1
|
Gong J, Iduu NV, Zhang D, Chenoweth K, Wei L, Yang Y, Dou X, Wang C. Dual-Emission Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) PCR Discriminates Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1815. [PMID: 39338489 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) and Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) are two biovars of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, responsible for pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, which are the most prevalent and pathogenic forms of salmonellosis in poultry in developing countries. Traditional differentiation methods for S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum are based on distinct clinical manifestations and biochemical traits, given their indistinguishable nature via serological assays alone. Molecular differentiation methods such as allele-specific PCR and dual PCR combined with gel electrophoresis or enzyme digestion have also been used to discriminate S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, but the detection efficiency is not high. This investigation introduces a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) PCR assay targeting the pegB gene, exclusively found in specific Salmonella serovars such as S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, and exhibiting conserved single-nucleotide polymorphisms across these two biovars. High-resolution melting curve analysis demonstrates distinct dissolution profiles, facilitating the precise discrimination of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. This FRET-PCR assay exhibits a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction and has been rigorously validated utilizing 17 reference strains and 39 clinical isolates. The innovation presented herein provides a valuable tool for the rapid differentiation of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, thereby enhancing diagnostic efficiency and molecular surveillance of poultry Salmonella. The developed pegB-targeting FRET-PCR assay presents a promising alternative to current cumbersome and time-consuming diagnostic modalities, offering significant potential for expedited identification and control of Salmonella in poultry and mitigating economic losses associated with Salmonella contamination in poultry production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Gong
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
| | - Nneka Vivian Iduu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
| | - Kelly Chenoweth
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Lanjing Wei
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinhong Dou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lozano-Villegas KJ, Rondón-Barragán IS. Virulence and Antimicrobial-Resistant Gene Profiles of Salmonella spp. Isolates from Chicken Carcasses Markets in Ibague City, Colombia. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:4674138. [PMID: 39220438 PMCID: PMC11364481 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4674138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial infections, with major impacts on public health and healthcare system. Salmonella is commonly transmitted via the fecal-to-oral route, and food contaminated with the bacteria (e.g., poultry products) is considered a common source of infection, being a potential risk for public health. The study aims to characterize the antimicrobial resistance- and virulence-associated genes in Salmonella isolates recovered from chicken marketed carcasses (n = 20). The presence of 14 antimicrobial and 23 virulence genes was evaluated using end-point PCR. The antimicrobial genes were detected in the following proportion among the isolates: bla TEM 100%, dfrA1 and bla CMY2 90% (n = 18), aadA1 75% (n = 15), sul1 and sul2 50% (n = 10), floR 45% (n = 9), qnrD 20% (n = 4), and aadA2 15% (n = 3). catA, sul3, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib genes were absent in all isolates. Regarding virulence-associated genes, all Salmonella strains contain invA, fimA, avrA, msgA, sopB, and sopE. The cdtB gene was present in 95% (n = 19) of isolates, whereas spvC and spvB were present in 55% (n = 11). Other virulence genes such as spiC, lpfC, lpfA, and csgA were present in 90% (n = 18) of strains. The presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes in several Salmonella strains in chicken meat suggests the potential pathogenicity of the strains, which is relevant given the possibility of cross-contamination which represents a significant threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Johanna Lozano-Villegas
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research GroupFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnicsUniversity of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Tolima, Colombia
- Poultry Research GroupLaboratory of Immunology and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnicsUniversidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué 730006299, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research GroupFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnicsUniversity of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Tolima, Colombia
- Poultry Research GroupLaboratory of Immunology and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and ZootechnicsUniversidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué 730006299, Tolima, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim M, Barnett-Neefs C, Chavez RA, Kealey E, Wiedmann M, Stasiewicz MJ. Risk Assessment Predicts Most of the Salmonellosis Risk in Raw Chicken Parts is Concentrated in Those Few Products with High Levels of High-Virulence Serotypes of Salmonella. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100304. [PMID: 38777091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella prevalence declined in U.S. raw poultry products since adopting prevalence-based Salmonella performance standards, but human illnesses did not reduce proportionally. We used Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to evaluate public health risks of raw chicken parts contaminated with different levels of all Salmonella and specific high- and low-virulence serotypes. Lognormal Salmonella level distributions were fitted to 2012 USDA-FSIS Baseline parts survey and 2023 USDA-FSIS HACCP verification sampling data. Three different Dose-Response (DR) approaches included (i) a single DR for all serotypes, (ii) DR that reduces Salmonella Kentucky ST152 virulence, and (iii) multiple serotype-specific DR models. All scenarios found risk concentrated in the few products with high Salmonella levels. Using a single DR model with Baseline data (μ = -3.19, σ = 1.29 Log CFU/g), 68% and 37% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.7% and 0.06% of products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Using distributions from 2023 HACCP data (μ = -5.53, σ = 2.45), 99.8% and 99.0% of illnesses were attributed to the 1.3% and 0.4% of products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Scenarios with serotype-specific DR models showed more concentrated risk at higher levels. Baseline data showed 92% and 67% and HACCP data showed >99.99% and 99.96% of illnesses attributed to products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Regarding serotypes using Baseline or HACCP input data, 0.002% and 0.1% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.2% and 0.4% of products with >1 CFU/g of Kentucky ST152, respectively, while 69% and 83% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.3% and 0.6% of products with >1 CFU/g of Enteritidis, Infantis, or Typhimurium, respectively. Therefore, public health risk in chicken parts is concentrated in finished products with high levels and specifically high levels of high-virulence serotypes. Low-virulence serotypes like Kentucky contribute few human cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minho Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Cecil Barnett-Neefs
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruben A Chavez
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erin Kealey
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Dept. of Food Science, Cornell University, 341 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alves VV, Arantes LCRV, Lages da Silva DH, Oliveira ES, Figueiredo de Souza J, Teixeira da Silva M, Dias Araújo M, Carvalho RDDO, Reis Cunha JL, Camargos Lara LJ, Ecco R, da Silva Martins NR, Barrow PA, de Freitas Neto OC. Effects of in ovo injection of bacterial peptides and CpG-ODN on Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:182-193. [PMID: 38240226 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2307567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Peptides + CpG-ODN reduced SH in caeca at the first week post-infection.Administered formulations did not reduce SH-faecal excretion.Levels of intestinal IgA were similar between all groups.CpG-ODN improved some parameters associated with chick intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Dayse Helena Lages da Silva
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Santos Oliveira
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julia Figueiredo de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mailson Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dias Araújo
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo José Camargos Lara
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vaz CSL, da Fonseca FN, Voss-Rech D, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Cantão ME. Wild-type lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella Heidelberg: Further characterization and effect of prophylactic therapy in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105247. [PMID: 38554611 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
To characterize wild-type bacteriophages and their effect on Salmonella Heidelberg intestinal colonization in broilers, phages combined in a cocktail were continuously delivered via drinking water since the first day after hatching. After challenge with a field strain, broilers were evaluated at regular intervals for S. Heidelberg and bacteriophages in tissues and cecum, and gross and microscopic lesions in organs. Phages were highly virulent against S. Heidelberg by efficiency of plating. One-step growth curves exhibited eclipse period from 20 to 25 min, whereas the lowest latent period and higher burst size found were 45 min and 54 PFU/cell, respectively. Bacteriophage whole genomic sequencing analyses revealed a lack of genes related to lysogeny, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors. Relevant gross or microscopic lesions were absent in tissues analyzed from treated broilers. Although numerically stable bacteriophage concentrations were detected in the cecal contents of treated broilers, no significant difference was found for the S. Heidelberg cecal load in comparison to the untreated group and for the prevalence of positive tissues throughout the evaluated period. The phages produced turbid plaques against some S. Heidelberg re-isolated from treated broilers, suggesting the evolving of a resistant subpopulation. Overall, the results provide new evidence of the safety and in vitro replication of such phages in S. Heidelberg. Nevertheless, continuous administration of the phage suspension most likely induced the development of bacteriophage-resistant mutants, which might have affected the in vivo effect. Therefore, a putative administration protocol should be based on other strategies, such as short-term therapy at pre-harvest age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daiane Voss-Rech
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, PO box 321, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, PO box 321, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715899, Brazil
| | - Maurício Egídio Cantão
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, PO box 321, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715899, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin A, Singh A, Allred A, Allard M, Waltman D, Imanian B, Ng JHJ, Sanahmadi Y, Khaksar R. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Assay for Direct Detection and Serotyping of Salmonella from Enrichment. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100256. [PMID: 38428461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an automated, targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) assay to detect and serotype Salmonella from sample enrichments was evaluated. The assay generates millions of reads to detect multiple Salmonella-specific genes and serotype-specific alleles, detecting all Salmonella spp. tested to date, and serotyping 62 common Salmonella serotypes. Accuracy was tested on 291 pure reference cultures (251 Salmonella, 40 non-Salmonella), 21 artificially contaminated poultry carcass rinse samples, and 363 naturally contaminated poultry environmental samples. Among the 291 pure reference cultures, the automated tNGS assay resulted in 100% detection accuracy, 100% serotyping accuracy for the claimed serotypes, and 0% false positives. The limit of detection was estimated at 5 × 104 CFU/mL by testing enumerated cultures of strains representative of six serotypes. In cocontamination studies with mixtures of two serotypes (Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Kentucky, Infantis, and Newport) at a 1:1 ratio, tNGS detected both serotypes with 100% accuracy. The assay demonstrated 100% accuracy in artificially contaminated poultry carcass rinse sample enrichments. Targeted NGS was highly effective in detecting Salmonella in samples collected from poultry production facilities. Results demonstrated that tNGS could detect Salmonella and provide accurate serotyping information consistent with conventional serology. These findings highlight the reliable and efficient performance of a fully automated tNGS Salmonella assay in detecting and identifying Salmonella strains in complex matrices, reducing the time to results from 4 to 5 days required by the traditional isolation and serotyping to 10-12 h for tNGS after primary enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lin
- Clear Labs, Inc, 1559 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Atul Singh
- Clear Labs, Inc, 1559 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Adam Allred
- Clear Labs, Inc, 1559 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Marc Allard
- Food and Drug Administration, CFSAN, 5001 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Doug Waltman
- Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, 3235 Abit Massey Way, Gainesville, GA 30507, USA
| | - Behzad Imanian
- Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35th St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Justin H J Ng
- Clear Labs, Inc, 1559 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | | | - Ramin Khaksar
