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Wang Z, Yong H, Zhang S, Liu Z, Zhao Y. Colonization Resistance of Symbionts in Their Insect Hosts. INSECTS 2023; 14:594. [PMID: 37504600 PMCID: PMC10380809 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic microbiome is critical in promoting insect resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms by which symbionts contribute to the host's immune capacity is referred to as colonization resistance. Symbionts can protect insects from exogenous pathogens through a variety of mechanisms, including upregulating the expression of host immune-related genes, producing antimicrobial substances, and competitively excluding pathogens. Concordantly, insects have evolved fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms to avoid overactive immune responses against symbionts or specialized cells to harbor symbionts. Alternatively, some symbionts have evolved special adaptations, such as the formation of biofilms to increase their tolerance to host immune responses. Here, we provide a review of the mechanisms about colonization resistance of symbionts in their insect hosts. Adaptations of symbionts and their insect hosts that may maintain such symbiotic relationships, and the significance of such relationships in the coevolution of symbiotic systems are also discussed to provide insights into the in-depth study of the contribution of symbionts to host physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanzi Yong
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaru Zhao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Rupawate PS, Roylawar P, Khandagale K, Gawande S, Ade AB, Jaiswal DK, Borgave S. Role of gut symbionts of insect pests: A novel target for insect-pest control. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146390. [PMID: 36992933 PMCID: PMC10042327 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects possess beneficial and nuisance values in the context of the agricultural sector and human life around them. An ensemble of gut symbionts assists insects to adapt to diverse and extreme environments and to occupy every available niche on earth. Microbial symbiosis helps host insects by supplementing necessary diet elements, providing protection from predators and parasitoids through camouflage, modulation of signaling pathway to attain homeostasis and to trigger immunity against pathogens, hijacking plant pathways to circumvent plant defence, acquiring the capability to degrade chemical pesticides, and degradation of harmful pesticides. Therefore, a microbial protection strategy can lead to overpopulation of insect pests, which can drastically reduce crop yield. Some studies have demonstrated increased insect mortality via the destruction of insect gut symbionts; through the use of antibiotics. The review summarizes various roles played by the gut microbiota of insect pests and some studies that have been conducted on pest control by targeting the symbionts. Manipulation or exploitation of the gut symbionts alters the growth and population of the host insects and is consequently a potential target for the development of better pest control strategies. Methods such as modulation of gut symbionts via CRISPR/Cas9, RNAi and the combining of IIT and SIT to increase the insect mortality are further discussed. In the ongoing insect pest management scenario, gut symbionts are proving to be the reliable, eco-friendly and novel approach in the integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravara S. Rupawate
- Department of Zoology, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | - Praveen Roylawar
- Department of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Suresh Gawande
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Pune, India
| | - Avinash B. Ade
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal,
| | - Seema Borgave
- Department of Zoology, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
- Seema Borgave,
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Dieng MM, Augustinos AA, Demirbas-Uzel G, Doudoumis V, Parker AG, Tsiamis G, Mach RL, Bourtzis K, Abd-Alla AMM. Interactions between Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus and tsetse endosymbionts in wild tsetse populations. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:447. [PMID: 36447246 PMCID: PMC9707009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse control is considered an effective and sustainable tactic for the control of cyclically transmitted trypanosomosis in the absence of effective vaccines and inexpensive, effective drugs. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is currently used to eliminate tsetse fly populations in an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) context in Senegal. For SIT, tsetse mass rearing is a major milestone that associated microbes can influence. Tsetse flies can be infected with microorganisms, including the primary and obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia, the commensal Sodalis glossinidius, and Wolbachia pipientis. In addition, tsetse populations often carry a pathogenic DNA virus, the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) that hinders tsetse fertility and fecundity. Interactions between symbionts and pathogens might affect the performance of the insect host. METHODS In the present study, we assessed associations of GpSGHV and tsetse endosymbionts under field conditions to decipher the possible bidirectional interactions in different Glossina species. We determined the co-infection pattern of GpSGHV and Wolbachia in natural tsetse populations. We further analyzed the interaction of both Wolbachia and GpSGHV infections with Sodalis and Wigglesworthia density using qPCR. RESULTS The results indicated that the co-infection of GpSGHV and Wolbachia was most prevalent in Glossina austeni and Glossina morsitans morsitans, with an explicit significant negative correlation between GpSGHV and Wigglesworthia density. GpSGHV infection levels > 103.31 seem to be absent when Wolbachia infection is present at high density (> 107.36), suggesting a potential protective role of Wolbachia against GpSGHV. CONCLUSION The result indicates that Wolbachia infection might interact (with an undefined mechanism) antagonistically with SGHV infection protecting tsetse fly against GpSGHV, and the interactions between the tsetse host and its associated microbes are dynamic and likely species specific; significant differences may exist between laboratory and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou M. Dieng
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonios A. Augustinos
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria ,Present Address: Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 26442 Patras, Greece
| | - Güler Demirbas-Uzel
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria ,Present Address: Roppersbergweg 15, 2381 Laab im Walde, Austria
| | - George Tsiamis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Robert L. Mach
- grid.5329.d0000 0001 2348 4034Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Ferrarini MG, Dell’Aglio E, Vallier A, Balmand S, Vincent-Monégat C, Hughes S, Gillet B, Parisot N, Zaidman-Rémy A, Vieira C, Heddi A, Rebollo R. Efficient compartmentalization in insect bacteriomes protects symbiotic bacteria from host immune system. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:156. [PMID: 36163269 PMCID: PMC9513942 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many insects house symbiotic intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) that provide them with essential nutrients, thus promoting the usage of nutrient-poor habitats. Endosymbiont seclusion within host specialized cells, called bacteriocytes, often organized in a dedicated organ, the bacteriome, is crucial in protecting them from host immune defenses while avoiding chronic host immune activation. Previous evidence obtained in the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae has shown that bacteriome immunity is activated against invading pathogens, suggesting endosymbionts might be targeted and impacted by immune effectors during an immune challenge. To pinpoint any molecular determinants associated with such challenges, we conducted a dual transcriptomic analysis of S. oryzae's bacteriome subjected to immunogenic peptidoglycan fragments. RESULTS We show that upon immune challenge, the bacteriome actively participates in the innate immune response via induction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Surprisingly, endosymbionts do not undergo any transcriptomic changes, indicating that this potential threat goes unnoticed. Immunohistochemistry showed that TCT-induced AMPs are located outside the bacteriome, excluding direct contact with the endosymbionts. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that endosymbiont protection during an immune challenge is mainly achieved by efficient confinement within bacteriomes, which provides physical separation between host systemic response and endosymbionts. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Galvão Ferrarini
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA-Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elisa Dell’Aglio
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA-Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Vallier
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA-Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA-Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Sandrine Hughes
- UMR5242, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- UMR5242, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rita Rebollo
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA-Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Chaput G, Ford J, DeDiego L, Narayanan A, Tam WY, Whalen M, Huntemann M, Clum A, Spunde A, Pillay M, Palaniappan K, Varghese N, Mikhailova N, Chen IM, Stamatis D, Reddy TBK, O’Malley R, Daum C, Shapiro N, Ivanova N, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Glavina del Rio T, DeAngelis KM. Sodalis ligni Strain 159R Isolated from an Anaerobic Lignin-Degrading Consortium. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0234621. [PMID: 35579457 PMCID: PMC9241852 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02346-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel bacterial isolates with the capabilities of lignin depolymerization, catabolism, or both, could be pertinent to lignocellulosic biofuel applications. In this study, we aimed to identify anaerobic bacteria that could address the economic challenges faced with microbial-mediated biotechnologies, such as the need for aeration and mixing. Using a consortium seeded from temperate forest soil and enriched under anoxic conditions with organosolv lignin as the sole carbon source, we successfully isolated a novel bacterium, designated 159R. Based on the 16S rRNA gene, the isolate belongs to the genus Sodalis in the family Bruguierivoracaceae. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 6.38 Mbp and a GC content of 55 mol%. To resolve the phylogenetic position of 159R, its phylogeny was reconstructed using (i) 16S rRNA genes of its closest relatives, (ii) multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 100 genes, (iii) 49 clusters of orthologous groups (COG) domains, and (iv) 400 conserved proteins. Isolate 159R was closely related to the deadwood associated Sodalis guild rather than the tsetse fly and other insect endosymbiont guilds. Estimated genome-sequence-based digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), genome percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), and an alignment analysis between 159R and the Sodalis clade species further supported that isolate 159R was part of the Sodalis genus and a strain of Sodalis ligni. We proposed the name Sodalis ligni str. 159R (=DSM 110549 = ATCC TSD-177). IMPORTANCE Currently, in the paper industry, paper mill pulping relies on unsustainable and costly processes to remove lignin from lignocellulosic material. A greener approach is biopulping, which uses microbes and their enzymes to break down lignin. However, there are limitations to biopulping that prevent it from outcompeting other pulping processes, such as requiring constant aeration and mixing. Anaerobic bacteria are a promising alternative source for consolidated depolymerization of lignin and its conversion to valuable by-products. We presented Sodalis ligni str. 159R and its characteristics as another example of potential mechanisms that can be developed for lignocellulosic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chaput
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Ford
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lani DeDiego
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Achala Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wing Yin Tam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meghan Whalen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcel Huntemann
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alicia Clum
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alex Spunde
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Manoj Pillay
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Neha Varghese
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Natalia Mikhailova
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - I-Min Chen
