1
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Wang S, Tian R, Bi Y, Meng F, Zhang R, Wang C, Wang D, Liu L, Zhang B. A review of distribution and functions of extracellular DNA in the environment and wastewater treatment systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142264. [PMID: 38714248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular DNA refers to DNA fragments existing outside the cell, originating from various cell release mechanisms, including active secretion, cell lysis, and phage-mediated processes. Extracellular DNA serves as a vital environmental biomarker, playing crucial ecological and environmental roles in water bodies. This review is summarized the mechanisms of extracellular DNA release, including pathways involving cell lysis, extracellular vesicles, and type IV secretion systems. Then, the extraction and detection methods of extracellular DNA from water, soil, and biofilm are described and analyzed. Finally, we emphasize the role of extracellular DNA in microbial community systems, including its significant contributions to biofilm formation, biodiversity through horizontal gene transfer, and electron transfer processes. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the sources, distribution, functions, and impacts of extracellular DNA within aquatic environments, aiming to foster further exploration and understanding of extracellular DNA dynamics in aquatic environments as well as other environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmeng Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Fansheng Meng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingjie Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Tianjin Eco-City Water Investment and Construction Co. Ltd, Hexu Road 276, Tianjin, 300467, China
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2
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Hong H, Lv J, Deng A, Tang Y, Liu Z. A review of experimental Assessment Processes of material resistance to marine and freshwater biofouling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120766. [PMID: 38565032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Biofouling presents hazards to a variety of freshwater and marine underwater infrastructures and is one of the direct causes of species invasion. These negative impacts provide a unified goal for both industry practitioners and researchers: the development of novel antifouling materials to prevent the adhesion of biofouling. The prohibition of tributyltin (TBT) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2001 propelled the research and development of new antifouling materials. However, the evaluation process and framework for these materials remain incomplete and unsystematic. This mini-review starts with the classification and principles of new antifouling materials, discussing and summarizing the methods for assessing their biofouling resistance. The paper also compiles the relevant regulations and environmental requirements from different countries necessary for developing new antifouling materials with commercial potential. It concludes by highlighting the current challenges in antifouling material development and future outlooks. Systematic evaluation of newly developed antifouling materials can lead to the emergence of more genuinely applicable solutions, transitioning from merely laboratory products to materials that can be effectively used in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heting Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Wuhan Regional Climate Center, Hubei Meteorological Bureau, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jiawen Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Aijuan Deng
- Wuhan Regional Climate Center, Hubei Meteorological Bureau, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Wuhan Regional Climate Center, Hubei Meteorological Bureau, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Wuhan Regional Climate Center, Hubei Meteorological Bureau, Wuhan, 430074, China
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3
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Yang Y, Kong X, Niu B, Yang J, Chen Q. Differences in Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes and Their Effects on Virulence and Drug Resistance of Different Strains. Foods 2024; 13:1076. [PMID: 38611380 PMCID: PMC11011679 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is recognized as one of the primary pathogens responsible for foodborne illnesses. The ability of L. monocytogenes to form biofilms notably increases its resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline, making it exceedingly difficult to eradicate. Residual bacteria within the processing environment can contaminate food products, thereby posing a significant risk to public health. In this study, we used crystal violet staining to assess the biofilm-forming capacity of seven L. monocytogenes strains and identified ATCC 19112 as the strain with the most potent biofilm-forming. Subsequent fluorescence microscopy observations revealed that the biofilm-forming capacity was markedly enhanced after two days of culture. Then, we investigated into the factors contributing to biofilm formation and demonstrated that strains with more robust extracellular polymer secretion and self-agglutination capabilities exhibited a more pronounced ability to form biofilms. No significant correlation was found between surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation capability. In addition, we found that after biofilm formation, the adhesion and invasion of cells were enhanced and drug resistance increased. Therefore, we hypothesized that the formation of biofilm makes L. monocytogenes more virulent and more difficult to remove by antibiotics. Lastly, utilizing RT-PCR, we detected the expression levels of genes associated with biofilm formation, including those involved in quorum sensing (QS), flagellar synthesis, and extracellular polymer production. These genes were significantly upregulated after biofilm formation. These findings underscore the critical relationship between extracellular polymers, self-agglutination abilities, and biofilm formation. In conclusion, the establishment of biofilms not only enhances L. monocytogenes' capacity for cell invasion and adhesion but also significantly increases its resistance to drugs, presenting a substantial threat to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.Y.); (B.N.)
| | - Xiangxiang Kong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.Y.); (B.N.)
| | - Jielin Yang
- Technical Centre for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.Y.); (B.N.)
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4
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Sun Y, Shuai W, Nie L, Li X, Jiang L. Investigating the Role of OrbF in Biofilm Biosynthesis and Regulation of Biofilm-Associated Genes in Bacillus cereus BC1. Foods 2024; 13:638. [PMID: 38472751 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), a prevalent foodborne pathogen, constitutes a substantial risk to food safety due to its pronounced resilience under adverse environmental conditions such as elevated temperatures and ultraviolet radiation. This resilience can be attributed to its capacity for biofilm synthesis and sustained high viability. Our research aimed to elucidate the mechanisms governing biofilm biosynthesis in B. cereus. To this end, we constructed a 5088-mutant library of the B. cereus strain BC1 utilizing the transposon TnYLB-1. Systematic screening of this library yielded mutants exhibiting diminished biofilm formation capabilities. Twenty-four genes associated with the biofilm synthesis were identified by reverse PCR in these mutants, notably revealing a significant reduction in biofilm synthesis upon disruption of the orbF gene in B. cereus BC1. Comparative analysis between the wild type and orbF-deficient BC1 strains (BC1ΔorbF) indicated a marked downregulation (decreased by 11.7% to 96.7%) in the expression of genes implicated in biofilm formation, flagellar assembly, and bacterial chemotaxis in the BC1ΔorbF. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) further corroborated the role of OrbF, demonstrating its binding to the promoter region of the biofilm gene cluster, subsequently leading to the suppression of transcriptional activity of biofilm-associated genes in B. cereus BC1. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of orbF in biofilm biosynthesis in B. cereus, highlighting its potential as a target for strategies aimed at mitigating biofilm formation in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjing Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lanmengya Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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5
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Naman A, Tahseen H, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Ali A, Haque A, Akbar MU, Mehmood N, Nosheen R, Nadeem S, Shahzadi A, Imran M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterization of supernatant samples of biofilm forming bacterial strains. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123414. [PMID: 37852119 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is considered major cause of nosocomial infections. Its pathogenicity is mainly due to the ability to form biofilms on different surfaces, particularly indwelling medical devices. This bacterium consists of different strains consisting of non, medium and strong biofilm forming ones. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that can be used to detect and analyze biochemical composition of the supernatant samples of different strains of bacteria including non, medium and strong biofilm forming bacterial strains. SERS is a powerful technique for the robust, reliable, rapid detection and discrimination of bacteria in the form of characteristic SERS spectral features which can be used for detection and classification. SERS is used to differentiate three classes of bacteria with respect to their biofilm forming ability. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used as SERS substrate and synthesized with chemical reduction method. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) are used to discriminate SERS spectral data sets of non, medium and strong biofilm forming bacteria. PLS-DA analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that can be used to analyze data from bacterial sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Naman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hira Tahseen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Haque
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Akbar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Nosheen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Shahzadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Kolodkin-Gal I, Parsek MR, Patrauchan MA. The roles of calcium signaling and calcium deposition in microbial multicellularity. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1225-1237. [PMID: 37429751 PMCID: PMC10772221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is an essential mediator of signal-controlling gene expression in most developmental systems. In addition, calcium has established extracellular functions as a structural component of biogenic minerals found in complex tissues. In bacteria, the formation of calcium carbonate structures is associated with complex colony morphology. Genes promoting the formation of biogenic minerals are essential for proper biofilm development and protection against antimicrobial solutes and toxins. Here we review recent findings on the role of calcium and calcium signaling as emerging regulators of biofilm formation in beneficial bacteria, as well as essential mediators of biofilm formation and virulence in human pathogens. The presented analysis concludes that the new understanding of calcium signaling may help to improve the performance of beneficial strains for sustainable agriculture, microbiome manipulation, and sustainable construction. Unraveling the roles of calcium may also promote the development of novel therapies against biofilm infections that target calcium uptake, calcium sensors, and calcium carbonate deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Matthew R Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Marianna A Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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7