- Clear Labs, Inc, 1559 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Richards AK, Siceloff AT, Simmons M, Tillman GE, Shariat NW. Poultry Processing Interventions Reduce Salmonella Serovar Complexity on Postchill Young Chicken Carcasses as Determined by Deep Serotyping. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100208. [PMID: 38142825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 20% of salmonellosis cases are attributed to broilers, with renewed efforts to reduce Salmonella during broiler production and processing. A limitation to Salmonella culture is that often a single colony is picked for characterization, favoring isolation of the most abundant serovar found in a sample, while low abundance serovars can remain undetected. We used a deep serotyping approach, CRISPR-SeroSeq (serotyping by sequencing the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats), to assess Salmonella serovar complexity during broiler processing and to determine the impact of antimicrobial interventions upon serovar population dynamics. Paired hot rehang and postchill young chicken carcasses were collected from establishments across the United States from August to November 2022. CRISPR-SeroSeq was performed on Salmonella culture-positive hot rehang (n = 153) and postchill (n = 38) samples, including 31 paired hot rehang and postchill samples. Multiple serovars were detected in 48.4% (74/153) and 7.9% (3/38) of hot rehang and postchill samples, respectively. On average, hot rehang carcasses contained 1.6 serovars, compared to 1.1 serovars at postchill (Mann Whitney U, p = 0.00018). Nineteen serovars were identified with serovar Kentucky the most common at hot rehang (72.5%; 111/153) and postchill (73.7%; 28/38). Serovar Infantis prevalence was higher at hot rehang (39.9%; 61/153) than in postchill (7.9%; 3/38). At hot rehang, serovar Enteritidis was outnumbered by other serovars 81.3% (13/16) of the time but was always the single or most abundant serovar detected when it was present at postchill (n = 5). We observed 98.4% (188/191) concordance between traditional isolation with serotyping and CRISPR-SeroSeq. Deep serotyping was able to explain serovar discrepancies between paired hot rehang and postchill samples when only traditional isolation and serotyping methods were used. These data demonstrate that processing interventions are effective in reducing Salmonella serovar complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber K Richards
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy T Siceloff
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mustafa Simmons
- Eastern Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Glenn E Tillman
- Eastern Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kroft B, Leone C, Wang J, Kataria J, Sidhu G, Vaddu S, Bhumanapalli S, Berry J, Thippareddi H, Singh M. Influence of peroxyacetic acid concentration, temperature, pH, and treatment time on antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella on chicken wings. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103310. [PMID: 38103529 PMCID: PMC10765106 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is commonly used during poultry processing to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and parts. Wash solutions containing PAA are used at varying concentrations during processing and processors use internally validated practices that best suit the needs of the individual establishment. This study was conducted to determine how temperature, pH, and contact time in combination with PAA concentration can affect the survival of Salmonella on poultry. The effectiveness of PAA in reducing the population of Salmonella on chicken wings was dependent on the concentration and temperature of the PAA solutions. The pH or contact time had no effects (P > 0.05) on total Salmonella or Salmonella Infantis reduction (log CFU/mL). Treatment with 0 ppm PAA at 27°C did not reduce (P > 0.05) total Salmonella or Salmonella Infantis compared to the inoculated, untreated control; in contrast, treatment at 4°C and 0 ppm PAA reduced (P < 0.05) total Salmonella and Salmonella Infantis. Treatments applied at 4°C significantly reduced (P < 0.05) total Salmonella at 50, 200, and 500 ppm PAA, compared to treatment at 27°C among the same PAA concentration. The population of Salmonella Infantis was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) at 4°C with 0, 50, 200, 500, and 1,000 ppm PAA among the same PAA concentration, compared to treatment at 27°C. Treatment conditions, such as temperature, can impact the effectiveness of PAA used as an antimicrobial treatment during poultry processing, and the results from this study can provide useful insights that could assist poultry processors to effectively incorporate PAA into antimicrobial intervention systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Kroft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cortney Leone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jasmine Kataria
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gaganpreet Sidhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sasikala Vaddu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Justin Berry
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pereira A, Sidjabat HE, Davis S, Vong da Silva PG, Alves A, Dos Santos C, Jong JBDC, da Conceição F, Felipe NDJ, Ximenes A, Nunes J, Fária IDR, Lopes I, Barnes TS, McKenzie J, Oakley T, Francis JR, Yan J, Ting S. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolates from Chickens in Live Bird Markets and Boot Swabs from Layer Farms in Timor-Leste. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:120. [PMID: 38391506 PMCID: PMC10885974 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, and high levels of resistance have been detected in chicken populations worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy chickens in Timor-Leste. Through a cross-sectional study, cloacal swabs and boot swabs were collected from 25 live bird markets and two layer farms respectively. E. coli and Salmonella spp. from these samples were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobials using a disk diffusion test, and a subset was tested for susceptibility to 27 antimicrobials using broth-based microdilution. E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates showed the highest resistance towards either tetracycline or ampicillin on the disk diffusion test. E. coli from layer farms (odds ratio:5.2; 95%CI 2.0-13.1) and broilers (odds ratio:18.1; 95%CI 5.3-61.2) were more likely to be multi-drug resistant than those from local chickens. Based on the broth-based microdilution test, resistance to antimicrobials in the Timor-Leste Antimicrobial Guidelines for humans were low, except for resistance to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella spp. (47.1%). Colistin resistance in E. coli was 6.6%. Although this study shows that antimicrobial resistance in chickens was generally low in Timor-Leste, there should be ongoing monitoring in commercial chickens as industry growth might be accompanied with increased antimicrobial use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrao Pereira
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Hanna E Sidjabat
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Steven Davis
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Paulo Gabriel Vong da Silva
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Amalia Alves
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Cristibela Dos Santos
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Joanita Bendita da Costa Jong
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Felisiano da Conceição
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Natalino de Jesus Felipe
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Augusta Ximenes
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Junilia Nunes
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Isménia do Rosário Fária
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | | | - Joanna McKenzie
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tessa Oakley
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Joshua R Francis
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Jennifer Yan
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Shawn Ting
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Dili, Timor-Leste
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gunathilake KMD, Makumi A, Loignon S, Tremblay D, Labrie S, Svitek N, Moineau S. Diversity of Salmonella enterica phages isolated from chicken farms in Kenya. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0272923. [PMID: 38078723 PMCID: PMC10783031 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02729-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica infections are one of the leading causes of diarrhoeal diseases that spread to humans from animal sources such as poultry. Hence, keeping poultry farms free of Salmonella is essential for consumer safety and for a better yield of animal products. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to over usage has sped up the search for alternative biocontrol methods such as the use of bacteriophages. Isolation and characterization of novel bacteriophages are key to adapt phage-based biocontrol applications. Here, we isolated and characterized Salmonella phages from samples collected at chicken farms and slaughterhouses in Kenya. The genomic characterization of these phage isolates revealed that they belong to four ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) phage genera. All these phages are lytic and possibly suitable for biocontrol applications because no lysogenic genes or virulence factors were found in their genomes. Hence, we recommend further studies on these phages for their applications in Salmonella biocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Damitha Gunathilake
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie, et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Makumi
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stéphanie Loignon
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie, et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise Tremblay
- Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec city, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas Svitek
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvain Moineau
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie, et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec city, Quebec, Canada
- Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec city, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ju Z, Cui L, Lei C, Song M, Chen X, Liao Z, Zhang T, Wang H. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolated from Breeder Poultry Farm Sources in China, 2020-2021. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1642. [PMID: 37998844 PMCID: PMC10669045 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a dangerous foodborne disease that causes enormous economic loss and threatens public health worldwide. The consumption of food, especially poultry or poultry products, contaminated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is the main cause of human salmonellosis. To date, no research has identified the molecular epidemiological characteristics of NTS strains isolated from breeder chicken farms in different provinces of China. In our study, we investigated the antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetic relationships, presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and plasmids of NTS isolates recovered from breeder chicken farms in five provinces of China between 2020 and 2021 by using a whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approach and phenotypic methods. All sequenced isolates belonged to six serovars with seven sequence types. Nearly half of the isolates (44.87%) showed phenotypic resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobials. Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky harbored more antimicrobial resistance genes than the others, which was highly consistent with phenotypic resistance. Furthermore, the carried rate of 104 out of 135 detected virulence genes was 100%. Overall, our WGS results highlight the need for the continuous monitoring of, and additional studies on, the antimicrobial resistance of NTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Ju
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lulu Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Changwei Lei
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mengze Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Xuan Chen
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ziwei Liao
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China; (Z.J.); (C.L.); (X.C.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sheng H, Suo J, Dai J, Wang S, Li M, Su L, Cao M, Cao Y, Chen J, Cui S, Yang B. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genomic analysis of Salmonella from retail meats in Shaanxi, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 403:110305. [PMID: 37421839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen that poses a substantial risk to food safety and public health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and genomic features of Salmonella isolates recovered from 600 retail meat samples (300 pork, 150 chicken and 150 beef) from August 2018 to October 2019 in Shaanxi, China. Overall, 40 (6.67 %) of 600 samples were positive to Salmonella, with the highest prevalence in chicken (21.33 %, 32/150), followed in pork (2.67 %, 8/300), while no Salmonella was detected in beef. A total of 10 serotypes and 11 sequence types (STs) were detected in 40 Salmonella isolates, with the most common being ST198 S. Kentucky (n = 15), ST13 S. Agona (n = 6), and ST17 S. Indiana (n = 5). Resistance was most commonly found to tetracycline (82.50 %), followed by to ampicillin (77.50 %), nalidixic acid (70.00 %), kanamycin (57.50 %), ceftriaxone (55.00 %), cefotaxime (52.50 %), cefoperazone (52.50 %), chloramphenicol (50.00 %), levofloxacin (57.50 %), cefotaxime (52.50 %), kanamycin (52.50 %), chloramphenicol (50.00 %), ciprofloxacin (50.00 %), and levofloxacin (50.00 %). All ST198 S. Kentucky isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR; ≥3 antimicrobial categories) pattern. Genomic analysis showed 56 distinct antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 6 target gene mutations of quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) in 40 Salmonella isolates, among which, the most prevalent ARG types were related to aminoglycosides and β-lactams resistance, and the most frequent mutation in QRDRs was GyrA (S83F) (47.5 %). The number of ARGs in Salmonella isolates showed a significant positive correlation with the numbers of insert sequences (ISs) and plasmid replicons. Taken together, our findings indicated retail chickens were seriously contaminated, while pork and beef are rarely contaminated by Salmonella. Antibiotic resistance determinants and genetic relationships of the isolates provide crucial data for food safety and public health safeguarding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanjing Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Suo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinghan Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Siyue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Li Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- Hebei Quality Inspection and Testing Center of Forest, Grass and Flower, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China.