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dimitrios Stamatis
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - T. B. K Reddy
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ronan O’Malley
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Chris Daum
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nicole Shapiro
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nikos C. Kyrpides
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Kristen M. DeAngelis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Molecular Insight into Gene Response of Diorcinol- and Rubrolide-Treated Biofilms of the Emerging Pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0258221. [PMID: 35471093 PMCID: PMC9241881 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02582-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant human opportunistic pathogen. S. maltophilia contributes to disease progression in cystic fibrosis patients and is found in wounds and infected tissues and on catheter surfaces. Due to its well-known multidrug resistance, it is difficult to treat S. maltophilia infections. Strain-specific susceptibility to antimicrobials has also been reported in several studies. Recently, three fungal diorcinols and 14 rubrolides were shown to reduce S. maltophilia K279a biofilm formation. Based on these initial findings, we were interested to extend this approach by testing a larger number of diorcinols and rubrolides and to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the observed antibiofilm effects. Of 52 tested compounds, 30 were able to significantly reduce the biofilm thickness by up to 85% ± 15% and had strong effects on mature biofilms. All compounds with antibiofilm activity also significantly affected the biofilm architecture. Additional RNA-sequencing data of diorcinol- and rubrolide-treated biofilm cells of two clinical isolates (454 and K279) identified a small set of shared genes that were affected by these potent antibiofilm compounds. Among these, genes for iron transport, general metabolism, and membrane biosynthesis were most strongly and differentially regulated. A further hierarchical clustering and detailed structural inspection of the diorcinols and rubrolides implied that a prenyl group as side chain of one of the phenyl groups of the diorcinols and an increasing degree of bromination of chlorinated rubrolides were possibly the cause of the strong antibiofilm effects. This study gives a deep insight into the effects of rubrolides and diorcinols on biofilms formed by the important global pathogen S. maltophilia. IMPORTANCE Combating Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia biofilms in clinical and industrial settings has proven to be challenging. S. maltophilia is multidrug resistant, and occurrence of resistance to commonly used drugs as well as to antibiotic combinations, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is now frequently reported. It is therefore now necessary to look beyond conventional and already existing antimicrobial drugs when battling S. maltophilia biofilms. Our study contains comprehensive and detailed data sets for diorcinol and rubrolide-treated S. maltophilia biofilms. The study defines genes and pathways affected by treatment with these different compounds. These results, together with the identified structural elements that may be crucial for their antibiofilm activity, build a strong backbone for further research on diorcinols and rubrolides as novel and potent antibiofilm compounds.
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Merfa MV, Fischer ER, de Souza E Silva M, Francisco CS, Della Coletta-Filho H, de Souza AA. Probing the Application of OmpA-Derived Peptides to Disrupt the Acquisition of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' by Diaphorina citri. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:163-172. [PMID: 34818904 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0252-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Both bacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) and 'Candidatus Liberibacter americanus' (CLam) are associated with HLB in Brazil but with a strong prevalence of CLas over CLam. Conventionally, HLB management focuses on controlling the insect vector population (Diaphorina citri; also known as Asian citrus psyllid [ACP]) by spraying insecticides, an approach demonstrated to be mostly ineffective. Thus, development of novel, more efficient HLB control strategies is required. The multifunctional bacterial outer membrane protein OmpA is involved in several molecular processes between bacteria and their hosts and has been suggested as a target for bacterial control. Curiously, OmpA is absent in CLam in comparison with CLas, suggesting a possible role in host interaction. Therefore, in the current study, we have treated ACPs with different OmpA-derived peptides, aiming to evaluate acquisition of CLas by the insect vector. Treatment of psyllids with 5 µM of Pep1, Pep3, Pep5, and Pep6 in artificial diet significantly reduced the acquisition of CLas, whereas increasing the concentration of Pep5 and Pep6 to 50 µM abolished this process. In addition, in planta treatment with 50 µM of Pep6 also significantly decreased the acquisition of CLas, and sweet orange plants stably absorbed and maintained this peptide for as long as 3 months post the final application. Together, our results demonstrate the promising use of OmpA-derived peptides as a novel biotechnological tool to control CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Merfa
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico-IAC, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Regina Fischer
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico-IAC, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Souza E Silva
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico-IAC, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alessandra Alves de Souza
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico-IAC, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
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Abstract
Bacteria thrive both in liquids and attached to surfaces. The concentration of bacteria on surfaces is generally much higher than in the surrounding environment, offering bacteria ample opportunity for mutualistic, symbiotic, and pathogenic interactions. To efficiently populate surfaces, they have evolved mechanisms to sense mechanical or chemical cues upon contact with solid substrata. This is of particular importance for pathogens that interact with host tissue surfaces. In this review we discuss how bacteria are able to sense surfaces and how they use this information to adapt their physiology and behavior to this new environment. We first survey mechanosensing and chemosensing mechanisms and outline how specific macromolecular structures can inform bacteria about surfaces. We then discuss how mechanical cues are converted to biochemical signals to activate specific cellular processes in a defined chronological order and describe the role of two key second messengers, c-di-GMP and cAMP, in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Jenal
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; ,
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Yang L, Weiss BL, Williams AE, Aksoy E, de Silva Orfano A, Son JH, Wu Y, Vigneron A, Karakus M, Aksoy S. Paratransgenic manipulation of a tsetse microRNA alters the physiological homeostasis of the fly's midgut environment. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009475. [PMID: 34107000 PMCID: PMC8216540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are vectors of parasitic African trypanosomes, the etiological agents of human and animal African trypanosomoses. Current disease control methods include fly-repelling pesticides, fly trapping, and chemotherapeutic treatment of infected people and animals. Inhibiting tsetse's ability to transmit trypanosomes by strengthening the fly's natural barriers can serve as an alternative approach to reduce disease. The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitinous and proteinaceous barrier that lines the insect midgut and serves as a protective barrier that inhibits infection with pathogens. African trypanosomes must cross tsetse's PM in order to establish an infection in the fly, and PM structural integrity negatively correlates with trypanosome infection outcomes. Bloodstream form trypanosomes shed variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) into tsetse's gut lumen early during the infection establishment, and free VSG molecules are internalized by the fly's PM-producing cardia. This process results in a reduction in the expression of a tsetse microRNA (miR275) and a sequential molecular cascade that compromises PM integrity. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are critical in regulating many physiological processes. In the present study, we investigated the role(s) of tsetse miR275 by developing a paratransgenic expression system that employs tsetse's facultative bacterial endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, to express tandem antagomir-275 repeats (or miR275 sponges). This system induces a constitutive, 40% reduction in miR275 transcript abundance in the fly's midgut and results in obstructed blood digestion (gut weights increased by 52%), a significant increase (p-value < 0.0001) in fly survival following infection with an entomopathogenic bacteria, and a 78% increase in trypanosome infection prevalence. RNA sequencing of cardia and midgut tissues from paratransgenic tsetse confirmed that miR275 regulates processes related to the expression of PM-associated proteins and digestive enzymes as well as genes that encode abundant secretory proteins. Our study demonstrates that paratransgenesis can be employed to study microRNA regulated pathways in arthropods that house symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adeline E. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emre Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alessandra de Silva Orfano
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jae Hak Son
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehmet Karakus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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10
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Genomes of Gut Bacteria from Nasonia Wasps Shed Light on Phylosymbiosis and Microbe-Assisted Hybrid Breakdown. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e01342-20. [PMID: 33824199 PMCID: PMC8547009 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01342-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylosymbiosis is a cross-system trend whereby microbial community relationships recapitulate the host phylogeny. In Nasonia parasitoid wasps, phylosymbiosis occurs throughout development, is distinguishable between sexes, and benefits host development and survival. Moreover, the microbiome shifts in hybrids as a rare Proteus bacterium in the microbiome becomes dominant. The larval hybrids then catastrophically succumb to bacterium-assisted lethality and reproductive isolation between the species. Two important questions for understanding phylosymbiosis and bacterium-assisted lethality in hybrids are (i) do the Nasonia bacterial genomes differ from other animal isolates and (ii) are the hybrid bacterial genomes the same as those in the parental species? Here, we report the cultivation, whole-genome sequencing, and comparative analyses of the most abundant gut bacteria in Nasonia larvae, Providencia rettgeri and Proteus mirabilis. Characterization of new isolates shows Proteus mirabilis forms a more robust biofilm than Providencia rettgeri and that, when grown in coculture, Proteus mirabilis significantly outcompetes Providencia rettgeri. Providencia rettgeri genomes from Nasonia are similar to each other and more divergent from pathogenic, human associates. Proteus mirabilis from Nasonia vitripennis, Nasonia giraulti, and their hybrid offspring are nearly identical and relatively distinct from human isolates. These results indicate that members of the larval gut microbiome within Nasonia are most similar to each other, and the strain of the dominant Proteus mirabilis in hybrids is resident in parental species. Holobiont interactions between shared, resident members of the wasp microbiome and the host underpin phylosymbiosis and hybrid breakdown. IMPORTANCE Animal and plant hosts often establish intimate relationships with their microbiomes. In varied environments, closely related host species share more similar microbiomes, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. When phylosymbiosis is functionally significant and beneficial, microbial transplants between host species and host hybridization can have detrimental consequences on host biology. In the Nasonia parasitoid wasp genus, which contains a phylosymbiotic gut community, both effects occur and provide evidence for selective pressures on the holobiont. Here, we show that bacterial genomes in Nasonia differ from other environments and harbor genes with unique functions that may regulate phylosymbiotic relationships. Furthermore, the bacteria in hybrids are identical to those in parental species, thus supporting a hologenomic tenet that the same members of the microbiome and the host genome impact phylosymbiosis, hybrid breakdown, and speciation.