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Kim JS, Lim MC, Kim SM, Lee JY. Extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes as a biofilm control strategy for food-related microorganisms. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1745-1761. [PMID: 37780595 PMCID: PMC10533455 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is one of the major problems in food industries and is difficult to be removed or prevented by conventional sanitizers. In this review, we discussed the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes as a strategy to control biofilms of foodborne pathogenic and food-contaminating bacteria. The biofilms can be degraded by using the enzymes targeting proteins, polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, or lipids which mainly constitute the extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. However, the efficacy of enzymes varies by the growth medium, bacterial species, strains, or counterpart microorganisms due to a high variation in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances. Several studies demonstrated that the combined treatment using conventional sanitizers or multiple enzymes can synergistically enhance the biofilm removal efficacies. In this review, the application of the immobilized enzymes on solid substrates is also discussed as a potential strategy to prevent biofilm formation on food contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Sung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
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8
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Maisat W, Yuki K. Volatile anesthetic isoflurane exposure facilitates Enterococcus biofilm infection. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23186. [PMID: 37665578 PMCID: PMC10495085 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301128r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the major pathogenic bacteria responsible for surgical site infections. Biofilm infections are major hospital-acquired infections. Previous studies suggested that ions could regulate biofilm formation in microbes. Volatile anesthetics, frequently administered in surgical setting, target ion channels. Here, we investigated the role of ion channels/transporters and volatile anesthetics in the biofilm formation by E. faecalis MMH594 strain and its ion transporter mutants. We found that a chloride transporter mutant significantly reduced biofilm formation compared to the parental strain. Downregulation of teichoic acid biosynthesis in the chloride transporter mutant impaired biofilm matrix formation and cellular adhesion, leading to mitigated biofilm formation. Among anesthetics, isoflurane exposure enhanced biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. The upregulation of de novo purine biosynthesis pathway by isoflurane exposure potentially enhanced biofilm formation, an essential process for DNA, RNA, and ATP synthesis. We also demonstrated that isoflurane exposure to E. faecalis increased cyclic-di-AMP and extracellular DNA production, consistent with the increased purine biosynthesis. We further showed that isoflurane enhanced the enzymatic activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPP-S). With the hypothesis that isoflurane directly bound to PRPP-S, we predicted isoflurane binding site on it using rigid docking. Our study provides a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of E. faecalis biofilm formation and highlights the potential impact of an ion transporter and volatile anesthetic on this process. These findings may lead to the development of novel strategies for preventing E. faecalis biofilm formation and improving patient outcomes in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriya Maisat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Vittoria M, Saggese A, Isticato R, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E. Probiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics: Genomic and Physiological Characterization of Aerobic Spore Formers from the Human Intestine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1978. [PMID: 37630538 PMCID: PMC10458579 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of thirty-two aerobic spore former strains were isolated from intestinal samples of healthy children and analyzed for their hemolytic and antibiotic-resistant activities. Four strains selected as non-hemolytic and sensitive to all antibiotics recommended as relevant by regulatory agencies were short-listed and evaluated for their in silico and in vitro probiotic potentials. The four selected strains were assigned to the Bacillus velezensis (MV4 and MV11), B. subtilis (MV24), and Priestia megaterium (formerly Bacillus megaterium) (MV30) species. A genomic analysis indicated that MV4, MV11, and MV24 contained a homolog of the gene coding for the fibrinolytic enzyme nattokinase while only MV30 encoded a glutamic acid decarboxylase essential to synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA. All four strains contained gene clusters potentially coding for new antimicrobials, showed strong antioxidant activity, formed biofilm, and produced/secreted quorum-sensing peptides able to induce a cytoprotective stress response in a model of human intestinal (HT-29) cells. Altogether, genomic and physiological data indicate that the analyzed strains do not pose safety concerns and have in vitro probiotic potentials allowing us to propose their use as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (A.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (A.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (A.S.); (R.I.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy; (M.V.); (A.S.); (R.I.)
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10
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Morkus P, Rassenberg S, Montpetit D, Filipe CDM, Latulippe DR. Tuning the sensitivity of cell-based biosensors for the detection of biocides. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138740. [PMID: 37088207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biocides in wastewater can negatively impact the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, particular the process of nitrification. In this paper, we describe the development of cell-based biosensors (CBBs) with tunable levels of sensitivity for rapidly detecting the presence and predicting the type and concentration of biocides. The CBB assay developed is performed by first exposing a panel of bacterial strains (E. coli, B. subtilis, B. cereus) to the sample being tested and to the control sample without biocide, and then adding a fluorescent dye (LIVE/DEAD BacLight). We then compare the fluorescence signals generated by the two samples, and the differences in the signals indicate the presence of a biocide, as previously reported in the literature. We found that the sensitivity of the CBB assay can be improved by tuning the type/salinity of the buffer used to suspend the cells, and by changing the number of cells used in the assay. These changes improved the level of detection (LOD) of the biocide Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from 10 ppm to 0.625 ppm and the biocide Grotan® BK from 500 ppm to 7.8 ppm. With the optimized conditions for each strain, we also establish that the combined response from the panel of bacterial strains can be used to predict the type and concentration of biocide sample tested. Additionally, we provide evidence that the response of the tunable CBB assay can be quantitatively measured using a compact, commercially available fluorometer. Overall, the significance of this work will improve point-of-use testing and enable the discrimination between biocide-containing samples of similar toxicity and detection of lower toxicity samples, thereby improving the accuracy of the CBB assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Morkus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Sarah Rassenberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Danika Montpetit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - David R Latulippe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada.
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11
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Yang S, Wang Y, Ren F, Li Z, Dong Q. Applying enzyme treatments in Bacillus cereus biofilm removal. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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12
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Upadhyay A, Pal D, Kumar A. Combinatorial enzyme therapy: A promising neoteric approach for bacterial biofilm disruption. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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13
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Miao S, Liang J, Xu Y, Yu G, Shao M. Bacillaene, sharp objects consist in the arsenal of antibiotics produced by Bacillus. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 36790954 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus species act as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can produce a large number of bioactive metabolites. Bacillaene, a linear polyketide/nonribosomal peptide produced by Bacillus strains, is synthesized by the trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthetase. The complexity of the chemical structure, particularity of biosynthesis, potent bioactivity, and the important role of competition make Bacillus an ideal antibiotic weapon to resist other microbes and maintain the optimal rhizosphere environment. This review provides an updated view of the structural features, biological activity, biosynthetic regulators of biosynthetic pathways, and the important competitive role of bacillaene during Bacillus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, XinYang College Of Agriculture And Forestry, Xinyang, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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14
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Moshynets OV, Pokholenko I, Iungin O, Potters G, Spiers AJ. eDNA, Amyloid Fibers and Membrane Vesicles Identified in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315096. [PMID: 36499433 PMCID: PMC9738004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 is a model soil- and plant-associated bacterium capable of forming a variety of air-liquid interface biofilms in experimental microcosms and on plant surfaces. Previous investigations have shown that cellulose is the primary structural matrix component in the robust and well-attached Wrinkly Spreader biofilm, as well as in the fragile Viscous Mass biofilm. Here, we demonstrate that both biofilms include extracellular DNA (eDNA) which can be visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), quantified by absorbance measurements, and degraded by DNase I treatment. This eDNA plays an important role in cell attachment and biofilm development. However, exogenous high-molecular-weight DNA appears to decrease the strength and attachment levels of mature Wrinkly Spreader biofilms, whereas low-molecular-weight DNA appears to have little effect. Further investigation with CLSM using an amyloid-specific fluorophore suggests that the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm might also include Fap fibers, which might be involved in attachment and contribute to biofilm strength. The robust nature of the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm also allowed us, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, to identify matrix-associated proteins unable to diffuse out of the structure, as well as membrane vesicles which had a different protein profile compared to the matrix-associated proteins. CLSM and DNase I treatment suggest that some vesicles were also associated with eDNA. These findings add to our understanding of the matrix components in this model pseudomonad, and, as found in other biofilms, biofilm-specific products and material from lysed cells contribute to these structures through a range of complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena V. Moshynets
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ianina Pokholenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Iungin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biotechnology, Leather and Fur, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, 01011 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Geert Potters
- Antwerp Maritime Academy, 2030 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew J. Spiers
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
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15
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The Origin, Function, Distribution, Quantification, and Research Advances of Extracellular DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213690. [PMID: 36430193 PMCID: PMC9698649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, DNA is ubiquitous, existing not only inside but also outside of the cells of organisms. Intracellular DNA (iDNA) plays an essential role in different stages of biological growth, and it is defined as the carrier of genetic information. In addition, extracellular DNA (eDNA) is not enclosed in living cells, accounting for a large proportion of total DNA in the environment. Both the lysis-dependent and lysis-independent pathways are involved in eDNA release, and the released DNA has diverse environmental functions. This review provides an insight into the origin as well as the multiple ecological functions of eDNA. Furthermore, the main research advancements of eDNA in the various ecological environments and the various model microorganisms are summarized. Furthermore, the major methods for eDNA extraction and quantification are evaluated.
