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El-Banna TES, Sonbol FI, Kamer AMA, Badr SAMM. Genetic diversity of macrolides resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and the potential synergistic effect of vitamins, C and K 3. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:30. [PMID: 38245680 PMCID: PMC10799532 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolide antibiotics have been extensively used for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the emergence of macrolide-resistant strains of S. aureus has become a major concern for public health. The molecular mechanisms underlying macrolide resistance in S. aureus are complex and diverse, involving both target site modification and efflux pump systems. In this study, we aim to overcome the molecular diversity of macrolide resistance mechanisms in S. aureus by identifying common molecular targets that could be exploited for the development of novel therapeutics. METHODS About 300 Staphylococcus aureus different isolates were recovered and purified from 921 clinical specimen including urine (88), blood (156), sputum (264), nasal swabs (168), pus (181) and bone (39) collected from different departments in Tanta University Hospital. Macrolide resistant isolates were detected and tested for Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Gel electrophoresis was performed after the D test and PCR reaction for erm(A), (B), (C), msr(A), and mph(C) genes. Finally, we tried different combinations of Erythromycin or Azithromycin antibiotics with either vitamin K3 or vitamin C. RESULTS Macrolide resistance S. aureus isolates exhibited 7 major resistance patterns according to number of resistance markers and each pattern included sub patterns or subgroups. The PCR amplified products of different erm genes; analysis recorded different phenotypes of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates according to their different genotypes. In addition, our new tested combinations of Erythromycin and vitamin C, Erythromycin, and vitamin K3, Azithromycin and vitamin C and Azithromycin and vitamin K3 showed significant antibacterial effect when using every antibiotic alone. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of macrolide resistance in S. aureus and offer potential strategies for the development of novel protocols to overcome this emerging public health threat.
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Dhindwal P, Myziuk I, Ruzzini A. Macrolide esterases: current threats and opportunities. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1199-1201. [PMID: 37689489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics often contain ester bonds. The macrocyclic lactones of macrolides are pre-eminent examples in which ester bonds are essential to the form and function of antibiotics. Bacterial macrolide esterases that hydrolyze these macrocyclic lactones to confer antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are the topic of this forum. We provide insight into their role in agricultural systems and discuss their emergence and their potential extensibility to bioremediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Dhindwal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - Iryna Myziuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Antonio Ruzzini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E5.
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Simón C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Within-Host Diversity of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Resistome from Healthy Pigs and Pig Farmers, with the Detection of cfr-Carrying Strains and MDR- S. borealis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1505. [PMID: 37887206 PMCID: PMC10604674 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecology and diversity of resistome in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from healthy pigs and pig farmers are rarely available as most studies focused on the livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. This study aims to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, intra-host species diversity (more than one species in a host), and intra-species AMR diversity (same species with more than one AMR profile) in CoNS recovered from the nasal cavities of healthy pigs and pig farmers. One-hundred-and-one CoNS strains previously recovered from 40 pigs and 10 pig farmers from four Spanish pig farms were tested to determine their AMR profiles. Non-repetitive strains were selected (n = 75) and their AMR genes, SCCmec types, and genetic lineages were analyzed by PCR/sequencing. Of the non-repetitive strains, 92% showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, and 52% were mecA-positive, which were associated with SCCmec types V (46.2%), IVb (20.5%), and IVc (5.1%). A total of 28% of the pigs and pig farmers had intra-host species diversity, while 26% had intra-species AMR diversity. High repertoires of AMR genes were detected, including unusual ones such as tetO, ermT, erm43, and cfr. Most important was the detection of cfr (in S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis-ST16) in pigs and pig farmers; whereas MDR-S. borealis strains were identified in pig farmers. Pig-to-pig transmission of CoNS with similar AMR genes and SCCmec types was detected in 42.5% of pigs. The high level of multidrug, within-host, and intra-species resistome diversity in the nasal CoNS highlights their ability to be AMR gene reservoirs in healthy pigs and pig farmers. The detection of MDR-S. borealis and linezolid-resistant strains underscore the need for comprehensive and continuous surveillance of MDR-CoNS at the pig farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
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El-Khoury C, Mansour E, Yuliandra Y, Lai F, Hawkins BA, Du JJ, Sundberg EJ, Sluis-Cremer N, Hibbs DE, Groundwater PW. The role of adjuvants in overcoming antibacterial resistance due to enzymatic drug modification. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1276-1299. [PMID: 36439977 PMCID: PMC9667779 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is a prominent issue with monotherapy often leading to treatment failure in serious infections. Many mechanisms can lead to antibacterial resistance including deactivation of antibacterial agents by bacterial enzymes. Enzymatic drug modification confers resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, isoniazid, rifamycins, fosfomycin and lincosamides. Novel enzyme inhibitor adjuvants have been developed in an attempt to overcome resistance to these agents, only a few of which have so far reached the market. This review discusses the different enzymatic processes that lead to deactivation of antibacterial agents and provides an update on the current and potential enzyme inhibitors that may restore bacterial susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy El-Khoury
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Elissar Mansour
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yori Yuliandra
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Felcia Lai
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Bryson A Hawkins
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - David E Hibbs
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Paul W Groundwater
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158088. [PMID: 35897667 PMCID: PMC9332259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanisms of S. aureus drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the mec genes found in the Staphylococcaceae family, the structure and occurrence of SCCmec cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gdpP gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCCmec), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.
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Silva V, Caniça M, Manageiro V, Verbisck N, Tejedor-Junco MT, González-Martin M, Corbera JA, Poeta P, Igrejas G. Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Nostrils and Buccal Mucosa of Healthy Camels Used for Recreational Purposes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101255. [PMID: 35625101 PMCID: PMC9138023 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several different species of animals host staphylococci as normal microbiota. These animals can be a source of staphylococci zoonotic infections. People with routine or occupational exposure to infected/colonized animals are at risk of a potential transmission. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the presence of S. aureus and other staphylococci in camels used for recreational purposes as well as their antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic lineages. A total of 172 samples were collected from 86 healthy camels (nose and mouth) from different farms located in the Canary Islands, Spain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of virulence genes was studied by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and agr typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 86 camels tested, 42 staphylococci were isolated, of which there were 11 S. aureus, 13 S. lentus, 12 S. sciuri, 3 S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. chromogenes. Staphylococci isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and fusidic acid. All S. aureus isolates harbored the hla, hlb and hld virulence genes. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to three sequence types (STs) and three spa types. All S. aureus isolates belonged to agr type III. Camels from Gran Canaria used in recreational purposes have a moderate prevalence of S. aureus and other coagulase-negative staphylococci. Nevertheless, S. aureus isolates are susceptible to almost all antibiotics tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.M.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.M.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | | | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Margarita González-Martin
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
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Silva V, Correia S, Rocha J, Manaia CM, Silva A, García-Díez J, Pereira JE, Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Cattle, Their Handlers, and Their Surroundings: A Cross-Sectional Study from the One Health Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050941. [PMID: 35630384 PMCID: PMC9144820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus have been progressively identified in farm animals and in humans with direct contact with these animals showing that S. aureus may be a major zoonotic pathogen. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus from cows, their handlers, and their immediate surroundings, and to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of the isolates. Mouth and nose swabs of 244 healthy cows (195 Maronesa, 11 Holstein-Friesians, and 28 crossbreeds), 82 farm workers, 53 water and 63 soil samples were collected. Identification of species was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was assessed based on gene search by PCR. All isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing and spa-typing. From 442 samples, 33 (13.9%), 24 (29.3%), 1 (2%), and 1 (2%) S. aureus were recovered from cows, farm workers, water, and soil samples, respectively. Most of the isolates showed resistance only to penicillin. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 17 sequence types (STs) and 26 spa-types. Some clonal lineages were common to both cows and farm workers such as ST30-t9413, ST72-t148, and ST45-t350. Through a One Health approach, this study revealed that there is a great diversity of clonal lineages of S. aureus in cows and their handlers. Furthermore, some S. aureus lineages are common to cows and handlers, which may suggest a possible transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Correia
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Jaqueline Rocha
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juan García-Díez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.-L.); (P.P.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.-L.); (P.P.)