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Rezende HC, de Lima M, Santos LD. Peracetic acid application as an antimicrobial and its residual (HEDP): a holistic approach on the technological characteristics of chicken meat. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103003. [PMID: 37634267 PMCID: PMC10475510 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant occurrence of food-borne diseases is due to Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination from chicken meat, and for this reason, strict regulations about strategies to improve the control of food pathogens are imposed by food safety authorities. Despite the efforts of poultry industry since the beginning of risk analysis and critical control point to reduce the burden of food-borne illness, technological barriers along the way are increasingly necessary to ensure safe food. The aim of this review was to carry out a scientific approach to the influence of peracetic acid (PAA) as an antimicrobial and its toxicological safety, in particular the stabilizer used in the formulation of PAA, 1-hydroxyethylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), suggesting the possibility of researching the residual HEDP in meat, which would allow the approval of the PAA by the health authorities of several countries that still restrict it. This review also aims to ascertain the effectiveness of PAA, in different cuts and carcasses, by different application methods, comparing the effectiveness of this antimicrobial with other antimicrobials, and its exclusive or combined use, for the decontamination of poultry carcasses and raw parts. The literature results support the popularity of PAA as an effective intervention against pathogenic bacteria during poultry processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marieli de Lima
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Líbia Diniz Santos
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gvaladze T, Lehnherr H, Große-Kleimann J, Hertwig S. A Bacteriophage Cocktail Reduces Five Relevant Salmonella Serotypes at Low Multiplicities of Infection and Low Temperatures. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2298. [PMID: 37764141 PMCID: PMC10535997 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are important pathogenic bacteria and, following Campylobacter, they are the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne infections worldwide. To reduce the presence of bacteria along the food chain, the application of bacteriophages (phages) may be a promising tool. In this study, the lytic properties of six phages against five relevant Salmonella serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Paratyphi B and S. Indiana) were analyzed. Three phages were able to lyse all five serotypes. We determined the lytic potential of each phage on indicator strains in vitro at room temperature (RT) and at 37 °C using low multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Most phages reduced their host more efficiently at RT than at 37 °C, even at the lowest MOI of 0.001. Following this, the lytic activity of a cocktail comprising five phages (MOI = 0.1) was examined with each of the five serotypes and a mix of them at RT, 15, 12, 10, 8 and 6 °C. All cultures of single serotypes as well as the mixture of strains were significantly reduced at temperatures as low as 8 °C. For single serotypes, reductions of up to 5 log10 units and up to 2.3 log10 units were determined after 6 h (RT) and 40 h (8 °C), respectively. The mixture of strains was reduced by 1.7 log10 units at 8 °C. The data clearly suggest that these phages are suitable candidates for biocontrol of various Salmonella serotypes under food manufacturing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Gvaladze
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | - Julia Große-Kleimann
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Willson NL, Chousalkar K. Dominant Salmonella Serovars in Australian Broiler Breeder Flocks and Hatcheries: a Longitudinal Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0062723. [PMID: 37466445 PMCID: PMC10467335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00627-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the dominance and prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp in Australian broiler breeder flocks and hatcheries. Twenty-two flocks (n = 3339 samples) were sampled over 6 time points beginning at placement until week 40. Hatcheries (n = 274 samples) were sampled following removal of chicks hatched from eggs originating from the 22 donor parent flocks. The percent of positive flocks (36%) and frequency of positive samples (15.6%) were highest during rearing at week 7. The frequency of positive samples decreased over the 40 weeks; however, the number of positive flocks remained relatively consistent. Geographical location had a greater influence on Salmonella detection frequency than company sample origin, despite differing management and vaccination protocols within and between companies. Twelve serovars were detected in total. The predominant serovars during rearing were Salmonella Mbandaka (32%), S. Saintpaul (27%), and S. Liverpool (18%). The predominant serovars detected during production were S. Cubana (27%), S. Saintpaul (24%), and S. Havana (13%). Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Ohio, and S. Hessarek were detected in the hatcheries. Of the serovars detected, only S. Typhimurium and S. Ohio were found in both broiler breeder flocks and hatcheries. However, detection did not correspond to the status of the flock eggs feeding into the hatchery. This study provides an up-to-date capture of the current Salmonella serovars circulating in the broiler breeder industry. Continued surveillance within the Australian Chicken Meat industry is imperative to mitigate and reduce the risk of salmonellosis in the community related to chicken meat. IMPORTANCE This study identified prevalent and dominant Salmonella enterica subsp in Australian Broiler Breeder flocks, as well as in hatcheries post chick hatch and removal, from eggs originating from these donor parent flocks. The captured Salmonella data was further compared to the most common Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers, as well as human salmonellosis notification data, which is useful for consideration of the circulating serovars within the chicken meat industry and their significance in public health. As there are multiple entry points for Salmonella during the entire chicken meat production chain that can lead to carcass contamination, it is important to distinguish serovars present between the different stages of vertical integration to implement and enable Salmonella control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N.-L. Willson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brenner T, Wang S. Heightened variability observed in resistance and virulence genes across salmonella Kentucky isolates from poultry environments in British Columbia, Canada. Food Microbiol 2023; 111:104192. [PMID: 36681391 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many niche-dependent barriers along the poultry production continuum favour the survival of certain Salmonella serovars over others. Historically, the presence of particular serovars has been determined by niche-specific genes which encode resistance to selective pressures such as host defenses and industrial antimicrobial practices. Over the past decade, Canada has witnessed unexplained shifts in the Salmonella landscape in the poultry sector. Several formerly minor Salmonella serovars, including S. Kentucky and S. Reading, have recently increased in prevalence in live chickens and turkeys, respectively, in British Columbia (BC). The purpose of this research was to investigate the genomic features of the top poultry-associated Salmonella spp. in BC, to probe for serovar-specific characteristics that could address the recently shifting balance of serovars along the poultry continuum. By examining the quantity and diversity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, virulence factors (VFs), Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs), and plasmids across 50 poultry-associated S. enterica isolates using whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance profiling, we have identified serovar-specific differences that likely influence niche survival. Specifically, isolates in our collection from predominantly human pathogenic serovars (S. I 4, [5], 12:i: , S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis) were found to share the IncFIB(S) and IncFII(S) plasmids which carry important VFs known to aid in human host infection. Additionally, these strains held the lowest number of AMR genes, and the highest number of unique SPIs which also facilitate virulence. However, other serovars containing a greater diversity and abundance of resistance genes have been increasing across the poultry sector. S. Kentucky was found to carry unique AMR genes, VFs, SPIs, and plasmids that could bolster persistence in farm and processing environments. Overall, S. Kentucky also had comparatively high levels of intra-serovar genetic variability when compared to other prominent serovars from our collection. In addition, one of our two S. Reading isolates had high carriage of both AMR genes and VFs relative to other isolates in our collection. As the poultry-associated Salmonella landscape continues to evolve in Canada, future studies should monitor the genetic composition of prominent serovars across poultry production to maintain up-to-date risk assessments of these foodborne pathogens to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brenner
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Obe T, Siceloff AT, Crowe MG, Scott HM, Shariat NW. Combined Quantification and Deep Serotyping for Salmonella Risk Profiling in Broiler Flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0203522. [PMID: 36920215 PMCID: PMC10132105 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02035-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a reduction of Salmonella contamination on final poultry products, the level of human salmonellosis cases attributed to poultry has remained unchanged over the last few years. There needs to be improved effort to target serovars which may survive antimicrobial interventions and cause illness, as well as to focus on lessening the amount of contamination entering the processing plant. Advances in molecular enumeration approaches allow for the rapid detection and quantification of Salmonella in pre- and postharvest samples, which can be combined with deep serotyping to properly assess the risk affiliated with a poultry flock. In this study, we collected a total of 160 boot sock samples from 20 broiler farms across four different integrators with different antibiotic management programs. Overall, Salmonella was found in 85% (68/80) of the houses, with each farm having at least one Salmonella-positive house. The average Salmonella quantity across all four complexes was 3.6 log10 CFU/sample. Eleven different serovars were identified through deep serotyping, including all three key performance indicators (KPIs; serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, and Typhimurium) defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). There were eight multidrug resistant isolates identified in this study, and seven which were serovar Infantis. We generated risk scores for each flock based on the presence or absence of KPIs, the relative abundance of each serovar as calculated with CRISPR-SeroSeq (serotyping by sequencing the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats), and the quantity of Salmonella organisms detected. The work presented here provides a framework to develop directed processing approaches and highlights the limitations of conventional Salmonella sampling and culturing methods. IMPORTANCE Nearly one in five foodborne Salmonella illnesses are derived from chicken, making it the largest single food category to cause salmonellosis and indicating a need for effective pathogen mitigation. Although industry has successfully reduced Salmonella incidence in poultry products, there has not been a concurrent reduction in human salmonellosis linked to chicken consumption. New efforts are focused on improved control at preharvest, which requires improved Salmonella surveillance. Here, we present a high-resolution surveillance approach that combines quantity and identity of Salmonella in broiler flocks prior to processing which will further support improved Salmonella controls in poultry. We developed a framework for this approach, indicating that it is possible and important to harness deep serotyping and molecular enumeration to inform on-farm management practices and to minimize risk of cross-contamination between flocks at processing. Additionally, this framework could be adapted to Salmonella surveillance in other food animal production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy T. Siceloff
