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Wottlin LR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC. Salmonella Carriage in Peripheral Lymph Nodes and Feces of Cattle at Slaughter Is Affected by Cattle Type, Region, and Season. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.859800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a significant food safety concern in commercial beef production, and some contamination is thought to occur by inclusion of Salmonella-infected peripheral lymph nodes (LN) in ground beef and through fecal contamination. Surveillance in processing plants assists packers in risk management of Salmonella by understanding seasonal trends and risks associated with different cattle types. Approximately 25 fecal samples and 20 LN were collected from animals representing each of five cattle types (cull beef cattle, cull dairy cows, conventional feedlot cattle, all-natural feedlot cattle raised without pharmaceuticals, and grass-finished cattle) and each of five climate regions (mixed-temperatures and dry, mixed-temperatures and humid, hot and humid, hot and dry, cold) during each of three seasons (summer, fall, winter) to better characterize Salmonella inputs into a commercial cattle processing facility. In total, 1,840 fecal samples and 1,550 LN samples were collected. Fecal samples and LN were cultured for Salmonella, and select isolates were serogrouped and screened for antimicrobial resistance. Conventional feedlot cattle had the highest LN Salmonella concentrations (1.17 log10 CFU/g LN) in this data set, while cull dairy cows had the highest fecal Salmonella concentrations (1.96 log10 CFU/g feces). Conventional feedlot cattle and cull dairy cows had the greatest Salmonella prevalence in both LN (32 and 18%, respectively) and feces (37 and 49%, respectively), while all-natural feedlot cattle had the lowest prevalence in the LN (3%) and feces (7%). As expected, Salmonella prevalence and concentration was lowest for all cattle types during winter compared to warmer seasons. When examined by climate region, a greater Salmonella prevalence in both feces and LN was observed in climate region 4 (hot-dry), than the other regions. Only 21 of 50 Salmonella isolates examined for antimicrobial susceptibility were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR); cull dairy cows were responsible for 48% of MDR isolates, cull beef cattle were responsible for 38%, and conventional feedlot, grass-fed, and all-natural feedlot cattle were each responsible for 4.8%. These results indicate that different production schemes, season, and climate region may influence which cattle are most likely to introduce Salmonella to the abattoir, allowing for greater risk awareness during the slaughter process.
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High-Resolution Genomic Comparisons within Salmonella enterica Serotypes Derived from Beef Feedlot Cattle: Parsing the Roles of Cattle Source, Pen, Animal, Sample Type, and Production Period. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0048521. [PMID: 33863705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00485-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major foodborne pathogen, and contaminated beef products have been identified as one of the primary sources of Salmonella-related outbreaks. Pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella are highly serotype and subpopulation specific, which makes it essential to understand high-resolution Salmonella population dynamics in cattle. Time of year, source of cattle, pen, and sample type (i.e., feces, hide, or lymph nodes) have previously been identified as important factors influencing the serotype distribution of Salmonella (e.g., Anatum, Lubbock, Cerro, Montevideo, Kentucky, Newport, and Norwich) that were isolated from a longitudinal sampling design in a research feedlot. In this study, we performed high-resolution genomic comparisons of Salmonella isolates within each serotype using both single-nucleotide polymorphism-based maximum-likelihood phylogeny and hierarchical clustering of core-genome multilocus sequence typing. The importance of the aforementioned features in clonal Salmonella expansion was further explored using a supervised machine learning algorithm. In addition, we identified and compared the resistance genes, plasmids, and pathogenicity island profiles of the isolates within each subpopulation. Our findings indicate that clonal expansion of Salmonella strains in cattle was mainly influenced by the randomization of block and pen, as well as the origin/source of the cattle, i.e., regardless of sampling time and sample type (i.e., feces, lymph node, or hide). Further research is needed concerning the role of the feedlot pen environment prior to cattle placement to better understand carryover contributions of existing strains of Salmonella and their bacteriophages. IMPORTANCE Salmonella serotypes isolated from outbreaks in humans can also be found in beef cattle and feedlots. Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance are among the primary defense mechanisms of Salmonella, and are often associated with clonal expansion. This makes understanding the subpopulation dynamics of Salmonella in cattle critical for effective mitigation. There remains a gap in the literature concerning subpopulation dynamics within Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle from the beginning of feeding up until slaughter. Here, we explore Salmonella population dynamics within each serotype using core-genome phylogeny and hierarchical classifications. We used machine learning to quantitatively parse the relative importance of both hierarchical and longitudinal clustering among cattle host samples. Our results reveal that Salmonella populations in cattle are highly clonal over a 6-month study period and that clonal dissemination of Salmonella in cattle is mainly influenced spatially by experimental block and pen, as well by the geographical origin of the cattle.