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Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Healthy Poultry Slaughtered for Human Consumption. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030365. [PMID: 35326828 PMCID: PMC8944763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are commensals that are known to be prevalent in most environments, and they are also an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes. Staphylococcal infections in animal husbandry are a high economic burden. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry slaughtered for human consumption and to study the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Swab samples were recovered from 220 commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Totals of 11 (19.6%), 13 (20.3%), and 51 (51%) MRCoNS were isolated from commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails, respectively. S. lentus was isolated from all homebred chickens, whereas 11 S. lentus and 2 S. urealyticus were isolated from commercial chickens. As for quails, the most prevalent MRCoNS were S. urealyticus. Almost all isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA gene. Most isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and fusidic acid and harbored the ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO genes. This study showed a frequent occurrence of multidrug resistance in MRCoNS isolated from healthy poultry in Portugal.
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Yang E, Kim E, Chung H, Lee YW, Bae S, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Choi SH, Lee SO, Kim YS. Changing characteristics of S. aureus bacteremia caused by PVL-negative, MRSA strain over 11 years. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15677. [PMID: 34344954 PMCID: PMC8333258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important cause of infection. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate changes in clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as outcomes of sequence type (ST) 72 MRSA bacteremia. We reviewed adult patients enrolled in a prospective cohort with ST72 MRSA bacteremia from August 2008 to December 2018 at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Changes in clinical characteristics, outcomes, and microbiological characteristics of patients over time were evaluated. Generalized linear and linear regression models were used to evaluate changes. Of the 1,760 isolates, 915 (62%) were MRSA bacteremia and 292 (31.9%) were ST72 MRSA. During the study period, the relative risk (RR) of MRSA bacteremia decreased annually by 3.7%; however, among MRSA bacteremia, RR of ST72 MRSA increased annually by 8.5%. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) decreased over the study period. Metastatic infection, persistent bacteremia, and recurrence of bacteremia within 12 weeks decreased significantly. There were no significant changes in 30-d and 12-week mortality. Antibiotic susceptibility of ST72 MRSA was evaluated, and the resistance rate to erythromycin decreased significantly. ST72 MRSA incidence increased annually; its vancomycin MIC and erythromycin resistance rate decreased over the 11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsil Kim
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Woo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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De Simeis D, Serra S. Actinomycetes: A Never-Ending Source of Bioactive Compounds-An Overview on Antibiotics Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050483. [PMID: 33922100 PMCID: PMC8143475 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 provided us with access to a new class of compounds useful at fighting bacterial infections: antibiotics. Ever since, a number of studies were carried out to find new molecules with the same activity. Microorganisms belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, the Actinomycetes, were the most important sources of antibiotics. Bioactive compounds isolated from this order were also an important inspiration reservoir for pharmaceutical chemists who realized the synthesis of new molecules with antibiotic activity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is currently one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development. The world urgently needs to adopt measures to reduce this risk by finding new antibiotics and changing the way they are used. In this review, we describe the primary role of Actinomycetes in the history of antibiotics. Antibiotics produced by these microorganisms, their bioactivities, and how their chemical structures have inspired generations of scientists working in the synthesis of new drugs are described thoroughly.
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Hrytsyk RA, Kutsyk RV, Yurchyshyn OI, Struk ОА, Kireev IV, Grytsyk AR. The investigation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some Artemisia L. species. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e47521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Throughout history pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious diseases. Medicinal herbs play an important role in human life because they are used for the therapy and production of herbal remedies. Therefore, it is relevant to study the antibacterial activity of medicinal herbs including Artemisia L. species.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Artemisia L. species extracts and to identify their synergistic antimicrobial effects with erythromycin against skin isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with different mechanisms of MLS-resistance.
Materials and methods: Artemisia absinthium L. herb extracts (AAs-4, AAs-7, AAs-9), Artemisia vulgaris L. herb extracts (AV-4, AV-7, AV-9) and Artemisia abrotanum L. herb extracts (AAr-4, AAr-7, AAr-9) were used in this study (solvents – 40%, 70% and 90% ethyl alcohol respectively).
The determination of antimicrobial activity of extracts was performed using clinical isolates of antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Bacterial cultures were identified on the basis of the biochemical microtests “STAPHYtest 16”, “ENTEROtest 24”, “NEFERMENTtest 24” taking into account the complex of their morphological and cultural properties in accordance with the recommendations of the 9th edition of “Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology”. Yeast-like fungi cultures were identified on the basis of 40 biochemical tests with the help of the VITEK 2 system using the VITEK 2 YST ID card.
The synergism of the antimicrobial activity of extracts with erythromycin was investigated using the clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus with the non-inductive MLS-resistance mechanism (resistant to erythromycin at minimum bacteriostatic concentration of 125 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 250 μg/ml without induction of resistance to clindamycin).
Research results: The evaluation of Artemisia L. herb extracts activity was carried out using standard strains of microorganisms which are recommended by the WHO.
The results of the conducted studies indicate that Artemisia L. herb extracts are able to reduce the growth of microorganisms. The investigated extracts showed the potent bacteriostatic action against the cocci or rod-shaped microflora. The antimicrobial activity of Artemisia L. herb extracts directly depends on the concentration of ethanol as the solvent. Artemisia vulgaris L. herb extracts (solvents – 70% and 90% ethanol) and Artemisia abrotanum L. herb extract (solvent – 90% ethanol) show synergism of antimicrobial activity with erythromycin in relation to Staphylococcus aureus with efflux mechanism of MLS-resistance. The obtained Artemisia L. herb extracts can be used to create antifungal drugs, as well as antimicrobial drugs (against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria).
