - G A Galegov
- FSBI «National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - V V Musiyak
- FSBIS I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - O A Vozdvizhenskaya
- FSBIS I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - G L Levit
- FSBIS I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - V P Krasnov
- FSBIS I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; FSAEI HE «Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin»
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su A, Wang H, Zheng D, Wu Z. TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication by the modulating unfolded protein response pathway. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3628-3637. [PMID: 32356915 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an endogenous bile acid, was used to protect liver function through antiapoptosis or reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Previous studies showed that ER stress was modulated by herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) infection to facilitate viral replication. Here, we investigated the effect of TUDCA on HSV-1 infection of HEC-1-A cells and showed that both replication and multiplication of the virus were inhibited by TUDCA in a dose dependent manner. Unfolded protein response was induced to deliver stress signals from ER to nucleus. We found that TUDCA alleviated activating transcription factor 6 branch inhibition, partially enhanced protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase pathway activation, and repressed inositol-requiring protein 1α arm activation significantly in infected cells. The findings of this study suggest that TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication through ER stress pathway, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airong Su
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Datong Zheng
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Children's Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shang XF, Yang CJ, Morris-Natschke SL, Li JC, Yin XD, Liu YQ, Guo X, Peng JW, Goto M, Zhang JY, Lee KH. Biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids covering 2014-2018. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2212-2289. [PMID: 32729169 PMCID: PMC7554109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids, an important class of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide since the early 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from this class were isolated, and most of them and their analogs possess various bioactivities. In this review, we survey the updated literature on bioactive alkaloids and highlight research achievements of this alkaloid class during the period of 2014-2018. We reviewed over 400 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antidiabetic and its complications, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and other activities. This review should provide new indications or directions for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jun-Cai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center of Qinghai University, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu S, Wang HQ, Guo TT, Li YH. Luteolin inhibits CVB3 replication through inhibiting inflammation. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:762-773. [PMID: 31321999 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1642329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection causes many inflammation-related diseases, such as viral myocarditis and aseptic meningitis. However, no vaccines or drugs have been approved for prevention or therapy of CVB3-induced diseases. In this study, luteolin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) had been found that could dose-dependently reduce the production of viral progeny and synthesis of CVB3 RNA and protein. The luteolin-mediated inhibition of CVB3 was found to be mechanistically possible, at least in part, through depressing the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK MAPK, and inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation and subsequently attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in CVB3-infected cells. Luteolin may be a potential agent or supplement against CVB3 infection by inhibiting inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting-Ting Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chu Y, Lv X, Zhang L, Fu X, Song S, Su A, Chen D, Xu L, Wang Y, Wu Z, Yun Z. Wogonin inhibits in vitro herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection by modulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:227. [PMID: 32723300 PMCID: PMC7388529 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wogonin, a natural flavonoid-like chemical compound, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic effects by modulating a variety of cellular signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, its antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) replication was investigated. RESULTS Wogonin suppressed HSV-2-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and reduced viral mRNA transcription, viral protein synthesis, and infectious virion particle titers in a dose-dependent manner. A time-of-drug-addition assay demonstrated that wogonin acted as a postentry viral inhibitor. Wogonin also significantly reduced HSV-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation, which has previously been demonstrated to be important for viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the anti-herpes effect of wogonin may be mediated by modulation of cellular NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways and imply that wogonin may be useful as an anti-HSV agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chu
- Clinical Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, China.