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11
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O'Neal AJ, Singh N, Mendes MT, Pedra JHF. The genus Anaplasma: drawing back the curtain on tick-pathogen interactions. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6207937. [PMID: 33792663 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne illnesses pose a serious concern to human and veterinary health and their prevalence is on the rise. The interactions between ticks and the pathogens they carry are largely undefined. However, the genus Anaplasma, a group of tick-borne bacteria, has been instrumental in uncovering novel paradigms in tick biology. The emergence of sophisticated technologies and the convergence of entomology with microbiology, immunology, metabolism and systems biology has brought tick-Anaplasma interactions to the forefront of vector biology with broader implications for the infectious disease community. Here, we discuss the use of Anaplasma as an instrument for the elucidation of novel principles in arthropod-microbe interactions. We offer an outlook of the primary areas of study, outstanding questions and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya J O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Tays Mendes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Zhou G, Wang YS, Peng H, Li SJ, Sun TL, Shen PF, Xie XB, Shi QS. Roles of ompA of Citrobacter werkmanii in bacterial growth, biocide resistance, biofilm formation and swimming motility. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2841-2854. [PMID: 33763710 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Citrobacter is commonly found in environmental and industrial settings, some members of which have been used for bioremediation of heavy metals owing to the absorption ability of their biofilms. Although our previous studies have found that the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) contributes to the process of Citrobacter werkmanii biofilm formation, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we deleted ompA from the genome of C. werkmanii and investigated its phenotypes in comparison to the wild type strain (WT) and the complementary strain using biochemical and molecular techniques including RNA-Seq. Our results demonstrated that the deletion of ompA led to an increase in biofilm formation on both polystyrene and glass surfaces due to upregulation of some biofilm formation related genes. Meanwhile, swimming ability, which is mediated by activation of flagellar assembly genes, was increased on semi-solid plates in the ∆ompA strain when compared with WT. Additionally, inactivation of ompA also caused increased 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) resistance, differential responses to Ca2+ stress, curli protein expression and cellulose production. Finally, ∆ompA caused differential expression of a total of 1470 genes when compared with WT, of which 146 were upregulated and 1324 were downregulated. These genes were classified into different Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways. In summary, ompA in C. werkmanii contributes to a variety of biological functions and may act as a target site to modulate biofilm formation. KEY POINTS: • ompA is a negative regulator for biofilm formation by C. werkmanii. • ompA inhibits swimming motility of C. werkmanii. • ompA deletion causes different expression profiles in C. werkmanii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Si Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Li Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Sogasu D, Girija ASS, Gunasekaran S, Priyadharsini JV. Molecular characterization and epitope-based vaccine predictions for ompA gene associated with biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant strains of A.baumannii. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:15. [PMID: 33520594 PMCID: PMC7829033 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-020-00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to molecularly characterize the biofilm associated ompA gene from the drug resistant strains of A. baumannii and its immuno-dominant vaccine epitope predictions through immuno-informatic approach. ompA was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA and was sequenced. Using the ORF, ompA protein sequence was retrieved and was subjected for IEDB T cell and B cell epitope analysis for the selection of the epitope peptides. Selected peptides were evaluated using appropriate servers and tools to assess the propensity for its antigenicity, solubility, physico-chemical property, toxigenicity and class-I immunogenicity. MHC class I and II restriction of HLA alleles was also performed. 48% (n = 24) of the strains possessed ompA gene. Protein structure was successfully retrieved with the selection of two epitopes viz., E1- FDGVNRGTRGTSEEGTLGNA and E2-KLSEYPNATARIEGHTDNTGPRKL. Final docking with TLR-2, showed E2 as the best epitope candidate predicted with the highest number of hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Sogasu
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077 India
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077 India
| | - Shoba Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, 60010 India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- DRC, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600077 India
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Bacterial Symbionts of Tsetse Flies: Relationships and Functional Interactions Between Tsetse Flies and Their Symbionts. Results Probl Cell Differ 2021; 69:497-536. [PMID: 33263885 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) act as the sole vectors of the African trypanosome species that cause Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT or African Sleeping Sickness) and Nagana in animals. These flies have undergone a variety of specializations during their evolution including an exclusive diet consisting solely of vertebrate blood for both sexes as well as an obligate viviparous reproductive biology. Alongside these adaptations, Glossina species have developed intricate relationships with specific microbes ranging from mutualistic to parasitic. These relationships provide fundamental support required to sustain the specializations associated with tsetse's biology. This chapter provides an overview on the knowledge to date regarding the biology behind these relationships and focuses primarily on four bacterial species that are consistently associated with Glossina species. Here their interactions with the host are reviewed at the morphological, biochemical and genetic levels. This includes: the obligate symbiont Wigglesworthia, which is found in all tsetse species and is essential for nutritional supplementation to the blood-specific diet, immune system maturation and facilitation of viviparous reproduction; the commensal symbiont Sodalis, which is a frequently associated symbiont optimized for survival within the fly via nutritional adaptation, vertical transmission through mating and may alter vectorial capacity of Glossina for trypanosomes; the parasitic symbiont Wolbachia, which can manipulate Glossina via cytoplasmic incompatibility and shows unique interactions at the genetic level via horizontal transmission of its genetic material into the genome in two Glossina species; finally, knowledge on recently observed relations between Spiroplasma and Glossina is explored and potential interactions are discussed based on knowledge of interactions between this bacterial Genera and other insect species. These flies have a simple microbiome relative to that of other insects. However, these relationships are deep, well-studied and provide a window into the complexity and function of host/symbiont interactions in an important disease vector.