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12
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Abushaheen MA, Muzaheed, Fatani AJ, Alosaimi M, Mansy W, George M, Acharya S, Rathod S, Divakar DD, Jhugroo C, Vellappally S, Khan AA, Shaik J, Jhugroo P. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Dis Mon 2020; 66:100971. [PMID: 32201008 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents play a key role in controlling and curing infectious disease. Soon after the discovery of the first antibiotic, the challenge of antibiotic resistance commenced. Antimicrobial agents use different mechanisms against bacteria to prevent their pathogenesis and they can be classified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Antibiotics are one of the antimicrobial agents which has several classes, each with different targets. Consequently, bacteria are endlessly using methods to overcome the effectivity of the antibiotics by using distinct types of mechanisms. Comprehending the mechanisms of resistance is vital for better understanding and to continue use of current antibiotics. Which also helps to formulate synthetic antimicrobials to overcome the current mechanism of resistance. Also, encourage in prudent use and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Thus, decline in treatment costs and in the rate of morbidity and mortality. This review will be concentrating on the mechanism of actions of several antibiotics and how bacteria develop resistance to them, as well as the method of acquiring the resistance in several bacteria and how can a strain be resistant to several types of antibiotics. This review also analyzes the prevalence, major clinical implications, clinical causes of antibiotic resistance. Further, it evaluates the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, identifies various challenges and strategies in addressing the issue. Finally, put forward certain recommendations to prevent the spread and reduce the rate of resistance growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ali Abushaheen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amal Jamil Fatani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alosaimi
- Consultant, Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mansy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Merin George
- General Dentist and Public Health Researcher, Australia
| | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 585106, India
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chitra Jhugroo
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajith Vellappally
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jilani Shaik
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Poojdev Jhugroo
- CAP Research Ltd., 2nd Floor Orbis Court, 132 St Jean Road 72218 Quatre Bornes, Mauritius
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13
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Noda M, Danshiitsoodol N, Inoue Y, Okamoto T, Sultana N, Sugiyama M. Antibiotic susceptibility of plant-derived lactic acid bacteria conferring health benefits to human. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:834-842. [PMID: 31399643 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) confer health benefits to human when administered orally. We have recently isolated several species of LAB strains from plant sources, such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, and medicinal plants. Since antibiotics used to treat bacterial infection diseases induce the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria in intestinal microflora, it is important to evaluate the susceptibility of LAB strains to antibiotics to ensure the safety and security of processed foods. The aim of the present study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics against several plant-derived LAB strains. When aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin (SM), kanamycin (KM), and gentamicin (GM), were evaluated using LAB susceptibility test medium (LSM), the MIC was higher than when using Mueller-Hinton (MH) medium. Etest, which is an antibiotic susceptibility assay method consisting of a predefined gradient of antibiotic concentrations on a plastic strip, is used to determine the MIC of antibiotics world-wide. In the present study, we demonstrated that Etest was particularly valuable while testing LAB strains. We also show that the low susceptibility of the plant-derived LAB strains against each antibiotic tested is due to intrinsic resistance and not acquired resistance. This finding is based on the whole-genome sequence information reflecting the horizontal spread of the drug-resistance genes in the LAB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Noda
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Narandalai Danshiitsoodol
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd., Hakozaki-cho 36-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0015, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Nasrin Sultana
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Sugiyama
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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14
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Szemraj M, Czekaj T, Kalisz J, Szewczyk EM. Differences in distribution of MLS antibiotics resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci belonging to species: S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans and S. warneri. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:124. [PMID: 31182020 PMCID: PMC6558908 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrolides and lincosamides are two leading types of antibiotics commonly used in therapies. The study examines the differences in resistance to these antibiotics and their molecular bases in S. epidermidis as well as in rarely isolated species of coagulase-negative staphylococci such as S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri and S. simulans. The isolates were tested for the presence of the erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), lnu(A), msr(A), msr(B), mph(C), ere(A) and ere(B) genes. Phenotypic resistance to methicillin and mecA presence were also determined. Results The MLSB resistance mechanism was phenotypically found in isolates of species included in the study. The most prevalent MLSB resistance mechanism was observed in S. hominis, S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis isolates mainly of the MLSB resistance constitutive type. Macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B resistance genes were rarely detected in isolates individually. The erm(B), ere(A) and ere(B) genes were not found in any of the strains. The erm(A) gene was determined only in four strains of S. epidermidis and S. hominis while lnu(A) was seen in eight strains (mainly in S. hominis). The erm(C) gene was present in most of S. epidermidis strains and predominant in S. hominis and S. simulans isolates. The examined species clearly differed between one another in the repertoire of accumulated genes. Conclusions The presence of genes encoding the MLSB resistance among CoNS strains demonstrates these genes’ widespread prevalence and accumulation in opportunistic pathogens that might become gene reservoir for bacteria with superior pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Czekaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Kalisz
- Synevo Sp. z o. o., Microbiological Laboratory of Łódź, Sokola 14, 93-519, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
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15
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Rossi BF, Bonsaglia ECR, Castilho IG, Dantas STA, Salina A, Langoni H, Pantoja JCF, Budri PE, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Júnior AF, Rall VLM. Genotyping of long term persistent Staphylococcus aureus in bovine subclinical mastitis. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:45-50. [PMID: 31015015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects dairy cattle worldwide and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common microorganisms involved in subclinical and chronic disease. Superantigens, such as enterotoxins contribute to S. aureus persistence and pathogenicity in this disease. Subclinical and chronic mastitis cases were diagnosed and S. aureus isolates from sub-clinical cases were investigated for carriage of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes that may contribute to long-term carriage and infection. Over a 12-month period, 116 S. aureus strains were recovered from 68 cows with subclinical mastitis. Classical enterotoxin genes (sea-see) were detected in 24.1% of isolates, and pvl and tsst-1 were identified in 3.4% and 46.6% the isolates, respectively. 18.1% that were persistent isolates were identified and characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), MLST, spa typing. Four isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and belonged to SCCmec type I. Molecular typing showed that the agrI group was the most frequent, and a rare isolate was positive for both agrI and agrIII groups. Molecular characterization revealed the persistence of the spa type t10856 (ST133, clonal complex CC133, agr I), in a single animal for nine months and the persistence t605 (ST126, CC126) colonizing four animals for four months. These strains have been described recently in other herds in the same region, indicating their transmissibility and clonal expansion. We conclude that animals with subclinical mastitis are an important and somewhat overlooked reservoir for transmission within and between herds, and may carry virulence and antibiotic resistance genes contributing to persistent colonization, hinder the control of mastitis and may cause risks to the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - E C R Bonsaglia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - I G Castilho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - S T A Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A Salina
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - H Langoni
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Budri