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Manishimwe R, Moncada PM, Musanayire V, Shyaka A, Scott HM, Loneragan GH. Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella from the Feces of Food Animals in the East Province of Rwanda. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1013. [PMID: 33916794 PMCID: PMC8067188 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Rwanda, information on antibiotic resistance in food animals is scarce. This study was conducted to detect and phenotypically characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of cattle, goats, pigs, and poultry in the East province of Rwanda. We isolated non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli and Salmonella using plain culture media. In addition, we used MacConkey agar media supplemented with cefotaxime at 1.0 μg/mL and ciprofloxacin at 0.5 μg/mL to increase the probability of detecting E. coli with low susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion test. Among 540 NTS E. coli isolates, resistance to tetracycline was the most frequently observed (35.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (19.6%) and streptomycin (16.5%). Percentages of NTS E. coli resistant to all three antibiotics and percentages of multidrug-resistant strains were higher in isolates from poultry. All isolated Salmonella were susceptible to all antibiotics. The sample-level prevalence for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was estimated at 35.6% with all third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, expressing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. The sample-level prevalence for quinolone resistance was estimated at 48.3%. These results provided a baseline for future research and the development of integrated surveillance initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Manishimwe
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 56, Rwanda;
| | - Paola M. Moncada
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA;
| | - Vestine Musanayire
- Rwanda Veterinary Service Department, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Kigali 5016, Rwanda;
| | - Anselme Shyaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 56, Rwanda;
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
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Ohta N, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, den Bakker HC, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Scott HM. Quantitative dynamics of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of feedlot cattle treated with ceftiofur and chlortetracycline. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225697. [PMID: 31791047 PMCID: PMC6887520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in beef cattle is a risk factor for the expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella populations. However, actual changes in the quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces following antibiotic use have not been investigated. Previously, we observed an overall reduction in Salmonella prevalence in cattle feces associated with both ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) use; however, during the same time frame the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella increased. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the dynamics of Salmonella using colony counting (via a spiral-plating method) and hydrolysis probe-based qPCR (TaqMan® qPCR). Additionally, we quantified antibiotic-resistant Salmonella by plating to agar containing antibiotics at Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint concentrations. Cattle were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups across 16 pens in 2 replicates consisting of 88 cattle each. Fecal samples from Days 0, 4, 8, 14, 20, and 26 were subjected to quantification assays. Duplicate qPCR assays targeting the Salmonella invA gene were performed on total community DNA for 1,040 samples. Diluted fecal samples were spiral plated on plain Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) and BGA with ceftriaxone (4 μg/ml) or tetracycline (16 μg/ml). For comparison purposes, indicator non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli were also quantified by direct spiral plating. Quantity of NTS E. coli and Salmonella significantly decreased immediately following CCFA treatment. CTC treatment further decreased the quantity of Salmonella but not NTS E. coli. Effects of antibiotics on the imputed log10 quantity of Salmonella were analyzed via a multi-level mixed linear regression model. The invA gene copies decreased with CCFA treatment by approximately 2 log10 gene copies/g feces and remained low following additional CTC treatment. The quantities of tetracycline or ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella were approximately 4 log10 CFU/g feces; however, most of the samples were under the quantification limit. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic use decreases the overall quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces in the short term; however, the overall quantities of antimicrobial-resistant NTS E. coli and Salmonella tend to remain at a constant level throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henk C. den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Rukambile E, Sintchenko V, Muscatello G, Kock R, Alders R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:562-578. [PMID: 31179637 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpidius Rukambile
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robyn Alders
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
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6
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Maradiaga M, Echeverry A, Miller MF, den Bakker HC, Nightingale K, Cook PW, Brashears MT, Brashears MM. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) Salmonella Enterica Isolates Associated With Cattle at Harvest in Mexico. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb2017.10.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being the target of control efforts for many decades, Salmonella enterica continues to be linked with a large amount of foodborne illnesses and outbreaks worldwide. Over the years, Salmonella isolated from meat products have exhibited a high level of antibiotic resistance. In this study, a total of 351 Salmonella isolates, recovered from cattle fecal samples (n = 31), hides (n = 105), and beef carcasses (n = 215) from 3 abattoirs in Mexico were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug was found in 205 (58.4%) isolates and 20 different resistance phenotypes were observed among this Salmonella isolates set. Resistance to tetracycline (40.2%) and nalidixic acid (21.1%) was most commonly observed. Additionally, the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes shared resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (11.3%), resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (3.4%), and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline (2.5%). When it came to antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in each abattoir, we determined there was no statistical difference in the frequency of resistant vs. susceptible Salmonella isolates among the three abattoirs (P > 0.05). These data indicate that Salmonella isolates recovered from beef cattle in Mexico are commonly resistant to antimicrobials and often multiple antimicrobials. In Mexico, antimicrobial resistance, and in particular, multidrug-resistance, maybe of particular concern due to the much higher prevalence of Salmonella in retail beef. This may lead to the spread of resistance and to the reduction of antibiotic efficacy for the control of animal and human infections. Promoting control measures and inspection standards on imported animals and food products should be applied to avoid the spread of antibiotic resistance in various populations and among countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Maradiaga
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Alejandro Echeverry
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Mark. F. Miller
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | - Kendra Nightingale
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Peter W. Cook
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - M. T. Brashears
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - Mindy M. Brashears
- Texas Tech University International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences
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7
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V T Nair D, Venkitanarayanan K, Kollanoor Johny A. Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella in the Food Supply and the Potential Role of Antibiotic Alternatives for Control. Foods 2018; 7:E167. [PMID: 30314348 PMCID: PMC6210005 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most ubiquitous enteropathogenic bacterial species on earth, and comprises more than 2500 serovars. Widely known for causing non-typhoidal foodborne infections (95%), and enteric (typhoid) fever in humans, Salmonella colonizes almost all warm- and cold-blooded animals, in addition to its extra-animal environmental strongholds. The last few decades have witnessed the emergence of highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, causing greater morbidity and mortality in humans. The emergence of several Salmonella serotypes resistant to multiple antibiotics in food animals underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discuss the various antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes in food animals and the food supply, factors that contributed to their emergence, their antibiotic resistance mechanisms, the public health implications of their spread through the food supply, and the potential antibiotic alternatives for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divek V T Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA.
| | | | - Anup Kollanoor Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA.
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8
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Neutral barcoding of genomes reveals the dynamics of Salmonella colonization in cattle and their peripheral lymph nodes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:97-106. [PMID: 29885808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Feedlot cattle often contain Salmonella. The number of bacteria that initiate colonization of different cattle organs and the bacterial migration within these large animals are poorly understood. To investigate these questions, we constructed wild-type isogenic tagged strains (WITS) of Salmonella by inserting 21-base barcodes flanked by Illumina sequencing primers into a neutral genome location. We then delivered several different pools of uniquely barcoded clones orally and into multiple intradermal sites, in individual Holstein steers, and subsequently performed Salmonella-directed sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (STAMP). Using high-throughput sequencing of the barcodes of Salmonella grown from steer lymph nodes, organs and feces, we monitored how individual barcoded clones travel from different entry sites within animals. Data showed that gastrointestinal colonization was established by up to hundreds of Salmonella founder cells, whereas peripheral lymph nodes were usually colonized by very low numbers of founding bacteria, often originating from the nearest draining intradermal delivery site. Transmission of Salmonella from the gastrointestinal tract to the lymphatic system was frequently observed, whereas entry of intradermally delivered bacteria into the gut was rare. Bacteria undergo limited extraintestinal proliferation within or prior to arrival at peripheral lymph nodes. Overall, the application of the STAMP technique facilitated characterization of the migration routes and founder population size of Salmonella within feedlot cattle and their organs and lymph nodes in unprecedented detail.