| | - Xiaowen Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xingli Fu
- Health Science Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Siwei Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Airong Su
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lianhong Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, China
| | - Yongfang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhihua Yun
- Clinical Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mandal SK, Maji AK, Mishra SK, Ishfaq PM, Devkota HP, Silva AS, Das N. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105085. [PMID: 32683037 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in various traditional systems of medicine and as a food supplement. It has been traditionally used by Native Americans as a coloring agent and as medicinal remedy for common diseases and conditions like wounds, digestive disorders, ulcers, skin and eye ailments, and cancer. Over the years, goldenseal has become a popular food supplement in the USA and other regions. The rhizome of this plant has been used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, muscular debility, nervous prostration, constipation, skin and eye infections, cancer, among others. Berberine is one of the most bioactive alkaloid that has been identified in different parts of goldenseal. The goldenseal extract containing berberine showed numerous therapeutic effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, neuroprotective (anti-Alzheimer's disease), cardioprotective, and gastrointestinal protective. Various research finding suggest the health promoting effects of goldenseal components and their extracts. However, few studies have also suggested the possible neurotoxic, hepatotoxic and phototoxic activities of goldenseal extract and its alkaloids. Thus, large randomized, double-blind clinical studies need to be conducted on goldenseal supplements and their main alkaloids to provide more evidence on the mechanisms responsible for the pharmaceutical activity, clinical efficacy and safety of these products. Thus, it is very important to review the scientific information about goldenseal to understand about the current scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Mandal
- Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and AHS, Durgapur, 713206, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pir Mohammad Ishfaq
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Sciences: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, 4485-655, Portugal; Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, 4051-401, Portugal
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, 799155, Tripura, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of new antiviral, pharmacologically active agents. The naturally occurring plant alkaloid berberine (BBR) is one of the phytochemicals with a broad range of biological activity, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity. BBR targets different steps in the viral life cycle and is thus a good candidate for use in novel antiviral drugs and therapies. It has been shown that BBR reduces virus replication and targets specific interactions between the virus and its host. BBR intercalates into DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis and reverse transcriptase activity. It inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This isoquinoline alkaloid has the ability to regulate the MEK-ERK, AMPK/mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are necessary for viral replication. Furthermore, it has been reported that BBR supports the host immune response, thus leading to viral clearance. In this short review, we focus on the most recent studies on the antiviral properties of berberine and its derivatives, which might be promising agents to be considered in future studies in the fight against the current pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang J, Wang L, Lou GH, Zeng HR, Hu J, Huang QW, Peng W, Yang XB. Coptidis Rhizoma: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:193-225. [PMID: 30963783 PMCID: PMC6461078 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1577466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Coptidis rhizome (CR), also known as Huanglian in Chinese, is the rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch., C. deltoidea C.Y. Cheng et Hsiao, or C. teeta Wall (Ranunculaceae). It has been widely used to treat bacillary dysentery, diabetes, pertussis, sore throat, aphtha, and eczema in China. OBJECTIVES The present paper reviews the latest advances of CR, focusing on the botany, phytochemistry, traditional usages, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and toxicology of CR and its future perspectives. METHODS Studies from 1985 to 2018 were reviewed from books; PhD. and MSc. dissertations; the state and local drug standards; PubMed; CNKI; Scopus; the Web of Science; and Google Scholar using the keywords Coptis, Coptidis Rhizoma, Huanglian, and goldthread. RESULTS Currently, 128 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from CR. Alkaloids are the characteristic components, together with organic acids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids and quinones. The extracts/compounds isolated from CR cover a wide pharmacological spectrum, including antibacterial, antivirus, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and cardioprotective effects. Berberine is the most important active constituent and the primary toxic component of CR. CONCLUSIONS As an important herbal medicine in Chinese medicine, CR has the potential to treat various diseases. However, further research should be undertaken to investigate the clinical effects, toxic constituents, target organs and pharmacokinetics, and to establish criteria for quality control, for CR and its related medications. In addition, the active constituents, other than alkaloids, in both raw and processed products of CR should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan-Hua Lou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin-Wan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Yang
- Ya'an Xun Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ya'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mirzaei H, Khodadad N, Karami C, Pirmoradi R, Khanizadeh S. The AP-1 pathway; A key regulator of cellular transformation modulated by oncogenic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2088. [PMID: 31788897 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is critically associated with modulation of host cell signaling pathways. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling is one such pathway whose deregulation renders the host more susceptible to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, are common causes of cancer. This review discusses how these oncoviruses by acting through various aspects of the host cell signaling machinery such as the AP-1 pathway might affect oncoviral tumorigenesis, replication, and pathogenesis. The review also briefly considers how the pathway might be targeted during infections with these oncogenic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khodadad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Pirmoradi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Belanova A, Beseda D, Chmykhalo V, Stepanova A, Belousova M, Khrenkova V, Gavalas N, Zolotukhin P. Berberine Effects on NFκB, HIF1A and NFE2L2/AP-1 Pathways in HeLa Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:487-501. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666181211121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Berberine has multitudinous anti-cancer stem cells effects making it a highly promising
candidate substance for the next-generation cancer therapy. However, berberine modes of action predispose it to
significant side-effects that probably limit its clinical testing and application.