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16
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Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products and Production Plants. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172572. [PMID: 36076758 PMCID: PMC9455733 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of dairy products. As the microorganism is widespread in the environment, it can contaminate milk at the time of milking, but it can also reach the dairy products in each phase of production, storage and ripening. Milk pasteurization treatment is not effective in reducing contamination and can instead act as an activator of spore germination, and a potential associated risk still exists with the consumption of some processed foods. Prevalences and concentrations of B. cereus in milk and dairy products are extremely variable worldwide: in pasteurized milk, prevalences from 2% to 65.3% were reported, with concentrations of up to 3 × 105 cfu/g, whereas prevalences in cheeses ranged from 0 to 95%, with concentrations of up to 4.2 × 106 cfu/g. Bacillus cereus is also well known to produce biofilms, a serious concern for the dairy industry, with up to 90% of spores that are resistant to cleaning and are easily transferred. As the contamination of raw materials is not completely avoidable, and the application of decontamination treatments is only possible for some ingredients and is limited by both commercial and regulatory reasons, it is clear that the correct application of hygienic procedures is extremely important in order to avoid and manage the circulation of B. cereus along the dairy supply chain. Future developments in interventions must consider the synergic application of different mild technologies to prevent biofilm formation and to remove or inactivate the microorganism on the equipment.
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17
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Castulo-Arcos DA, Adame-Gómez R, Castro-Alarcón N, Galán-Luciano A, Santiago Dionisio MC, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Perez-Olais JH, Toribio-Jiménez J, Ramirez-Peralta A. Genetic diversity of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains in coriander in southwestern Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13667. [PMID: 35795180 PMCID: PMC9252179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coriander, like other leafy green vegetables, is available all year round and is commonly consumed raw in Mexico as in other countries in the preparation of street or homemade food. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a microorganism that can reach coriander because it is usually found in the soil and in some regions the vegetables are irrigated with polluted water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determinate the presence of B. cereus in coriander used for human consumption in southwestern Mexico and determine the toxigenic profile, biofilm production, genes associated with the production of biofilms, sporulation rates, enzymatic profile, psychotropic properties, and genetic diversity of B. cereus. Methods Fresh coriander samples were collected from several vegetable retailers in different markets, microbiological analysis was performed. Molecular identification, genes related to the production of biofilm, and toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates were determined by PCR. The biofilm formation was measured by performing a crystal violet assay. The genetic diversity of B. cereus strains was determined by PCR of repetitive elements using oligonucleotide (GTG) 5. Results We found a frequency of B. cereus in vegetables was 20% (13/65). In this study, no strains with genes for the HBL toxin were found. In the case of genes related to biofilms, the frequency was low for sipW [5.8%, (1/17)] and tasA [11.7%, (2/17)]. B. cereus strains produce a low amount of biofilm with sporulation rates around 80%. As for genetic diversity, we observed that strains isolated from the same market, but different vegetable retailers are grouped into clusters. In the coriander marketed in southwestern Mexico, were found B. cereus strains with genes associated with the production of diarrheal toxins. Together, these results show actual information about the state of art of B. cereus strains circulating in the southwestern of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Castulo-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Roberto Adame-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Aketzalli Galán-Luciano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Santiago Dionisio
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Análisis Microbiológicos/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco A. Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Jose-Humberto Perez-Olais
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular/Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Microbiologia Molecular y Biotecnologia Ambiental/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramirez-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
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18
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Rahman SME, Islam SMA, Xi Q, Han R, Oh DH, Wang J. Control of bacterial biofilms in red meat - A systematic review. Meat Sci 2022; 192:108870. [PMID: 35671629 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a serious threat in the meat industry, mainly since it aids food-borne pathogen survival. Biofilms are often difficult to eliminate, and it is essential to understand the best possible deployable measures to remove or inactivate biofilms. We systematically reviewed the published in vitro studies that investigated various methods for removing biofilms in red meat. Publicly available databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were queried for relevant studies. The search was restricted to articles published in the English language from 2010 to 2021. We mined a total of 394 studies, of which 12 articles were included in this review. In summary, the studies demonstrated the inhibitory effect of various methods, including the use of bacteriophages, dry heat, cold atmospheric pressure, ozone gas, oils, and acids, on red meat extract or red meat culture. This systematic review suggests that in addition to existing sanitation and antibiotic procedures, other methods, such as the use of phage cocktails and different oils as nanoparticles, yield positive outcomes and may be taken from the in vitro setting to industry with prior validation of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M E Rahman
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - S M A Islam
- Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Qian Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Quality and Safety Control, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Quality and Safety Control, Qingdao 266109, China.
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19
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Visnapuu A, Van der Gucht M, Wagemans J, Lavigne R. Deconstructing the Phage-Bacterial Biofilm Interaction as a Basis to Establish New Antibiofilm Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051057. [PMID: 35632801 PMCID: PMC9145820 DOI: 10.3390/v14051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial biofilm constitutes a complex environment that endows the bacterial community within with an ability to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Considering the interaction with bacterial viruses, these biofilms contain intrinsic defense mechanisms that protect against phage predation; these mechanisms are driven by physical, structural, and metabolic properties or governed by environment-induced mutations and bacterial diversity. In this regard, horizontal gene transfer can also be a driver of biofilm diversity and some (pro)phages can function as temporary allies in biofilm development. Conversely, as bacterial predators, phages have developed counter mechanisms to overcome the biofilm barrier. We highlight how these natural systems have previously inspired new antibiofilm design strategies, e.g., by utilizing exopolysaccharide degrading enzymes and peptidoglycan hydrolases. Next, we propose new potential approaches including phage-encoded DNases to target extracellular DNA, as well as phage-mediated inhibitors of cellular communication; these examples illustrate the relevance and importance of research aiming to elucidate novel antibiofilm mechanisms contained within the vast set of unknown ORFs from phages.