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15
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Masson F, Lemaitre B. Growing Ungrowable Bacteria: Overview and Perspectives on Insect Symbiont Culturability. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00089-20. [PMID: 33177190 PMCID: PMC7667007 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00089-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are often involved in endosymbiosis, that is, the housing of symbiotic microbes within their tissues or within their cells. Endosymbionts are a major driving force in insects' evolution, because they dramatically affect their host physiology and allow them to adapt to new niches, for example, by complementing their diet or by protecting them against pathogens. Endosymbiotic bacteria are, however, fastidious and therefore difficult to manipulate outside of their hosts, especially intracellular species. The coevolution between hosts and endosymbionts leads to alterations in the genomes of endosymbionts, limiting their ability to cope with changing environments. Consequently, few insect endosymbionts are culturable in vitro and genetically tractable, making functional genetics studies impracticable on most endosymbiotic bacteria. However, recently, major progress has been made in manipulating several intracellular endosymbiont species in vitro, leading to astonishing discoveries on their physiology and the way they interact with their host. This review establishes a comprehensive picture of the in vitro tractability of insect endosymbiotic bacteria and addresses the reason why most species are not culturable. By compiling and discussing the latest developments in the design of custom media and genetic manipulation protocols, it aims at providing new leads to expand the range of tractable endosymbionts and foster genetic research on these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in the health of many animals. Honeybees are no exception, as they host a core microbiome that affects their nutrition and immune function. However, the relationship between the honeybee immune system and its gut symbionts is poorly understood. Here, we explore how the beneficial symbiont Snodgrassella alvi affects honeybee immune gene expression. We show that both live and heat-killed S. alvi protect honeybees from the opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens and lead to the expression of host antimicrobial peptides. Honeybee immune genes respond differently to live S. alvi compared to heat-killed S. alvi, the latter causing a more extensive immune expression response. We show a preference for Toll pathway upregulation over the Imd pathway in the presence of both live and heat-killed S. alvi. Finally, we find that live S. alvi aids in clearance of S. marcescens from the honeybee gut, supporting a potential role for the symbiont in colonization resistance. Our results show that colonization by the beneficial symbiont S. alvi triggers a replicable honeybee immune response. These responses may benefit the host and the symbiont, by helping to regulate gut microbial members and preventing overgrowth or invasion by opportunists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Horak
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sean P Leonard
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nancy A Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Estrada-Peña A, Cabezas-Cruz A, Obregón D. Resistance of Tick Gut Microbiome to Anti-Tick Vaccines, Pathogen Infection and Antimicrobial Peptides. Pathogens 2020; 9:E309. [PMID: 32331444 PMCID: PMC7238099 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks harbor microbial communities including pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Pathogen infection increases the expression of several tick gut proteins, which disturb the tick gut microbiota and impact bacterial biofilm formation. Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces ticks to express I. scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein (IAFGP), a protein with antimicrobial activity, while Borrelia burgdorferi induces the expression of PIXR. Here, we tested the resistance of I. scapularis microbiome to A. phagocytophilum infection, antimicrobial peptide IAFGP, and anti-tick immunity specific to PIXR. We demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum infection and IAFGP affect the taxonomic composition and taxa co-occurrence networks, but had limited impact on the functional traits of tick microbiome. In contrast, anti-tick immunity disturbed the taxonomic composition and the functional profile of tick microbiome, by increasing both the taxonomic and pathways diversity. Mechanistically, we show that anti-tick immunity increases the representation and importance of the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways involved in biofilm formation, while these pathways are under-represented in the microbiome of ticks infected by A. phagocytophilum or exposed to IAFGP. These analyses revealed that tick microbiota is highly sensitive to anti-tick immunity, while it is less sensitive to pathogen infection and antimicrobial peptides. Results suggest that biofilm formation may be a defensive response of tick microbiome to anti-tick immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Research on Emerging Zoonoses, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13400-970, Brazil
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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18
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Hegde S, Nilyanimit P, Kozlova E, Anderson ER, Narra HP, Sahni SK, Heinz E, Hughes GL. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletion of the ompA gene in symbiotic Cedecea neteri impairs biofilm formation and reduces gut colonization of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007883. [PMID: 31790395 PMCID: PMC6907859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symbiotic bacteria are pervasive in mosquitoes and their presence can influence many host phenotypes that affect vectoral capacity. While it is evident that environmental and host genetic factors contribute in shaping the microbiome of mosquitoes, we have a poor understanding regarding how bacterial genetics affects colonization of the mosquito gut. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system is a powerful tool to alter bacterial genomes facilitating investigations into host-microbe interactions but has yet to be applied to insect symbionts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate the role of bacterial genetic factors in mosquito biology and in colonization of mosquitoes we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to mutate the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene of a Cedecea neteri symbiont isolated from Aedes mosquitoes. The ompA mutant had an impaired ability to form biofilms and poorly infected Ae. aegypti when reared in a mono-association under gnotobiotic conditions. In adult mosquitoes, the mutant had a significantly reduced infection prevalence compared to the wild type or complement strains, while no differences in prevalence were seen in larvae, suggesting genetic factors are particularly important for adult gut colonization. We also used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to integrate genes (antibiotic resistance and fluorescent markers) into the symbionts genome and demonstrated that these genes were functional in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results shed insights into the role of ompA gene in host-microbe interactions in Ae. aegypti and confirm that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be employed for genetic manipulation of non-model gut microbes. The ability to use this technology for site-specific integration of genes into the symbiont will facilitate the development of paratransgenic control strategies to interfere with arboviral pathogens such Chikungunya, dengue, Zika and Yellow fever viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Kozlova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Enyia R. Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hema P. Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev K. Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eva Heinz
- Department of Vector Biology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Roma JS, D’Souza S, Somers PJ, Cabo LF, Farsin R, Aksoy S, Runyen-Janecky LJ, Weiss BL. Thermal stress responses of Sodalis glossinidius, an indigenous bacterial symbiont of hematophagous tsetse flies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007464. [PMID: 31738754 PMCID: PMC6887450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) house a taxonomically diverse microbiota that includes environmentally acquired bacteria, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria, and pathogenic African trypanosomes. Sodalis glossinidius, which is a facultative symbiont that resides intra and extracellularly within multiple tsetse tissues, has been implicated as a mediator of trypanosome infection establishment in the fly’s gut. Tsetse’s gut-associated population of Sodalis are subjected to marked temperature fluctuations each time their ectothermic fly host imbibes vertebrate blood. The molecular mechanisms that Sodalis employs to deal with this heat stress are unknown. In this study, we examined the thermal tolerance and heat shock response of Sodalis. When grown on BHI agar plates, the bacterium exhibited the most prolific growth at 25oC, and did not grow at temperatures above 30oC. Growth on BHI agar plates at 31°C was dependent on either the addition of blood to the agar or reduction in oxygen levels. Sodalis was viable in liquid cultures for 24 hours at 30oC, but began to die upon further exposure. The rate of death increased with increased temperature. Similarly, Sodalis was able to survive for 48 hours within tsetse flies housed at 30oC, while a higher temperature (37oC) was lethal. Sodalis’ genome contains homologues of the heat shock chaperone protein-encoding genes dnaK, dnaJ, and grpE, and their expression was up-regulated in thermally stressed Sodalis, both in vitro and in vivo within tsetse fly midguts. Arrested growth of E. coli dnaK, dnaJ, or grpE mutants under thermal stress was reversed when the cells were transformed with a low copy plasmid that encoded the Sodalis homologues of these genes. The information contained in this study provides insight into how arthropod vector enteric commensals, many of which mediate their host’s ability to transmit pathogens, mitigate heat shock associated with the ingestion of a blood meal. Microorganisms associated with insects must cope with fluctuating temperatures. Because symbiotic bacteria influence the biology of their host, how they respond to temperature changes will have an impact on the host and other microorganisms in the host. The tsetse fly and its symbionts represent an important model system for studying thermal tolerance because the fly feeds exclusively on vertebrate blood and is thus exposed to dramatic temperature shifts. Tsetse flies house a microbial community that can consist of symbiotic and environmentally acquired bacteria, viruses, and parasitic African trypanosomes. This work, which makes use of tsetse’s commensal endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, is significance because it represents the only examination of thermal tolerance mechanisms in a bacterium that resides indigenously within an arthropod disease vector. A better understanding of the biology of thermal tolerance in Sodalis provides insight into thermal stress survival in other insect symbionts and may yield information to help control vector-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Santinni Roma
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shaina D’Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Somers
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Leah F. Cabo
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruhan Farsin
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Runyen-Janecky
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJR-J); (BLW)
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJR-J); (BLW)
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20
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Abstract
Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes. However, the crop is involved in more than just mechanical transmission, for it is within the lumen of the crop that microbes are taken up with the meal of the fly, stored, and it is within the lumen that horizontal transmission of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated. In addition to storage of microbes, the crop is also involved in depositing the microbes via a process known as regurgitation. Various aspects of crop regulation are discussed and specific examples of crop involvement with microorganisms are discussed. The importance of biofilm and biofilm formation are presented, as well as, some physical parameters of the crop that might either facilitate or inhibit biofilm formation. Finally, there is a brief discussion of dipteran model systems for studying crop microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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21
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Li Z, Wang Y, Li X, Lin Z, Lin Y, Srinivasan R, Lin X. The characteristics of antibiotic resistance and phenotypes in 29 outer‐membrane protein mutant strains inAeromonas hydrophila. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4614-4628. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Zhenping Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Yuexu Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiangmin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring (School of Life Sciences)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University) Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University)Fujian Province University Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian ProvinceInstitute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
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Erlandson MA, Toprak U, Hegedus DD. Role of the peritrophic matrix in insect-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103894. [PMID: 31175854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. The PM has long been considered a physical as well as a biochemical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes and pathogens infectious per os. This short review will focus on the latter function, as a barrier to pathogens infectious per os. We focus on the evidence confirming the role of the PM as protective barrier against pathogenic microorganisms of insects, mainly bacteria and viruses, as well as the evolution of a variety of mechanisms used by pathogens to overcome the PM barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Erlandson
