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Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómora-Martínez O, Raldua D, Herrera-Vázquez SE, Gómez-Oliván LM. Understanding the impact of environmentally relevant alkyl C12-16 dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride concentrations on zebrafish health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:175984. [PMID: 39244042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (ADBACs), classified as second-generation quaternary ammonium compounds, are extensively employed across various sectors, encompassing veterinary medicine, food production, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, ophthalmology, and agriculture. Consequently, significant volumes of ADBAC C12-C16 are discharged into the environment, posing a threat to aquatic organisms. Regrettably, comprehensive data regarding the toxicological characteristics of these compounds remain scarce. This research aimed to determine whether or not ADBAC C12-C16, at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 μg/L), may instigate oxidative stress and alter the expression of apoptosis-related genes in the liver, brain, gut, and gills of Danio rerio adults (5-6 months). The findings revealed that ADBAC C12-C16 elicited an oxidative stress response across all examined organs following 96 h of exposure. Nonetheless, the magnitude of this response varied among organs, with the gills exhibiting the highest degree of susceptibility, followed by the gut, liver, and brain, in descending order. Only the gut and gills of the examined organs displayed a concentration-dependent reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Akin to the oxidative stress response, all organs exhibited a marked increase in bax, blc2, casp3, and p53 expression levels. However, the gills and gut manifested a distinctive suppression in the expression of nrf1 and nrf2. Our Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed that SOD, CAT, nrf1, and nrf2 were negatively correlated to oxidative damage biomarkers and apoptosis-related genes in the gills and gut; meanwhile, in the remaining organs, all biomarkers were extensively correlated. From the above, it can be concluded that ADBAC C12-C16 in low and environmental concentrations may threaten the health of freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Gómora-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Raldua
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Selene Elizabeth Herrera-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Andreica BI, Mititelu-Tartau L, Rosca I, Pelin IM, Nicol E, Marin L. Biocompatible hydrogels based on quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan with high antimicrobial activity as biocidal agents for disinfection. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122389. [PMID: 39048229 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The paper reports new hydrogels based on quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan designed as biocidal products. The chitosan derivative was crosslinked with salicylaldehyde via reversible imine bonds and supramolecular self-assemble to give dynamic hydrogels which respond to environmental stimuli. The crosslinking mechanism was demonstrated by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. The hydrogel nature, self-healing and thixotropy were proved by rheological investigation and visual observation, and their morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The relevant properties for application as biocidal products, such as swelling, dissolution, bioadhesiveness, antimicrobial activity and ex-vivo hemocompatibility and in vivo local toxicity and biocompatibility on experimental mice were measured and analyzed in relationship with the imination degree and the influence of each component. It was found that the hydrogels are superabsorbent, have good adhesivity to skin and various surfaces and antimicrobial activity against relevant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while being hemocompatible and biocompatible. Besides, the hydrogels are easily biodegraded in soil. All these properties recommend the studied hydrogels as ecofriendly biocidal agents for living tissues and surfaces, but also open the perspectives of their use as platform for in vivo applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, or drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Rosca
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Mihaela Pelin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, France
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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Gerba CP, Boone S, Nims RW, Maillard JY, Sattar SA, Rubino JR, McKinney J, Ijaz MK. Mechanisms of action of microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020522. [PMID: 38958456 PMCID: PMC11426018 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYUnderstanding how commonly used chemical microbicides affect pathogenic microorganisms is important for formulation of microbicides. This review focuses on the mechanism(s) of action of chemical microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Contrary to the typical site-specific mode of action of antibiotics, microbicides often act via multiple targets, causing rapid and irreversible damage to microbes. In the case of viruses, the envelope or protein capsid is usually the primary structural target, resulting in loss of envelope integrity or denaturation of proteins in the capsid, causing loss of the receptor-binding domain for host cell receptors, and/or breakdown of other viral proteins or nucleic acids. However, for certain virucidal microbicides, the nucleic acid may be a significant site of action. The region of primary damage to the protein or nucleic acid is site-specific and may vary with the virus type. Due to their greater complexity and metabolism, bacteria and fungi offer more targets. The rapid and irreversible damage to microbes may result from solubilization of lipid components and denaturation of enzymes involved in the transport of nutrients. Formulation of microbicidal actives that attack multiple sites on microbes, or control of the pH, addition of preservatives or potentiators, and so on, can increase the spectrum of action against pathogens and reduce both the concentrations and times needed to achieve microbicidal activity against the target pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephanie Boone