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9
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Webb HE, Brichta-Harhay DM, Brashears MM, Nightingale KK, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Schmidt JW, Wang R, Granier SA, Brown TR, Edrington TS, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Loneragan GH. Salmonella in Peripheral Lymph Nodes of Healthy Cattle at Slaughter. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2214. [PMID: 29170662 PMCID: PMC5684184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To more fully characterize the burden of Salmonella enterica in bovine peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), PLN (n = 5,450) were collected from healthy cattle at slaughter in 12 commercial abattoirs that slaughtered feedlot-fattened (FF) cattle exclusively (n = 7), cattle removed (or culled) from breeding herds (n = 3), or both FF and cull cattle (n = 2). Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to estimate prevalence and concentration of Salmonella in PLN. Isolates were subjected to a variety of phenotypic, serological, and molecular assays. Overall, Salmonella prevalence in PLN from FF and cull cattle was 7.1 and 1.8%. However, burden varied by season in that observed prevalence in PLN collected in cooler or warmer seasons was 2.4 and 8.2%, respectively. Prevalence in PLN from cull cattle in the southwest region of the US was 2.1 and 1.1% for cool and warm seasons, respectively; however, prevalence in FF PLN was far greater in that it was 6.5 and 31.1%, respectively. Salmonella was recovered from 289 (5.6%) PLN and 2.9% (n = 160) of all PLN tested had quantifiable concentrations that varied from 1.6 to 4.9 log10 colony forming units/PLN. The most common serotypes isolated from PLN were Montevideo (26.9%), Lille (14.9%), Cerro (13.0%), Anatum (12.8%), and Dublin (6.9%). In all, 376 unique isolates were collected from the 289 Salmonella-positive PLN. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed the majority (80.6%) of these isolates were pansusceptible; however, 10.7% of isolates were found to be resistant to two or more antimicrobial classes. We were able to document an observed increased in prevalence of Salmonella in PLN during the warmer season, particularly in FF cattle from the southwest region of the US. The mechanisms underlying the observed association between season, region, and production source have yet to be elucidated. Nevertheless, these findings increase our understanding of the sources of contamination of beef products and shed light on transmission dynamics that may be useful in targeting these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie E Webb
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Dayna M Brichta-Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kendra K Nightingale
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Steven D Shackelford
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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10
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Population dynamics of enteric Salmonella in response to antimicrobial use in beef feedlot cattle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14310. [PMID: 29085049 PMCID: PMC5662634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized controlled longitudinal field trial was undertaken to assess the effects of injectable ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) versus in-feed chlortetracycline on the temporal dynamics of Salmonella enterica spp. enterica in feedlot cattle. Two replicates of 8 pens (total 176 steers) received one of 4 different regimens. All, or one, out of 11 steers were treated with CCFA on day 0 in 8 pens, with half of the pens later receiving three 5-day regimens of chlortetracycline from day 4 to day 20. Salmonella was isolated from faecal samples and antimicrobial susceptibility was analysed via microbroth dilution. Serotype was determined by whole-genome sequencing. On day 0, mean Salmonella prevalence was 75.0% and the vast majority of isolates were pansusceptible. Both antimicrobials reduced overall prevalence of Salmonella; however, these treatments increased the proportion of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella from day 4 through day 26, which was the last day of faecal collection. Only six Salmonella serotypes were detected. Salmonella serotype Reading isolates were extensively MDR, suggesting a strong association between serotype and resistance. Our study demonstrates that the selection pressures of a 3rd generation cephalosporin and chlortetracycline during the feeding period contribute to dynamic population shifts between antimicrobial susceptible and resistant Salmonella.
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11
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Smith AB, Renter DG, Cernicchiaro N, Shi X, Nickell JS, Keil DJ, Nagaraja T. A Randomized Trial to Assess the Effect of Fluoroquinolone Metaphylaxis on the Fecal Prevalence and Quinolone Susceptibilities of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:600-607. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Smith
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, Kansas
| | - David G. Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | | | - T.G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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12
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Chaney WE, Agga GE, Nguyen SV, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Dreyling E, Rishi A, Brichta-Harhay D. Rapid Detection and Classification of Salmonella enterica Shedding in Feedlot Cattle Utilizing the Roka Bioscience Atlas Salmonella Detection Assay for the Analysis of Rectoanal Mucosal Swabs. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1760-1767. [PMID: 28922030 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing focus on preharvest food safety, rapid methods are required for the detection and quantification of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica in beef cattle. We validated the Atlas Salmonella Detection Assay (SEN), a nucleic acid amplification technology that targets Salmonella rRNA, for the qualitative detection of S. enterica with sample enrichment using immunomagnetic separation as a reference test, and we further evaluated its accuracy to predict pathogen load using SEN signal-to-cutoff (SCO) values from unenriched samples to classify animals as high or nonhigh shedders. Rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) were collected from 238 beef cattle from five cohorts located in the Midwest or southern High Plains of the United States between July 2015 and April 2016. Unenriched RAMS samples were used for the enumeration and SEN SCO analyses. Enriched samples were tested using SEN and immunomagnetic separation methods for the detection of Salmonella. The SEN method was 100% sensitive and specific for the detection of Salmonella from the enriched RAMS samples. A SEN SCO value of 8, with a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 94.3%, was found to be an optimum cutoff value for classifying animals as high or nonhigh shedders from the unenriched RAMS samples. The SEN assay is a rapid and reliable method for the qualitative detection and categorization of the shedding load of Salmonella from RAMS in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Evan Chaney
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Getahun E Agga
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, 2413 Nashville Road, B5, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101; and
| | - Scott V Nguyen
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Erin Dreyling
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Anantharama Rishi
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Dayna Brichta-Harhay
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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The diversity of beef safety: A global reason to strengthen our current systems. Meat Sci 2017; 132:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Olafson PU, Brown TR, Lohmeyer KH, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ, Loneragan GH, Edrington TS. Assessing Transmission of Salmonella to Bovine Peripheral Lymph Nodes upon Horn Fly Feeding. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1135-42. [PMID: 27357032 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biting arthropods are implicated in the transdermal transmission of Salmonella to bovine peripheral lymph nodes, and such contamination can contribute to increased Salmonella prevalence in processed beef. Since horn flies can acquire Salmonella and then excrete the bacteria in their feces, on-animal fly infestations were conducted in this study to assess whether horn flies have a role in this bacterial transmission. Three Salmonella serotypes were used to assess fly acquisition from and excretion onto cattle. The results indicated that flies can acquire Salmonella from the hide, as assessed by recovery from homogenates of surfacesterilized flies, and that Salmonella persists for at least 5 days in the fly. Fly fecal excreta serves as a bacterial contaminant on the hide, and the overall mean probable estimate of the quantity shed was ≈10(5) most probable number per fly cage area. In 5 days, no transmission of the bacteria to bovine peripheral lymph nodes was evident, prompting an assessment of the effects of prolonged horn fly feeding on transmission. Three groups of animals were infested with flies that had consumed a blood meal containing Salmonella Senftenberg. After 5 days, the study was either terminated or the flies were removed and the cages replenished with unfed flies either once or twice over the course of an 11- or 19-day fly exposure period, respectively. A microlancet-inoculated positive-control animal was included in each group for comparison. The impact of prolonged horn fly feeding was evident, as 8% of lymph nodes cultured were positive from the 5-day exposure, whereas 50 and 42% were positive from 11- and 19-day exposures, respectively. Higher concentrations of Salmonella were recovered from fly-infested animals than from the microlancet-inoculated control, likely a result of repeated inoculations over time by flies versus a single introduction. The data described provide new insights into the transmission dynamics of Salmonella in cattle populations, highlighting a role for biting flies as an important reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Untalan Olafson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA.