Materials and Methods:
HeLa cells were treated with two concentrations of berberine (30 and 100 µM) for 24
hours to assess the functioning of the NFE2L2/AP-1, NFκB and HIF1A pathways using 22 RNAs expression
qPCR-based analysis.
Results:
Berberine effects appeared to be highly dose-dependent, with the lower concentration being capable of
suppressing the NFκB functioning and the higher concentration causing severe signaling side-effects seen in the
HIF1A pathway and the NFE2L2 sub-pathways, and especially and more importantly in the AP-1 sub-pathway.
Conclusion:
The results of the study suggest that berberine has clinically valuable anti-NFκB effects however
jeopardized by its side effects on the HIF1A and especially NFE2L2/AP-1 pathways, its therapeutic window
phenomenon and its cancer type-specificity. These, however, may be ameliorated using the cocktail approach,
provided there is enough data on signaling effects of berberine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Belanova
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, 112 Mechnikova st., 344013, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Darya Beseda
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, 112 Mechnikova st., 344013, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Victor Chmykhalo
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, 112 Mechnikova st., 344013, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Alisa Stepanova
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, 112 Mechnikova st., 344013, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya Belousova
- English Language Department for Natural Sciences Faculties, Southern Federal University, 5 Sorge st., 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Vera Khrenkova
- Rostov State Medical University, 119 Suvorova st., 344022, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolaos Gavalas
- Division of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Av., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Zolotukhin
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, 112 Mechnikova st., 344013, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Luganini A, Mercorelli B, Messa L, Palù G, Gribaudo G, Loregian A. The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication by interfering with the viral Immediate Early-2 (IE2) protein transactivating activity. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:52-60. [PMID: 30738836 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification and validation of new small molecules able to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a priority to develop alternatives to the currently used DNA polymerase inhibitors, which are often burdened by long-term toxicity and emergence of cross-resistance. To contribute to this advancement, here we report on the characterization of the mechanism of action of a bioactive plant-derived alkaloid, berberine (BBR), selected in a previous drug repurposing screen expressly devised to identify early inhibitors of HCMV replication. Low micromolar concentrations of BBR were confirmed to suppress the replication of different HCMV strains, including clinical isolates and strains resistant to approved DNA polymerase inhibitors. Analysis of the HCMV replication cycle in infected cells treated with BBR then revealed that the bioactive compound compromised the progression of virus cycle at a stage prior to viral DNA replication and Early (E) genes expression, but after Immediate-Early (IE) proteins expression. Mechanistic studies in fact highlighted that BBR interferes with the transactivating functions of the viral IE2 protein, thus impairing efficient E gene expression and the progression of HCMV replication cycle. Finally, the mechanism of the antiviral activity of BBR appears to be conserved among different CMVs, since BBR suppressed murine CMV (MCMV) replication and inhibited the transactivation of the prototypic MCMV E1 gene by the IE3 protein, the murine homolog of IE2. Together, these observations warrant for further experimentation to obtain proof of concept that BBR could represent an attractive candidate for alternative anti-HCMV therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy.