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Fitzgerald-Hughes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Fernandes Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - V L M Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile macrolide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:2-10. [PMID: 29807043 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance in staphylococci is based on the expression of a number of genes which specify four major resistance mechanisms: (i) target site modification by methylation of the ribosomal target site in the 23S rRNA, (ii) ribosome protection via ABC-F proteins, (iii) active efflux via Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters, and (iv) enzymatic inactivation by phosphotransferases or esterases. So far, 14 different classes of erm genes, which code for 23S rRNA methylases, have been reported to occur in staphylococci from humans, animals and environmental sources. Inducible or constitutive expression of the erm genes depends on the presence and intactness of a regulatory region known as translational attenuator. The erm genes commonly confer resistance not only to macrolides, but also to lincosamides and streptogramin B compounds. In contrast, the msr(A) gene codes for an ABC-F protein which confers macrolide and streptogramin B resistance whereas the mef(A) gene codes for a Major Facilitator Superfamily protein that can export only macrolides. Enzymatic inactivation of macrolides may be due to the macrolide phosphotransferase gene mph(C) or the macrolide esterase genes ere(A) or ere(B). Many of these macrolide resistance genes are part of either plasmids, transposons, genomic islands or prophages and as such, can easily be transferred across strain, species and genus boundaries. The co-location of other antimicrobial or metal resistance genes on the same mobile genetic element facilitates co-selection and persistence of macrolide resistance genes under the selective pressure of metals or other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Sharkey LKR, O’Neill AJ. Antibiotic Resistance ABC-F Proteins: Bringing Target Protection into the Limelight. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:239-246. [PMID: 29376318 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-F protein subfamily collectively mediate resistance to a broader range of clinically important antibiotic classes than any other group of resistance proteins and are widespread in pathogenic bacteria. Following over 25 years' of controversy regarding the mechanism by which these proteins work, it has recently been established that they provide antibiotic resistance through the previously recognized but underappreciated phenomenon of target protection; they bind to the ribosome to effect the release of ribosome-targeted antibiotics, thereby rescuing the translation apparatus from antibiotic-mediated inhibition. Here we review the ABC-F resistance proteins with an emphasis on their mechanism of action, first exploring the history of the debate about how these proteins work and outlining our current state of knowledge and then considering key questions to be addressed in understanding the molecular detail of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam K. R. Sharkey
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alex J. O’Neill
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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18
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Dinos GP. The macrolide antibiotic renaissance. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2967-2983. [PMID: 28664582 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides represent a large family of protein synthesis inhibitors of great clinical interest due to their applicability to human medicine. Macrolides are composed of a macrocyclic lactone of different ring sizes, to which one or more deoxy-sugar or amino sugar residues are attached. Macrolides act as antibiotics by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and interfering with protein synthesis. The high affinity of macrolides for bacterial ribosomes, together with the highly conserved structure of ribosomes across virtually all of the bacterial species, is consistent with their broad-spectrum activity. Since the discovery of the progenitor macrolide, erythromycin, in 1950, many derivatives have been synthesised, leading to compounds with better bioavailability and acid stability and improved pharmacokinetics. These efforts led to the second generation of macrolides, including well-known members such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Subsequently, in order to address increasing antibiotic resistance, a third generation of macrolides displaying improved activity against many macrolide resistant strains was developed. However, these improvements were accompanied with serious side effects, leading to disappointment and causing many researchers to stop working on macrolide derivatives, assuming that this procedure had reached the end. In contrast, a recent published breakthrough introduced a new chemical platform for synthesis and discovery of a wide range of diverse macrolide antibiotics. This chemical synthesis revolution, in combination with reduction in the side effects, namely, 'Ketek effects', has led to a macrolide renaissance, increasing the hope for novel and safe therapeutic agents to combat serious human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Dinos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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19
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Molale LG, Bezuidenhout CC. Antibiotic resistance, efflux pump genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus spp. from surface water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21501-21510. [PMID: 27510164 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report on antibiotic susceptibility patterns as well as highlight the presence of efflux pump genes and virulence genetic determinants in Enterococcus spp. isolated from South African surface water systems. One hundred and twenty-four Enterococcus isolates consisting of seven species were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a high percentage of isolates was resistant to β-lactams and vancomycin. Many were also resistant to other antibiotic groups. These isolates were screened by PCR, for the presence of four efflux pump genes (mefA, tetK, tetL and msrC). Efflux genes mefA and tetK were not detected in any of the Enterococcus spp. However, tetL and msrC were detected in 17 % of the Enterococcus spp. The presence of virulence factors in the Enterococcus spp. harbouring efflux pump genes was determined. Virulence determinants were detected in 86 % of the Enterococcus spp. harbouring efflux pump genes. Four (asa1, cylA, gel and hyl) of the five virulence factors were detected. The findings of this study have demonstrated that Enterococcus from South African surface water systems are resistant to multiple antibiotics, some of which are frequently used for therapy. Furthermore, these isolates harbour efflux pump genes coding for resistance to antibiotics and virulence factors which enhance their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Molale
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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20
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Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Public Health Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a025395. [PMID: 27527699 PMCID: PMC5046686 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance mechanisms can be target-based with a change in a 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue or a mutation in ribosomal protein L4 or L22 affecting the ribosome's interaction with the antibiotic. Alternatively, mono- or dimethylation of A2058 in domain V of the 23S rRNA by an acquired rRNA methyltransferase, the product of an erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) gene, can interfere with antibiotic binding. Acquired genes encoding efflux pumps, most predominantly mef(A) + msr(D) in pneumococci/streptococci and msr(A/B) in staphylococci, also mediate resistance. Drug-inactivating mechanisms include phosphorylation of the 2'-hydroxyl of the amino sugar found at position C5 by phosphotransferases and hydrolysis of the macrocyclic lactone by esterases. These acquired genes are regulated by either translation or transcription attenuation, largely because cells are less fit when these genes, especially the rRNA methyltransferases, are highly induced or constitutively expressed. The induction of gene expression is cleverly tied to the mechanism of action of macrolides, relying on antibiotic-bound ribosomes stalled at specific sequences of nascent polypeptides to promote transcription or translation of downstream sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fyfe
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
| | | | - Kathy Kerstein
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
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21
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Vigo GB, Giacoboni GI, Gagetti PS, Pasterán FG, Corso AC. Resistencia antimicrobiana y epidemiología molecular de aislamientos de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius de muestras clínicas de caninos. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Molecular Basis of Resistance to Selected Antimicrobial Agents in the Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2332-6. [PMID: 25903569 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00123-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of 227 Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs during 2010 to 2013 showed high levels of resistance to clindamycin (95.6%), tilmicosin (94.7%), tylosin (93.8%), oxytetracycline (89.4%), chlortetracycline (86.8%), tiamulin (72.7%), neomycin (70.0%), enrofloxacin (56.4%), penicillin (56.4%), ceftiofur (55.9%), and gentamicin (55.1%). Resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolone was attributed to the tet gene, erm(B), erm(C), mph(C), and mef(A) and/or mef(E) genes, aph(3')-IIIa and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia genes, and single point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of ParC and GyrA, respectively.