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Megan G. Crowe
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hao G, Li P, Huang J, Cui K, Liang L, Lin F, Lu Z, Sun S. Research Note: Therapeutic effect of a Salmonella phage combination on chicks infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102715. [PMID: 37209652 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment failure is increasingly encountered for the emergence of pandrug-resistant isolates, including the prototypical broad-host-range Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium, which mainly transmitted to humans through poultry products. In this study we explored the therapeutic potential of a Salmonella phage composition containing a virulent phage and a nonproductive phage that does not produce progeny phage against chicks infected with a pandrug-resistant S. Typhimurium strain of avian origin. After approximately 107 CFU of S. Typhimurium strain ST149 were administrated to chicks by intraperitoneal injection, the phage combination (∼108 PFU) was gavaged at 8-h, 32-h, and 54-h postinfection. At d 10 postinfection, phage treatment completely protected chicks from Salmonella-induced death compared to 91.7% survival in the Salmonella challenge group. In addition, phage treatment also greatly reduced the bacterial load in various organs, with Salmonella colonization levels decreasing more significantly in spleen and bursa than in liver and cecal contents, possibly due to higher phage titers in these immune organs. However, phages could not alleviate the decreased body weight gain and the enlargement of spleen and bursa of infected chicks. Further examination of the bacterial flora in the cecal contents of chicks found that S. Typhimurium infection caused a remarkable decrease in abundance of Clostridia vadin BB60 group and Mollicutes RF39 (the dominant genus in chicks), making Lactobacillus the dominate genus. Although phage treatment partially restored the decline of Clostridia vadin BB60 group and Mollicutes RF39 and increased abundance of Lactobacillus caused by S. Typhimurium infection, Fournierella that may aggravate intestinal inflammation became the major genus, followed by increased Escherichia-Shigella as the second dominate bacterial genus. These results suggested that successive phage treatment modulated the structural composition and abundance of bacterial communities, but failed to normalize the intestinal microbiome disrupted by S. Typhimurium infection. Phages need to be combined with other means to control the spread of S. Typhimurium in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Hao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Peiyong Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ketong Cui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Penha Filho RAC, Ferreira JC, Galetti R, Kanashiro AMI, Berchieri A, da Costa Darini AL. The rise of multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates in healthy chickens in Brazil by successful establishment of plasmid IncHI2A carrying several antibiotic resistance genes. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:469-474. [PMID: 36607526 PMCID: PMC9944584 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is an important global issue in food-producing animals. The present study evaluated antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles in Salmonella spp. isolates from chickens in Brazil. Identification of serotypes, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and plasmid profiles were performed. Three different serovars were found, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Newport and S. Kentucky. All isolates were considered Multidrug- resistance (MDR). Among the 32 Salmonella spp. isolates analysed, 29 isolates carried blaCTX-M-2 gene and showed the insertion sequence ISCR1 and a class 1 integron structure upstream from blaCTX-M-2. This gene was harboured in large IncHI2A plasmids with approximately 280kb. Furthermore, 30 isolates harboured tetA and tetB genes and 25 also harboured qnrB. The virulence genes invA, misL, orfL, spiC and pipD were detected in all isolates. The study shows a high prevalence of MDR Salmonella isolates disseminated in poultry farms. The association of the replicon IncHI2A with the resistance genes found, elevate the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Galetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Berchieri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia da Costa Darini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Robinson K, Assumpcao ALFV, Arsi K, Donoghue A, Jesudhasan PRR. Ability of Garlic and Ginger Oil to Reduce Salmonella in Post-Harvest Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2974. [PMID: 36359098 PMCID: PMC9656020 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1.35 million human salmonellosis cases are reported in the United States every year, resulting in over 26,000 hospitalizations and 400 deaths. Consumption of contaminated poultry products is one of the leading causes of human salmonellosis. Poultry meat becomes contaminated when feces from an infected bird comes into contact with the carcass during processing. Additional carcasses can then become cross-contaminated along the processing line. While chemicals such as peracetic acid are currently used to kill microbes such as Salmonella, consumers are increasingly calling for more natural alternatives. Our objective for this study was to determine the ability of the phytochemicals garlic and ginger oil to reduce Salmonella prevalence in the processing environment. In a simulated scalding tank environment, dipping contaminated chicken skin samples in a solution containing both garlic and ginger oil reduced Salmonella by up to 2 log CFU. Furthermore, the oils prevented Salmonella growth in the tank solution. The mechanism of action of garlic and ginger was evaluated using the sub-inhibitory concentration of each oil individually. While both were found to decrease autoinducer-2 (AI-2) levels, no effect was seen on expression of 10 genes involved in Salmonella virulence and survival. In total, this work demonstrates the potential of garlic and ginger to reduce Salmonella prevalence in the post-harvest environment. However, more work remains to be done to understand the mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy Robinson
- Poultry Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - Komala Arsi
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Annie Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Palmy R. R. Jesudhasan
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Orabi A, Armanious W, Radwan IA, Girh ZMSA, Hammad E, Diab MS, Elbestawy AR. Genetic Correlation of Virulent Salmonella Serovars (Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases) Isolated from Broiler Chickens and Human: A Public Health Concern. Pathogens 2022; 11:1196. [PMID: 36297253 PMCID: PMC9610193 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the virulent Salmonella serovars (including ESBLs producing) isolated from broiler chickens and humans. Three hundred broilers and sixty human fecal samples were bacteriologically examined. Thirty (10%) and fourteen (23.4%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from broiler and human samples, respectively. The most predominant serovar was S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium. All Salmonella isolates were confirmed by conventional PCR-based invA and ompA genes. Multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were screened for the detection of adrA and csgD biofilm-associated genes, which were found in all isolated serovars except one S. typhimurium and 2 S. infantis of chicken isolates that were devoid of the adrA gene. Moreover, MDR isolates were screened for detection of seven resistance genes including ESBLs and other classes of resistance genes. Chicken isolates harbored blaTEM, int1, blaCTX and qnrS genes as 100, 27.8, 11.1 and 11.1%, respectively, while all human isolates harbored blaTEM, int1 and int3 genes. The genetic correlations between virulent Salmonella serovars (including antimicrobial resistance) avian and human origins were compared. In conclusion, the high prevalence of virulent ESBL producing Salmonella serovars in broilers and humans with genetic correlations between them might be zoonotic and public health hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Wagih Armanious
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ismail A. Radwan
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Hammad
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Mansoura Provincial Lab (AHRI-Mansoura), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Diab
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R. Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Microbial Genetics and Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Isolated from Human Populations in Arkansas, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101192. [PMID: 36297250 PMCID: PMC9611979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Peruzy MF, Proroga YTR, Capuano F, Mancusi A, Montone AMI, Cristiano D, Balestrieri A, Murru N. Occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serovars in carcasses and foods in southern Italy: Eleven-year monitoring (2011-2021). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1005035. [PMID: 36274687 PMCID: PMC9582760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common agents of foodborne illness. The genus Salmonella includes two species (Salmonella bongori and S. enterica) and six subspecies (enterica I, salamae II, arizonae IIIa, diarizonae IIIb, houtenae IV, and indica VI), each of which contains multiple serotypes associated with animal and human infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. in carcasses of food-producing animals and foods in southern Italy and the serovar distribution among different sources. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 12,246 foods and 982 samples from animal carcasses were collected and analyzed. The overall percentage of positive samples was 5.84% (N = 773) and a significant increase in prevalence was observed by comparing the years 2011-2015 (257, 3.27%) and 2016-2021 (516, 9.61%; p < 0.05). The highest percentage of positive food samples was observed in "Meat and Meat Products" (N = 327/2,438, 13.41%) followed by "Fish and fishery products" (N = 115/1,915, 6.01%). In carcasses, the highest percentage of positive samples was reported from broilers (N = 42/81, 51.85%) followed by buffalo (N = 50/101, 49.50%) and pork (N = 140/380, 36.84%). After typing, the isolates were assigned to the species S. enterica and to the subspecies: enterica (N = 760, 98.32%), diarizonae (N = 8, 1.03%), salamae (N = 3, 0.39%) and houtenae (N = 2, 0.26%). S. Infantis was the most frequently detected (N = 177, 24.76%), followed by S. Derby (N = 77, 10.77%), monophasic S. Typhimurium (N = 63, 8.81%), S. Typhimurium (N = 54, 7.55%), and S. Rissen (N = 47, 6.57%). By comparing the sampling period 2011-2015 with that of 2016-2021, an increase in the prevalence of S. Infantis and monophasic S. Typhimurium and a decrease of S. Typhimurium were recorded (p < 0.05). Thus, present data suggest that, despite the implementation of national and European control strategies to protect against Salmonella, the prevalence of this pathogen in southern Italy is still increasing and a change of national control programs to protect against Salmonella are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cristiano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sheets TR, Wickware CL, Snyder AM, Weimer SL, Johnson TA. Ileal and cecal microbiota response to Salmonella Typhimurium challenge in conventional and slow-growing broilers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:971255. [PMID: 36267582 PMCID: PMC9577007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.971255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the negative impacts of Salmonella intestinal colonization on human health, Salmonella is a natural colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract and is not overtly pathogenic to the avian host. It is of interest to understand the impacts and colonization rates of Salmonella across selected genetic lines such as slow-growing (SG) and conventional (CONV) broilers. The objective of this study was to characterize the relationship between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium challenge and selected broiler genetic lines on the ileal and cecal microbiome. Male chicks of two broiler breeds (n = 156/breed) were cohoused in an open floor pen until day 7. On day 13, the chicks were then separated into 12 isolators per breed (4 rooms, 6 isolators/room, 11 chicks/isolator). On day 14, chicks in the 12 treatment isolators (6 isolators/breed, 108 total) were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) (1 × 108 CFU/ml) via oral gavage while the remaining chicks (n = 108) were given an oral gavage of sterile tryptic soy broth control (C). Ileal and cecal contents were collected on day 7 from 24 chicks of each breed, and on days 13, 17, 21, and 24 from two chicks per isolator. Samples underwent DNA extraction and PCR amplification to obtain 16S rRNA amplicons that were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq. Salmonella Typhimurium colonization in the cecum was not different in the two broiler breeds. The main effect of breed had the greatest impact on the ileum microbiota of broilers 7 days of age where SG broilers had significantly lower diversity and richness compared to CONV broilers (p < 0.05). Salmonella Typhimurium challenge consistently caused a change in beta diversity. Regardless of day or intestinal location, challenged broilers had many amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with decreased abundance of likely beneficial bacteria such as Mollicutes RF39, Shuttleworthia, Flavonifractor, and Oscillibacter compared to broilers that were unchallenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a difference in the timing of when the microbiota alpha and beta diversity of each breed responded to Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Thus, both broiler breed and Salmonella Typhimurium can impact the intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R. Sheets
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Carmen L. Wickware
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ashlyn M. Snyder
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shawna L. Weimer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Timothy A. Johnson,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiong D, Yuan L, Song L, Jiao X, Pan Z. A new multiplex PCR for the accurate identification and differentiation of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983942. [PMID: 36147848 PMCID: PMC9485580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify Salmonella serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum via biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the I137_14445 and ybgL genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, and stn being included as a reference gene for the Salmonella genus. In silico analysis showed that the I137_14445 gene is present in all Salmonella serovars, except for S. Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of S. Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in ybgL was found only in S. Pullorum compared to other Salmonella serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of S. Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum among 75 various Salmonella strains and 43 various non-Salmonella pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of Salmonella isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum from other different Salmonella serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xinan Jiao,
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Zhiming Pan,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pettengill JB, Rand H, Wang SS, Kautter D, Pightling A, Wang Y. Transient and resident pathogens: Intra-facility genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella from food production environments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268470. [PMID: 36048885 PMCID: PMC9436056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production facilities are often routinely tested over time for the presence of foodborne pathogens (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica). Strains detected in a single sampling event can be classified as transient; positive findings of the same strain across multiple sampling events can be classified as resident pathogens. We analyzed whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from 4,758 isolates (L. monocytogenes = 3,685; Salmonella = 1,073) from environmental samples taken by FDA from 536 U.S. facilities. Our primary objective was to determine the frequency of transient or resident pathogens within food production facilities. Strains were defined as isolates from the same facility that are less than 50 SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) different from one another. Resident pathogens were defined as strains that had more than one isolate collected >59 days apart and from the same facility. We found 1,076 strains (median = 1 and maximum = 21 strains per facility); 180 were resident pathogens, 659 were transient, and 237 came from facilities that had only been sampled once. As a result, 21% of strains (180/ 839) from facilities with positive findings and that were sampled multiple times were found to be resident pathogens; nearly 1 in 4 (23%) of L. monocytogenes strains were found to be resident pathogens compared to 1 in 6 (16%) of Salmonella strains. Our results emphasize the critical importance of preventing the colonization of food production environments by foodborne pathogens, since when colonization does occur, there is an appreciable chance it will become a resident pathogen that presents an ongoing potential to contaminate product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Pettengill
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Staff, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hugh Rand
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Staff, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Shizhen S. Wang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Staff, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Donald Kautter
- Division Of Plant Products & Beverages, Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Arthur Pightling
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Staff, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Staff, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
El Hage R, El Hage J, Snini SP, Ammoun I, Touma J, Rachid R, Mathieu F, Sabatier JM, Abi Khattar Z, El Rayess Y. The Detection of Potential Native Probiotics Lactobacillus spp. against Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Kentucky ST198 of Lebanese Chicken Origin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091147. [PMID: 36139927 PMCID: PMC9495222 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella continues to be a major threat to public health, especially with respect to strains from a poultry origin. In recent years, an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. was observed due to the misuse of antibiotics. Among the approaches advised for overcoming AMR, probiotics from the Lactobacillus genus have increasingly been considered for use as effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents belonging to the indigenous microbiota. In this study, we isolated lactobacilli from the ilea and ceca of hens and broilers in order to evaluate their potential probiotic properties. Four species were identified as Limosilactobacillusreuteri (n = 22, 45.8%), Ligilactobacillussalivarius (n = 20, 41.6%), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (n = 2, 4.2%) and Lactobacillus crispatus (n = 1, 2%), while three other isolates (n = 3, 6.25%) were non-typable. Eight isolates, including Ligilactobacillussalivarius (n = 4), Limosilactobacillusreuteri (n = 2), L. crispatus (n = 1) and Lactobacillus spp. (n = 1) were chosen on the basis of their cell surface hydrophobicity and auto/co-aggregation ability for further adhesion assays using the adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. The adhesion rate of these strains varied from 0.53 to 10.78%. Ligilactobacillussalivarius A30/i26 and 16/c6 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri 1/c24 showed the highest adhesion capacity, and were assessed for their ability to compete in and exclude the adhesion of Salmonella to the Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, Ligilactobacillussalivarius 16/c6 was shown to significantly exclude the adhesion of the three Salmonella serotypes, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis and S. Kentucky ST 198, to Caco-2 cells. The results of the liquid co-culture assays revealed a complete inhibition of the growth of Salmonella after 24 h. Consequently, the indigenous Ligilactobacillussalivarius 16/c6 strain shows promising potential for use as a preventive probiotic added directly to the diet for the control of the colonization of Salmonella spp. in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima El Hage
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Fanar Station, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l’Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Correspondence: (R.E.H.); (Z.A.K.)
| | - Jeanne El Hage
- Animal Health Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Fanar Station, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon
| | - Selma P. Snini
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l’Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Imad Ammoun
- Milk and Milk Products Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Fanar Station, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Touma
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Fanar Station, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon
| | - Rami Rachid
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Fanar Station, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l’Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- CNRS UMR 7051, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Ziad Abi Khattar
- Microbiology/Tox-Ecotoxicology Team, Laboratory of Georesources, Geosciences and Environment (L2GE), Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar, Jdeideh El-Metn P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (R.E.H.); (Z.A.K.)