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
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Willmott T, Kelly PP, Jadaan L, Gifford DR, Mercer SD, Humphreys GJ, Knight CG, Lu JR, McBain AJ. Investigations of microbial adaptation to singular, binary, and fully formulated quaternary ammonium compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0066624. [PMID: 39320084 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00666-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to inform risk assessments concerning microbial exposure to quaternary ammonium biocides (QUATs) by investigating their effects on 10 microbial strains of hygiene relevance. Biocides were divided into three categories: simple aqueous solutions, biocide mixtures, and formulated biocides. Organisms were grown in the presence of biocides for 10 generations and then subsequently for another 10 generations in biocide-free media. Control organisms were passaged 20 times in biocide-free media. Strains were then assessed for biocide and antibiotic susceptibility, changes in growth dynamics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Biocide mixtures demonstrated greater antimicrobial potency than singular and formulated biocides. Susceptibility changes of under twofold were observed for all biocides tested. Susceptibility decreased significantly for organisms passaged with singular biocides (1.29- to 4.35-fold) and biocide mixtures (1.4- to 1.5-fold), but not for formulated biocides (1.3- to 1.84-fold) compared to controls. Antibiotic susceptibility both increased and decreased in passaged organisms, with heightened susceptibility occurring more frequently in the singular biocide group. Changes in susceptibility and growth dynamics were similar in the passaged and unexposed controls for fitness measures of adapted bacteria; there were no significant differences between biocide groups, but significantly lower generation and doubling times in organisms exposed to singular biocides. Similar frequencies in SNPs occurred for the three biocide groups and unexposed controls. While some adaptations occurred, particularly with singular biocides, the impact on antibiotic resistance and genomic mutations was limited. These findings suggest that the use of formulated QUATs may pose a comparatively lower risk for antimicrobial resistance.IMPORTANCEBiocides are used globally to control microbial growth and effective assessment of the risks and benefits of their use is therefore a high priority. Much of the data used to assess risk has been based on sub-lethal exposure of bacteria to singular biocides in simple aqueous solutions. This work builds on limited prior realism-based studies to demonstrate enhanced potency in biocidal mixtures; the mitigation of resistance selection by formulations and inconsistent cross-resistance effects with both increases and decreases in susceptibility for a wide range of antibiotics. These data can be used to better inform risk assessments of biocide deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Willmott
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul P Kelly
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Layali Jadaan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Danna R Gifford
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Mercer
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Humphreys
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G Knight
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Li ZM, Kannan K. Mass loading, removal and emission of 27 quaternary ammonium compounds, including metabolites of benzalkonium, in a wastewater treatment plant in New York state, USA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135934. [PMID: 39326142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylammonium (BACs), dialkyldimethylammonium (DDACs), and alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs) are quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) widely used in industrial and consumer products. Nevertheless, little is known about their fates in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We detected 7 BACs, 6 DDACs, 6 ATMACs, and 8 hydroxy- and carboxyl- metabolites of BACs (BACm) in wastewater collected from a WWTP in New York State. The median concentrations of ∑All (sum concentration of all 27 analytes) in influent and final effluent were 31900 and 545 ng/L, respectively, which corresponded to a removal efficiency of 98 %. C14-BAC, C10-DDAC, C18-DDAC, and C16-ATMAC were the major compounds found in influent (collectively accounting for 62 % of ∑All), suggestive of their prevalent usage in consumer products. BACm were detected for the first time in wastewater (median: 1720 ng/L in influent), and they comprised 8-11 % of ∑All in wastewater, which highlighted the importance of monitoring QAC metabolites in wastewater. The mass loadings of QACs into the WWTP were in the range of 1480-10700 mg/d/1000 inhabitants, whereas the corresponding emission rates were in the range of 119-7720 mg/d/1000 inhabitants. QACs present in final effluents may exert low to moderate risks on aquatic organisms, which warrants more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY 12237, United States.