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Lv X, Wang H, Su A, Xu S, Chu Y. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection triggers AP-1 transcription activity through TLR4 signaling in genital epithelial cells. Virol J 2018; 15:173. [PMID: 30419930 PMCID: PMC6233380 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are the earliest phase of the host defense against pathogens in genital epithelium, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best characterized PPRs mediating innate immune responses. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a member of herpesviridae family, causes one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. In this paper, we described that HSV-2 infection would induce activator protein 1 (AP-1) via TLR4-MyD88/TRIF pathway in human genital epithelial cell. Methods TLRs expression profiles and changes was investigated in HSV-2-infected cells. The effect of TLR4-MyD88/TRIF on HSV-2-induced AP-1 activation and viral replication was also evaluated. The TLR4 translocation change was examined after viral infection. Finally, viral ICP0 effect on TLR4 signaling and TLR4-promoter regulation were primarily studied. Results HSV-2-induced AP-1 activation was dependent on TLR4 and downstream adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF. And also, TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF was proved to affect HSV-2 replication. AP-1 activation would also be enhanced via overexpression of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), implicating that it might be a necessary accessory for TLR4 to sense HSV-2 infection. Protein quantification of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated TLR4 revealed that HSV-2 infection increased membrane-anchoring TLR4 level, but not cytoplasmic ones. Viral ICP0 could augment cellular AP-1, TLR4 promoter activation and TLR4 expression level. The specific inhibitor treatment and transcription factor binding site scanning in TLR4 promoter region showed that AP-1 activity was essential for TLR4-promoter activation. Conclusions Taken together, HSV-2 infection could stimulate AP-1 activation via TLR4-MyD88/TRIF axis, and then feedback to up-regulate TLR4 expression in human genital epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lv
- Department of Paediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261# Huansha Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Airong Su
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22# Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Wujin People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, #2 North Yongning Road, Changzhou, 213002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bowman‒Birk Inhibitor Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection of Human Cervical Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100557. [PMID: 30322047 PMCID: PMC6213026 DOI: 10.3390/v10100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bowman‒Birk inhibitor (BBI), a protease inhibitor derived from soybeans, has been extensively studied in anti-tumor and anti-inflammation research. We recently reported that BBI has an anti-HIV-1 property in primary human macrophages. Because HSV-2 infection plays a role in facilitating HIV-1 sexual transmission, we thus examined whether BBI has the ability to inhibit HSV-2 infection. We demonstrated that BBI could potently inhibit HSV-2 replication in human cervical epithelial cells (End1/E6E7). This BBI-mediated HSV-2 inhibition was partially through blocking HSV-2-mediated activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways. In addition, BBI could activate the JAK/STAT pathway and enhance the expression of several antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, BBI treatment of End1/E6E7 cells upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins and reduced HSV-2-mediated cellular ubiquitinated proteins’ degradation through suppressing the ubiquitin‒proteasome system. These observations indicate that BBI may have therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of HSV-2 infections.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen D, Tian X, Zou X, Xu S, Wang H, Zheng N, Wu Z. Harmine, a small molecule derived from natural sources, inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by targeting NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
33
|
Guo Y, Li JX, Mao TY, Zhao WH, Liu LJ, Wang YL. Targeting Sirt1 in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Comparison of Gegen Qinlian decoction and resveratrol. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4279-4287. [PMID: 29104641 PMCID: PMC5658732 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of Gegen Qinlian decoction (GGQLD) in experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups: The chow, model, high- and low-dose GGQLD (GGQLD-H and GGQLD-L, respectively) and resveratrol (Resl) groups, and were treated with saline, GGQLD and Resl when a model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD was established. Blood lipid and liver enzymes were detected following treatment for 8 weeks and liver tissue pathology was observed using Oil Red O and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, the liver protein and mRNA expression of sirtuin (Sirt)1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were measured using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Compared with the chow group, the model group demonstrated significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (P<0.01). GGQLD doses and Resl attenuated the elevated serum ALT and AST levels. GGQLD-H and Resl significantly increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level compared with that in the model group (P<0.01), while GGQLD-L and Resl significantly decreased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P<0.01). The GGQLDs and Resl groups revealed an evident improvement in Sirt1 protein and mRNA expression. Although GGQLD and Resl significantly decreased NF-κB gene expression compared with the model group (P<0.01), the effect on NF-κB protein expression was not significant. Furthermore, the PGC-1α gene and protein expression in the HFD rat group slightly decreased compared to the levels in the chow group, but the decrease was insignificant. However, an evident increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression was observed in the GGQLD-H group compared with the model group (P<0.01). Histological staining revealed that GGQLD and Resl decreased the lipid droplets in hepatocytes and normalized steatosis in rats fed