| | - Youssef El Rayess
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Góes V, Monte DFM, Saraiva MDMS, Maria de Almeida A, Cabrera JM, Rodrigues Alves LB, Ferreira TS, Lima TSD, Benevides VP, Barrow PA, Freitas Neto OCD, Berchieri A. Salmonella Heidelberg side-step gene loss of respiratory requirements in chicken infection model. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105725. [PMID: 36007847 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the important recent observations involving anaerobic respiration was that an electron acceptor produced as a result of an inflammatory response to Salmonella Typhimurium generates a growth advantage over the competing microbiota in the lumen. In this regard, anaerobically, salmonellae can oxidize thiosulphate (S2O32-) converting it into tetrathionate (S4O62-), the process by which it is encoded by ttr gene cluster (ttrSRttrBCA). Another important pathway under aerobic or anaerobic conditions is the 1,2-propanediol-utilization mediated by the pdu gene cluster that promotes Salmonella expansion during colitis. Therefore, we sought to compare in this study, whether Salmonella Heidelberg strains lacking the ttrA, ttrApduA, and ttrACBSR genes experience a disadvantage during cecal colonization in broiler chicks. In contrast to expectations, we found that the gene loss in S. Heidelberg potentially confers an increase in fitness in the chicken infection model. These data argue that S. Heidelberg may trigger an alternative pathway involving the use of an alternative electron acceptor, conferring a growth advantage for S. Heidelberg in chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Góes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel F M Monte
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Memrava Cabrera
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Taísa Santiago Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Spina de Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Valdinete P Benevides
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kipper D, Mascitti AK, De Carli S, Carneiro AM, Streck AF, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil. Vet Sci 2022; 9:405. [PMID: 36006320 PMCID: PMC9415136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of Salmonella transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main Salmonella serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Salmonella Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diéssy Kipper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Andréa Karoline Mascitti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Andressa Matos Carneiro
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pellissery AJ, Vinayamohan PG, Xue J, Wang X, Viju LS, Joseph D, Luo Y, Donoghue AM, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of pectin-based caproic acid, caprylic acid, linalool, and cuminaldehyde coatings in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.874219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the animal derived food products, contamination of poultry eggs, and egg shell surface is one of the major causes for foodborne salmonellosis in the United States. As a means of reducing the pathogen transfer to the internal egg contents, polysaccharide-based coatings containing antimicrobial phytochemicals could potentially serve as a biocontrol strategy for shelled egg products. The current study investigated the efficacy of four GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)-status plant-derived compounds, namely, caproic acid (CAO), caprylic acid (CAY), linalool (LIN) and cuminaldehyde (CUM), as pectin-based coating treatments, individually or in combination, for reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) on shell eggs. A three-strain mixture of SH (~8.0 log CFU in 50 μL inoculum) was spot-inoculated on surface sterilized white-shelled eggs. Eggs were evenly coated with either pectin-based treatments of CAO (1%), CAY (1%), LIN (1%) and CUM (1%), individually, or a combination of 4 phytochemicals (COMB- each phytochemical at 0.5% v/v level of inclusion). The treated eggs were stored at 4°C and SH counts were enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 of storage. The study was replicated thrice, 3 eggs/treatment/day time point, and the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with significance tested at p < 0.05. On day 0, pectin-coated control eggs had ~7.6 log CFU of SH/egg. At the end of refrigerated storage (day 21), pectin-based coating of CAO and CAY at 1% level reduced SH by 2.0–2.5 log CFU/egg (P < 0.05) when compared to controls. In addition, the CUM and LIN based coatings produced 3.0 log and 3.9 log reduction, respectively, in SH counts on eggs by day 21 of storage. Among the treatments with phytochemical combinations, COMB1 [pectin (2%) + Caprylic acid, caproic acid and cuminaldehyde (each at 0.5% level)] was found to be most effective, reducing SH counts to 2.5–3.3 log CFU/egg from day 0 through day 14, and by the end of storage period (day 21), a 3.5 log CFU reduction/egg (p < 0.05) compared to untreated controls. Morphological studies of treated eggs using atomic force microscopy (AFM) have shown that the roughness of eggs can be influenced by a combination of various compounds. Results indicate the potential efficacy of the aforesaid phytochemicals in reducing SH on shell eggs; however, further studies investigating their industrial feasibility and effects on sensory attributes of eggs are warranted.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ji HJ, Jang AY, Song JY, Ahn KB, Han SH, Bang SJ, Jung HK, Hur J, Seo HS. Development of Live Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine Strain Using Radiation Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET). Front Immunol 2022; 13:931052. [PMID: 35898510 PMCID: PMC9310569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food-borne diseases in humans worldwide, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. They are carried asymptomatically in the intestine or gallbladder of livestock, and are transmitted predominantly from animals to humans via the fecal-oral route. Thus, the best preventive strategy is to preemptively prevent transmission to humans by vaccinating livestock. Live attenuated vaccines have been mostly favored because they elicit both cellular and humoral immunity and provide long-term protective immunity. However, developing these vaccines is a laborious and time-consuming process. Therefore, most live attenuated vaccines have been mainly used for phenotypic screening using the auxotrophic replica plate method, and new types of vaccines have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we used Radiation-Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET) to introduce a wide variety of mutations and attenuate the virulence of Salmonella spp. to develop live vaccine strains. The Salmonella Typhimurium, ST454 strain (ST WT) was irradiated with Cobalt60 gamma-irradiator at 1.5 kGy for 1 h to maximize the mutation rate, and attenuated daughter colonies were screened using in vitro macrophage replication capacity and in vivo mouse infection assays. Among 30 candidates, ATOMSal-L6, with 9,961-fold lower virulence than the parent strain (ST454) in the mouse LD50 model, was chosen. This vaccine candidate was mutated at 71 sites, and in particular, lost one bacteriophage. As a vaccine, ATOMSal-L6 induced a Salmonella-specific IgG response to provide effective protective immunity upon intramuscular vaccination of mice. Furthermore, when mice and sows were orally immunized with ATOMSal-L6, we found a strong protective immune response, including multifunctional cellular immunity. These results indicate that ATOMSal-L6 is the first live vaccine candidate to be developed using R-MET, to the best of our knowledge. R-MET can be used as a fast and effective live vaccine development technology that can be used to develop vaccine strains against emerging or serotype-shifting pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Ji
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Yeung Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Bang
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Jung
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Korzeniowski P, Śliwka P, Kuczkowski M, Mišić D, Milcarz A, Kuźmińska-Bajor M. Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella Biofilm in Poultry Housing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901770. [PMID: 35847069 PMCID: PMC9277115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the major contaminant of poultry products, and its ability to form biofilms on produced food and poultry farm processing surfaces contributes to Salmonella transmission to humans. Bacteriophages have come under increasing interest for anti-Salmonella biofilm control. In this study, we used the three previously sequenced and described phages UPWr_S1, UPWr_S3, and UPWr_S4 and a phage cocktail, UPWr_S134, containing these three phages to degrade biofilms formed by two S. Enteritidis strains, 327 lux and ATCC 13076, in vitro. It was found that treatment with bacteriophages significantly reduced biofilm on a 96-well microplate (32–69%) and a stainless steel surface (52–98%) formed by S. Enteritidis 327 lux. The reduction of biofilm formed by S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 in the 96-well microplate and on a stainless steel surface for bacteriophage treatment was in the range of 73–87% and 60–97%, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, an experimental model utilizing poultry drinkers artificially contaminated with S. Enteritidis 327 lux and treated with UPWr_S134 phage cocktail was applied. In in vitro trials, the phage cocktail significantly decreased the number of Salmonella on the surface of poultry drinkers. Moreover, the phage cocktail completely eradicated Salmonella from the abundant bacterial load on poultry drinkers in an experimentally infected chickens. Therefore, the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail is a promising candidate for Salmonella biocontrol at the farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Korzeniowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Śliwka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuczkowski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dušan Mišić
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Milcarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kuźmińska-Bajor
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marta Kuźmińska-Bajor
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kagambèga A, McMillan EA, Bouda SC, Hiott LM, Ramadan H, Soro DK, Sharma P, Gupta SK, Barro N, Jackson CR, Frye JG. Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and Phenotypic Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Isolated from Slaughtered Chickens in Burkina Faso. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:782. [PMID: 35740187 PMCID: PMC9219948 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries increases risks to the health of both such countries' residents and the global community due to international travel. It is consequently necessary to investigate antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in countries such as Burkina Faso, where surveillance data are not available. To study the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered chickens were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and other genetic factors. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified using WGS, the most prevalent of which were Hato (28/102, 27.5%) and Derby (23/102, 22.5%). All strains analyzed possessed at least one and up to nine AMR genes, with the most prevalent being the non-functional aac(6')-Iaa gene, followed by aph(6)-Id. Multi-drug resistance was found genotypically in 36.2% of the isolates for different classes of antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and β-lactams, among others. Plasmids were identified in 43.1% of isolates (44/102), and 25 plasmids were confirmed to carry AMR genes. The results show that chicken can be considered as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Due to the prevalence of these drug-resistant pathogens and the potential for foodborne illnesses, poultry processing and cooking should be performed with attention to prescribed safe handling methods to avoid cross-contamination with chicken products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assèta Kagambèga
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (S.C.B.); (D.K.S.); (N.B.)