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20
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Bessey C, Gao Y, Truong YB, Miller H, Jarman SN, Berry O. Comparison of materials for rapid passive collection of environmental
DNA. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2559-2572. [PMID: 35570323 PMCID: PMC9544503 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Passive collection is an emerging sampling method for environmental DNA (eDNA) in aquatic systems. Passive eDNA collection is inexpensive and efficient, and requires minimal equipment, making it suited to high‐density sampling and remote deployment. Here, we compare the effectiveness of nine membrane materials for passively collecting fish eDNA from a 3‐million‐litre marine mesocosm. We submerged materials (cellulose, cellulose with 1% and 3% chitosan, cellulose overlayed with electrospun nanofibres and 1% chitosan, cotton fibres, hemp fibres, and sponge with either zeolite or active carbon) for intervals between 5 and 1080 min. We show that for most materials, with as little as 5 min of submersion, mitochondrial fish eDNA measured with qPCR, and fish species richness measured with metabarcoding, was comparable to that collected by conventional filtering. Furthermore, PCR template DNA concentrations and species richness were generally not improved significantly by longer submersion. Species richness detected for all materials ranged between 11 and 37 species, with a median of 27, which was comparable to the range for filtered eDNA (19–32). Using scanning electron microscopy, we visualized biological matter adhering to the surface of materials, rather than entrapped, with images also revealing a diversity in size and structure of putative eDNA particles. eDNA can be collected rapidly from seawater with a passive approach and using a variety of materials. This will suit cost‐ and time‐sensitive biological surveys, and where access to equipment is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bessey
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, 64 Fairway Crawley WA Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Environomics Future Science Platform, 64 Fairway Crawley WA Australia
- University of Western Australia UWA Oceans Institute, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA Australia
| | - Yuan Gao
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Manufacturing, Research Way Clayton Australia
| | - Yen Bach Truong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Manufacturing, Research Way Clayton Australia
| | - Haylea Miller
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Environomics Future Science Platform, 64 Fairway Crawley WA Australia
| | - Simon Neil Jarman
- University of Western Australia UWA Oceans Institute, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA Australia
- University of Western Australia School of Biological Sciences and the UWA Oceans Institute Crawley WA Australia
| | - Oliver Berry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Environomics Future Science Platform, 64 Fairway Crawley WA Australia
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21
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Tuck B, Watkin E, Somers A, Forsyth M, Machuca LL. Conditioning of metal surfaces enhances Shewanella chilikensis adhesion. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:207-222. [PMID: 35345940 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2039349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion and biofouling of steels depend on the adsorption of a conditioning film and subsequent attachment of bacteria. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) and amino acids are biologically critical nutrient sources and are ubiquitous in marine environments. However, little is known about their role as conditioning film molecules in early biofilm formation on metallic surfaces. The present study evaluated the capacity for eDNA and amino acids to form a conditioning film on carbon steel (CS), and subsequently, the influence of these conditioning films on bacterial attachment using a marine bacterial strain. Conditioning films of eDNA or amino acids were formed on CS through physical adsorption. Biochemical and microscopic analysis of eDNA conditioning, amino acid conditioning and control CS surfaces demonstrated that organic conditioning surfaces promoted bacterial attachment. The results highlight the importance of conditioning the surface in initial bacterial attachment to steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tuck
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Somers
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura L Machuca
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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22
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Qian Y, Li Y, Xu T, Zhao H, Zeng M, Liu Z. Dissecting of the AI-2/LuxS Mediated Growth Characteristics and Bacteriostatic Ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SS-128 by Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics. Foods 2022; 11:638. [PMID: 35267271 PMCID: PMC8909743 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum could regulate certain physiological functions through the AI-2/LuxS-mediated quorum sensing (QS) system. To explore the regulation mechanism on the growth characteristics and bacteriostatic ability of L. plantarum SS-128, a luxS mutant was constructed by a two-step homologous recombination. Compared with ΔluxS/SS-128, the metabolites of SS-128 had stronger bacteriostatic ability. The combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics data showed that SS-128 exhibited higher pyruvate metabolic efficiency and energy input, followed by higher LDH level and metabolite overflow compared to ΔluxS/SS-128, resulting in stronger bacteriostatic ability. The absence of luxS induces a regulatory pathway that burdens the cysteine cycle by quantitatively drawing off central metabolic intermediaries. To accommodate this mutations, ΔluxS/SS-128 exhibited lower metabolite overflow and abnormal proliferation. These results demonstrate that the growth characteristic and metabolism of L. plantarum SS-128 are mediated by the AI-2/LuxS QS system, which is a positive regulator involved in food safety. It would be helpful to investigate more bio-preservation control potential of L. plantarum, especially when applied in food industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zunying Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.)
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23
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Li L, He Z, Liang T, Sheng T, Zhang F, Wu D, Ma F. Colonization of biofilm in wastewater treatment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118514. [PMID: 34808308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The attachment and colonization process of microorganisms on a carrier is an interdisciplinary research field. Through a series of physical, chemical, and biological actions, the microorganisms can eventually reproduce on the carrier. This article introduces biofilm start-up and its applications, and explores the current issues to look forward to future development directions. Firstly, the mechanism of microbial film formation is analyzed from the microbial community colonization and reproduction process. Secondly, when analyzing the factors influencing microbial membrane formation, the effect of microbial properties (e.g., genes, proteins, lipids) and external conditions (i.e., carrier, operating environment, and regulation mechanism among microbial communities) were discussed in depth. Aimed at exploring the mechanisms and influencing factors of biofilm start-up, this article proposes the application measures to strengthen this process. Finally, the problems encountered and the future development direction of the technology are analyzed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Li
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China.
| | - Zhengming He
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Taojie Liang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Longjiang Environmental Protection Group Co. Ltd., Harbin, 150050, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Longjiang Environmental Protection Group Co. Ltd., Harbin, 150050, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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24
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Moshynets OV, Baranovskyi TP, Iungin OS, Kysil NP, Metelytsia LO, Pokholenko I, Potochilova VV, Potters G, Rudnieva KL, Rymar SY, Semenyuta IV, Spiers AJ, Tarasyuk OP, Rogalsky SP. eDNA Inactivation and Biofilm Inhibition by the PolymericBiocide Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020731. [PMID: 35054915 PMCID: PMC8775615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of effective biocides used for routine hospital practice should consider the role of disinfectants in the maintenance and development of local resistome and how they might affect antibiotic resistance gene transfer within the hospital microbial population. Currently, there is little understanding of how different biocides contribute to eDNA release that may contribute to gene transfer and subsequent environmental retention. Here, we investigated how different biocides affect the release of eDNA from mature biofilms of two opportunistic model strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (SA) and contribute to the hospital resistome in the form of surface and water contaminants and dust particles. The effect of four groups of biocides, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl), was evaluated using PA and SA biofilms. Most biocides, except for PHMG-Cl and 70% ethanol, caused substantial eDNA release, and PHMG-Cl was found to block biofilm development when used at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.1%. This might be associated with the formation of DNA–PHMG-Cl complexes as PHMG-Cl is predicted to bind to AT base pairs by molecular docking assays. PHMG-Cl was found to bind high-molecular DNA and plasmid DNA and continued to inactivate DNA on surfaces even after 4 weeks. PHMG-Cl also effectively inactivated biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance gene eDNA released by a pan-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain, which demonstrates the potential of a polymeric biocide as a new surface-active agent to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena V. Moshynets
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Taras P. Baranovskyi
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Allergology, Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, 9 Dorohozhytska Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine;
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Olga S. Iungin
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Leather and Fur, Faculty of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Technologies, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemyrovycha-Danchenka Street, 2, 01011 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia P. Kysil
- National Children’s Specialized Hospital “Okhmatdyt”, 28/1 Chornovola Str., 01135 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Larysa O. Metelytsia
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Ianina Pokholenko
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
| | - Viktoria V. Potochilova
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Geert Potters
- Antwerp Maritime Academy, Noordkasteel Oost 6, 2030 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kateryna L. Rudnieva
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Svitlana Y. Rymar
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
| | - Ivan V. Semenyuta
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Andrew J. Spiers
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK;
| | - Oksana P. Tarasyuk
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Sergiy P. Rogalsky
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (S.P.R.)