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Trappeniers K, Matetovici I, Van Den Abbeele J, De Vooght L. The Tsetse Fly Displays an Attenuated Immune Response to Its Secondary Symbiont, Sodalis glossinidius. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1650. [PMID: 31396178 PMCID: PMC6668328 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodalis glossinidius, a vertically transmitted facultative symbiont of the tsetse fly, is a bacterium in the early/intermediate state of its transition toward symbiosis, representing an important model for investigating how the insect host immune defense response is regulated to allow endosymbionts to establish a chronic infection within their hosts without being eliminated. In this study, we report on the establishment of a tsetse fly line devoid of S. glossinidius only, allowing us to experimentally investigate (i) the complex immunological interactions between a single bacterial species and its host, (ii) how the symbiont population is kept under control, and (iii) the impact of the symbiont on the vector competence of the tsetse fly to transmit the sleeping sickness parasite. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed no difference in the expression of genes involved in innate immune processes between symbiont-harboring (GmmSod+) and S. glossinidius-free (GmmSod–) flies. Re-exposure of (GmmSod–) flies to the endosymbiotic bacterium resulted in a moderate immune response, whereas exposure to pathogenic E. coli or to a close non-insect associated relative of S. glossinidius, i.e., S. praecaptivus, resulted in full immune activation. We also showed that S. glossinidius densities are not affected by experimental activation or suppression of the host immune system, indicating that S. glossinidius is resistant to mounted immune attacks and that the host immune system does not play a major role in controlling S. glossinidius proliferation. Finally, we demonstrate that the absence or presence of S. glossinidius in the tsetse fly does not alter its capacity to mount an immune response to pathogens nor does it affect the fly’s susceptibility toward trypanosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Trappeniers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Weiss BL, Maltz MA, Vigneron A, Wu Y, Walter KS, O’Neill MB, Wang J, Aksoy S. Colonization of the tsetse fly midgut with commensal Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae inhibits trypanosome infection establishment. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007470. [PMID: 30817773 PMCID: PMC6394900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) vector pathogenic trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.) in sub-Saharan Africa. These parasites cause human and animal African trypanosomiases, which are debilitating diseases that inflict an enormous socio-economic burden on inhabitants of endemic regions. Current disease control strategies rely primarily on treating infected animals and reducing tsetse population densities. However, relevant programs are costly, labor intensive and difficult to sustain. As such, novel strategies aimed at reducing tsetse vector competence require development. Herein we investigated whether Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae (Kco_Z), which confers Anopheles gambiae with resistance to Plasmodium, is able to colonize tsetse and induce a trypanosome refractory phenotype in the fly. Kco_Z established stable infections in tsetse’s gut and exhibited no adverse effect on the fly’s survival. Flies with established Kco_Z infections in their gut were significantly more refractory to infection with two distinct trypanosome species (T. congolense, 6% infection; T. brucei, 32% infection) than were age-matched flies that did not house the exogenous bacterium (T. congolense, 36% infected; T. brucei, 70% infected). Additionally, 52% of Kco_Z colonized tsetse survived infection with entomopathogenic Serratia marcescens, compared with only 9% of their wild-type counterparts. These parasite and pathogen refractory phenotypes result from the fact that Kco_Z acidifies tsetse’s midgut environment, which inhibits trypanosome and Serratia growth and thus infection establishment. Finally, we determined that Kco_Z infection does not impact the fecundity of male or female tsetse, nor the ability of male flies to compete with their wild-type counterparts for mates. We propose that Kco_Z could be used as one component of an integrated strategy aimed at reducing the ability of tsetse to transmit pathogenic trypanosomes. Tsetse flies transmit pathogenic African trypanosomes, which are the causative agents of socio-economically devastating human and animal African trypanosomiases. These diseases are currently controlled in large part by reducing the population size of tsetse vectors through the use of insecticides, traps and sterile insect technique. However, logistic and monetary hurdles often preclude the prolonged application of procedures necessary to maintain these control programs. Thus, novel strategies, including those aimed at sustainably reducing the ability of tsetse to transmit trypanosomes, are presently under development. Herein we stably colonize tsetse flies with a bacterium (Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae, Kco_Z) that acidifies their midgut, thus rendering the environment inhospitable to infection with two distinct, epidemiologically important trypanosome strains as well as an entomopathogenic bacteria. In addition to inducing a trypanosome refractory phenotype, colonization of tsetse with Kco_Z exerts only a modest fitness cost on the fly. Taken together, these findings suggest that Kco_Z could be applied to enhance the effectiveness of currently employed tsetse control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Weiss
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BLW); (SA)
| | - Michele A. Maltz
- Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yineng Wu
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Katharine S. Walter
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michelle B. O’Neill
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BLW); (SA)
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25
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What can a weevil teach a fly, and reciprocally? Interaction of host immune systems with endosymbionts in Glossina and Sitophilus. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:150. [PMID: 30470176 PMCID: PMC6251153 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tsetse fly (Glossina genus) is the main vector of African trypanosomes, which are protozoan parasites that cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the frame of the IAEA/FAO program ‘Enhancing Vector Refractoriness to Trypanosome Infection’, in addition to the tsetse, the cereal weevil Sitophilus has been introduced as a comparative system with regards to immune interactions with endosymbionts. The cereal weevil is an agricultural pest that destroys a significant proportion of cereal stocks worldwide. Tsetse flies are associated with three symbiotic bacteria, the multifunctional obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia, the facultative commensal Sodalis glossinidius and the parasitic Wolbachia. Cereal weevils house an obligatory nutritional symbiosis with the bacterium Sodalis pierantonius, and occasionally Wolbachia. Studying insect host-symbiont interactions is highly relevant both for understanding the evolution of symbiosis and for envisioning novel pest control strategies. In both insects, the long co-evolution between host and endosymbiont has led to a stringent integration of the host-bacteria partnership. These associations were facilitated by the development of specialized host traits, including symbiont-housing cells called bacteriocytes and specific immune features that enable both tolerance and control of the bacteria. In this review, we compare the tsetse and weevil model systems and compile the latest research findings regarding their biological and ecological similarities, how the immune system controls endosymbiont load and location, and how host-symbiont interactions impact developmental features including cuticle synthesis and immune system maturation. We focus mainly on the interactions between the obligate symbionts and their host’s immune systems, a central theme in both model systems. Finally, we highlight how parallel studies on cereal weevils and tsetse flies led to mutual discoveries and stimulated research on each model, creating a pivotal example of scientific improvement through comparison between relatively distant models.
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26
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Kariithi HM, Meki IK, Schneider DI, De Vooght L, Khamis FM, Geiger A, Demirbaş-Uzel G, Vlak JM, iNCE IA, Kelm S, Njiokou F, Wamwiri FN, Malele II, Weiss BL, Abd-Alla AMM. Enhancing vector refractoriness to trypanosome infection: achievements, challenges and perspectives. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30470182 PMCID: PMC6251094 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the absence of effective prophylactic vaccines and drugs against African trypanosomosis, control of this group of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases depends the control of the tsetse fly vector. When applied in an area-wide insect pest management approach, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is effective in eliminating single tsetse species from isolated populations. The need to enhance the effectiveness of SIT led to the concept of investigating tsetse-trypanosome interactions by a consortium of researchers in a five-year (2013-2018) Coordinated Research Project (CRP) organized by the Joint Division of FAO/IAEA. The goal of this CRP was to elucidate tsetse-symbiome-pathogen molecular interactions to improve SIT and SIT-compatible interventions for trypanosomoses control by enhancing vector refractoriness. This would allow extension of SIT into areas with potential disease transmission. This paper highlights the CRP's major achievements and discusses the science-based perspectives for successful mitigation or eradication of African trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - ikbal Agah iNCE
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sorge Kelm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, 34752, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology & Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florence N Wamwiri
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, BP 812 Cameroon
| | - Imna I Malele
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Molecular Department, Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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27
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De Vooght L, Van Keer S, Van Den Abbeele J. Towards improving tsetse fly paratransgenesis: stable colonization of Glossina morsitans morsitans with genetically modified Sodalis. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:165. [PMID: 30470181 PMCID: PMC6251102 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) refractory to trypanosome infection are currently being explored as potential tools to contribute in the control of human and animal African trypanosomiasis. One approach to disrupt trypanosome transmission by the tsetse fly vector involves the use of paratransgenesis, a technique that aims to reduce vector competence of disease vectors via genetic modification of their microbiota. An important prerequisite for developing paratransgenic tsetse flies is the stable repopulation of tsetse flies and their progeny with its genetically modified Sodalis symbiont without interfering with host fitness. Results In this study, we assessed by qPCR analysis the ability of a chromosomally GFP-tagged Sodalis (recSodalis) strain to efficiently colonize various tsetse tissues and its transmission to the next generation of offspring using different introduction approaches. When introduced in the adult stage of the fly via thoracic microinjection, recSodalis is maintained at high densities for at least 21 days. However, no vertical transmission to the offspring was observed. Oral administration of recSodalis did not lead to the colonization of either adult flies or their offspring. Finally, introduction of recSodalis via microinjection of third-instar larvae resulted in stably colonized adult tsetse flies. Moreover, the subsequent generations of offspring were also efficiently colonized with recSodalis. We show that proper colonization of the female reproductive tissues by recSodalis is an important determinant for vertical transmission. Conclusions Intralarval microinjection of recSodalis proves to be essential to achieve optimal colonization of flies with genetically modified Sodalis and its subsequent dissemination into the following generations of progeny. This study provides the proof-of-concept that Sodalis can be used to drive expression of exogenous transgenes in Glossina morsitans morsitans colonies representing a valuable contribution to the development of a paratransgenic tsetse fly based control strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1282-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Severien Van Keer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Host-symbiont-pathogen interactions in blood-feeding parasites: nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange. Parasitology 2018; 145:1294-1303. [PMID: 29642965 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals are common hosts of mutualistic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Blood-feeding parasites feed on a diet that is nutritionally unbalanced and thus often rely on symbionts to supplement essential nutrients. However, they are also of medical importance as they can be infected by pathogens such as bacteria, protists or viruses that take advantage of the blood-feeding nutritional strategy for own transmission. Since blood-feeding evolved multiple times independently in diverse animals, it showcases a gradient of host-microbe interactions. While some parasitic lineages are possibly asymbiotic and manage to supplement their diet from other food sources, other lineages are either loosely associated with extracellular gut symbionts or harbour intracellular obligate symbionts that are essential for the host development and reproduction. What is perhaps even more diverse are the pathogenic lineages that infect blood-feeding parasites. This microbial diversity not only puts the host into a complicated situation - distinguishing between microorganisms that can greatly decrease or increase its fitness - but also increases opportunity for horizontal gene transfer to occur in this environment. In this review, I first introduce this diversity of mutualistic and pathogenic microorganisms associated with blood-feeding animals and then focus on patterns in their interactions, particularly nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange.