- Institute des Sciences, Ministère des Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et de L’innovation, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Elizabeth A. McMillan
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
| | - Soutongnooma C. Bouda
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (S.C.B.); (D.K.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Daniel K. Soro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (S.C.B.); (D.K.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Institute of Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Sushim K. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (S.C.B.); (D.K.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.A.M.); (L.M.H.); (H.R.); (C.R.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alikhan NF, Moreno LZ, Castellanos LR, Chattaway MA, McLauchlin J, Lodge M, O’Grady J, Zamudio R, Doughty E, Petrovska L, Cunha MPV, Knöbl T, Moreno AM, Mather AE. Dynamics of Salmonella enterica and antimicrobial resistance in the Brazilian poultry industry and global impacts on public health. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010174. [PMID: 35653335 PMCID: PMC9162342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a common cause of diarrhoeal disease; in humans, consumption of contaminated poultry meat is believed to be a major source. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of chicken meat globally, and previous studies have indicated the introduction of Salmonella serovars through imported food products from Brazil. Here we provide an in-depth genomic characterisation and evolutionary analysis to investigate the most prevalent serovars and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brazilian chickens and assess the impact to public health of products contaminated with S. enterica imported into the United Kingdom from Brazil. To do so, we examine 183 Salmonella genomes from chickens in Brazil and 357 genomes from humans, domestic poultry and imported Brazilian poultry products isolated in the United Kingdom. S. enterica serovars Heidelberg and Minnesota were the most prevalent serovars in Brazil and in meat products imported from Brazil into the UK. We extended our analysis to include 1,259 publicly available Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota genomes for context. The Brazil genomes form clades distinct from global isolates, with temporal analysis suggesting emergence of these Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades in the early 2000s, around the time of the 2003 introduction of the Enteritidis vaccine in Brazilian poultry. Analysis showed genomes within the Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades shared resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta-lactams conferred by sul2, tetA and blaCMY-2 genes, not widely observed in other co-circulating serovars despite similar selection pressures. The sul2 and tetA genes were concomitantly carried on IncC plasmids, whereas blaCMY-2 was either co-located with the sul2 and tetA genes on IncC plasmids or independently on IncI1 plasmids. Long-term surveillance data collected in the UK showed no increase in the incidence of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota in human cases of clinical disease in the UK following the increase of these two serovars in Brazilian poultry. In addition, almost all of the small number of UK-derived genomes which cluster with the Brazilian poultry-derived sequences could either be attributed to human cases with a recent history of foreign travel or were from imported Brazilian food products. These findings indicate that even should Salmonella from imported Brazilian poultry products reach UK consumers, they are very unlikely to be causing disease. No evidence of the Brazilian strains of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota were observed in UK domestic chickens. These findings suggest that introduction of the Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine, in addition to increasing antimicrobial use, could have resulted in replacement of salmonellae in Brazilian poultry flocks with serovars that are more drug resistant, but less associated with disease in humans in the UK. The plasmids conferring resistance to beta-lactams, sulphonamides and tetracyclines likely conferred a competitive advantage to the Salmonella Minnesota and Salmonella Heidelberg serovars in this setting of high antimicrobial use, but the apparent lack of transfer to other serovars present in the same setting suggests barriers to horizontal gene transfer that could be exploited in intervention strategies to reduce AMR. The insights obtained reinforce the importance of One Health genomic surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Max Planck (UniMax), Indaiatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jim McLauchlin
- UK Health Security Agency National Infection Service, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lodge
- UK Health Security Agency National Infection Service, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin O’Grady
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Doughty
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Liljana Petrovska
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA—Weybridge), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Paulo Vieira Cunha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alison E. Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Y, Li K, Peng K, Wang Z, Song H, Li R. Distribution, antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella along the pork production chain in Jiangsu, China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
37
|
Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Somboro AM, Bester LA, Essack SY. A Public Health Insight into Salmonella in Poultry in Africa: A Review of the Past Decade: 2010-2020. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:710-733. [PMID: 35696336 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is a cheap source of animal protein and constituent of diets in Africa. Poultry can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella and cause food-borne infections in humans. This review describes Salmonella contamination of food, poultry, and the farming environment, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and serotypes of Salmonella, as well as the farming systems, antimicrobial use (AMU), hygiene, and husbandry conditions used to rear poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched using a set of predefined keywords. Full-length research articles in English were examined for the period 2010-2020 and relevant information extracted for the narrative synthesis. Of the articles that met the inclusion criteria, 63.1% were conducted on farms and among households, while 36.9% were undertaken at government-controlled laboratories, which quarantine imported birds, processing plants, and retail outlets. The farming systems were intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. AMU was described in 11.5% of the studies and varied within and across countries. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates were detected in 30 studies and the prevalence ranged from 12.1% in Zimbabwe to 100% in Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. A total of 226 different Salmonella serotypes were reported. Twenty-four (19.7%) of the studies reported food-borne Salmonella contamination in eggs, poultry, and poultry products at retail outlets and processing plants. The apparent extensive use of antimicrobials and circulation of MDR Salmonella isolates of various serotypes in Africa is a concern. It is important to implement stricter biosecurity measures on farms, regulate the use of antimicrobials and implement surveillance systems, in addition to food safety measures to monitor the quality of poultry and poultry products for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia L K Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maguire M, Khan AS, Adesiyun AA, Georges K, Gonzalez-Escalona N. Genomic Comparison of Eight Closed Genomes of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated From Broiler Farms and Processing Plants in Trinidad and Tobago. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863104. [PMID: 35620095 PMCID: PMC9127609 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. We used long and short-read sequencing to close genomes of eight multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica strains, belonging to serovars Infantis (2), Albany, Oranienburg, I 4,[5],12:i:-, Javiana, Schwarzengrund, and Kentucky from broiler chicken farms and processing plants in Trinidad and Tobago. They also belonged to seven different sequence types (STs- 32, 292, 1510, 19, 24, 152, and 96). Among the strains, seven had demonstrated multi-drug resistance with the presence of at least three AMR genes, whereas three isolates contained the quinolone resistance gene qnr B19 in plasmids (CFSAN103840, CFSAN103854, and CFSAN103872). The extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes bla CTX-M-65 (CFSAN103796) and bla TEM-1 (CFSAN103852) were detected in this study. The genomes closed in this study will be useful for future source tracking and outbreak investigations in Trinidad and Tobago and worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anisa S Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vellano IHB, Milbradt EL, Polizel DM, Oro C, Paz IC, Padovani CR, Gross L, Silva TM, Hataka A, Filho RLA. Comparison of microbiological, pathological and zootechnical aspects between broiler chickens and turkeys challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
40
|
Mengarda Buosi DT, de Moraes JO, Cheng Y, Cheng RA, Moraru CI, Carciofi BA. Effective pulsed light treatments for inactivating Salmonella enterica serotypes. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
41
|
Novoa Rama E, Bailey M, Kumar S, Leone C, den Bakker HC, Thippareddi H, Singh M. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in conventional and no antibiotics ever broiler farms in the United States. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Use of Cocktail of Bacteriophage for Salmonella Typhimurium Control in Chicken Meat. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081164. [PMID: 35454751 PMCID: PMC9029022 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are extremely relevant and constitute an area of alert for public health authorities due to the high impact and number of people affected each year. The food industry has implemented microbiological control plans that ensure the quality and safety of its products; however, due to the high prevalence of foodborne diseases, the industry requires new microbiological control systems. One of the main causative agents of diseases transmitted by poultry meat is the bacterium Salmonella enterica. Disinfectants, antibiotics, and vaccines are used to control this pathogen. However, they have not been efficient in the total elimination of these bacteria, with numerous outbreaks caused by this bacterium observed today, in addition to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The search for new technologies to reduce microbial contamination in the poultry industry continues to be a necessity and the use of lytic bacteriophages is one of the new solutions. In this study, 20 bacteriophages were isolated for Salmonella spp. obtained from natural environments and cocktails composed of five of them were designed, where three belonged to the Siphoviridae family and two to the Microviridae family. This cocktail was tested on chicken meat infected with Salmonella Typhimurium at 10 °C, where it was found that this cocktail was capable of decreasing 1.4 logarithmic units at 48 h compared to the control.
Collapse
|
43
|
Regional Salmonella Differences in United States Broiler Production from 2016 to 2020 and the Contribution of Multiserovar Populations to Salmonella Surveillance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0020422. [PMID: 35384708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00204-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry remains a considerable source of foodborne salmonellosis despite significant reduction of Salmonella incidence during processing. There are multiple entry points for Salmonella during production that can lead to contamination during slaughter, and it is important to distinguish the serovars present between the different stages to enact appropriate controls. National Salmonella data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) monitoring of poultry processing was analyzed from 2016 to 2020. The overall Salmonella incidence at processing in broiler carcasses and intact parts (parts) decreased from 9.00 to 6.57% over this period. The incidence in parts was higher (11.15%) than in carcasses (4.78%). Regional differences include higher proportions of serovars Infantis and Typhimurium in the Atlantic and higher proportion of serovar Schwarzengrund in the Southeast. For Georgia, the largest broiler-producing state, USDA-FSIS data were compared to Salmonella monitoring data from breeder flocks over the same period, revealing serovar Kentucky as the major serovar in breeders (67.91%) during production but not at processing, suggesting that it is more effectively removed during antimicrobial interventions. CRISPR-SeroSeq was performed on breeder samples collected between 2020 and 2021 to explain the incongruence between pre- and postharvest and showed that 32% of samples contain multiple serovars, with up to 11 serovars found in a single flock. High-resolution sequencing identifies serovar patterns at the population level and can provide insight to develop targeted controls. The work presented may apply to other food production systems where Salmonella is a concern, since it overcomes limitations associated with conventional culture. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, with poultry as a significant Salmonella reservoir. We show the relative decrease in Salmonella over a 5-year period from 2016 to 2020 in processed chicken parts and highlight regional differences with respect to the prevalence of clinically important Salmonella serovars. Our results show that the discrepancy between Salmonella serovars found in pre- and postharvest poultry during surveillance are due in part by the limited detection depth offered by traditional culture techniques. Despite the reduction of Salmonella at processing, the number of human salmonellosis cases has remained stable, which may be attributed to differences in virulence among serovars and their associated risk. When monitoring for Salmonella, it is imperative to identify all serovars present to appropriately assess public health risk and to implement the most effective Salmonella controls.