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25
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Sharma S, Meena M, Marwal A, Swapnil P. Biofilm matrix proteins. APPLICATION OF BIOFILMS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90513-8.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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26
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Cruz-Facundo IM, Adame-Gómez R, Vences-Velázquez A, Rodríguez-Bataz E, Muñoz-Barrios S, Pérez-Oláis JH, Ramírez-Peralta A. Bacillus Cereus in Eggshell: Enterotoxigenic Profiles and Biofilm Production. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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The de novo Purine Biosynthesis Pathway Is the Only Commonly Regulated Cellular Pathway during Biofilm Formation in TSB-Based Medium in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0080421. [PMID: 34935415 PMCID: PMC8693917 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00804-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are involved in chronic infections and confer 10 to 1,000 times more resistance to antibiotics compared with planktonic growth, leading to complications and treatment failure. When transitioning from a planktonic lifestyle to biofilms, some Gram-positive bacteria are likely to modulate several cellular pathways, including central carbon metabolism, biosynthesis pathways, and production of secondary metabolites. These metabolic adaptations might play a crucial role in biofilm formation by Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Here, we performed a transcriptomic approach to identify cellular pathways that might be similarly regulated during biofilm formation in these bacteria. Different strains and biofilm-inducing media were used to identify a set of regulated genes that are common and independent of the environment or accessory genomes analyzed. Our approach highlighted that the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway was upregulated in biofilms of both species when using a tryptone soy broth-based medium but not so when a brain heart infusion-based medium was used. We did not identify other pathways commonly regulated between both pathogens. Gene deletions and usage of a drug targeting a key enzyme showed the importance of this pathway in biofilm formation of S. aureus. The importance of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway might reflect an important need for purine during biofilm establishment, and thus could constitute a promising drug target. IMPORTANCE Biofilms are often involved in nosocomial infections and can cause serious chronic infections if not treated properly. Current anti-biofilm strategies rely on antibiotic usage, but they have a limited impact because of the biofilm intrinsic tolerance to drugs. Metabolism remodeling likely plays a central role during biofilm formation. Using comparative transcriptomics of different strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, we determined that almost all cellular adaptations are not shared between strains and species. Interestingly, we observed that the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway was upregulated during biofilm formation by both species in a specific medium. The requirement for purine could constitute an interesting new anti-biofilm target with a wide spectrum that could also prevent resistance evolution. These results are also relevant to a better understanding of the physiology of biofilm formation.
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Holden ER, Yasir M, Turner AK, Wain J, Charles IG, Webber MA. Massively parallel transposon mutagenesis identifies temporally essential genes for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34783647 PMCID: PMC8743551 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms complete a life cycle where cells aggregate, grow and produce a structured community before dispersing to colonize new environments. Progression through this life cycle requires temporally controlled gene expression to maximize fitness at each stage. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genes essential for the formation of a mature biofilm; here, we present an insight into the genes involved at different stages of biofilm formation. We used TraDIS-Xpress, a massively parallel transposon mutagenesis approach using transposon-located promoters to assay the impact of disruption or altered expression of all genes in the genome on biofilm formation. We identified 48 genes that affected the fitness of cells growing in a biofilm, including genes with known roles and those not previously implicated in biofilm formation. Regulation of type 1 fimbriae and motility were important at all time points, adhesion and motility were important for the early biofilm, whereas matrix production and purine biosynthesis were only important as the biofilm matured. We found strong temporal contributions to biofilm fitness for some genes, including some where expression changed between being beneficial or detrimental depending on the stage at which they are expressed, including dksA and dsbA. Novel genes implicated in biofilm formation included zapE and truA involved in cell division, maoP in chromosome organization, and yigZ and ykgJ of unknown function. This work provides new insights into the requirements for successful biofilm formation through the biofilm life cycle and demonstrates the importance of understanding expression and fitness through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - A Keith Turner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - John Wain
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Investigating Extracellular DNA Release in Staphylococcus xylosus Biofilm In Vitro. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112192. [PMID: 34835318 PMCID: PMC8617998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus forms biofilm embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix. As extracellular DNA (eDNA) resulting from cell lysis has been found in several staphylococcal biofilms, we investigated S. xylosus biofilm in vitro by a microscopic approach and identified the mechanisms involved in cell lysis by a transcriptomic approach. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses of the biofilms, together with DNA staining and DNase treatment, revealed that eDNA constituted an important component of the matrix. This eDNA resulted from cell lysis by two mechanisms, overexpression of phage-related genes and of cidABC encoding a holin protein that is an effector of murein hydrolase activity. This lysis might furnish nutrients for the remaining cells as highlighted by genes overexpressed in nucleotide salvage, in amino sugar catabolism and in inorganic ion transports. Several genes involved in DNA/RNA repair and genes encoding proteases and chaperones involved in protein turnover were up-regulated. Furthermore, S. xylosus perceived osmotic and oxidative stresses and responded by up-regulating genes involved in osmoprotectant synthesis and in detoxification. This study provides new insight into the physiology of S. xylosus in biofilm.
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30
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Lim ES, Baek SY, Oh T, Koo M, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245708. [PMID: 34133441 PMCID: PMC8208538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seob Lim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Youb Baek
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Oh
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseon Koo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JSK)
| | - Joo-Sung Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JSK)
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31
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Ilinov A, Nishiyama A, Namba H, Fukushima Y, Takihara H, Nakajima C, Savitskaya A, Gebretsadik G, Hakamata M, Ozeki Y, Tateishi Y, Okuda S, Suzuki Y, Vinnik YS, Matsumoto S. Extracellular DNA of slow growers of mycobacteria and its contribution to biofilm formation and drug tolerance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10953. [PMID: 34040029 PMCID: PMC8155028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is basically an intracellular molecule that stores genetic information and carries instructions for growth and reproduction in all cellular organisms. However, in some bacteria, DNA has additional roles outside the cells as extracellular DNA (eDNA), which is an essential component of biofilm formation and hence antibiotic tolerance. Mycobacteria include life-threating human pathogens, most of which are slow growers. However, little is known about the nature of pathogenic mycobacteria’s eDNA. Here we found that eDNA is present in slow-growing mycobacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. intracellulare, and M. avium at exponential growth phase. In contrast, eDNA is little in all tested rapid-growing mycobacteria. The physiological impact of disrupted eDNA on slow-growing mycobacteria include reduced pellicle formation, floating biofilm, and enhanced susceptibility to isoniazid and amikacin. Isolation and sequencing of eDNA revealed that it is identical to the genomic DNA in M. tuberculosis and M. intracellulare. In contrast, accumulation of phage DNA in eDNA of M. avium, suggests that the DNA released differs among mycobacterial species. Our data show important functions of eDNA necessary for biofilm formation and drug tolerance in slow-growing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ilinov
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan. .,Department of General Surgery Named Professor M.I. Gulman, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 1, P. Zheleznyaka str., Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, 660022.