with a HFD. The results indicated that GGQLD treatment may be a potent strategy for managing NAFLD by managing lipid metabolism and inflammatory and histological abnormalities by triggering the Sirt1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Xiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Tang-You Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Han Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Opposite Roles of RNase and Kinase Activities of Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) on HSV-1 Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090235. [PMID: 28832521 PMCID: PMC5618002 DOI: 10.3390/v9090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, host cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce the protein-folding burden in the ER. The regulation of UPR upon HSV-1 infection is complex, and the downstream effectors can be detrimental to viral replication. Therefore, HSV-1 copes with the UPR to create a beneficial environment for its replication. UPR has three branches, including protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6). IRE1α is the most conserved branch of UPR which has both RNase and kinase activities. Previous studies have shown that IRE1α RNase activity was inactivated during HSV-1 infection. However, the effect of the two activities of IRE1α on HSV-1 replication remains unknown. Results in this study showed that IRE1α expression was up-regulated during HSV-1 infection. We found that in HEC-1-A cells, increasing RNase activity, or inhibiting kinase activity of IRE1α led to viral suppression, indicating that the kinase activity of IRE1α was beneficial, while the RNase activity was detrimental to viral replication. Further evidence showed that the kinase activity of IRE1α leads to the activation of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) pathway, which enhances viral replication. Taken together, our evidence suggests that IRE1α is involved in HSV-1 replication, and its RNase and kinase activities play differential roles during viral infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Enkhtaivan G, Muthuraman P, Kim DH, Mistry B. Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5185-5193. [PMID: 28958846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of newly synthesized berberine derivatives (BD) against influenza virus infection using several strains in in vitro and in silico. The CPE reduction, pre-incubation, NA activity inhibition and molecular docking assays were used for antiviral evaluation. The anti-influenza activities of BDs were stronger than plant-derived pure commercial berberine, and some of the BDs were more potent than control drug Oseltamivir. The cytotoxicity level was observed in the range 63.16-1639μg/mL for synthesized BDs. Additionally, BDs were detected as able to block influenza viral particles. We targeted neuraminidase one of the influenza surface protein for further probing. Moreover, BDs registered competitive NA inhibition activity comparing with Oseltamivir. The active site of viral NA subunit was fully blocked by BD as the same location as Oseltamivir. The binding energies between influenza NA subunit and BD-5 were higher than Oseltamivir. More H-bonds and NA residues were occupied by BD for stronger binding ability than Oseltamivir. These results indicated that BD inhibits various strains of influenza virus by blocking of viral NA subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gansukh Enkhtaivan
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Pandurangan Muthuraman
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Bhupendra Mistry
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 410-820, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dai Q, Zhang D, Yu H, Xie W, Xin R, Wang L, Xu X, He X, Xiong J, Sheng H, Zhang L, Zhang K, Hu X. Berberine Restricts Coxsackievirus B Type 3 Replication via Inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK Activation In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1448-1455. [PMID: 28341822 PMCID: PMC5389531 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the treatment of coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis remains difficult. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from traditional medicine herbs, exhibits significant anti-viral efficacy against various viruses. However, the underlying mechanism by which BBR controls CVB3 infection has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-viral efficacy of BBR against CVB3 infection and its mechanism. Material/Methods In our experiments, the protein levels of VP1 and MAPKs signal pathway were measured by Western blot. The mRNA level of VP1 was measured by RT-PCR. The virus titers were determined by TCID50 assay. Results We found that BBR treatment significantly decreased CVB3 replication in HeLa cells. In addition, the BBR treatment reduced the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38 MAPK upon CVB3 infection in both HeLa cells and primary rat myocardial cells. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that BBR inhibits CVB3 replication through the suppression of JNK and p38 MAPK activation, shedding new light on the investigation of therapeutic strategies against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dai
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Di Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Xin
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Le Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou B, Chu M, Xu S, Chen X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang F, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Liu W. Hsa-let-7c-5p augments enterovirus 71 replication through viral subversion of cell signaling in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:7. [PMID: 28101327 PMCID: PMC5237547 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes severe hand, foot and mouse disease, accompanied by neurological complications. During the interaction between EV71 and the host, the virus subverts host cell machinery for its own replication. However, the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process remain obscure. Results In this study, we found that the miRNA hsa-let-7c-5p was significantly upregulated in EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells. The overexpression of hsa-let-7c-5p promoted replication of the virus, and the hsa-let-7c-5p inhibitor suppressed viral replication. Furthermore, hsa-let-7c-5p targeted mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) and inhibited its