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29
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Renoz F, Champagne A, Degand H, Faber AM, Morsomme P, Foray V, Hance T. Toward a better understanding of the mechanisms of symbiosis: a comprehensive proteome map of a nascent insect symbiont. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3291. [PMID: 28503376 PMCID: PMC5426354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria are common in insects and can affect various aspects of their hosts’ biology. Although the effects of insect symbionts have been clarified for various insect symbiosis models, due to the difficulty of cultivating them in vitro, there is still limited knowledge available on the molecular features that drive symbiosis. Serratia symbiotica is one of the most common symbionts found in aphids. The recent findings of free-living strains that are considered as nascent partners of aphids provide the opportunity to examine the molecular mechanisms that a symbiont can deploy at the early stages of the symbiosis (i.e., symbiotic factors). In this work, a proteomic approach was used to establish a comprehensive proteome map of the free-living S. symbiotica strain CWBI-2.3T. Most of the 720 proteins identified are related to housekeeping or primary metabolism. Of these, 76 were identified as candidate proteins possibly promoting host colonization. Our results provide strong evidence that S. symbiotica CWBI-2.3T is well-armed for invading insect host tissues, and suggest that certain molecular features usually harbored by pathogenic bacteria are no longer present. This comprehensive proteome map provides a series of candidate genes for further studies to understand the molecular cross-talk between insects and symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Renoz
- Biodiversity Reasearch Center, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antoine Champagne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hervé Degand
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Faber
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Foray
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Reasearch Center, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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30
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Saldaña MA, Hegde S, Hughes GL. Microbial control of arthropod-borne disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:81-93. [PMID: 28177042 PMCID: PMC5293117 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods harbor a diverse array of microbes that profoundly influence many aspects of host biology, including vector competence. Additionally, symbionts can be engineered to produce molecules that inhibit pathogens. Due to their intimate association with the host, microbes have developed strategies that facilitate their transmission, either horizontally or vertically, to conspecifics. These attributes make microbes attractive agents for applied strategies to control arthropod-borne disease. Here we discuss the recent advances in microbial control approaches to reduce the burden of pathogens such as Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, and Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites. We also highlight where further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Saldaña
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Tropical Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
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31
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Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E781-E790. [PMID: 28096373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods transmit diverse infectious agents; however, the ways microbes influence their vector to enhance colonization are poorly understood. Ixodes scapularis ticks harbor numerous human pathogens, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We now demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum modifies the I. scapularis microbiota to more efficiently infect the tick. A. phagocytophilum induces ticks to express Ixodes scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein (iafgp), which encodes a protein with several properties, including the ability to alter bacterial biofilm formation. IAFGP thereby perturbs the tick gut microbiota, which influences the integrity of the peritrophic matrix and gut barrier-critical obstacles for Anaplasma colonization. Mechanistically, IAFGP binds the terminal d-alanine residue of the pentapeptide chain of bacterial peptidoglycan, resulting in altered permeability and the capacity of bacteria to form biofilms. These data elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which a human pathogen appropriates an arthropod antibacterial protein to alter the gut microbiota and more effectively colonize the vector.
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32
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Benoit JB, Vigneron A, Broderick NA, Wu Y, Sun JS, Carlson JR, Aksoy S, Weiss BL. Symbiont-induced odorant binding proteins mediate insect host hematopoiesis. eLife 2017; 6:e19535. [PMID: 28079523 PMCID: PMC5231409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of their host's immune system. Herein we demonstrate that the obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, up-regulates expression of odorant binding protein six in the gut of intrauterine tsetse larvae. This process is necessary and sufficient to induce systemic expression of the hematopoietic RUNX transcription factor lozenge and the subsequent production of crystal cells, which actuate the melanotic immune response in adult tsetse. Larval Drosophila's indigenous microbiota, which is acquired from the environment, regulates an orthologous hematopoietic pathway in their host. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie enteric symbiont-stimulated systemic immune system development, and indicate that these processes are evolutionarily conserved despite the divergent nature of host-symbiont interactions in these model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Jennifer S Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
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33
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Kubera A, Thamchaipenet A, Shoham M. Biofilm inhibitors targeting the outer membrane protein A of Pasteurella multocida in swine. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:14-23. [PMID: 27892689 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1259415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (Pm) is the causative agent of atrophic rhinitis in swine. This study aimed to discover biofilm inhibitors against swine Pm to counteract antibiotic resistance and decrease virulence. The virulence factor outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was targeted. A library of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was used to perform virtual screening against PmOmpA. The top-scoring compounds had no effect on the growth of Pm serotype A or D. Mycophenolate mofetil showed the highest efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation by Pm serotype A, with an IC50 of 7.3 nM. For Pm serotype D, indocyanine green showed the highest effect at an IC50 of 11.7 nM. Nevertheless, these compounds had no effect on an established biofilm of Pm. This study offers an alternative way to prevent biofilm formation by Pm that could also be applied to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchanee Kubera
- a Department of Genetics , Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
- b Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Arinthip Thamchaipenet
- a Department of Genetics , Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
- b Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Menachem Shoham
- c Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
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Vilanova C, Baixeras J, Latorre A, Porcar M. The Generalist Inside the Specialist: Gut Bacterial Communities of Two Insect Species Feeding on Toxic Plants Are Dominated by Enterococcus sp. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1005. [PMID: 27446044 PMCID: PMC4923067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some specialist insects feed on plants rich in secondary compounds, which pose a major selective pressure on both the phytophagous and the gut microbiota. However, microbial communities of toxic plant feeders are still poorly characterized. Here, we show the bacterial communities of the gut of two specialized Lepidoptera, Hyles euphorbiae and Brithys crini, which exclusively feed on latex-rich Euphorbia sp. and alkaloid-rich Pancratium maritimum, respectively. A metagenomic analysis based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the gut microbiota of both insects is dominated by the phylum Firmicutes, and especially by the common gut inhabitant Enterococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp. are also found in H. euphorbiae though to a lesser extent. By scanning electron microscopy, we found a dense ring-shaped bacterial biofilm in the hindgut of H. euphorbiae, and identified the most prominent bacterium in the biofilm as Enterococcus casseliflavus through molecular techniques. Interestingly, this species has previously been reported to contribute to the immobilization of latex-like molecules in the larvae of Spodoptera litura, a highly polyphagous lepidopteran. The E. casseliflavus strain was isolated from the gut and its ability to tolerate natural latex was tested under laboratory conditions. This fact, along with the identification of less frequent bacterial species able to degrade alkaloids and/or latex, suggest a putative role of bacterial communities in the tolerance of specialized insects to their toxic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vilanova
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud PúblicaValencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Porcar
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSICValencia, Spain
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Hillman K, Goodrich-Blair H. Are you my symbiont? Microbial polymorphic toxins and antimicrobial compounds as honest signals of beneficial symbiotic defensive traits. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 31:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Grandeur Alliances: Symbiont Metabolic Integration and Obligate Arthropod Hematophagy. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:739-749. [PMID: 27236581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod taxa live exclusively on vertebrate blood. This food source lacks essential metabolites required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and as such, these arthropods have formed symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes that facilitate their host's 'hematophagous' feeding ecology. Herein we highlight metabolic contributions of bacterial symbionts that reside within tsetse flies, bed bugs, lice, reduviid bugs, and ticks, with specific emphasis on B vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis. Importantly, these arthropods can transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and/or cause infestations that induce psychological and dermatological distress. Microbial metabolites, and the biochemical pathways that generate them, can serve as specific targets of novel control mechanisms aimed at disrupting the metabolism of hematophagous arthropods, thus combatting pest invasion and vector-borne pathogen transmission.