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Moosavian M, Shoja S, Rostami S, Torabipour M, Farshadzadeh Z. Inducible clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus due to erm genes, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:421-7. [PMID: 25926961 PMCID: PMC4411429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Resistance to macrolide can be mediated by erm and msrA genes in Staphylococcus aureus. There are the evidences that show erm genes may be causative agent of inducible or constitutive resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of inducible clindamycin resistance and determine the most frequency of erm and msrA genes among S. aureus isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study a total of 124 non duplicated clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested with disk diffusion method. All isolates were tested by PCR for mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes. RESULTS According to PCR results, 48.4% had mecA gene and 51.6% were mecA negative. By phenotypic D-test method, 32.3% revealed inducible resistance and recorded as D and D(+). Sensitive and constitutive phenotypes were found in 54.8% and 12.9% of isolates respectively. Inducible clindamycin resistance was more prevalent in MRSA (29%) than MSSA isolates (2.4%). Among studied erm genes, the most frequency genes were ermA and ermC with 41.1% and 17.7% respectively. Three isolates of them had D phenotype, while the PCR results of erm genes were negative. All isolates were negative for ermB or msrA genes. CONCLUSION Since S. aureus isolates with inducible resistance may mutate and change to constitutive resistance, to prevent treatment failure, we suggest that inducible resistance test be performed on erythromycin resistant/clindamycin sensitive isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moosavian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Shoja
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Corresponding author: Name: Soodabeh Rostami, PhD, Address: Iran, Isfahan, Jomhori square, Khooram Street, SedighehTahereh Research Centers, 3th floor, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center. Tel: 0098-31-33359359, Fax: 0098-31-33373735,
| | - Maryam Torabipour
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Farshadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Adegoke AA, Okoh AI. Species diversity and antibiotic resistance properties of Staphylococcus of farm animal origin in Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:133-40. [PMID: 24002789 PMCID: PMC3936122 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolates of healthy farm animal origin in Nkonkobe Municipality as well as the prevalence of putative antibiotic resistance genes were investigated using phenotypic and molecular methods. A total of 120 Staphylococcus isolates were isolated from 150 animal samples and consisted of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (30 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.3 %) from pig, Staphylococcus capitis (15 %) from goat, S. haemolyticus (5 %) and Staphylococcus xylosus (15 %) from cattle, and other staphylococci (11.7 %) from dead chicken and pigs. Besides this, the presence of these isolates was observed from the animal dung, showing that the organisms are shed to the environment. About 23.3 % of these isolates were coagulase-positive and 76.7 % were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Between 75 and 100 % of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid; about 38 % were methicillin-resistant staphylococci, including 12.6 % methicillin-resistant S. aureus from pigs. In total, 12 % of all isolates were vancomycin resistant. Also, 12 % of the isolates were erythromycin resistant, while 40.2 % were resistant to ceftazidime. Only the genes mecA and mphC could be confirmed, whereas the genes vanA, vanB, ermA, ermB, and ermC could not be detected. The high phenotypic antibiotic resistance and the presence of some associated resistance genes is a potential threat to public health and suggest the animals to be important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance determinants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Adegoke
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa,
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25
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Chatterjee B, Bera S, Mondal D. Julia–Kocienski olefination: a key reaction for the synthesis of macrolides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Isogai N, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ghosh S, Suzaki K, Watanabe N, Quiñones D, Kobayashi N. Characterization of Enterococcus faecium with macrolide resistance and reduced susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin in a Japanese hospital: detection of extensive diversity in erm(B)-regulator regions. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:298-307. [PMID: 23442208 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics is mainly mediated by the erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) genes that encode 23S rRNA methylases in enterococi, and various mechanisms are involved in the streptogramin B resistance. Prevalence of MLSB resistance and its genetic mechanisms were analyzed for a total of 159 strains of Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in a university hospital in Japan from 1997 to 2006. Resistance to erythromycin (EM) and clindamycin was detected in 88.1% and 89.9% of all the strains examined, respectively, and expression of resistance was totally constitutive. Although none of the strain was resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D), 28 strains (17.6%) showed intermediate resistance to Q/D (MIC: 2 μg/ml). The erm(B) gene was detected in 139 strains (87.4%), and msrC was found in all the strains examined, whereas no other known MLSB resistance genes were identified. The erm(B) regulator region (RR) containing a coding region of the leader peptide was classified into 13 genetic variations (L1-L3, M, S1-S7, D, and R genotypes) in 56 strains. However, no relatedness was identified between the erm(B) RR genotype and EM resistance, or reduced susceptibility to Q/D, although most of Q/D-intermediate strains were assigned to the L1, L2, and S1 genotypes. Q/D-intermediate strains were classified into five multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) types, including four types of clonal complex (CC)-C1, five sequence types (STs), including four STs of CC-17, and several resistance gene/virulence factor profiles. The present study revealed the occurrence of Q/D-intermediate E. faecium, which are composed of heterogeneous strains in Japan, and more genetic diversity in the erm(B) RRs than those reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Isogai
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Jaglic Z, Vlkova H, Bardon J, Michu E, Cervinkova D, Babak V. Distribution, Characterization and Genetic Bases of Erythromycin Resistance in Staphylococci and Enterococci Originating from Livestock. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:202-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fan C, He J. Proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in microbial consortia of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) upon exposure to trace erythromycin or erythromycin-H2O. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3098-3106. [PMID: 21482429 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A variety of antibiotics and their metabolites at sub-inhibitory level concentrations are suspected to expand resistance genes in the environment. However, knowledge is limited on the causal correlation of trace antibiotics or their metabolites with resistance proliferation. In this study, erythromycin (ERY) resistance genes were screened on microbial consortia of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) after one year acclimation to ERY (100 μg/L) or dehydrated erythromycin (ERY-H(2)O, 50 μg/L). The identified esterase gene ereA explains that ERY could be degraded to six products by microbes acclimated to ERY (100 μg/L). However, ERY could not be degraded by microbes acclimated to ERY-H(2)O (50 μg/L), which may be due to the less proliferated ereA gene. Biodegradation of ERY required the presence of exogenous carbon source (e.g., glucose) and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) for assimilation, but overdosed ammonium-N (>40 mg/L) inhibited degradation of ERY. Zoogloea, a kind of biofilm formation bacteria, became predominant in the ERY degradation consortia, suggesting that the input of ERY could induce biofilm resistance to antibiotics. Our study highlights that lower μg/L level of ERY or ERY-H(2)O in the environment encourages expansion of resistance genes in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caian Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Ben Slama K, Gharsa H, Klibi N, Jouini A, Lozano C, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, Boudabous A, Torres C. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy humans with different levels of contact with animals in Tunisia: genetic lineages, methicillin resistance, and virulence factors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:499-508. [PMID: 21076928 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nasal swabs of 423 healthy humans who showed different levels of contact with animals (frequent, 168; sporadic, 94; no contact, 161) were obtained in Tunisia (2008-2009), and 99 of them presented other associated risk factors. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in one of these 423 samples (0.24%), retrieved from a veterinarian. The MRSA isolate was mecA-positive, typed as ST80-t203-SCCmecIVc-agrIII, and contained tet(K), ant(6)-Ia, and aph(3')-IIIa genes encoding tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamycin resistance, respectively. This MRSA isolate also contained the lukF/lukS virulence gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Fifty-four (12.8%) additional nasal samples contained methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and one isolate/sample was characterized. A high diversity of spa types (n = 43; 4 new) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types (n = 37) was detected among the 55 recovered S. aureus strains. The percentages of antimicrobial resistance/detected resistance genes were as follows: tetracycline [22%/tet(K)-tet(L)-tet(M)], erythromycin [5%/msrA], ciprofloxacin [14.5%], trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [2%/dfrA], streptomycin [11%/ant(6)-Ia], kanamycin [7%/aph(3')-IIIa], amikacin [5%], and chloramphenicol [2%]. Four and two isolates carried the lukF/lukS and eta and/or etb genes, respectively, and always in individuals with contact with animals. Eleven isolates carried the tst gene and were recovered from individuals with different levels of contact with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ben Slama