expression. Interestingly, downregulation of MAP4K4 expression led to an increase in EV71 replication. In addition, MAP4K4 knockdown or transfection with the hsa-let-7c-5p mimic led to activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, whereas the hsa-let-7c-5p inhibitor inhibited activation of this pathway. Moreover, EV71 infection promoted JNK pathway activation to facilitate viral replication. Conclusions Our data suggested that hsa-let-7c-5p facilitated EV71 replication by inhibiting MAP4K4 expression, which might be related to subversion of the JNK pathway by the virus. These results may shed light on a novel mechanism underlying the defense of EV71 against cellular responses. In addition, these findings may facilitate the development of new antiviral strategies for use in future therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-017-0135-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingfei Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Min Chu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yongjuan Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang H, Li K, Ma L, Wu S, Hu J, Yan H, Jiang J, Li Y. Berberine inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Virol J 2017; 14:2. [PMID: 28081706 PMCID: PMC5234143 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The MEK-ERK signaling pathway and autophagy play an important role for enterovirus71(EV71) replication. Inhibition of MEK-ERK signaling pathway and autophagy is shown to impair EV71 replication. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Berberis vulgaris L., has been reported to have ability to regulate this signaling pathway and autophagy. Herein, we want to determine whether berberine can inhibit EV71 infection by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Methods The antiviral effect of berberine was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay. The mechanism of BBR anti-virus was determined by western blotting assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results We showed that berberine does-dependently reduced EV71 RNA and protein synthesis, which was, at least in part, the result of inhibition of activation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that berberine suppressed the EV71-induced autophagy by activating AKT protein and inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK and PI3KIII. Conclusions BBR inhibited EV71 replication by downregulating autophagy and MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These findings suggest that BBR may be a potential agent or supplement against EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ma BL, Yang Y, Dai Y, Li Q, Lin G, Ma YM. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) affects the systemic exposure of oral drugs based on multiple mechanisms: taking berberine as an example. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of PEG400 increase in vivo exposure to berberine (D) by increasing its solubility (A), permeability (B), and lymphatic transport (C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Varghese FS, Thaa B, Amrun SN, Simarmata D, Rausalu K, Nyman TA, Merits A, McInerney GM, Ng LFP, Ahola T. The Antiviral Alkaloid Berberine Reduces Chikungunya Virus-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. J Virol 2016; 90:9743-9757. [PMID: 27535052 PMCID: PMC5068526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01382-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has infected millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions since its reemergence in the last decade. We recently identified the nontoxic plant alkaloid berberine as an antiviral substance against CHIKV in a high-throughput screen. Here, we show that berberine is effective in multiple cell types against a variety of CHIKV strains, also at a high multiplicity of infection, consolidating the potential of berberine as an antiviral drug. We excluded any effect of this compound on virus entry or on the activity of the viral replicase. A human phosphokinase array revealed that CHIKV infection specifically activated the major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Upon treatment with berberine, this virus-induced MAPK activation was markedly reduced. Subsequent analyses with specific inhibitors of these kinases indicated that the ERK and JNK signaling cascades are important for the generation of progeny virions. In contrast to specific MAPK inhibitors, berberine lowered virus-induced activation of all major MAPK pathways and resulted in a stronger reduction in viral titers. Further, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of berberine in a mouse model and measured a significant reduction of CHIKV-induced inflammatory disease. In summary, we demonstrate the efficacy of berberine as a drug against CHIKV and highlight the importance of the MAPK signaling pathways in the alphavirus infectious cycle. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes severe and persistent muscle and joint pain and has recently spread to the Americas. No licensed drug exists to counter this virus. In this study, we report that the alkaloid berberine is antiviral against different CHIKV strains and in multiple human cell lines. We demonstrate that berberine collectively reduced the virus-induced activation of cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The relevance of these signaling cascades in the viral life cycle was emphasized by specific inhibitors of these kinase pathways, which decreased the production of progeny virions. Berberine significantly reduced CHIKV-induced inflammatory disease in a mouse model, demonstrating efficacy of the drug in vivo Overall, this work makes a strong case for pursuing berberine as a potential anti-CHIKV therapeutic compound and for exploring the MAPK signaling pathways as antiviral targets against alphavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bastian Thaa
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Diane Simarmata
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kai Rausalu