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Schwartzman JA, Ruby EG. Stress as a Normal Cue in the Symbiotic Environment. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:414-424. [PMID: 27004825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All multicellular hosts form associations with groups of microorganisms. These microbial communities can be taxonomically diverse and dynamic, and their persistence is due to robust, and sometimes coevolved, host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Chemical and physical sources of stress are prominently situated in this molecular exchange, as cues for cellular responses in symbiotic microbes. Stress in the symbiotic environment may arise from three sources: host tissues, microbe-induced immune responses, or other microbes in the host environment. The responses of microbes to these stresses can be general or highly specialized, and collectively may contribute to the stability of the symbiotic system. In this review, we highlight recent work that emphasizes the role of stress as a cue in the symbiotic environment of plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schwartzman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Chen Y, Duan R, Li X, Li K, Liang J, Liu C, Qiu H, Xiao Y, Jing H, Wang X. Homology analysis and cross-immunogenicity of OmpA from pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:290-9. [PMID: 26435220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the intra-species conserved proteins with immunogenicity widely found in the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Here we first confirmed OmpA is conserved in the three pathogenic Yersinia: Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, with high homology at the nucleotide level and at the amino acid sequence level. The identity of ompA sequences for 262 Y. pestis strains, 134 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains and 219 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains are 100%, 98.8% and 97.7% similar. The main pattern of OmpA of pathogenic Yersinia are 86.2% and 88.8% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels, respectively. Immunological analysis showed the immunogenicity of each OmpA and cross-immunogenicity of OmpA for pathogenic Yersinia where OmpA may be a vaccine candidate for Y. pestis and other pathogenic Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuang Chen
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Duan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Li
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junrong Liang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Bridier A, Hammes F, Canette A, Bouchez T, Briandet R. Fluorescence-based tools for single-cell approaches in food microbiology. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 213:2-16. [PMID: 26163933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The better understanding of the functioning of microbial communities is a challenging and crucial issue in the field of food microbiology, as it constitutes a prerequisite to the optimization of positive and technological microbial population functioning, as well as for the better control of pathogen contamination of food. Heterogeneity appears now as an intrinsic and multi-origin feature of microbial populations and is a major determinant of their beneficial or detrimental functional properties. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the behavior of bacteria in microbial communities requires therefore observations at the single-cell level in order to overcome "averaging" effects inherent to traditional global approaches. Recent advances in the development of fluorescence-based approaches dedicated to single-cell analysis provide the opportunity to study microbial communities with an unprecedented level of resolution and to obtain detailed insights on the cell structure, metabolism activity, multicellular behavior and bacterial interactions in complex communities. These methods are now increasingly applied in the field of food microbiology in different areas ranging from research laboratories to industry. In this perspective, we reviewed the main fluorescence-based tools used for single-cell approaches and their concrete applications with specific focus on food microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A Canette
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - R Briandet
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Heerman M, Weng JL, Hurwitz I, Durvasula R, Ramalho-Ortigao M. Bacterial Infection and Immune Responses in Lutzomyia longipalpis Sand Fly Larvae Midgut. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003923. [PMID: 26154607 PMCID: PMC4495979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The midgut microbial community in insect vectors of disease is crucial for an effective immune response against infection with various human and animal pathogens. Depending on the aspects of their development, insects can acquire microbes present in soil, water, and plants. Sand flies are major vectors of leishmaniasis, and shown to harbor a wide variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Sand fly larval stages acquire microorganisms from the soil, and the abundance and distribution of these microorganisms may vary depending on the sand fly species or the breeding site. Here, we assess the distribution of two bacteria commonly found within the gut of sand flies, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus subtilis. We demonstrate that these bacteria are able to differentially infect the larval digestive tract, and regulate the immune response in sand fly larvae. Moreover, bacterial distribution, and likely the ability to colonize the gut, is driven, at least in part, by a gradient of pH present in the gut. Symbiotic microorganisms influence many aspects of the physiology of their hosts. In insects, symbiotic bacteria are able among other things to modulate the immune response and the development of the insect from larval stages to adult. Many bacteria first gain access to insect tissues, such as the gut, during larval development, and are acquired from the environment. Thus, depending on the insect ecology, aquatic vs. terrestrial, the bacterial gut flora found in insects can vary widely. Little is known about the events that follow bacterial infection in larval guts and the driving forces for colonization of the gut by such bacteria. We investigated the distribution of two bacteria, a Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and a Gram-negative (Pantoea agglomerans) fed to sand fly larvae. Our results indicate that bacteria distribution in the larval gut is driven by their ability to multiply at a given pH, as pH in the gut also varies. Gut distribution by these bacteria lead to an immune response that the sand fly larva is able to modulate according to the bacterial species. Our findings can influence development of paratransgenic approaches that utilize bacterial symbionts to control vector population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Heerman
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ju-Lin Weng
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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"Wigglesworthia morsitans" Folate (Vitamin B9) Biosynthesis Contributes to Tsetse Host Fitness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5375-86. [PMID: 26025907 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00553-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related ancient endosymbionts may retain minor genomic distinctions through evolutionary time, yet the biological relevance of these small pockets of unique loci remains unknown. The tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae), the sole vector of lethal African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.), maintains an ancient and obligate mutualism with species belonging to the gammaproteobacterium Wigglesworthia. Extensive concordant evolution with associated Wigglesworthia species has occurred through tsetse species radiation. Accordingly, the retention of unique symbiont loci between Wigglesworthia genomes may prove instrumental toward host species-specific biological traits. Genome distinctions between "Wigglesworthia morsitans" (harbored within Glossina morsitans bacteriomes) and the basal species Wigglesworthia glossinidia (harbored within Glossina brevipalpis bacteriomes) include the retention of chorismate and downstream folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis capabilities, contributing to distinct symbiont metabolomes. Here, we demonstrate that these W. morsitans pathways remain functionally intact, with folate likely being systemically disseminated through a synchronously expressed tsetse folate transporter within bacteriomes. The folate produced by W. morsitans is demonstrated to be pivotal for G. morsitans sexual maturation and reproduction. Modest differences between ancient symbiont genomes may still play key roles in the evolution of their host species, particularly if loci are involved in shaping host physiology and ecology. Enhanced knowledge of the Wigglesworthia-tsetse mutualism may also provide novel and specific avenues for vector control.
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Zhang W, Sun J, Ding W, Lin J, Tian R, Lu L, Liu X, Shen X, Qian PY. Extracellular matrix-associated proteins form an integral and dynamic system during Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:40. [PMID: 26029669 PMCID: PMC4429628 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the essential role of extracellular matrix in biofilm development has been extensively documented, the function of matrix-associated proteins is elusive. Determining the dynamics of matrix-associated proteins would be a useful way to reveal their functions in biofilm development. Therefore, we applied iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics to evaluate matrix-associated proteins isolated from different phases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 biofilms. Among the identified 389 proteins, 54 changed their abundance significantly. The increased abundance of stress resistance and nutrient metabolism-related proteins over the period of biofilm development was consistent with the hypothesis that biofilm matrix forms micro-environments in which cells are optimally organized to resist stress and use available nutrients. Secreted proteins, including novel putative effectors of the type III secretion system were identified, suggesting that the dynamics of pathogenesis-related proteins in the matrix are associated with biofilm development. Interestingly, there was a good correlation between the abundance changes of matrix-associated proteins and their expression. Further analysis revealed complex interactions among these modulated proteins, and the mutation of selected proteins attenuated biofilm development. Collectively, this work presents the first dynamic picture of matrix-associated proteins during biofilm development, and provides evidences that the matrix-associated proteins may form an integral and well regulated system that contributes to stress resistance, nutrient acquisition, pathogenesis and the stability of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Zhang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Jinshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Renmao Tian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
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TonB-dependent heme iron acquisition in the tsetse fly symbiont Sodalis glossinidius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2900-9. [PMID: 25681181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04166-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodalis glossinidius is an intra- and extracellular symbiont of the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.), which feeds exclusively on vertebrate blood. S. glossinidius resides in a wide variety of tsetse tissues and may encounter environments that differ dramatically in iron content. The Sodalis chromosome encodes a putative TonB-dependent outer membrane heme transporter (HemR) and a putative periplasmic/inner membrane ABC heme permease system (HemTUV). Because these gene products mediate iron acquisition processes by other enteric bacteria, we characterized their regulation and physiological role in the Sodalis/tsetse system. Our results show that the hemR and tonB genes are expressed by S. glossinidius in the tsetse fly. Furthermore, transcription of hemR in Sodalis is repressed in a high-iron environment by the iron-responsive transcriptional regulator Fur. Expression of the S. glossinidius hemR and hemTUV genes in an Escherichia coli strain unable to use heme as an iron source stimulated growth in the presence of heme or hemoglobin as the sole iron source. This stimulation was dependent on the presence of either the E. coli or Sodalis tonB gene. Sodalis tonB and hemR mutant strains were defective in their ability to colonize the gut of tsetse flies that lacked endogenous symbionts, while wild-type S. glossinidius proliferated in this same environment. Finally, we show that the Sodalis HemR protein is localized to the bacterial membrane and appears to bind hemin. Collectively, this study provides strong evidence that TonB-dependent, HemR-mediated iron acquisition is important for the maintenance of symbiont homeostasis in the tsetse fly, and it provides evidence for the expression of bacterial high-affinity iron acquisition genes in insect symbionts.