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Liu Y, Lin S, Wang C, Li T, Zheng G, Sun W, An L, Bai Y, Wu F. Sex-Specific Effects of Environmental Exposure to the Antimicrobial Agents Benzalkonium Chloride and Triclosan on the Gut Microbiota and Health of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15450-15462. [PMID: 39141879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of disinfectants containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has become increasingly widespread in response to triclosan (TCS) restrictions and the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to the increasing presence of BAC in aquatic ecosystems. However, the potential environmental health impacts of BAC on fish remain poorly explored. In this study, we show that BAC and TCS can induce the gut dysbiosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio), with substantial effects on health. Breeding pairs of adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of BAC and TCS (0.4-40 μg/L) for 42 days. Both BAC and TCS exposure perturbed the gut microbiota, triggering the classical NF-κB signaling pathway and resulting in downstream pathological toxicity associated with inflammatory responses, histological damage, inhibited ingestion, and decreased survival. These effects were dose-dependent and sex-specific, as female zebrafish were more susceptible than male zebrafish. Furthermore, we found that BAC induced toxicity to a greater extent than the restricted TCS at environmentally relevant concentrations, which is particularly concerning. Our results suggest that environmental exposure to antimicrobial chemicals can have ecological consequences by perturbing the gut microbiota, a previously underappreciated target of such chemicals. Rigorous ecological analysis should be conducted before widely introducing replacement antimicrobial compounds into disinfecting products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siyi Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guomao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Campos IC, Vilela FP, Saraiva MDMS, Junior AB, Falcão JP. Insights into the global genomic features of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae217. [PMID: 39165105 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Characterize global genomic features of 86 genomes of Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Pullorum (SP), which are important pathogens causing systemic infections in poultry. METHODS AND RESULTS All genomes harbored efflux pump encoding gene mdsA and gold tolerance genes golS and golT. Aminoglycoside (aac(6')-Ib, aadA5, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, ant(2'')-Ia), beta-lactam (blaTEM-1, blaTEM-135), efflux pump (mdsB), fosfomycin (fosA3), sulfonamide (sul1, sul2), tetracycline [tet(A)], trimethoprim (dfrA17), acid (asr), and disinfectant (qacEdelta1) resistance genes, gyrA, gyrB, and parC quinolone resistance point mutations, and mercury tolerance genes (mer) were found in different frequencies. Additionally, 310 virulence genes, pathogenicity islands (including SPI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14), plasmids [IncFII(S), ColpVC, IncX1, IncN, IncX2, and IncC], and prophages (Fels-2, ST104, 500465-1, pro483, Gifsy-2, 103 203_sal5, Fels-1, RE-2010, vB_SenS-Ent2, and L-413C) were detected. MLST showed biovar-specific sequence types, and core genome MLST showed country-specific and global-related clusters. CONCLUSION SG and SP global strains carry many virulence factors and important antimicrobial resistance genes. The diverse plasmids and prophages suggest genetic variability. MLST and cgMLST differentiated biovars and showed profiles occurring locally or worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela C Campos
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Campus da USP, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro de M S Saraiva
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Campus da USP, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lima LS, Müller TN, Ansiliero R, Schuster MB, Silva BL, Jaskulski IB, da Silva WP, Moroni LS. Biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes from the meat processing industry environment and the use of different combinations of detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation to control this microorganism in planktonic and sessile forms. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2483-2499. [PMID: 38767749 PMCID: PMC11405597 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes from the meat processing industry environment, as well as the use of different combinations of detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation in the control of this microorganism in the planktonic and sessile forms. Four L. monocytogenes isolates were evaluated and showed moderate ability to form biofilm, as well as carried genes related to biofilm production (agrB, agrD, prfA, actA, cheA, cheY, flaA, sigB), and genes related to tolerance to sanitizers (lde and qacH). The biofilm-forming isolates of L. monocytogenes were susceptible to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and peracetic acid (PA) in planktonic form, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125 