| | - Tyson R Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Kimberly H Lohmeyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA
| | - Roger B Harvey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Thomas S Edrington
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Stipetic K, Chang YC, Peters K, Salem A, Doiphode SH, McDonough PL, Chang YF, Sultan A, Mohammed HO. The risk of carriage of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food animals in dynamic populations. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:246-254. [PMID: 29067200 PMCID: PMC5645852 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are foodborne pathogens of global importance. We assessed their risks and associated factors in a highly dynamic population of animals. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy cattle, sheep, camel and chickens at either the farms or the abattoirs. The pathogens were detected using a combination of bacterial enrichment culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on putative risk factors were collect and analysed for their significance of association with these pathogens. Salmonella spp. were detected at higher proportions in sheep faeces and sheep carcasses in comparison to cattle faeces (odds ratio = 2.4 and 2.2, respectively). This pathogen was less common in milk or carcasses samples from cattle or chickens. Sheep and camel carcass samples were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. Faecal samples from cattle had the most diverse serovars of Salmonella enterica including S. Newport, S. Haifa, S. Kedougou, S. Kentucky, S. Mbandaka and S. Goettingen. Exotic serovars in sheep included S. Eastbourne, S. Chester and S. Kottnus. Serovars that were shed in camel faeces included S. Newport, S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis. In all sampled populations, detection of Salmonella spp. was more likely during warmer months than cold months. Listeria monocytogenes was not common in the targeted populations and was detected at a rate of 2.4%, mainly from sheep carcasses. The study highlights the role of food animals as reservoirs of pathogens across boundaries since all feed are imported in that population from different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korana Stipetic
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Kenlyn Peters
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Department of Animal ResourcesMinistry of EnvironmentQatar
| | | | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yung Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ali Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical College-QatarEducation CityDohaQatar
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
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16
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Cernicchiaro N, Ives SE, Edrington TS, Nagaraja TG, Renter DG. Efficacy of a Salmonella Siderophore Receptor Protein Vaccine on Fecal Shedding and Lymph Node Carriage of Salmonella in Commercial Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:517-25. [PMID: 27304488 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a Salmonella vaccine for reducing fecal shedding of Salmonella during the finishing period and lymph node (LN) carriage at harvest was investigated in commercial feedlot cattle. The study was designed as a pen-level randomized complete block with two treatment groups, a Salmonella Newport siderophore receptor and porin proteins-based vaccine (VAC) and a nonvaccinated control (CON). Cattle were randomly allocated into 24 pens within 12 blocks based on the time of allocation. Twenty to 25 fecal pats were collected from each of the study pen floors once a month from June to August 2013. During harvest, a minimum of 25 sub-iliac LN were collected from carcasses within each study pen. Fecal and pulverized LN samples were cultured for Salmonella quantification and detection. Mixed models were used to analyze the effect of vaccination on fecal shedding and LN carriage of Salmonella. Montevideo and Anatum were the predominant Salmonella serotypes among fecal samples and LNs; no Newport isolates were recovered. Vaccination was not significantly associated (p = 0.57) with the prevalence of Salmonella in feces over time; the mean within-pen prevalence was 62.3% and 66.0% among VAC and CON, respectively. Sampling month was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with fecal prevalence; mean prevalence was 71.4% for June, 48.6% for July, and 70.8% for August. Across all pens, the cumulative prevalence of Salmonella in LN was 86.4%. Vaccination resulted in no significant reduction in LN prevalence (p = 0.52); mean prevalence was 85.7% for VAC and 87.4% for CON groups. Although vaccinated cattle had numerically fewer Salmonella LN and fecal positives, there were no statistically significant vaccine effects. Potential reasons for the lack of vaccine efficacy could include an overwhelming Salmonella exposure, a lack of cross-protection against non-Newport serotypes, and insufficient duration of immunity relative to harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cernicchiaro
- 1 Center for Outcomes Research and Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Samuel E Ives
- 3 Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University , Canyon, Texas
| | - Thomas S Edrington
- 4 Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station , Texas
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David G Renter
- 1 Center for Outcomes Research and Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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17
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Agga GE, Arthur TM, Schmidt JW, Wang R, Brichta-Harhay DM. Diagnostic Accuracy of Rectoanal Mucosal Swab of Feedlot Cattle for Detection and Enumeration of Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 2016; 79:531-7. [PMID: 27052855 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are noted carriers of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica. The perceived need to decrease the potential human health risk posed by excretion of this pathogen has resulted in numerous studies examining the factors that influence Salmonella shedding in cattle. Fecal grab (FG) samples have been the predominant method used to identify cattle colonized or infected with Salmonella; however, FG sampling can be impractical in certain situations, and rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) are a more convenient sample type to collect. Despite a lack of studies comparing FG and RAMS for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella fecal shedding, RAMS is perceived as less sensitive because a smaller amount of feces is cultured. In a cross-sectional study to address these concerns, paired RAMS and FG samples were collected from 403 adult feedlot cattle approximately 90 days prior to harvest. Samples were processed for Salmonella enumeration (direct plating) and detection (enrichment and immunomagnetic separation). In all, 89.6% of RAMS and 98.8% of FG samples were positive for Salmonella, and concordant prevalence outcomes were observed for 90.8% of samples. Mean enumeration values were 3.01 and 3.12 log CFU/ml for RAMS and FG, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of RAMS were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 87.5 to 93%) and 100% (95% CI: 48 to 100%), respectively, for Salmonella detection. Furthermore, RAMS Salmonella enumeration was substantially concordant (ρc = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.91) with FG values. We conclude that RAMS are a reliable alternative to FG for assessing cattle Salmonella fecal shedding status, especially for cattle shedding high levels of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Dayna M Brichta-Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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18