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Kim JK, Lee BL. Symbiotic factors in Burkholderia essential for establishing an association with the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:4-17. [PMID: 25521625 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria are common in insects and intimately affect the various aspects of insect host biology. In a number of insect symbiosis models, it has been possible to elucidate the effects of the symbiont on host biology, whereas there is a limited understanding of the impact of the association on the bacterial symbiont, mainly due to the difficulty of cultivating insect symbionts in vitro. Furthermore, the molecular features that determine the establishment and persistence of the symbionts in their host (i.e., symbiotic factors) have remained elusive. However, the recently established model, the bean bug Riptortus pedestris, provides a good opportunity to study bacterial symbiotic factors at a molecular level through their cultivable symbionts. Bean bugs acquire genus Burkholderia cells from the environment and harbor them as gut symbionts in the specialized posterior midgut. The genome of the Burkholderia symbiont was sequenced, and the genomic information was used to generate genetically manipulated Burkholderia symbiont strains. Using mutant symbionts, we identified several novel symbiotic factors necessary for establishing a successful association with the host gut. In this review, these symbiotic factors are classified into three categories based on the colonization dynamics of the mutant symbiont strains: initiation, accommodation, and persistence factors. In addition, the molecular characteristics of the symbiotic factors are described. These newly identified symbiotic factors and on-going studies of the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis are expected to contribute to the understanding of the molecular cross-talk between insects and bacterial symbionts that are of ecological and evolutionary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Kate Kim
- Global Research Laboratory for Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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Maeda K, Nagata H, Ojima M, Amano A. Proteomic and Transcriptional Analysis of Interaction between Oral Microbiota Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus oralis. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:82-94. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500848e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Maeda
- Department
of Preventive
Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagata
- Department
of Preventive
Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Ojima
- Department
of Preventive
Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department
of Preventive
Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Wang MZ, Zheng X, Zhang K, Ding YC, He HZ, Shen DS, Feng HJ. A new method for rapid construction of a Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 bioaugmented system: accelerating acylated homoserine lactones secretion by pH regulation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:229-235. [PMID: 25058298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 bioaugmented systems were operated to treat tobacco wastewater under pH 5.5 for three cycles and pH 8.0 for the rest, which was suitable for HF-1 biofilm formation. The results showed that, under pH control, the contents of 3-oxo-C6-HSL, C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL were significantly higher than HF-1 thresholds for biofilm formation. Compared with non-pH controlled reactors, HF-1 showed greater colonization in pH controlled reactors, primarily owing to the high extracellular polymeric substances secretion induced by quorum sensing. Accordingly, high indigenous community activity and granular sludge were observed. Sludge granulation occurred from the seventh cycle, and the average diameter was greater than 400 μm. These systems were also highly efficient with nearly 100% nicotine degradation and 60% total organic carbon removal. Overall, the results indicate that pH regulation is a new and feasible method for acceleration of releasing of auto-inducers, which is beneficial to construction of HF-1 bioaugmented systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zhen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yang-Cheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Hong-Zhen He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Hua-Jun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Genomics and host specialization of honey bee and bumble bee gut symbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11509-14. [PMID: 25053814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405838111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilliamella apicola and Snodgrassella alvi are dominant members of the honey bee (Apis spp.) and bumble bee (Bombus spp.) gut microbiota. We generated complete genomes of the type strains G. apicola wkB1(T) and S. alvi wkB2(T) (isolated from Apis), as well as draft genomes for four other strains from Bombus. G. apicola and S. alvi were found to occupy very different metabolic niches: The former is a saccharolytic fermenter, whereas the latter is an oxidizer of carboxylic acids. Together, they may form a syntrophic network for partitioning of metabolic resources. Both species possessed numerous genes [type 6 secretion systems, repeats in toxin (RTX) toxins, RHS proteins, adhesins, and type IV pili] that likely mediate cell-cell interactions and gut colonization. Variation in these genes could account for the host fidelity of strains observed in previous phylogenetic studies. Here, we also show the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, for this specificity in vivo: Strains of S. alvi were able to colonize their native bee host but not bees of another genus. Consistent with specific, long-term host association, comparative genomic analysis revealed a deep divergence and little or no gene flow between Apis and Bombus gut symbionts. However, within a host type (Apis or Bombus), we detected signs of horizontal gene transfer between G. apicola and S. alvi, demonstrating the importance of the broader gut community in shaping the evolution of any one member. Our results show that host specificity is likely driven by multiple factors, including direct host-microbe interactions, microbe-microbe interactions, and social transmission.
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Weiss BL, Savage AF, Griffith BC, Wu Y, Aksoy S. The peritrophic matrix mediates differential infection outcomes in the tsetse fly gut following challenge with commensal, pathogenic, and parasitic microbes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:773-82. [PMID: 24913976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The insect gut is lined by a protective, chitinous peritrophic matrix (PM) that separates immunoreactive epithelial cells from microbes present within the luminal contents. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) imbibe vertebrate blood exclusively and can be exposed to foreign microorganisms during the feeding process. We used RNA interference-based reverse genetics to inhibit the production of a structurally robust PM and then observed how this procedure impacted infection outcomes after per os challenge with exogenous bacteria (Enterobacter sp. and Serratia marcescens strain Db11) and parasitic African trypanosomes. Enterobacter and Serratia proliferation was impeded in tsetse that lacked an intact PM because these flies expressed the antimicrobial peptide gene, attacin, earlier in the infection process than did their counterparts that housed a fully developed PM. After challenge with trypanosomes, attacin expression was latent in tsetse that lacked an intact PM, and these flies were thus highly susceptible to parasite infection. Our results suggest that immunodeficiency signaling pathway effectors, as opposed to reactive oxygen intermediates, serve as the first line of defense in tsetse's gut after the ingestion of exogenous microorganisms. Furthermore, tsetse's PM is not a physical impediment to infection establishment, but instead serves as a barrier that regulates the fly's ability to immunologically detect and respond to the presence of these microbes. Collectively, our findings indicate that effective insect antimicrobial responses depend largely upon the coordination of multiple host and microbe-specific developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Amy F Savage
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Bridget C Griffith
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
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Analysis of multiple tsetse fly populations in Uganda reveals limited diversity and species-specific gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4301-12. [PMID: 24814785 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00079-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The invertebrate microbiome contributes to multiple aspects of host physiology, including nutrient supplementation and immune maturation processes. We identified and compared gut microbial abundance and diversity in natural tsetse flies from Uganda using five genetically distinct populations of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and multiple tsetse species (Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. f. fuscipes, and Glossina pallidipes) that occur in sympatry in one location. We used multiple approaches, including deep sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, and bacterium-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR), to investigate the levels and patterns of gut microbial diversity from a total of 151 individuals. Our results show extremely limited diversity in field flies of different tsetse species. The obligate endosymbiont Wigglesworthia dominated all samples (>99%), but we also observed wide prevalence of low-density Sodalis (tsetse's commensal endosymbiont) infections (<0.05%). There were also several individuals (22%) with high Sodalis density, which also carried coinfections with Serratia. Albeit in low density, we noted differences in microbiota composition among the genetically distinct G. f. fuscipes flies and between different sympatric species. Interestingly, Wigglesworthia density varied in different species (10(4) to 10(6) normalized genomes), with G. f. fuscipes having the highest levels. We describe the factors that may be responsible for the reduced diversity of tsetse's gut microbiota compared to those of other insects. Additionally, we discuss the implications of Wigglesworthia and Sodalis density variations as they relate to trypanosome transmission dynamics and vector competence variations associated with different tsetse species.
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50
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Brelsfoard C, Tsiamis G, Falchetto M, Gomulski LM, Telleria E, Alam U, Doudoumis V, Scolari F, Benoit JB, Swain M, Takac P, Malacrida AR, Bourtzis K, Aksoy S. Presence of extensive Wolbachia symbiont insertions discovered in the genome of its host Glossina morsitans morsitans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2728. [PMID: 24763283 PMCID: PMC3998919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the cyclical vectors of Trypanosoma spp., which are unicellular parasites responsible for multiple diseases, including nagana in livestock and sleeping sickness in humans in Africa. Glossina species, including Glossina morsitans morsitans (Gmm), for which the Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) is now available, have established symbiotic associations with three endosymbionts: Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia pipientis (Wolbachia). The presence of Wolbachia in both natural and laboratory populations of Glossina species, including the presence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in a laboratory colony of Gmm, has already been shown. We herein report on the draft genome sequence of the cytoplasmic Wolbachia endosymbiont (cytWol) associated with Gmm. By in silico and molecular and cytogenetic analysis, we discovered and validated the presence of multiple insertions of Wolbachia (chrWol) in the host Gmm genome. We identified at least two large insertions of chrWol, 527,507 and 484,123 bp in size, from Gmm WGS data. Southern hybridizations confirmed the presence of Wolbachia insertions in Gmm genome, and FISH revealed multiple insertions located on the two sex chromosomes (X and Y), as well as on the supernumerary B-chromosomes. We compare the chrWol insertions to the cytWol draft genome in an attempt to clarify the evolutionary history of the HGT events. We discuss our findings in light of the evolution of Wolbachia infections in the tsetse fly and their potential impacts on the control of tsetse populations and trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomes are transmitted to man and animals by tsetse fly, a blood sucking insect. Tsetse flies include all Glossina species with the genome of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Gmm) being sequenced under the International Glossina Genome Initiative. The endosymbionts Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia pipientis (Wolbachia) have been found to establish symbiotic associations with Gmm. Wolbachia is known to be present in natural and laboratory populations of Glossina species. In this study we report the genome sequence of the Wolbachia strain that is associated with Gmm. With the aid of in silico and molecular and cytogenetic analyses, multiple insertions of the Wolbachia genome were revealed and confirmed in Gmm chromosome. Comparison of the cytoplasmic Wolbachia draft genome and the chromosomal insertions enabled us to infer the evolutionary history of the Wolbachia horizontal transfer events. These findings are discussed in relation to their impact on the development of Wolbachia-based strategies for the control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Brelsfoard
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Natural Sciences, St. Catharine College, St. Catharine, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Marco Falchetto
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italia
| | - Ludvik M. Gomulski
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italia
| | - Erich Telleria
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Uzma Alam
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italia
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italia
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (KB); (SA)
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KB); (SA)
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