and 75 ppm, respectively, for contact times of 10 and 5 min. These concentrations are lower than those recommended by the manufacturers, which are at least 200 and 300 ppm for QAC and PA, respectively. Biofilms of L. monocytogenes formed from a pool of isolates on stainless steel and polyurethane coupons were subjected to 14 treatments involving acid and enzymatic detergents, QAC and PA sanitizers, and UV-A radiation at varying concentrations and contact times. All treatments reduced L. monocytogenes counts in the biofilm, indicating that the tested detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation exhibited antimicrobial activity against biofilms on both surface types. Notably, the biofilm formed on polyurethane showed greater tolerance to the evaluated compounds than the biofilm on stainless steel, likely due to the material's surface facilitating faster microbial colonization and the development of a more complex structure, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Listeria monocytogenes isolates from the meat processing industry carry genes associated with biofilm production and can form biofilms on both stainless steel and polyurethane surfaces, which may contribute to their persistence within meat processing lines. Despite carrying sanitizer tolerance genes, QAC and PA effectively controlled these microorganisms in their planktonic form. However, combinations of detergent (AC and ENZ) with sanitizers (QAC and PA) at minimum concentrations of 125 ppm and 300 ppm, respectively, were the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Siqueira Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Taís Nunzio Müller
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ansiliero
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Bär Schuster
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Louise Silva
- Centro Multiusuário, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville, SC, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Itiane Barcellos Jaskulski
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96001-970, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 960110-610, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96001-970, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 960110-610, Brazil
| | - Liziane Schittler Moroni
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil.
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Fernandes ÂR, Rodrigues AG, Cobrado L. Effect of prolonged exposure to disinfectants in the antimicrobial resistance profile of relevant micro-organisms: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2024; 151:45-59. [PMID: 38740303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a major global health threat, to a very large extent due to the inadequate use of antibiotics. Additionally, the misuse of disinfectants can also trigger the selection of resistant clones, where micro-organisms develop an adaptative response and progress to resistance mechanisms. Cross-resistance may occur when a biocide's selective pressure induces antimicrobial resistance. AIM To acknowledge the potential relationship between repeated and/or prolonged exposure to disinfectants and antimicrobial resistance profile adjustment. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies published until December 2023 that were related to the interaction between disinfectants and antimicrobials were included. Further selection was based on the methodology of exposure. FINDINGS Selected studies included testing about 'exposure to sublethal concentrations' for seventeen disinfectants. The mechanism of action for the majority of the disinfectants involved interactions with the cell membrane. Chlorhexidine was the most studied disinfectant. CONCLUSION Adaptation phenomena related to disinfectant exposure were documented and development of cross-resistance to antimicrobials was verified for several species, including Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida spp. Changes associated with disinfectant exposure also influenced biofilm formation, colony morphology, and efflux pump activity - three relevant determinants of loss of antibiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Â R Fernandes
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A G Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre for Health Technology and Services Research/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Cobrado
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre for Health Technology and Services Research/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Guo Z, Qin C, Zhang L. Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1742. [PMID: 39203584 PMCID: PMC11357233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in hundreds of disinfectants for controlling the epidemic of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and are also widely used in shale gas exploitation. The occurrence of QAC-resistant bacteria in the environment could enlarge the risk of sterilization failure, which is not fully understood. In this study, QAC-resistant bacteria were enumerated and characterized in 25 soils collected from shale gas exploitation areas. Total counts of QAC-resistant bacteria ranged from 6.81 × 103 to 4.48 × 105 cfu/g, accounting for 1.59% to 29.13% of the total bacteria. In total, 29 strains were further purified and identified as Lysinibacillus, Bacillus, and Klebsiella genus. There, bacteria covering many pathogenic bacteria showed different QACs tolerance with MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) varying from 4 mg/L to 64 mg/L and almost 58.6% of isolates have not previously been found to tolerate QACs. Meanwhile, the QAC-resistant strains in the produced water of shale gas were also identified. Phylogenetic trees showed that the resistant species in soil and produced water are distinctly different. That is the first time the distribution and characterization of QAC-resistant bacteria in the soil environment has been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Cunli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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11
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Chhetri N, Ali M. Photophysical Response of Propranolol in Biomimetic Micellar Media of Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide Surfactants: Effect of pH and Alkyl Chain Length. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03896-2. [PMID: 39145806 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The photophysical behavior of a β-blocker drug propranolol (PPL) in micellar environments, formed by alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants viz.; Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), has been investigated through fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques at pH levels of 3.5, 7.4, and 10.4. The impact of pH on the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and micropolarity of micelles were assessed using pyrene as a photophysical probe. The cmc values were found to be lower at pH 10.4 compared to pH 7.4 and pH 3.5. Fluorescence emission intensities of PPL at 323 nm, 338 nm, and 352 nm were significantly influenced by pH, hydrophobic alkyl chain length of surfactants, and their concentrations. Quenching experiments with Cetylpyridinium chloride (CpCl) indicated the localization of charged and uncharged forms of PPL within micelles, with quenching constant (Ksv) values dependent on alkyl chain length and pH. At pH < pKa, PPL is positioned near the Stern layer, whereas at pH 10.4, its naphthalene moiety resides near the hydrophobic micellar core. UV spectroscopy showed that the charged form of PPL interacted with micelles only above cmc, while the neutral form interacted even below the cmc. Density Functional Theory (DFT) reveals the HOMO of the surfactants to be localized on the hydrocarbon chains, and the LUMO localized around the quaternary ammonium unit. Upon complexation with PPL, both HOMO and LUMO shifted to the drug, thereby decreasing energy levels. The findings are explained based on weak noncovalent interactions, further supported and analyzed through Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) and Noncovalent Interaction (NCI) methods, confirming synergistic non-covalent interactions in surfactant-PPL complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurendra Chhetri
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India.
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12
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Roux C, Madru C, Millan Navarro D, Jan G, Mazzella N, Moreira A, Vedrenne J, Carassou L, Morin S. Impact of urban pollution on freshwater biofilms: Oxidative stress, photosynthesis and lipid responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134523. [PMID: 38723485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Urban ecosystems are subjected to multiple anthropogenic stresses, which impact aquatic communities. Artificial light at night (ALAN) for instance can significantly alter the composition of algal communities as well as the photosynthetic cycles of autotrophic organisms, possibly leading to cellular oxidative stress. The combined effects of ALAN and chemical contamination could increase oxidative impacts in aquatic primary producers, although such combined effects remain insufficiently explored. To address this knowledge gap, a one-month experimental approach was implemented under controlled conditions to elucidate effects of ALAN and dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (DDBAC) on aquatic biofilms. DDBAC is a biocide commonly used in virucidal products, and is found in urban aquatic ecosystems. The bioaccumulation of DDBAC in biofilms exposed or not to ALAN was analyzed. The responses of taxonomic composition, photosynthetic activity, and fatty acid composition of biofilms were examined. The results indicate that ALAN negatively affects photosynthetic yield and chlorophyll production of biofilms. Additionally, exposure to DDBAC at environmental concentrations induces lipid peroxidation, with an increase of oxylipins. This experimental study provides first insights on the consequences of ALAN and DDBAC for aquatic ecosystems. It also opens avenues for the identification of new biomarkers that could be used to monitor urban pollution impacts in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Roux
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France.