Collapse
|
44
|
The Role of Nutraceuticals and Phytonutrients in Chickens’ Gastrointestinal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070892. [PMID: 35405880 PMCID: PMC8997120 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of nutraceuticals and phytonutrients in poultry nutrition has been extensively explored over the past decade. The interest in these substances is linked to the search for natural compounds that can be effectively used to prevent and treat some of the main diseases of the chicken. The serious problem of antibiotic resistance and the consequent legislative constraints on their use required the search for alternatives. The purpose of this review is to describe the current status of the effects of some substances, such as probiotics and prebiotics, organic acids, vitamins and phytogenic feed additives, focusing specifically on studies concerning the prevention and treatment of four main gastrointestinal diseases in chicken: salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis (caused by Clostridium perfringens), campylobacteriosis, and coccidiosis. A brief description of these diseases and the effects of the main bioactive principles of the nutraceutical or phytonutrient groups will be provided. Although there are conflicting results, some works show very promising effects, with a reduction in the bacterial or protozoan load following treatment. Further studies are needed to verify the real effectiveness of these compounds and make them applicable in the field. Abstract In poultry, severe gastrointestinal diseases are caused by bacteria and coccidia, with important economic losses in the poultry industry and requirement of treatments which, for years, were based on the use of antibiotics and chemotherapies. Furthermore, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Campylobacter jejuni can cause serious foodborne diseases in people, resulting from consumption of poultry meat, eggs, and derived products. With the spread of antibiotic resistance, which affects both animals and humans, the restriction of antibiotic use in livestock production and the identification of a list of “critically important antimicrobials” became necessary. For this reason, researchers focused on natural compounds and effective alternatives to prevent gastrointestinal disease in poultry. This review summarizes the results of several studies published in the last decade, describing the use of different nutraceutical or phytonutrients in poultry industry. The results of the use of these products are not always encouraging. While some of the alternatives have proven to be very promising, further studies will be needed to verify the efficacy and practical applicability of other compounds.
Collapse
|
45
|
El Hage R, El Rayess Y, Bonifait L, El Hafi B, Baugé L, Viscogliosi E, Hamze M, Mathieu F, Matar GM, Chemaly M. A national study through a 'Farm-to-fork' Approach to determine Salmonella dissemination along with the Lebanese poultry production chain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:499-513. [PMID: 35301827 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella at different stages of the broiler production chain and layer flocks in addition to their antibiotic resistance profile and molecular patterns. Over a period of 3 years, different sample matrices were collected from Lebanese farms, slaughterhouses and retail markets. Out of 672 Salmonella serotyped, 514 were analysed for antimicrobial resistance and 214 for clonality using Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results highlighted an important prevalence of Salmonella, 30% in farms, 35.8% in slaughterhouses and 22.4% at retail level. A large diversity of serotypes was identified with predominance among Salmonella Infantis (32.9%), Salmonella Enteritidis (28.4%) and Salmonella Kentucky (21.4%). High resistance to nalidixic acid was revealed in all the isolates. The most prominent resistance was exhibited in S. Kentucky and S. Infantis. The latter was resistant to tetracycline (99%), streptomycin (88.2%) and remarkable multi-drug resistance (MDR) (89.7%). All S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, MDR (62.4%) and 6% were resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESCs). One persistent clone of S. Enteritidis was found common between poultry and humans. Similar genomic profiles were detected between farms, slaughterhouses and retail suggesting the dissemination of identical clones throughout the food chain possibly due to weak barriers preventing such transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima El Hage
- Fanar Station, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Jdeideh El-Metn, Lebanon.,Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Youssef El Rayess
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Laetitia Bonifait
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Bassam El Hafi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Louise Baugé
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mounzer Hamze
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ghassan M Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chinivasagam HN, Estella W, Rodrigues H, Mayer DG, Tran T, Onysk A, Weyand C, Diallo I, Billington C. Re-used or New Bedding Are Not Drivers of Salmonella Levels and Serovar Emergence in Commercially Farmed Broilers in Australia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.816181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To inform Salmonella on-farm management during broiler rearing, a 2-year study on two farms compared the Australian practices of new bedding use, partial litter re-use and an alternative, full litter re-use. Six sequential commercial cycles of ~50 days each were tested on each farm, on ~day 7 from placement (litter only), prior to first thin-out, and prior to final removal (litter and ceca). A random number sample collection occurred, defined by shed supports (33, 39), different drinkers, feeders, and shed center. Across the six cycles on both farms, Salmonella levels in ceca just prior to thin-out on full re-use litter were higher (log 3.11 MPN/g, P = 0.008) than for new bedding (log 2.04 MPN/g) and partial re-use (log 2.43 MPN/g) litter (the latter two were not significantly different). Prior to final removal across all practices the Salmonella levels in ceca from new bedding (log 1.72 MPN/g), partial re-use litter (log 1.77 MPN/g), and full re-use litter (log 2.33 MPN/g) were not statistically different, suggesting no effect of litter practice. The Salmonella levels in litter prior to the first (log 1.96–2.31 MPN/g) and second (log 2.24–2.48 MPN/g) removals were also not statistically different. The emergence of Salmonella serovars in the partitioned chicken-free grow-out end (back) of all sheds at ~day 7 did not suggest carry-over. Both the pattern of emergence of Salmonella serovars and Salmonella levels in litter ~day 7 in the brooder-end with chickens (front), suggested the Salmonella present were due to flock contribution and not practice driven. The dominant Salmonella serovar across cycles on both farms was S. Sofia (75 and 77% isolates) followed by S. Typhimurium (11 and 17%). Irrespective of initial serovars, Salmonella Sofia rapidly gained dominance and displaced 14 other serovars including S. Typhimurium on both farms. This study demonstrates that the litter practices are not the major driver of Salmonella prevalence in broiler farming, supporting the commercial re-use of bedding as a sustainable farming practice in Australia. The major contributor of Salmonella load in production is the Salmonella status of the incoming flock, indicating this is the key area to focus future control measures.
Collapse
|
47
|
Medina-Santana JL, Ortega-Paredes D, de Janon S, Burnett E, Ishida M, Sauders B, Stevens M, Vinueza-Burgos C. Investigating the dynamics of Salmonella contamination in integrated poultry companies using a whole genome sequencing approach. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101611. [PMID: 34953378 PMCID: PMC8715213 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of non-typhoid Salmonella in broiler integrations has been limited by the resolution of typing techniques. Although serotyping of Salmonella isolates is used as a traditional approach, it is not of enough resolution to clearly understand the dynamics of this pathogen within poultry companies. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiology and population dynamics of Salmonella serotypes in 2 poultry integrations using a whole genome sequencing approach. Two hundred and forty-three Salmonella isolates recovered from the broiler production chain of 2 integrated poultry companies were whole genome sequenced and analyzed with dedicated databases and bioinformatic software. The analyses of sequences revealed that S. Infantis was the most frequent serotype (82.3%). Most isolates showed a potential for resistance against medically important antibiotics and disinfectants. Furthermore, 97.5% of isolates harbored the pESI-like mega plasmid, that plays an important role in the global dissemination of AMR. SNP tree analysis showed that there were clones that are niche-specific while other ones were distributed throughout the broiler production chains. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of whole genome sequencing analysis for a comprehensive understanding of Salmonella distribution in integrated poultry companies. Data obtained with these techniques allow determination of the presence of genetic factors that play an important role in the environmental fitness and pathogenicity of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Medina-Santana
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - Sofia de Janon
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - Elton Burnett
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Maria Ishida
- Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY 12206, USA
| | - Brian Sauders
- Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY 12206, USA
| | | | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC, Marcy JA. Public health impact of Salmonella spp. on raw poultry: Current concepts and future prospects in the United States. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
49
|
Saeed MA, Syed EH, Ghafor A, Yaqub T, Javeed A, Waheed U. Evaluation of Analytical Sensitivity of Sdf I based PCR and Sandwich ELISA for Salmonella Enteritidis detection and On-Farm prevalence in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MA Saeed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - EH Syed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Ghafor
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - T Yaqub
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Javeed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - U Waheed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wardhana DK, Haskito AEP, Purnama MTE, Safitri DA, Annisa S. Detection of microbial contamination in chicken meat from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:3138-3143. [PMID: 35153404 PMCID: PMC8829415 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3138-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Chicken meat can be contaminated by microorganisms anywhere in the supply chain, from farm to market, and these microorganisms can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, contact with the environment, and food consumption. The microbial contamination has a serious impact on public health. This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination of chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 samples of fresh chicken meat obtained from 10 traditional markets (six samples per market) were examined for the presence of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were identified using Gram staining, culturing, and biochemical tests. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to identify E. coli. Results: Most chicken meat samples were positive for S. aureus (58.3%), Salmonella spp. (48.3%), and E. coli (40%). The samples were considered positive for E. coli if the MPN value was higher than 1×101 CFU/g. Conclusion: High microbial contamination was found in all the chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya. Such contamination can lead to foodborne diseases so, proper hygiene and sanitation standards should be followed from slaughterhouses to the end-users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Erika Prihastuti Haskito
- Laboratorium of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Devi Ayu Safitri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suwaibatul Annisa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|