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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31
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Ortiz-Pérez A, Martín-de-Hijas NZ, Esteban J, Fernández-Natal MI, García-Cía JI, Fernández-Roblas R. High frequency of macrolide resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Corynebacterium species. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:273-7. [PMID: 20624090 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Corynebacterium includes a high number of species that are usually isolated from human skin as saprophytes. However, these microorganisms have also been reported as infectious agents in a broad group of patients and have showed broad-spectrum resistance. We studied the susceptibility profiles against macrolides, clindamycin, and streptogramins of 254 clinical strains belonging to the species Corynebacterium urealyticum (120), Corynebacterium amycolatum (66), Corynebacterium jeikeium (17), Corynebacterium striatum (20), Corynebacterium coyleae (12), Corynebacterium aurimucosum (11), and Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. afermentans (8). The MLS(B) phenotype was detected in 186 strains and was associated with the presence of methylase enzymes codified by the erm(X) gene in 171 strains. The erm(B) gene was only detected in two C. urealyticum strains. Fourteen strains showed macrolide resistance, but they did not carry erm genes. mef genes were not detected despite eight C. amycolatum strains showed the M phenotype. Also, the presence of hydrolytic enzymes codified by ere(B) was evaluated, but all results were negative. Resistance to macrolide in Corynebacterium sp. is mainly due to the presence of erm(X) methylase, although other resistance mechanisms could be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Pinheiro S, Radhouani H, Coelho C, Gonçalves A, Carvalho E, Carvalho JA, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Prevalence and mechanisms of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae from healthy pregnant women. Microb Drug Resist 2009; 15:121-4. [PMID: 19432524 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the resistance phenotypes for erythromycin and clindamycin and the mechanisms implicated in 93 Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from healthy pregnant women. Susceptibility testing for erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, choramphenicol, ofloxacin, and meropenen was carried out by disc-diffusion test, and the E-test was also applied for erythromycin and clindamycin. The constitutive MLS(B) resistance (cMLS(B)) and inducible MLS(B) resistance (iMLS(B)) phenotypes, respectively, as well as the M resistance phenotype were determined by the erythromycin-clindamycin double-disc test. The presence of ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, and mef(A/E) macrolide resistance genes was studied by PCR. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was found in 15% and 9.6% of the isolates, respectively. The resistance phenotypes detected among the 14 erythromycin-resistant isolates were as follows (number of isolates): cMLS(B) (9), iMLS(B) (3), and M (2). The MICs for erythromycin and clindamycin were as follows: cMLS(B) isolates (128-256 and >or=32 mg/L, respectively), iMLS(B) isolates (16-256 and 1 mg/L), and M isolates (2-8 and 1 mg/L). The following combination of genes were detected among isolates with cMLS(B) or iMLS(B) phenotypes: erm(B) (6 isolates), ermA + ermTR (3), ermA + ermB + ermTR (1), and none of these genes (2). The two isolates with M phenotype harbored the mef(A/E), and msrA gene was also found in one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinheiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Graham JP, Evans SL, Price LB, Silbergeld EK. Fate of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci and resistance determinants in stored poultry litter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:682-689. [PMID: 19541298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in commercial broiler poultry production results in the presence of drug-resistant bacteria shed in the excreta of these birds. Because these wastes are largely land-disposed these pathogens can affect the surrounding environment and population. In this analysis, we characterized the survival of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci and resistance genes in poultry litter. Temperature, moisture, and pH were measured in the litter over a 120-day period from storage sheds at three conventional US broiler chicken farms, as well as colony-forming units of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Selected isolates from each sampling event were tested for resistance to eight antimicrobials used in poultry feeds as well as the presence of resistance genes and mobile genetic elements. Temperatures greater than 60 degrees C were only intermittently observed in the core of the litter piles. Both antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, as well as resistance genes persisted throughout the 120-day study period. Resistance genes identified in the study include: erm(A), erm(B), erm (C), msr(A/B), msr(C), and vat(E). This study indicates that typical storage practices of poultry litter are insufficient for eliminating drug-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, which may then be released into the environment through land disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Graham
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Graham JP, Price LB, Evans SL, Graczyk TK, Silbergeld EK. Antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:2701-10. [PMID: 19157515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Use of antibiotics as feed additives in poultry production has been linked to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in farm workers, consumer poultry products and the environs of confined poultry operations. There are concerns that these resistant bacteria may be transferred to communities near these operations; however, environmental pathways of exposure are not well documented. We assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistant enterococci and staphylococci in stored poultry litter and flies collected near broiler chicken houses. Drug resistant enterococci and staphylococci were isolated from flies caught near confined poultry feeding operations in the summer of 2006. Susceptibility testing was conducted on isolates using antibiotics selected on the basis of their importance to human medicine and use in poultry production. Resistant isolates were then screened for genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance. A total of 142 enterococcal isolates and 144 staphylococcal isolates from both fly and poultry litter samples were identified. Resistance genes erm(B), erm(A), msr(C), msr(A/B) and mobile genetic elements associated with the conjugative transposon Tn916, were found in isolates recovered from both poultry litter and flies. Erm(B) was the most common resistance gene in enterococci, while erm(A) was the most common in staphylococci. We report that flies collected near broiler poultry operations may be involved in the spread of drug resistant bacteria from these operations and may increase the potential for human exposure to drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Graham
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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In vitro activity of telithromycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin against methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci with defined resistance genotypes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 52:593-9. [PMID: 18450221 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We determined the activities of new antibiotics telithromycin (ketolide) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (streptogramins) against 88 macrolide and/or lincosamide resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates with defined resistance gene status. Telithromycin susceptibility was determined only in erythromycin-sensitive isolates (15) indicating the same mechanisms of resistance. In contrast, all erythromycin-resistant isolates (73) were either constitutively resistant to telithromycin (13 isolates with constitutive erm genes) or demonstrated telithromycin D-shaped zone (60 isolates with inducible msr(A) and/or erm). However, the level of inducible resistance conferred by msr(A) (35 isolates) was borderline even after induction by erythromycin. No quinupristin/dalfopristin resistant isolate was observed if tested by disk-diffusion method (DDM) but 18 isolates were intermediate (MIC = 1-3 mg/L) and two isolates resistant (MIC = 8 mg/L) if tested by E-test. All these isolates were resistant to streptogramin A and harbored vga(A) gene (1 isolate) or vga(A)LC gene (19 isolates). MICs for quinupristin/dalfopristin were higher for isolates with combination of streptogramin A resistance and constitutive MLSB resistance (MIC = 3-8 mg/L in 4 isolates) than for streptogramin A-resistant isolates susceptible to streptogramin B (MIC = 0.5-2 mg/L in 16 isolates). In addition to S. haemolyticus, vga(A)LC was newly identified in S. epidermidis and S. warnerii indicating its widespread occurrence in CoNS. Misidentification of low-level resistant isolates by DDM may contribute to dissemination of streptogramin A resistance.