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Smith AB, Renter DG, Cernicchiaro N, Shi X, Nagaraja TG. Prevalence and Quinolone Susceptibilities of Salmonella Isolated from the Feces of Preharvest Cattle Within Feedlots that Used a Fluoroquinolone to Treat Bovine Respiratory Disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:303-8. [PMID: 26990393 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen and antimicrobial resistance can be a human health concern. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to (1) determine the prevalence and quinolone susceptibility of Salmonella in feces of preharvest commercial feedlot cattle and (2) determine if the prevalence and susceptibility of Salmonella isolates were associated with previous fluoroquinolone use within pens. Five feedlots in western Kansas and Texas were selected based on their use of a commercially licensed fluoroquinolone for initial treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Twenty pen floor fecal samples were collected from each of 10 pens from each feedlot during early summer of 2012. Salmonella isolation was performed and microbroth dilution was used to determine susceptibility of isolates to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Prior antimicrobial treatment data were retrieved from feedlots' operational data. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess associations between Salmonella prevalence and the number of fluoroquinolone treatments within pens while taking into consideration cattle demographic and management factors, as well as the hierarchical structure of the data. Overall, cumulative fecal prevalence of Salmonella was 38.0% (380/1000), but prevalence varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the five feedlots: 0.5% (1/200), 17.5% (35/200), 37.0% (74/200), 58.5% (117/200), and 76.5% (153/200). Salmonella serogroups included C1 (49.3%), E (36.4%), C2 (13.8%), and D (0.6%). There was no significant association (p = 0.52) between Salmonella prevalence and the frequency of fluoroquinolone treatments within a pen. All Salmonella isolates (n = 380) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, while one isolate exceeded the human breakpoint (≥32 μg/mL) for nalidixic acid. In conclusion, Salmonella fecal prevalence in preharvest cattle was highly variable among feedlots. Nearly all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to quinolones, despite the fact that a fluoroquinolone was used as the primary therapeutic antimicrobial to treat BRD in these feedlot populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Smith
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Bayer Healthcare , LLC, Animal Health Division, Shawnee Mission, Kansas
| | - David G Renter
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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19
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Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Cummings KJ, Loneragan GH, Rankin SC, Hanson DL, Leone WM, Edrington TS. Salmonella Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Dairy Farm Environmental Samples Collected in Texas. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:205-11. [PMID: 26954516 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle are a reservoir of several Salmonella serovars that are leading causes of human salmonellosis. The objectives of this study were to estimate the environmental prevalence of Salmonella on dairy farms in Texas and to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Eleven dairy farms throughout Texas were sampled from August through October 2013, using a cross-sectional approach. Samples were collected from four locations within each farm (hospital pen, maternity pen, cow housing area, and calf housing area), and feces were collected from cull cows as available. Environmental and fecal samples were processed for Salmonella, and isolates were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. Serovar characterization was performed on a subset of these isolates. Salmonella was isolated from 67.0% (236/352) of the environmental samples and 64.2% (43/67) of the cull cow fecal samples. Environmental samples from the maternity pen were significantly more likely to be Salmonella positive than samples from the cow and calf housing areas. Multidrug resistance was evident in 11.9% (27/226) of environmental isolates and 19.5% (8/41) of fecal isolates. Salmonella isolates from the calf housing area and maternity pen were significantly more likely to be multidrug resistant (MDR) than isolates from the cow housing area. The most common serovars found among the MDR isolates were Newport, Muenchen, and Typhimurium. These results help provide a focus for efforts to mitigate the burden of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella at the preharvest level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine D Rodriguez-Rivera
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- 2 International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Devin L Hanson
- 2 International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | | | - Thomas S Edrington
- 5 Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , College Station, Texas
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Brown TR, Edrington TS, Loneragan GH, Hanson DL, Malin K, Ison JJ, Nisbet DJ. Investigation into Possible Differences in Salmonella Prevalence in the Peripheral Lymph Nodes of Cattle Derived from Distinct Production Systems and of Different Breed Types. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2081-4. [PMID: 26555532 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated significant variation in the prevalence of Salmonella in peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) of feedlot cattle and cull cows, with greater prevalence in feedlot cattle. Therefore, we performed experiments to investigate whether these differences in Salmonella prevalence in subiliac LNs are due to, or influenced by, breed, which in many respects is a proxy for the production system in which the animal is derived. Holstein steers are a by-product of dairy systems, and beef steers are an intended product of commercial beef operations. For the first experiment, Holstein and beef steers originating from the same feedlot and harvested on the same day were sampled. Of the 467 Holstein and 462 beef cattle LNs collected, 62.1% of Holstein and 59.7% of beef cattle samples harbored Salmonella (P = 0.46; qualitative culture), with 51.2 and 48.9% of samples containing quantifiable concentrations (P = 0.49), respectively. The concentration of Salmonella within the LN followed a decreasing trend over the collection period (May to October), averaging 1.4 log CFU/g of LN for both Holstein and beef cattle samples (P = 0.78). In a second experiment, we compared 100% Brahman cattle to their beef cattle counterparts, as we hypothesized that the resistance of Brahman cattle to insects may reduce Salmonella transmission via biting insects. Of the 42 Brahman and 31 beef cattle LNs collected, the concentration of Salmonella within the LN averaged 3.0 log CFU/g for Brahman cattle and 2.9 log CFU/g for beef cattle samples (P = 0.30). Using qualitative culture, we recovered Salmonella from 100% of LNs from Brahman cattle and 97% of beef cattle samples (P = 0.25). Results of this research indicate that the differences observed are not due to breed and are likely a function of age, immune function, or other factors yet to be identified. Understanding which cattle are more likely to harbor Salmonella within LNs will aid in targeting both pre- and postharvest intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - T S Edrington
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | - G H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 42141, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - D L Hanson
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 42141, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - K Malin
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 42141, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - J J Ison
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 42141, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Abstract
We set out to investigate whether Salmonella enterica could be recovered from various tissues of viable neonatal calves immediately following parturition. Eleven samples were aseptically collected from each of 20 calves and consisted of both left and right subiliac and prescapular lymph nodes (LN), mesenteric LN, spleen and liver, as well as intestinal tissue (including luminal contents) from the small intestine, caecum, spiral colon and rectum. In addition, a faecal sample was collected from 19 of the dams. Salmonella was recovered from at least one sample from 10 of the 20 neonates. Across all calves, Salmonella was recovered from 12·7% of all samples and from LN in particular, Salmonella was recovered from 10·0%, 5·0%, and 5·0% of subiliac, prescapular, and mesenteric LN, respectively. Within calves, Salmonella was recovered from 0% to 73% of samples and across tissues, estimates of Salmonella prevalence were greatest in the caecum (30%) but was never recovered from the right pre-scapular LN. These data provide evidence of vertical transmission from a dam to her fetus such that viable calves are born already infected and thereby not requiring faecal-oral exposure for transmission. This new knowledge ought to challenge - or at least add to - existing paradigms of Salmonella transmission dynamics within cattle herds.