| | - Akihito Nishiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yukari Fukushima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, 011-0020, Japan
| | - Hayato Takihara
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, 011-0020, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, 011-0020, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Anna Savitskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997
| | - Gebremichal Gebretsadik
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Mariko Hakamata
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Niigata Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, 011-0020, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, 011-0020, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuri S Vinnik
- Department of General Surgery Named Professor M.I. Gulman, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 1, P. Zheleznyaka str., Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, 660022
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan. .,Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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32
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Blaschke U, Skiebe E, Wilharm G. Novel Genes Required for Surface-Associated Motility in Acinetobacter baumannii. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1509-1528. [PMID: 33666749 PMCID: PMC7997844 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic and increasingly multi-drug resistant human pathogen rated as a critical priority one pathogen for the development of new antibiotics by the WHO in 2017. Despite the lack of flagella, A. baumannii can move along wet surfaces in two different ways: via twitching motility and surface-associated motility. While twitching motility is known to depend on type IV pili, the mechanism of surface-associated motility is poorly understood. In this study, we established a library of 30 A. baumannii ATCC® 17978™ mutants that displayed deficiency in surface-associated motility. By making use of natural competence, we also introduced these mutations into strain 29D2 to differentiate strain-specific versus species-specific effects of mutations. Mutated genes were associated with purine/pyrimidine/folate biosynthesis (e.g. purH, purF, purM, purE), alarmone/stress metabolism (e.g. Ap4A hydrolase), RNA modification/regulation (e.g. methionyl-tRNA synthetase), outer membrane proteins (e.g. ompA), and genes involved in natural competence (comEC). All tested mutants originally identified as motility-deficient in strain ATCC® 17978™ also displayed a motility-deficient phenotype in 29D2. By contrast, further comparative characterization of the mutant sets of both strains regarding pellicle biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model revealed numerous strain-specific mutant phenotypes. Our studies highlight the need for comparative analyses to characterize gene functions in A. baumannii and for further studies on the mechanisms underlying surface-associated motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Blaschke
- Robert Koch Institute, Project group P2, Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Skiebe
- Robert Koch Institute, Project group P2, Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Gottfried Wilharm
- Robert Koch Institute, Project group P2, Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
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33
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Rather MA, Gupta K, Bardhan P, Borah M, Sarkar A, Eldiehy KSH, Bhuyan S, Mandal M. Microbial biofilm: A matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:380-395. [PMID: 33615511 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms have adapted different strategies during the course of time to invade host defense mechanisms and overcome the effect of potent antibiotics. The formation of biofilm on both biotic and abiotic surfaces by microorganisms is one such strategy to resist and survive even in presence of antibiotics and other adverse environmental conditions. Biofilm is a safe home of microorganisms embedded within self-produced extracellular polymeric substances comprising of polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, nucleic acid, and water. It is because of this adaptation strategy that pathogenic microorganisms are taking a heavy toll on the health and life of organisms. In this review, we discuss the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms on tissues and medically implanted devices in human beings. We also focus on food spoilage, disease outbreaks, biofilm-associated deaths, burden on economy, and other major concerns of biofilm-forming pathogenic microorganisms in food industries like dairy, poultry, ready-to-eat food, meat, and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil A Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Pritam Bardhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Munmi Borah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Anupama Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Khalifa S H Eldiehy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shuvam Bhuyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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34
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Devaraj A, González JF, Eichar B, Thilliez G, Kingsley RA, Baker S, Allard MW, Bakaletz LO, Gunn JS, Goodman SD. Enhanced biofilm and extracellular matrix production by chronic carriage versus acute isolates of Salmonella Typhi. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009209. [PMID: 33465146 PMCID: PMC7815147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi is the primary causative agent of typhoid fever; an acute systemic infection that leads to chronic carriage in 3–5% of individuals. Chronic carriers are asymptomatic, difficult to treat and serve as reservoirs for typhoid outbreaks. Understanding the factors that contribute to chronic carriage is key to development of novel therapies to effectively resolve typhoid fever. Herein, although we observed no distinct clustering of chronic carriage isolates via phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that chronic isolates were phenotypically distinct from acute infection isolates. Chronic carriage isolates formed significantly thicker biofilms with greater biomass that correlated with significantly higher relative levels of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and DNABII proteins than biofilms formed by acute infection isolates. Importantly, extracellular DNABII proteins include integration host factor (IHF) and histone-like protein (HU) that are critical to the structural integrity of bacterial biofilms. In this study, we demonstrated that the biofilm formed by a chronic carriage isolate in vitro, was susceptible to disruption by a specific antibody against DNABII proteins, a successful first step in the development of a therapeutic to resolve chronic carriage. Salmonella Typhi, a human restricted pathogen is the primary etiologic agent of typhoid fever, an acute systemic infection that has a global incidence of 21 million cases annually. Although the acute infection is resolved by antibiotics, 3–5% of individuals develop chronic carriage that is difficult to resolve with antibiotics. A majority of these indivuals serve as reservoirs for further spread of the disease. Understanding the differences between acute and chronic carrier strains is key to design novel targeted approaches to undermine carriage. Here, we demonstrated that chronic carrier strains although not genotypically distinct from acute strains, formed thicker biofilms with greater relative levels of extracellular eDNA and DNABII proteins than those formed by acute infection isolates. We also demonstrated that an antibody against DNABII proteins significantly disrupted biofilms formed by a chronic carrier strain and therefore supported development of therapeutic use of this antibody to attenuate chronic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Devaraj
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juan F. González
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bradley Eichar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Food and Drug Administration-FDA, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren O. Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Oral and GI Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (SDG)
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Oral and GI Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (SDG)
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Bianco A, Capozzi L, Monno MR, Del Sambro L, Manzulli V, Pesole G, Loconsole D, Parisi A. Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates From Human Bacteremia by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599524. [PMID: 33510722 PMCID: PMC7835510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are spore-forming organisms commonly associated with food poisoning and intestinal infections. Moreover, some strains of the group (i.e., B. cereus sensu stricto and Bacillus thuringiensis) can cause bacteremia in humans, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed the genetic characterization of 17 human clinical strains belonging to B. cereus group isolated from blood culture. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to B. cereus sensu stricto and B. thuringiensis-type strain. Multilocus sequence typing analysis performed on the draft genome revealed the genetic diversity of our isolates, which were assigned to different sequence types. Based on panC nucleotide sequence, the isolates were grouped in the phylogenetic groups III and IV. The NHE, cer, and inhA gene cluster, entA, entFM, plcA, and plcB, were the most commonly detected virulence genes. Although we did not assess the ability to generate biofilm by phenotypic tests, we verified the prevalence of biofilm associated genes using an in silico approach. A high prevalence of pur gene cluster, xerC, clpY, codY, tasA, sipW, sinI, and sigB genes, was found. Genes related to the resistance to penicillin, trimethoprim, and ceftriaxone were identified in most of the isolates. Intriguingly, the majority of these virulence and AMR genes appeared to be evenly distributed among B. cereus s.s. isolates, as well as closely related to B. thuringiensis isolates. We showed the WGS represents a good approach to rapidly characterize B. cereus group strains, being able to give useful information about genetic epidemiology, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial genes, and finally about the potential hazard related to this underestimated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Monno
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Viviana Manzulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, University of Bari "A. Moro", Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies of the National Research Council and Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Hygiene Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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Ren P, Chen T, Liu N, Sun W, Hu G, Yu Y, Yu B, Ouyang P, Liu D, Chen Y. Efficient Biofilm-Based Fermentation Strategies by eDNA Formation for l-Proline Production with Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33314-33322. [PMID: 33403293 PMCID: PMC7774248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms could provide favorable conditions for the growth of cells during industrial fermentation. However, biofilm-immobilized fermentation has not yet been reported in Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum), one of the main strains for amino acid production. This is mainly because C. glutamicum has a poor capability of adsorption onto materials or forming an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Here, an engineered strain, C. glutamicum Pro-ΔexeM, was created by removing the extracellular nuclease gene exeM, which effectively increased extracellular DNA (eDNA) in the EPS and cell adhesiveness onto carrier materials. In repeated-batch fermentation using the biofilm, l-proline production increased from 10.2 to 17.1 g/L. In summary, this research demonstrated that a synthetic C. glutamicum biofilm could be favorable for l-proline production, which could be extended to other industrial applications of C. glutamicum, and the strategy may also be applicable to the engineering of other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Tianpeng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hu
- Nanjing
Iaso Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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Wang W, Wang J, Wang H, Ma J, Wu M, Wang Y. Anammox Granule Enlargement by Heterogenous Granule Self-assembly. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116454. [PMID: 33011570 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Expansion in the size is an indispensable stage in the granular sludge life cycle, but little attention has been payed to the enlargement mechanism of granular sludge. Here, we propose a novel anammox granule enlargement mechanism by the self-assembly of heterogenous granules. Two different colors of anammox granules, dark-red granules (DR-Granules) and bright-red granules (BR-Granules) were found in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor. These two heterogenous granules were not isolated but were assembled into granules with a larger DR-Granule in the center and many smaller BR-Granules aggregated on the surface, increasing the overall granular size. Their physiochemical characteristics in terms of EPS, adherence, rheological properties, and microbial compositions, were identified and compared to elucidate the interaction between the different colors of granules. The BR-Granules created 92% more extracellular polymeric substances than the DR-Granules. This material blocked the passage of gas and substrate, leading to BR-Granules smaller size and a yield stress approximately 48% lower than that of the DR-Granules. Nevertheless, the BR-Granules had compact extracellular protein secondary structures and a high adherence rate to the surface of the DR-Granules, upon which they formed a compact adhered layer. These unique features enabled them to directionally adhere to DR-Granules in the core, that is, two heterogenous colors of granules self-assembled into large anammox granules. The enlargement mechanism was further supported by the abundance of K-strategy Ca. Kuenenia in the DR-Granules (inner layer) being higher than in the BR-Granules (outer layer; 2.9 ± 0.4% vs. 0.4 ± 0.1%; p = 0.0003) and by visualized confirmation that the larger BR-Granules wrapped around smaller DR-Granules inside. This demonstrates that heterogenous anammox granules actively self-assemble into large granules, which is an important step in the lifecycle of anammox granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China.