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Laplana LM, Cepero MAPG, Ruiz J, Zolezzi PC, Calvo MACR, Erazo MC, Gómez-Lus R. Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type determination and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:505-13. [PMID: 17869068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI macrorestriction fragments of genomic DNA as well as staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing for mecA-carrying isolates were used to study the distribution of clonal types among 177 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates recovered in a Spanish hospital between 2000 and 2003. Five major clonal types (P1 to P5) were identified by PFGE, with one of them (P1) comprising the majority of strains (47.5%). According to SCCmec typing, SCCmec type IVA was the most prevalent type, showing increasing prevalence in the hospital setting with respect to other pandemic clones. One SCCmec pattern was detected in different PFGE types, which demonstrates that the latter is a major discriminative typing method. Three novel SCCmec elements or variants were found, each in a different PFGE type. Oxacillin (methicillin)-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus (MRSA and MSSA, respectively) strains were detected showing identical PFGE patterns, suggesting horizontal transfer of mecA to MSSA and/or mecA deletion from MRSA. Persistence of several S. aureus clones throughout the years within the same hospital environment was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Millán Laplana
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Schmitt-van de Leemput E, Zadoks R. Genotypic and Phenotypic Detection of Macrolide and Lincosamide Resistance in Streptococcus uberis. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5089-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jackson CR, Boylan J, Frye JG, Gherardini FC. Evidence of a conjugal erythromycin resistance element in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:496-504. [PMID: 17905571 PMCID: PMC2175076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 that exhibit an unusual macrolide-lincosamide (ML) or macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin A (MLS(A)) antibiotic resistance pattern. Low-passage isolates were resistant to high levels (>100 microg/mL) of erythromycin, spiramycin and the lincosamides but were sensitive to dalfopristin, an analogue of streptogramin B. Interestingly, the high-passage erythromycin-resistant strain B31 was resistant to quinupristin, an analogue of streptogramin A (25 microg/mL). Biochemical analysis revealed that resistance was not due to antibiotic inactivation or energy-dependent efflux but was instead due to modification of ribosomes in these isolates. Interestingly, we were able to demonstrate high-frequency transfer of the resistance phenotype via conjugation from B. burgdorferi to Bacillus subtilis (10(-2)-10(-4)) or Enterococcus faecalis (10(-5)). An intergeneric conjugal system in B. burgdorferi suggests that horizontal gene transfer may play a role in its evolution and is a potential tool for developing new genetic systems to study the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene R. Jackson
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, ARS, SAA, USDA, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julie Boylan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, ARS, SAA, USDA, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frank C. Gherardini
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 406 363 9474; fax: +1 406 363 9478. E-mail address: (F.C. Gherardini)
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39
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Abstract
The macrolides have evolved through four chemical generations since erythromycin became available for clinical use in 1952. The first generation, the 14-membered ring macrolide erythromycin, induced resistance and was replaced by the second generation 16-membered ring macrolides which did not. The inability to induce came at the price of mutation, in the pathogenic target strain, to constitutive expression of resistance. A third generation of macrolides improved the acid-stability, and therefore the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin, extending the clinical use of macrolides to Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Improved pharmacokinetics resulted in the selection of intrinsically resistant mutant strains with rRNA structural alterations. Expression of resistance in these strains was unexpected, explainable by low rRNA gene copy number which made resistance dominant. A fourth generation of macrolides, the 14-membered ring ketolides are the most recent development. Members of this generation are reported to be effective against inducibly resistant strains, and ketolide resistant strains have not yet been reported. In this review we discuss details of the ways in which bacteria have become resistant to the first three generations of macrolides, both with respect to their biochemistry, and the genetic mechanisms by which their expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weisblum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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40
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry--exodus or revival? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:5072-129. [PMID: 16881035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To create a drug, nature's blueprints often have to be improved through semisynthesis or total synthesis (chemical postevolution). Selected contributions from industrial and academic groups highlight the arduous but rewarding path from natural products to drugs. Principle modification types for natural products are discussed herein, such as decoration, substitution, and degradation. The biological, chemical, and socioeconomic environments of antibacterial research are dealt with in context. Natural products, many from soil organisms, have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed anti-infectives. Surprisingly, numerous "old" classes of antibacterial natural products have never been intensively explored by medicinal chemists. Nevertheless, research on antibacterial natural products is flagging. Apparently, the "old fashioned" natural products no longer fit into modern drug discovery. The handling of natural products is cumbersome, requiring nonstandardized workflows and extended timelines. Revisiting natural products with modern chemistry and target-finding tools from biology (reversed genomics) is one option for their revival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Medicinal Chemistry Europe, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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41
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Lüthje P, Schwarz S. Molecular basis of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among staphylococci and streptococci from various animal sources collected in the resistance monitoring program BfT-GermVet. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:528-35. [PMID: 17307339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, erythromycin- and/or clindamycin-resistant isolates among 248 coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci and 500 streptococci, collected all over Germany during 2004-2006 in the resistance monitoring program BfT-GermVet, were investigated for their genetic basis of macrolide and/or lincosamide resistance. Staphylococci were sampled from various disease conditions of dogs/cats or pigs, whereas streptococci were from dogs/cats, pigs or horses. Resistant staphylococci were further identified biochemically to species and subspecies level and tested for the resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(TR), msr(A), msr(D), mef(A), mph(C), lnu(A), lnu(B) and lnu(C). The methylase genes erm(A), erm(B) and erm(C) were detected in staphylococci, alone or in different combinations. The erm(B) gene was the predominant gene in Staphylococcus intermedius and streptococci. The efflux gene msr(A) and the genes mph(C) and lnu(A) coding for inactivating enzymes were detected in single staphylococcal isolates. The efflux genes mef(A) and msr(D) were detected in three streptococci, in one of them together with the erm(B) gene. The lnu(B) gene was detected in seven porcine streptococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility to clindamycin. These data confirm that high-level resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin in staphylococci and streptococci was mainly due to rRNA methylases. The lnu(B) gene was detected for the first time in streptococci of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lüthje
- Institut für Tierzucht, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL), Höltystr. 10, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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42
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Petrikkos G, Vallianou N, Evangelopoulos A, Gourni M, Bagatzouni D, Syriopoulou V, Daikos GL. Prevalence of macrolide resistance genes among staphylococci in Cyprus. J Chemother 2007; 18:480-4. [PMID: 17127223 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.5.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to evaluate the frequency of macrolide-resistant staphylococci in Cyprus and to examine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution method and the macrolide resistance determinants were detected by PCR. The relatedness among the isolates was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Ninety-six (67.61%) of the 142 Staphylococcus aureus and 19 (59.4%) of the 32 coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to erythromycin. Among the 115 erythromycin-resistant staphylococci, 70 expressed the MLSB-inducible phenotype, 38 the MLSB-constitutive, and 7 the MS. The predominant genes associated with macrolide resistance were the ermA for S. aureus and the ermC for coagulase-negative staphylococci, detected in 90.62% and 47.37% of the isolates respectively. Dissemination of one clone carrying the ermA gene accounted for macrolide resistance in the majority of S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Petrikkos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Athens University, Athens, Greece
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43
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Zolezzi PC, Cepero PG, Ruiz J, Laplana LM, Calvo CR, Gómez-Lus R. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide and tetracycline resistances in commensal Gemella sp. isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1487-90. [PMID: 17283201 PMCID: PMC1855484 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01374-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiologic relatedness of 29 erythromycin-resistant Gemella sp. strains from normal flora, characterized previously, were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Three isolates carried the tet(O) gene and the tet(M) gene. The msr(A) gene was found in two Gemella morbillorum strains in combination with the erm(B) or mef(E) gene. The sequences of the mef(A/E), erm(B), and msr(A) genes showed a high similarity to the corresponding sequences of other gram-positive cocci. All the strains harboring the mef(A/E) gene and the msr(D) gene possessed open reading frame 3 (ORF3)/ORF6. The 16 G. morbillorum isolates represented 15 distinct DNA profiles. Four clusters were identified (>or=80% genetic relatedness). The 12 Gemella haemolysans strains belonged to different PFGE types. The clonal diversity found suggests that horizontal transfer may be the main route through which erythromycin resistance is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cerdá Zolezzi