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22
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Page JA, Lubbers B, Maher J, Ritsch L, Gragg SE. Investigation into the Efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as a Novel Preharvest Intervention To Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Cattle Using an In Vitro Model. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1745-9. [PMID: 26319730 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are an important reservoir for the foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7; they frequently harbor these microorganisms in their digestive tracts and shed them in their feces. Thus, there is potential for contamination of cattle hides and, subsequently, carcasses. Interventions aimed at reducing or eliminating pathogen shedding preharvest will also reduce the likelihood of beef product contamination by these pathogens. Therefore, this study used an in vitro model to evaluate Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, a gram-negative microorganism that preys upon other gram-negative microorganisms, as a preharvest intervention to control Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. Rumen fluid and feces were inoculated with pansusceptible or antimicrobial-resistant strains of one pathogen. Control samples were treated with HEPES buffer, whereas experimental samples were exposed to HEPES buffer plus B. bacteriovorus. Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 populations were quantified at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The most-probable-number (MPN) technique, followed by streaking onto xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar, was used to determine Salmonella populations, whereas spread plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and tellurite was employed to enumerate E. coli O157:H7. B. bacteriovorus reduced pansusceptible Salmonella in cattle feces by 2.02 Log MPN/g (P = 0.0005) and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella by 3.79 (P < 0.0001) and 2.24 (P = 0.0013) Log MPN/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively, in comparison to control samples. Significant reductions were not observed for E. coli O157:H7 in rumen or feces. These data suggest that further investigation into B. bacteriovorus efficacy as a preharvest intervention to control Salmonella in cattle is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Page
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA
| | - Brian Lubbers
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA
| | - Joshua Maher
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA
| | - Linda Ritsch
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA
| | - Sara E Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA.
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Vipham JL, Loneragan GH, Guillen LM, Brooks JC, Johnson BJ, Pond A, Pond N, Brashears MM. Reduced Burden ofSalmonella entericain Bovine Subiliac Lymph Nodes Associated with Administration of a Direct-fed Microbial. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:599-608. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Vipham
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - G. H. Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - L. M. Guillen
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - J. C. Brooks
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - B. J. Johnson
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - A. Pond
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - N. Pond
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
| | - M. M. Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech University; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Lubbock TX USA
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Gragg SE, Loneragan GH, Brashears MM, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Wang R, Schmidt JW, Brooks JC, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Brown TR, Edrington TS, Brichta-Harhay DM. Cross-sectional study examining Salmonella enterica carriage in subiliac lymph nodes of cull and feedlot cattle at harvest. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:368-74. [PMID: 23566273 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine peripheral lymph nodes (LNs), including subiliac LNs, have been identified as a potential source of human exposure to Salmonella enterica, when adipose trim containing these nodes is incorporated into ground beef. In order to gain a better understanding of the burden of S. enterica in peripheral LNs of feedlot and cull cattle, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in which 3327 subiliac LNs were collected from cattle at harvest in seven plants, located in three geographically distinct regions of the United States. Samples were collected in three seasons: Fall 2010, Winter/Spring 2011, and Summer/Fall 2011. A convenience sample of 76 LNs per day, 2 days per season (approximately 1 month apart), was collected per plant, from carcasses held in the cooler for no less than 24 h. Every 10(th) carcass half on a rail was sampled, in an attempt to avoid oversampling any single cohort of cattle. Median point estimates of S. enterica contamination were generally low (1.3%); however, median Salmonella prevalence was found to be greater in subiliac LNs of feedlot cattle (11.8%) compared to those of cull cattle (0.65%). Enumeration analysis of a subset of 618 feedlot cattle LNs showed that 67% of those harboring S. enterica (97 of 144) did so at concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 1.8 log10 CFU/g, while 33% carried a higher burden of S. enterica, with levels ranging from 1.9 to >3.8 log10 CFU/g. Serotyping of S. enterica isolated identified 24 serotypes, with the majority being Montevideo (44.0%) and Anatum (24.8%). Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined for all isolates, and the majority (86.1%) were pansusceptible; however, multidrug-resistant isolates (8.3%) were also occasionally observed. As Salmonella contained within LNs are protected from carcass interventions, research is needed to define opportunities for mitigating the risk of Salmonella contamination in LNs of apparently healthy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gragg
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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25
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Gragg SE, Loneragan GH, Nightingale KK, Brichta-Harhay DM, Ruiz H, Elder JR, Garcia LG, Miller MF, Echeverry A, Ramírez Porras RG, Brashears MM. Substantial within-animal diversity of Salmonella isolates from lymph nodes, feces, and hides of cattle at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4744-50. [PMID: 23793628 PMCID: PMC3719521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01020-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (mandibular, mesenteric, mediastinal, and subiliac; n = 68) and fecal (n = 68) and hide (n = 35) samples were collected from beef carcasses harvested in an abattoir in Mexico. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella, and presumptive colonies were subjected to latex agglutination. Of the isolates recovered, a subset of 91 was characterized by serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility phenotyping. Salmonella was isolated from 100% (hide), 94.1% (feces), 91.2% (mesenteric), 76.5% (subiliac), 55.9% (mandibular), and 7.4% (mediastinal) of samples. From the 87 typeable isolates, eight Salmonella enterica serotypes, including Kentucky (32.2%), Anatum (29.9%), Reading (17.2%), Meleagridis (12.6%), Cerro (4.6%), Muenster (1.1%), Give (1.1%), and Mbandaka (1.1%), were identified. S. Meleagridis was more likely (P = 0.03) to be recovered from lymph nodes than from feces or hides, whereas S. Kentucky was more likely (P = 0.02) to be recovered from feces and hides than from lymph nodes. The majority (59.3%) of the Salmonella isolates were pansusceptible; however, multidrug resistance was observed in 13.2% of isolates. Typing by PFGE revealed that Salmonella strains generally clustered by serotype, but some serotypes (Anatum, Kentucky, Meleagridis, and Reading) were comprised of multiple PFGE subtypes. Indistinguishable PFGE subtypes and, therefore, serotypes were isolated from multiple sample types, and multiple PFGE subtypes were commonly observed within an animal. Given the overrepresentation of some serotypes within lymph nodes, we hypothesize that certain Salmonella strains may be better at entering the bovine host than other Salmonella strains or that some may be better adapted for survival within lymph nodes. Our data provide insight into the ecology of Salmonella within cohorts of cattle and offer direction for intervention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gragg
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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26
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Doyle MP, Loneragan GH, Scott HM, Singer RS. Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Doyle