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Zhang J, Meng L, Zhang Y, Sang L, Liu Q, Zhao L, Liu F, Wang G. GapB Is Involved in Biofilm Formation Dependent on LrgAB but Not the SinI/R System in Bacillus cereus 0-9. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591926. [PMID: 33365021 PMCID: PMC7750190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus 0-9, a Gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium isolated from healthy wheat roots, has biological control capacity against several soil-borne plant diseases of wheat such as sharp eyespot and take-all. The bacterium can produce various biofilms that differ in their architecture and formation mechanisms, possibly for adapting to different environments. The gapB gene, encoding a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), plays a key role in B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation. We studied the function of GapB and the mechanism of its involvement in regulating B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation. GapB has GAPDH activities for both NAD+- and NADP+-dependent dehydrogenases and is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Biofilm yield of the ΔgapB strain decreased by 78.5% compared with that of wild-type B. cereus 0-9 in lysogeny broth supplemented with some mineral salts (LBS), and the ΔgapB::gapB mutants were recovered with gapB gene supplementation. Interestingly, supplementing the LBS medium with 0.1-0.5% glycerol restored the biofilm formation capacity of the ΔgapB mutants. Therefore, GapB regulates biofilm formation relative to its function in gluconeogenesis. To illustrate how GapB is involved in regulating biofilm formation through gluconeogenesis, we carried out further research. The results indicate that the GapB regulated the B. cereus 0-9 biofilm formation independently of the exopolysaccharides and regulatory proteins in the typical SinI/R system, likely owing to the release of extracellular DNA in the matrix. Transcriptome analysis showed that the gapB deletion caused changes in the expression levels of only 18 genes, among which, lrgAB was the most significantly increased by 6.17-fold. We confirmed this hypothesis by counting the dead and living cells in the biofilms and found the number of living cells in the biofilm formed by the ΔgapB strain was nearly 7.5 times than that of wild-type B. cereus 0-9. Therefore, we concluded that the GapB is involved in the extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation by regulating the expression or activities of LrgAB. These results provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation and a new foundation for further studying the stress resistance of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanmei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmaceutical, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Meng
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lidan Sang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengying Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China.,Institute of Microbial Engineering, Laboratory of Bioresource and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Huang Z, Zhang J, Gu Y, Cai Z, Feng X, Yang C, Xin G. Research progress on inosine monophosphate deposition mechanism in chicken muscle. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1062-1078. [PMID: 33146022 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1833832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous improvements in human diet, there is an ever-increasing demand for high-quality chicken, so it is particularly important for poultry breeders to carry out the breeding of high-quality broilers in a timely fashion. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a flavor-enhancing substance, which plays a critical role in the umami taste of the muscle, making the content of IMP an important umami taste indicator. Currently, research on the deposition mechanism of IMP in chicken is not only necessary for chicken breeders to promote the production of high-quality meat and poultry but also to meet the human demand for chicken meat. In this paper, the research history of IMP, its structure and taste mechanisms, the pathway and influencing factors of de novo IMP synthesis, and the key genes regulating IMP synthesis and metabolism are briefly summarized. Our aim was to lay a theoretical foundation and provide scientific background and research directions for further research on high-quality broiler breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwen Huang
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chaoyun Yang
- Agriculture College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guosheng Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University/Ningxia Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, China
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Grainha T, Magalhães AP, Melo LDR, Pereira MO. Pitfalls Associated with Discriminating Mixed-Species Biofilms by Flow Cytometry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110741. [PMID: 33121057 PMCID: PMC7694060 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biofilms are ubiquitous in different settings and act as sources of disease for humans, reliable methods to characterize and quantify these microbial communities are required. Numerous techniques have been employed, but most of them are unidirectional, labor intensive and time consuming. Although flow cytometry (FCM) can be a reliable choice to quickly provide a multiparametric analysis, there are still few applications on biofilms, and even less on the study of inter-kingdom communities. This work aimed to give insights into the application of FCM in order to more comprehensively analyze mixed-species biofilms, formed by different Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans strains, before and after exposure to antimicrobials. For comparison purposes, biofilm culturability was also assessed determining colony-forming units. The results showed that some aspects, namely the microbial strain used, the morphological state of the cells and the biofilm matrix, make the accurate analysis of FCM data difficult. These aspects were even more challenging when double-species biofilms were being inspected, as they could engender data misinterpretations. The outcomes draw our attention towards the need to always take into consideration the characteristics of the biofilm samples to be analyzed through FCM, and undoubtedly link to the need for optimization of the processes tailored for each particular case study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Correspondence: (L.D.R.M.); (M.O.P.); Tel.: +351-253-601-989 (L.D.R.M.); +351-253-604-402 (M.O.P.)
| | - Maria O. Pereira
- Correspondence: (L.D.R.M.); (M.O.P.); Tel.: +351-253-601-989 (L.D.R.M.); +351-253-604-402 (M.O.P.)
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41
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Huang Y, Flint SH, Palmer JS. Bacillus cereus spores and toxins – The potential role of biofilms. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Improved understanding of biofilm development by Piscirickettsia salmonis reveals potential risks for the persistence and dissemination of piscirickettsiosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12224. [PMID: 32699383 PMCID: PMC7376020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, a disease with high socio-economic impacts for Chilean salmonid aquaculture. The identification of major environmental reservoirs for P. salmonis has long been ignored. Most microbial life occurs in biofilms, with possible implications in disease outbreaks as pathogen seed banks. Herein, we report on an in vitro analysis of biofilm formation by P. salmonis Psal-103 (LF-89-like genotype) and Psal-104 (EM-90-like genotype), the aim of which was to gain new insights into the ecological role of biofilms using multiple approaches. The cytotoxic response of the salmon head kidney cell line to P. salmonis showed interisolate differences, depending on the source of the bacterial inoculum (biofilm or planktonic). Biofilm formation showed a variable-length lag-phase, which was associated with wider fluctuations in biofilm viability. Interisolate differences in the lag phase emerged regardless of the nutritional content of the medium, but both isolates formed mature biofilms from 288 h onwards. Psal-103 biofilms were sensitive to Atlantic salmon skin mucus during early formation, whereas Psal-104 biofilms were more tolerant. The ability of P. salmonis to form viable and mucus-tolerant biofilms on plastic surfaces in seawater represents a potentially important environmental risk for the persistence and dissemination of piscirickettsiosis.
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Roberto AG, Itzel-Maralhi CF, Lilia-Lizette GD, Yesenia RS, Abigail PV, Carlos OP, Maria-Cristina SD, Arturo RP. Biofilm Production by Enterotoxigenic Strains of Bacillus cereus in Different Materials and under Different Environmental Conditions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071071. [PMID: 32709126 PMCID: PMC7409032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses, such as infections or food poisoning, can be caused by bacterial biofilms present in food matrices or machinery. The production of biofilms by several strains of Bacillus cereus on different materials under different culture conditions was determined, as well as the relationship of biofilms with motility, in addition to the enterotoxigenic profile and candidate genes that participate in the production of biofilms. Biofilm production of B. cereus strains was determined on five materials: glass, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), PVC/glass; in three culture media: Phenol red broth, tryptic soy broth, and brain heart infusion broth; in two different temperatures (37 °C and 25 °C), and in two different oxygen conditions (oxygen and CO2 tension). Furthermore, the strains were molecularly characterized by end-point polymerase chain reaction. Motility was determined on semi-solid agar. The B. cereus strains in this study were mainly characterized as enterotoxigenic strains; statistically significant differences were found in the PVC material and biofilm production. Motility was positively associated with the production of biofilm in glass/PVC. The sipW and tasA genes were found in two strains. The results of this study are important in the food industry because the strains carry at least one enterotoxin gene and produce biofilms on different materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adame-Gómez Roberto
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico; (A.-G.R.); (C.-F.I.-M.); (G.-D.L.-L.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Cruz-Facundo Itzel-Maralhi
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico; (A.-G.R.); (C.-F.I.-M.); (G.-D.L.-L.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - García-Díaz Lilia-Lizette
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico; (A.-G.R.); (C.-F.I.-M.); (G.-D.L.-L.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Ramírez-Sandoval Yesenia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico; (A.-G.R.); (C.-F.I.-M.); (G.-D.L.-L.); (R.-S.Y.)