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, and Centro de Salud Internacional, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Weigel LM, Donlan RM, Shin DH, Jensen B, Clark NC, McDougal LK, Zhu W, Musser KA, Thompson J, Kohlerschmidt D, Dumas N, Limberger RJ, Patel JB. High-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a polymicrobial biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:231-8. [PMID: 17074796 PMCID: PMC1797660 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00576-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptides such as vancomycin are the treatment of choice for infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study describes the identification of high-level vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates in a polymicrobial biofilm within an indwelling nephrostomy tube in a patient in New York. S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Micrococcus species, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the biofilm. For VRSA isolates, vancomycin MICs ranged from 32 to >128 microg/ml. VRSA isolates were also resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillin, and tetracycline but remained susceptible to chloramphenicol, linezolid, rifampin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The vanA gene was localized to a plasmid of approximately 100 kb in VRSA and E. faecium isolates from the biofilm. Plasmid analysis revealed that the VRSA isolate acquired the 100-kb E. faecium plasmid, which was then maintained without integration into the MRSA plasmid. The tetracycline resistance genes tet(U) and tet(S), not previously detected in S. aureus isolates, were identified in the VRSA isolates. Additional resistance elements in the VRSA isolate included a multiresistance gene cluster, ermB-aadE-sat4-aphA-3, msrA (macrolide efflux), and the bifunctional aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-aph(2")-Ia. Multiple combinations of resistance genes among the various isolates of staphylococci and enterococci, including vanA, tet(S), and tet(U), illustrate the dynamic nature of gene acquisition and loss within and between bacterial species throughout the course of infection. The potential for interspecies transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes, including resistance to vancomycin, may be enhanced by the microenvironment of a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Weigel
- NCID/DHQP/ELB MS:G-08, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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45
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O'Sullivan MVN, Cai Y, Kong F, Zeng X, Gilbert GL. Influence of disk separation distance on accuracy of the disk approximation test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4072-6. [PMID: 17005747 PMCID: PMC1698332 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01632-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook this study to assess the accuracy of the clindamycin-erythromycin disk approximation test (D-test) for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. One hundred sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus and 68 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) spp. which were erythromycin nonsusceptible but clindamycin susceptible were tested using the D-test performed at both 15-mm and 22-mm disk separations and compared with genotyping as the "gold standard." The rate of inducible clindamycin resistance was 96.3% for S. aureus and 33.8% for CoNS spp. The sensitivities of the D-tests performed at 15 mm and 22 mm were 100% and 87.7%, respectively, and specificities were 100% for both. The use of 22-mm disk separation for the D-test to detect inducible clindamycin resistance results in an unacceptably high very major error rate (12.3%). All isolates with false-negative results harbored the ermA gene, and the majority were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. False-negative results were associated with smaller clindamycin zone sizes and double-edged zones. We recommend using a disk separation distance of </=15 mm. There is wide geographic variation in the rates of inducible clindamycin resistance, and each laboratory should determine the local rate before deciding whether to either perform the D-test routinely or else report that all erythromycin-resistant S. aureus isolates are also clindamycin resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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46
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Saribas Z, Tunckanat F, Pinar A. Prevalence of erm genes encoding macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a Turkish university hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:797-9. [PMID: 16842577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of the erm(A), erm(B) and erm(C) genes among 122 MLS-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from a Turkish university hospital. Of these isolates, 44 were inducibly resistant and 78 were constitutively resistant. The presence of one or more erm genes was demonstrated in 114 isolates; the erm(C) gene was detected in 97 isolates, and the erm(A) gene was detected in 96 isolates. Seventy-eight isolates harboured both erm(A) and erm(C). The combination of erm(A), erm(B) and erm(C) genes was detected in only one isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saribas
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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47
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibakterielle Naturstoffe in der medizinischen Chemie – Exodus oder Renaissance? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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48
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Loch IM, Glenn K, Zadoks RN. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes of environmental streptococci from bovine milk. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:133-8. [PMID: 16207514 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental streptococcus isolates from bovine milk were identified to the species and strain level and screened for resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Isolates were tested for resistance to erythromycin and pirlimycin by broth microdilution assays. Presence of ribosomal methylase genes (ermA, ermB, ermC) and efflux pump genes (mefA/E, msrA/C) was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Resistance to pirlimycin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 8microg/ml) was detected in 6 of 13 Enterococcus isolates that were identified as E. faecium by API20Strep typing. msrC was detected in 10 enterococcal isolates but the detection of msrC was not associated with phenotypic resistance. msrC negative isolates were reclassified as Enterococcus mundtii based on sequencing of housekeeping genes. Resistance to erythromycin and pirlimycin (MIC > 16microg/ml) was detected in 4 of 4 Streptococcus dysgalactiae and 12 of 20 Streptococcus uberis isolates and was encoded by ermB. All Streptococcus isolates tested negative for ermA, ermC, mefA/E and msrA/C. Among ermB positive streptococci, three alleles were identified based on a 527 bp gene fragment. Each allele was detected in at least two herds. The same alleles have also been detected in other bacterial species from bovine and non-bovine hosts and farm soil, suggesting a theoretical potential for horizontal transfer of macrolide resistance genes on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Loch
- Quality Milk Production Services and Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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49
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Abstract
Several 14- and 16-membered-ring macrolide antibiotics have acquired important roles in the modern production of food animals. Macrolide antibiotics exhibit many similar antimicrobial properties whether used in veterinary or human medicine. In addition to their direct inhibitory action on micro-organisms, macrolides exert a variety of subinhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) effects that are being increasingly recognised as important factors in the explanation of therapeutic results. Macrolides achieve wide tissue distribution and high intracellular concentrations that contribute prominently to their efficacy. Another important factor governing efficacy is the complex interaction between macrolides, micro-organisms, and phagocytes that may enable the host defence system to enhance the antibiotic's inhibitory action. A potential role for macrolides in modulating inflammatory processes has also been recognised. In both sub-MIC effects and interactions with the host immune system, different macrolides exert different responses that may reinforce or oppose each other. This complexity of responses requires additional studies in appropriate disease states and animal species in order to elucidate a more comprehensive understanding and explanation of in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Kirst
- Research Elanco Animal Health, P.O Box 709, 2001 West Main, Greenfield, Indiana 46104, USA
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50
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Steward CD, Raney PM, Morrell AK, Williams PP, McDougal LK, Jevitt L, McGowan JE, Tenover FC. Testing for induction of clindamycin resistance in erythromycin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1716-21. [PMID: 15814990 PMCID: PMC1081368 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1716-1721.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disk diffusion and broth microdilution (BMD) were used to perform clindamycin (CLI) induction testing on 128 selected nonduplicate isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Disk diffusion testing involved placing CLI and erythromycin (ERY) disks approximately 12 mm apart (measured edge to edge) on a Mueller-Hinton agar plate that had been inoculated with an S. aureus isolate; the plate was then incubated for 16 to 18 h. Two distinct induction phenotypes (labeled D and D(+)) and four noninduction phenotypes (designated as negative [Neg], hazy D zone [HD], resistant [R], and susceptible [S]) were observed in disk diffusion results. A clear, D-shaped zone of inhibition around the CLI disk was designated as the D phenotype and was observed for 21 isolates while a D-shaped zone containing inner colonies growing up to the CLI disk was designated as D(+) (17 isolates). In addition, 10 isolates were CLI susceptible and ERY resistant but were not inducible and showed no blunting of the CLI zone (Neg phenotype). Isolates that were CLI and ERY resistant (constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance) demonstrated either a double zone of inhibition with an inner ring of reduced growth up to the edge of the disks (HD phenotype; 33 isolates) or solid growth around the CLI and ERY disks (R phenotype; 16 isolates). Finally, 31 isolates were susceptible by disk testing to both CLI and ERY (S phenotype). PCR results showed that isolates with a D phenotype harbored ermA, isolates with a D(+) phenotype contained either ermC (16 isolates) or ermA and ermC (one isolate), and all 10 isolates with a Neg phenotype contained msrA. All isolates with an HD or R phenotype harbored at least one erm gene. Isolates showing the D(+) phenotype by disk diffusion were also detected by BMD using a variety of CLI and ERY concentrations; however, isolates with the D phenotype were more difficult to detect by BMD and will likely require optimization of ERY and CLI concentrations in multilaboratory studies to ensure adequate sensitivity. Thus, at present, disk diffusion is the preferred method for testing S. aureus isolates for inducible CLI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Steward
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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