- Center for Food Safety; The Univ. of Georgia; 1109 Experiment St. Griffin; GA 30223; USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- Intl. Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech Univ., Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; P.O. Box 42141; Lubbock; TX 79409; U.S.A
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Kansas State Univ.; 332 Coles Hall; Manhattan; KS 66506; USA
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota; 1971 Commonwealth Ave.; St. Paul; MN 55108; USA
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27
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Koohmaraie M, Scanga JA, De La Zerda MJ, Koohmaraie B, Tapay L, Beskhlebnaya V, Mai T, Greeson K, Samadpour M. Tracking the sources of salmonella in ground beef produced from nonfed cattle. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1464-8. [PMID: 22856570 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the source(s) of Salmonella contamination in ground beef. One hundred dairy cows were harvested in a U.S. commercial beef processing plant. Samples of hides, carcasses after hide removal and before exposure to antimicrobial intervention, carcasses after all antimicrobial interventions, superficial cervical lymph nodes from the chuck, trim, ground beef, and air were obtained. Ninety-six percent of the hide samples, 47% of the carcasses before intervention, 18% of the lymph nodes, 7.14% of the trim, and 1.67% of the ground beef samples were positive for Salmonella. None of the samples obtained from the carcasses after the full complement of interventions and none of the air samples were positive for Salmonella. All Salmonella-positive samples were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and eight DNA Xba I restriction patterns were identified. The majority of isolates had one of two restriction digest patterns. The strain isolated from ground beef had the same pattern as the strains isolated from hides and from carcasses immediately after hide removal. The Salmonella isolates from trim samples and lymph nodes also had the same restriction digest pattern. These results indicate that hide and lymph nodes are the most likely sources of Salmonella in ground beef. Dressing practices that effectively reduce or eliminate the transfer of bacteria from hide to carcass and elimination of lymph nodes as a component of raw ground beef should be considered as measures to reduce Salmonella contamination of ground beef. Because total elimination of lymph nodes from ground beef is not possible, other approaches should be explored. Easily accessible lymph nodes could be screened for Salmonella very early in the slaughter process. When the results are positive for Salmonella, the corresponding carcasses should be fabricated separately at the end of the production run, and the trim from these carcasses should be subjected to a treatment that destroys Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Koohmaraie
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group, 15300 Bothell Way N.E., Lake Forest Park, WA 98155, USA.
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Loneragan GH, Thomson DU, McCarthy RM, Webb HE, Daniels AE, Edrington TS, Nisbet DJ, Trojan SJ, Rankin SC, Brashears MM. Salmonella diversity and burden in cows on and culled from dairy farms in the Texas High Plains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:549-55. [PMID: 22571640 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of Salmonella carried by dairy cows culled from herds in the Texas High Plains. Feces were collected from a convenience sample of 706 animals culled from nine dairy farms. In addition, individually paired fecal and hide samples were collected from 70 healthy milking cows on three of the dairies. Samples were cultured for Salmonella using routine methods; isolates were serotyped and subjected to a panel of antimicrobial drugs to determine susceptibility. Salmonella was recovered from 32.6% of culled cows. Whole-herd use of a vaccine containing siderophore receptors and porin proteins was associated (p=0.05) with reduced Salmonella prevalence in that the prevalence among herds that practiced whole-herd vaccination was 8.0% compared to 36.8% among herds that did not use this vaccine. The majority (88.6%) of isolates were pansusceptible or resistant to one drug. Of the 3.1% of isolates resistant to more than four drugs, all were Salmonella Newport and were recovered from one dairy. Various serotypes were recovered from individual fecal and hide samples. Salmonella Montevideo was recovered more frequently (p<0.01) from hide samples, whereas Salmonella Cerro was recovered more frequently (p<0.01) from feces. Salmonella was recovered from at least one cow on all dairies. While our study was not a priori designed to address herd-level factors, we found evidence that the whole-herd use of a siderophore receptor and porin protein-containing vaccine might be a useful aid in the control of Salmonella in groups of cattle. As this is a nonrandomized evaluation of an intervention, other herd-level factors that may be correlated with vaccine use, such as biosecurity, might have been responsible for the observed association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-2141, USA.
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29
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Callaway TR, Carroll JA, Arthington JD, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Rossman ML, Carr MA, Genovese KJ, Ricke SC, Crandall P, Nisbet DJ. Orange Peel Products Can ReduceSalmonellaPopulations in Ruminants. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1071-5. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Todd R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Jeffery A. Carroll
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lubbock, Texas
| | - John D. Arthington
- University of Florida Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, Florida
| | - Tom S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Mandy A. Carr
- National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Centennial, Colorado
| | - Ken J. Genovese
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Steve C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Phil Crandall
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - David J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
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Dodd CC, Renter DG, Thomson DU, Nagaraja TG. Evaluation of the effects of a commercially available Salmonella Newport siderophore receptor and porin protein vaccine on fecal shedding of Salmonella bacteria and health and performance of feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:239-47. [PMID: 21281199 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of a Salmonella Newport siderophore receptor and porin protein (SRP) vaccine on cattle health and performance and on prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella bacteria in feedlot cattle. ANIMALS 1,591 beef cattle. PROCEDURES Cattle were randomly allocated within a replicate (n = 10 replicates [20 total pens]), administered 2 mL of a Salmonella Newport SRP vaccine (n = 795 cattle) or a placebo (796), and revaccinated approximately 21 days after the first administration. Health and performance data were recorded by trained feedlot personnel who were blinded to treatment. Fresh fecal samples (n = 25) were collected from pen floors on days 0, 60, and 120 and within 24 hours of cattle harvest and were subjected to selective Salmonella culture and serotyping by laboratory personnel who were blinded to treatment. Pen-level mixed models were used to analyze data. RESULTS Significant differences in fecal prevalence of Salmonella bacteria or health and performance variables were not detected between vaccinated and control cattle. Salmonella bacteria were recovered from all 10 replicates, and cumulative prevalence estimates ranged from 1.5% to 22%. Overall prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella bacteria was 10.2% and 10.9% in vaccinated and control cattle, respectively. Overall morbidity risk was 34.8% for both vaccinated and control cattle. Overall mortality risks were 1.9% and 1.1% for vaccinated and control cattle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this setting, administration of the Salmonella Newport SRP vaccine in feedlot cattle had no effect on fecal prevalence of Salmonella bacteria or cattle health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Dodd
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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31