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Varghese FS, Kaukinen P, Gläsker S, Bespalov M, Hanski L, Wennerberg K, Kümmerer BM, Ahola T. Discovery of berberine, abamectin and ivermectin as antivirals against chikungunya and other alphaviruses. Antiviral Res 2016; 126:117-24. [PMID: 26752081 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic arbovirus of the Alphavirus genus, which has infected millions of people after its re-emergence in the last decade. In this study, a BHK cell line containing a stable CHIKV replicon with a luciferase reporter was used in a high-throughput platform to screen approximately 3000 compounds. Following initial validation, 25 compounds were chosen as primary hits for secondary validation with wild type and reporter CHIKV infection, which identified three promising compounds. Abamectin (EC50 = 1.5 μM) and ivermectin (EC50 = 0.6 μM) are fermentation products generated by a soil dwelling actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis, whereas berberine (EC50 = 1.8 μM) is a plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloid. They inhibited CHIKV replication in a dose-dependent manner and had broad antiviral activity against other alphaviruses--Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. Abamectin and ivermectin were also active against yellow fever virus, a flavivirus. These compounds caused reduced synthesis of CHIKV genomic and antigenomic viral RNA as well as downregulation of viral protein expression. Time of addition experiments also suggested that they act on the replication phase of the viral infectious cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Kaukinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sabine Gläsker
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maxim Bespalov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, Yuen MF, Feng Y. Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:35-48. [PMID: 26494507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The antineoplastic property of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine was correlated with its traditional use of clearing internal fire, removing damp-heat and counteracting toxic pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY The anti-tumor effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine was extensively studied since our last comprehensive review in 2009. This study aims to summarize the recent updates and give rise to perspectives of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine as potential novel antineoplastic agents. METHODS Quality studies in recent 5 years were retrieved from PubMed, Medline and CNKI with keywords including Coptis, Coptidis Rhizoma, huanglian, berberine, tumor and cancer. Studies were focused on the pharmacological actions of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine in cancer progression. RESULTS It was shown that Coptidis Rhizoma extract and berberine may repress tumor progression by regressing abnormal cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle and inducing cell death. Studies also highlighted the actions of Coptidis Rhizoma extract and berberine in inhibiting tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis, which in turn abolish cancer metastasis. Some studies have also been conducted to reveal the potential effect of Coptidis Rhizoma extract and berberine in regulating tumor stromal microenvironment, as well as in preventing carcinogenesis. Most of the results have been demonstrated with in vivo models, but results of high-quality clinical trials are not yet available. Unspecified cancer type and staging, fluctuated dose information and variants of targets across studies of berberine/ Coptidis Rhizoma impede their clinical use for cancer treatment. CONCLUSION Recent advances highlighted by this review may shed light on future direction of studies featuring Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine as novel antineoplastic agents, which should be repeatedly proven in future animal and clinical studies. Although more evidences on its specificity and clinical efficacy are necessary to support its clinical use, Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine are highly expected to be effective, safe and affordable treatments for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Mary Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen D, Su A, Fu Y, Wang X, Lv X, Xu W, Xu S, Wang H, Wu Z. Harmine blocks herpes simplex virus infection through downregulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by oxidative stress. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Ojha D, Das R, Sobia P, Dwivedi V, Ghosh S, Samanta A, Chattopadhyay D. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Inhibits HSV Infection by Modulating NF-κB Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139338. [PMID: 26405764 PMCID: PMC4583282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (PT), a widely used ethnomedicinal plant, has been employed to treat a number of skin conditions. To extend its utility and to fully exploit its medicinal potential, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of a methanolic extract of PT leaves and its isolated compounds against Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2). Bioactivity-guided studies revealed that the extract and one of its constituents, luteolin, had potent antiviral activity against wild-type and clinical isolates of HSV-2 (EC50 48.5–52.6 and 22.4–27.5 μg/ml, respectively), with nearly complete inhibition at 86.5–101.8 and 40.2–49.6 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect was significant (p<0.001) when the drug was added 2 h prior to infection, and was effective up to 4 h post-infection. As viral replication requires NF-κB activation, we examined whether the observed extract-induced inhibition of HSV-2 was related to NF-κB inhibition. Interestingly, we observed that treatment of HSV-2-infected cells with extract or luteolin suppressed NF-κB activation. Although NF-κB, JNK and MAPK activation was compromised during HSV replication, neither the extract nor luteolin affected HSV-2-induced JNK1/2 and MAPK activation. Moreover, the PT leaf extract and luteolin potently down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, NO and iNOS and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which are directly involved in controlling the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, our results indicate that both PT leaf extract and luteolin modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of HSV-2 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Rashmi Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Parveen Sobia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Vedprakash Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Soma Ghosh
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shin HB, Choi MS, Yi CM, Lee J, Kim NJ, Inn KS. Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication and virus-induced p38 kinase activity by berberine. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:65-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|