| | - Pérez-Valdespino Abigail
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico;
| | - Ortuño-Pineda Carlos
- Laboratorio de Ácidos Nucleicos y Proteínas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico;
| | | | - Ramírez-Peralta Arturo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero 39074, Mexico; (A.-G.R.); (C.-F.I.-M.); (G.-D.L.-L.); (R.-S.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang YQ, Li W, Zhuang JL, Liu YD, Shapleigh JP. Bacteriophage-mediated extracellular DNA release is important for the structural stability of aerobic granular sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138392. [PMID: 32334351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial characteristics and the structural role of exDNA in different size AGSs. Metagenomic results showed that exDNA has a significantly lower GC content, ~46.0%, than the ~65.0% GC of intracellular DNA (inDNA). Taxonomic predictions showed most of the reads from the exDNA that could be taxonomically assigned were from members of the phyla Bacteroidetes (55.0-64.2% of the total exDNA reads). Assigned inDNA reads were mainly from Proteobacteria (50.9-57.8%) or Actinobacteria (18.0-28.0%). Reads mapping showed that exDNA read depths were similar across all predicted open reading frames from assembled genomes that were assigned as Bacteroidetes which is consistent with cell lysis as a source of exDNA. Enrichment of CRISPR-CAS proteins in exDNA reads and CRISPR spacers in Bacteroidetes associated draft genomes suggested that bacteriophage infection may be an important cause of lysis of these cells. A critical role for this exDNA was found using DNase I digestion experiments which showed that the exDNA was vital for the structural stability of relatively small sized AGS but not for the larger sized AGS. The characteristics of exDNA in AGSs revealed in this work provide a new perspective on AGS components and structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qiao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Long Zhuang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-di Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
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Putra RD, Lyrawati D. Interactions between Bacteriophages and Eukaryotic Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:3589316. [PMID: 32582449 PMCID: PMC7301238 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3589316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As the name implies, bacteriophage is a bacterium-specific virus. It infects and kills the bacterial host. Bacteriophages have gained attention as alternative antimicrobial entities in the science community in the western world since the alarming rise of antibiotic resistance among microbes. Although generally considered as prokaryote-specific viruses, recent studies indicate that bacteriophages can interact with eukaryotic organisms, including humans. In the current review, these interactions are divided into two categories, i.e., indirect and direct interactions, with the involvement of bacteriophages, bacteria, and eukaryotes. We discuss bacteriophage-related diseases, transcytosis of bacteriophages, bacteriophage interactions with cancer cells, collaboration of bacteriophages and eukaryotes against bacterial infections, and horizontal gene transfer between bacteriophages and eukaryotes. Such interactions are crucial for understanding and developing bacteriophages as the therapeutic agents and pharmaceutical delivery systems. With the advancement and combination of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches and clinical trials, bacteriophages definitely serve as useful repertoire for biologic target-based drug development to manage many complex diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Lyrawati
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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Characterization and transcriptomic basis of biofilm formation by Lactobacillus plantarum J26 isolated from traditional fermented dairy products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Whitfield GB, Marmont LS, Bundalovic-Torma C, Razvi E, Roach EJ, Khursigara CM, Parkinson J, Howell PL. Discovery and characterization of a Gram-positive Pel polysaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008281. [PMID: 32236137 PMCID: PMC7112168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the biofilm matrix components utilized by Gram-positive bacteria, and the signalling pathways that regulate their production are largely unknown. In a companion study, we developed a computational pipeline for the unbiased identification of homologous bacterial operons and applied this algorithm to the analysis of synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide biosynthetic systems. Here, we explore the finding that many species of Gram-positive bacteria have operons with similarity to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pel locus. Our characterization of the pelDEADAFG operon from Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, presented herein, demonstrates that this locus is required for biofilm formation and produces a polysaccharide structurally similar to Pel. We show that the degenerate GGDEF domain of the B. cereus PelD ortholog binds cyclic-3',5'-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), and that this binding is required for biofilm formation. Finally, we identify a diguanylate cyclase, CdgF, and a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, CdgE, that reciprocally regulate the production of Pel. The discovery of this novel c-di-GMP regulatory circuit significantly contributes to our limited understanding of c-di-GMP signalling in Gram-positive organisms. Furthermore, conservation of the core pelDEADAFG locus amongst many species of bacilli, clostridia, streptococci, and actinobacteria suggests that Pel may be a common biofilm matrix component in many Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsey S Marmont
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedoljub Bundalovic-Torma
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erum Razvi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elyse J Roach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rap Protein Paralogs of Bacillus thuringiensis: a Multifunctional and Redundant Regulatory Repertoire for the Control of Collective Functions. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00747-19. [PMID: 31871034 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00747-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism of synthesis and detection of signaling molecules to regulate gene expression and coordinate behaviors in bacterial populations. In Bacillus subtilis, multiple paralog Rap-Phr QS systems (receptor-signaling peptides) are highly redundant and multifunctional, interconnecting the regulation of differentiation processes such as sporulation and competence. However, their functions in the Bacillus cereus group are largely unknown. We evaluated the functions of Rap proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis Bt8741, which codes for eight Rap-Phr systems; these were individually overexpressed to study their participation in sporulation, biofilm formation, spreading, and extracellular proteolytic activity. Our results show that four Rap-Phr systems (RapC, RapK, RapF, and RapLike) inhibit sporulation, two of which (RapK and RapF) probably dephosphorylate Spo0F from the Spo0A phosphorelay; these two Rap proteins also inhibit biofilm formation. Four systems (RapC, RacF1, RacF2, and RapLike) participate in spreading inhibition; finally, six systems (RapC, -F, -F2, -I, and -I1 and RapLike) decrease extracellular proteolytic activity. We foresee that functions performed by Rap proteins of Bt8741 could also be carried out by Rap homologs in other strains within the B. cereus group. These results indicate that Rap-Phr systems constitute a highly multifunctional and redundant regulatory repertoire that enables B. thuringiensis and other species from the B. cereus group to efficiently regulate collective functions during their life cycle in the face of changing environments.IMPORTANCE The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria includes species of high economic, clinical, biological warfare, and biotechnological interest, e.g., B. anthracis in bioterrorism, B. cereus in food intoxications, and B. thuringiensis in biocontrol. Knowledge about the ecology of these bacteria is hindered by our limited understanding of the regulatory circuits that control differentiation and specialization processes. Here, we uncover the participation of eight Rap quorum-sensing receptors in collective functions of B. thuringiensis These proteins are highly multifunctional and redundant in their functions, linking ecologically relevant processes such as sporulation, biofilm formation, spreading, extracellular proteolytic activity, and probably other functions in species from the B. cereus group.
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Morales‐Garcia AL, Hayward AS, Malekpour AK, Korzycka KA, Compson R, Gori K, Lant NJ. The Application of a Nuclease Enzyme to Clean Stubborn Soils and Odors in Laundry. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Morales‐Garcia
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
| | - Adam S. Hayward
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
| | - Adam K. Malekpour
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
| | - Karolina A. Korzycka
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
| | - Rachael Compson
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
| | - Klaus Gori
- Novozymes A/S Krogshøjvej 36, Bagsværd 2880 Denmark
| | - Neil J. Lant
- Procter and Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK
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Biofilm formation displays intrinsic offensive and defensive features of Bacillus cereus. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 31969984 PMCID: PMC6962202 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a strategy of many bacterial species to adapt to a variety of stresses and has become a part of infections, contaminations, or beneficial interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that profound physiological changes permit Bacillus cereus to switch from a floating to a sessile lifestyle, to undergo further maturation of the biofilm and to differentiate into the offensive or defensive features. We report that floating and biofilm cells are populations that differentiate metabolically, with members of each subpopulation developing different branches of certain metabolic pathways. Secondly, biofilm populations rearrange nucleotides, sugars, amino acids, and energy metabolism. Thirdly, this metabolic rearrangement coexists with: the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, sporulation, reinforcement of the cell wall, activation of the ROS detoxification machinery and production of secondary metabolites. This strategy contributes to defend biofilm cells from competitors. However, floating cells maintain a fermentative metabolic status that ensures a higher aggressiveness against hosts, evidenced by the production of toxins. The maintenance of the two distinct subpopulations is an effective strategy to face different environmental conditions found in the life styles of B. cereus.
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