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Dodd CC, Renter DG, Shi X, Alam MJ, Nagaraja TG, Sanderson MW. Prevalence and persistence of Salmonella in cohorts of feedlot cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:781-9. [PMID: 21381942 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine factors associated with fecal prevalence of Salmonella at feedlot entry and within 24 h of harvest (preharvest), and to assess potential persistence of Salmonella strains within cattle populations. This repeated cross-sectional study followed 5559 beef cattle within 30 feedlot cohorts. Samples (n = 30) of fresh feces were collected from the pen floor of each cohort at feedlot entry and preharvest. Samples were subjected to a selective Salmonella isolation protocol and serotypes were determined for Salmonella isolates. Genetic similarity of a subset of isolates was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Cattle health and performance data were recorded electronically by feedlot personnel. Cohort-level generalized linear mixed models were used to assess bivariable associations. Fecal prevalence of Salmonella within a cohort at feedlot entry (mean = 64.7%) was not associated with preharvest prevalence (mean = 72.6%). Prevalence at feedlot entry was negatively associated with mean entry weight (p = 0.02). Preharvest prevalence was positively associated with the number of days in the feedlot (p = 0.02), cumulative morbidity (p = 0.01), and cumulative mortality (p = 0.03). We recovered Salmonella isolates with identical PFGE profiles both at feedlot entry and preharvest from 14 cohorts of cattle. Fecal prevalence of Salmonella immediately before harvest may be higher in subsets of the feedlot population, but does not appear to be affected by prevalence at feedlot entry. However, PFGE subtypes of Salmonella appear to persist within and among feedlot cohorts throughout the feeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Dodd
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5705, USA
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Diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1783-96. [PMID: 21239549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01885-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States were examined. Hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n = 6) located in four geographically distant regions from July 2005 to April 2006. The mean prevalences of Salmonella on hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventions) were 89.6%, 50.2%, and 0.8%, respectively. The values for MDR Salmonella enterica strains (defined as those resistant to two or more antimicrobials) as percentages of Salmonella prevalence were 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3 to 25.1%; median percent prevalence, 6.9%), 11.7% (95% CI, 4.4 to 19.0%; median, 4.8%), and 0.33% (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.70%; median, 0%), respectively. In this study, 16,218 Salmonella hide and carcass isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 978 (6.0%) unique MDR S. enterica isolates were identified and serotyped and their XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles determined. The predominant MDR S. enterica serotypes observed were Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). Differences in MDR S. enterica prevalence were detected, and PFGE analysis revealed both epidemic clusters (profiles found in plants in multiple regions/seasons) and endemic clusters (profiles observed in plants in limited regions/seasons) within several of the MDR serotypes examined. Despite these differences, multiple-hurdle processing interventions employed at all plants were found to be quite effective and decreased Salmonella carcass contamination by 98.4% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.7%).
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Soller JA, Schoen ME, Bartrand T, Ravenscroft JE, Ashbolt NJ. Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4674-91. [PMID: 20656314 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted to determine whether estimated risks following exposure to recreational waters impacted by gull, chicken, pig, or cattle faecal contamination are substantially different than those associated with waters impacted by human sources such as treated wastewater. Previously published Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) methods were employed and extended to meet these objectives. Health outcomes used in the analyses were infection from reference waterborne pathogens via ingestion during recreation and subsequent gastrointestinal (GI) illness. Illness risks from these pathogens were calculated for exposure to faecally contaminated recreational water at the U.S. regulatory limits of 35 cfu 100 mL(-1) enterococci and 126 cfu 100 mL(-1)Escherichia coli. The probabilities of GI illness were calculated using pathogen dose-response relationships from the literature and Monte Carlo simulations. Three scenarios were simulated, representing a range of feasible interpretations of the available data. The primary findings are that: 1) GI illness risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh cattle faeces may not be substantially different from waters impacted by human sources; and 2) the risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh gull, chicken, or pig faeces appear substantially lower than waters impacted by human sources. These results suggest that careful consideration may be needed in the future for the management of recreational waters not impacted by human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Soller
- Soller Environmental, LLC, 3022 King St, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
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Hughes MK, Yanamala S, San Francisco M, Loneragan GH, Miller MF, Brashears MM. Reduction of multidrug-resistant and drug-susceptible Salmonella in ground beef and freshly harvested beef briskets after exposure to commonly used industry antimicrobial interventions. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1231-7. [PMID: 20615335 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two separate studies were conducted to examine the differences in survivability of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-susceptible Salmonella in fresh meats in a simulated industry environment. Beef trim from a commercial facility was inoculated with either MDR (AmpC phenotype) or drug-susceptible Salmonella (SUS) cocktails (10(6) CFU/ml). Antimicrobial interventions included 3% lactic acid (LA), 1,000 ppm of acidified sodium chloride (ASC), ambient water (AW), and an inoculated control with no intervention (CTRL). Each aliquot was ground and formed into patties and packaged using high-O(2) modified atmosphere packaging. Samples for microbiological evaluation were collected on days 0, 7, 10, and 14. In the second study, beef briskets were collected immediately after harvest. Inoculation and antimicrobial application were the same, except treatments were heated and there was an additional hot water treatment. All beef briskets were refrigerated, and samples were collected at 0, 6, and 24 h. For the first study, the overall effectiveness of the treatments (from most effective to least effective) was LA, ASC, CTRL, and AW. Significant differences were observed only between MDR and SUS Salmonella when AW was applied (P = 0.02), and bacterial loads with AW were significantly greater (P < 0.01) for MDR Salmonella. In the second study, the intervention effectiveness ranked LA, ASC, hot water, AW, and CTRL. Significant differences between MDR and SUS Salmonella levels were not detected for any intervention or sampling time point. These data indicate that MDR and SUS variants of Salmonella behave similarly in response to the antagonistic action of antimicrobials commonly used in beef facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Hughes
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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35
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Lu Z, Grohn YT, Smith RL, Wolfgang DR, Van Kessel JAS, Schukken YH. Assessing the potential impact of Salmonella vaccines in an endemically infected dairy herd. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:770-84. [PMID: 19446567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Jacob ME, Fox JT, Drouillard JS, Renter DG, Nagaraja T. Evaluation of Feeding Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles and Dry-Rolled Corn on the Fecal Prevalence ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 andSalmonellaspp. in Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:145-53. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Jacob
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - James Trent Fox
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - James S. Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David G. Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - T.G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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37
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Jahangir Alam M, Renter D, Taylor E, Mina D, Moxley R, Smith D. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella enterica Serotypes Recovered from Pens of Commercial Feedlot Cattle Using Different Types of Composite Samples. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:354-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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