| | - Cassandre Madru
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | | | - Gwilherm Jan
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mazzella
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France; Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon 33140, France
| | - Aurélie Moreira
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France; Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon 33140, France
| | - Jacky Vedrenne
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | - Laure Carassou
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | - Soizic Morin
- INRAE, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas cedex, France
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13
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Abdelshafy AM, Neetoo H, Al-Asmari F. Antimicrobial Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide for Application in Food Safety and COVID-19 Mitigation: An Updated Review. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100306. [PMID: 38796115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-known agent with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is a colorless liquid and commercially available in aqueous solution over a wide concentration range. It has been extensively used in the food industry by virtue of its strong oxidizing property and its ability to cause cellular oxidative damage in microbial cells. This review comprehensively documents recent research on the antimicrobial activity of H2O2 against organisms of concern for the food industry, as well as its effect against SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, factors affecting the antimicrobial effectiveness of H2O2, different applications of H2O2 as a sanitizer or disinfectant in the food industry as well as safety concerns associated with H2O2 are discussed. Finally, recent efforts in enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of H2O2 are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem M Abdelshafy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Hudaa Neetoo
- Agricultural and Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Pereira AP, Antunes P, Peixe L, Freitas AR, Novais C. Current insights into the effects of cationic biocides exposure on Enterococcus spp. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1392018. [PMID: 39006755 PMCID: PMC11242571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1392018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cationic biocides (CBs), such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides, are critical for controlling the spread of bacterial pathogens like Enterococcus spp., a leading cause of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections. The widespread use of CBs in recent decades has prompted concerns about the potential emergence of Enterococcus spp. populations exhibiting resistance to both biocides and antibiotics. Such concerns arise from their frequent exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of CBs in clinical, food chain and diverse environmental settings. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the complexity of the Enterococcus' response to CBs and of their possible evolution toward resistance. To that end, CBs' activity against diverse Enterococcus spp. collections, the prevalence and roles of genes associated with decreased susceptibility to CBs, and the potential for co- and cross-resistance between CBs and antibiotics are reviewed. Significant methodological and knowledge gaps are identified, highlighting areas that future studies should address to enhance our comprehension of the impact of exposure to CBs on Enterococcus spp. populations' epidemiology. This knowledge is essential for developing effective One Health strategies that ensure the continued efficacy of these critical agents in safeguarding Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Artusio F, Müller L, Razza N, Cordeiro Filipe I, Olgiati F, Richter Ł, Civera E, Özkan M, Gasbarri M, Rinaldi L, Wang H, Garcìa E, Schafer J, Michot L, Butot S, Baert L, Zuber S, Halik M, Stellacci F. Broad-Spectrum Supramolecularly Reloadable Antimicrobial Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29867-29875. [PMID: 38825754 PMCID: PMC11181266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces limit the spread of infectious diseases. To date, there is no antimicrobial coating that has widespread use because of short-lived and limited spectrum efficacy, poor resistance to organic material, and/or cost. Here, we present a paint based on waterborne latex particles that is supramolecularly associated with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The optimal supramolecular pairing was first determined by immobilizing selected ions on self-assembled monolayers exposing different groups. The QAC surface loading density was then increased by using polymer brushes. These concepts were adopted to develop inexpensive paints to be applied on many different surfaces. The paint could be employed for healthcare and food production applications. Its slow release of QAC allows for long-lasting antimicrobial action, even in the presence of organic material. Its efficacy lasts for more than 90 washes, and importantly, once lost, it can readily be restored by spraying an aqueous solution of the QAC. We mainly tested cetyltrimethylammonium as QAC as it is already used in consumer care products. Our antimicrobial paint is broad spectrum as it showed excellent antimicrobial efficiency against four bacteria and four viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiora Artusio
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Müller
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Organic
Materials & Devices, Institute of Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolò Razza
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Inês Cordeiro Filipe
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Olgiati
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Richter
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Civera
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melis Özkan
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Gasbarri
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louisa Rinaldi
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heyun Wang
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Garcìa
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schafer
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lise Michot
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Butot
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leen Baert
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Zuber
- Nestlé
Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical
Sciences, Vers-chez-les-Blanc,
Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic
Materials & Devices, Institute of Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interfaculty
Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Monteil-Rivera F, Locke S, Ye M, Smyth SA, Sullivan K, Okonski A, Jagla M, Gutzman D. Quantification of quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Minimizing losses from the field to the laboratory. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1723:464905. [PMID: 38640882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely used in household, medical and industrial settings. As a consequence, they are ubiquitously found in the environment. Although significant efforts have been put into the development of sensitive and reproducible analytical methods, much less effort has been dedicated to the monitoring of QACs upon sample storage and sample preparation. Here we studied the effect of storage, concentration, and extraction procedures on the concentrations of QACs in samples. Thirteen QACs selected amongst benzalkonium compounds (BACs), dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs) and alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs) were quantified in aqueous and solid samples using LC-MS/MS. Most QACs adsorbed on container walls could be recovered using a short washing step with MeOH containing 2 % v/v formic acid. Concentrations of QACs from aqueous solutions using solid phase extraction (SPE) with Strata-X cartridges and elution with acidified MeOH utilized to wash the emptied containers gave highly satisfactory recoveries (101-111 %). Good recoveries (89-116 %) were also obtained when extracting a spiked organic-rich synthetic soil using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with acidified MeOH at low solid/solvent ratio (0.4 g/20 mL). Applying the recommended methodologies to real samples collected from a Canadian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) gave QAC concentrations in the ranges of 0.01-30 µg/L, < 1.2 µg/L, and 0.05-27 mg/kg for the influent, effluent and biosolids samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monteil-Rivera
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
| | - Steven Locke
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Mengwei Ye
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Regulatory Operations, Policy and Emerging Science Division, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Katrina Sullivan
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Alexander Okonski
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Magdalena Jagla
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Don Gutzman
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
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17
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McCarlie SJ, du Preez LL, Hernandez JC, Boucher CE, Bragg RR. Transcriptomic signature of bacteria exposed to benzalkonium chloride. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104151. [PMID: 37952705 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted our reliance on biocides, the increasing prevalence of resistance to biocides is a risk to public health. Bacterial exposure to the biocide, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), resulted in a unique transcriptomic profile, characterised by both a short and long-term response. Differential gene expression was observed in four main areas: motility, membrane composition, proteostasis, and the stress response. A metabolism shift to protect the proteome and the stress response were prioritised suggesting these are main resistance mechanisms. Whereas "well-established" mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, were not found to be differentially expressed after exposure to BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McCarlie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Louis L du Preez
- Research & HPC: ICT Services, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | | | - Charlotte E Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Robert R Bragg
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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18
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Tlak Gajger I, Tomljanović Z, Mutinelli F, Granato A, Vlainić J. Effects of Disinfectants on Bacterium Paenibacillus larvae in Laboratory Conditions. INSECTS 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38667398 PMCID: PMC11050086 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
American foulbrood is an infectious disease of the honeybee brood that causes multiple types of damage to beekeeping. The causative agent of the disease is the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which forms resistant infective spores and is viable for decades. After the eradication measures have been implemented, in cases of clinically visible disease, it is necessary to conduct effective final disinfections of equipment and tools. This study aimed to determine the effect of ten commercially available and commonly used disinfectants on certified strains of P. larvae under laboratory conditions, as well as to compare the obtained results among individual genotypes of P. larvae. Selected products were tested by determining the zone of inhibition using an agar diffusion test, a suspension test for viable bacteria, a surface disinfectant test, and a sporicidal effect in the suspension test. Incidin OxyFoam S and Sekusept Aktiv are both effective against all examined genotypes of P. larvae. Despadac and Despadac Secure have a bactericidal effect, but their sporocidal effect is not as satisfactory as that of Genox. Genoll does not exhibit a sporicidal effect, and Ecocide S at 1%, Bee protect H forte, and Bee protect F did not exhibit a satisfactory sporocidal effect. Additionally, EM® PROBIOTIC FOR BEES did not exhibit any bactericidal effect. The effective application of control measures and proper application of final disinfection can reduce the reoccurrence of visible clinical signs of disease, whereas methods of early diagnosis can significantly reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Tomljanović
- Ministry of Agriculture, Ulica Grada Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Josipa Vlainić
- Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Arango-Palacio L, Pinzón-Núñez AM, Hoyos-Carvajal L, Ospina-Galeano DF, Feria-Gómez DF, Izquierdo-García LF, Betancourt-Vásquez M, Zapata-Henao S. Behavior and Use of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Disinfectants in Biosafety Protocols Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1 and Tropical Race 4. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:971-978. [PMID: 37877994 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1138-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The banana is one of Colombia's main export products. However, production is seriously affected by Fusarium wilt of banana, which is the most destructive disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Currently, management strategies focus on containment and biosecurity protocols to prevent its spread to territories that are free of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate nine quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants (i.e., quaternary ammonium compounds [QACs]) in vitro in Colombia on reproductive (microconidia and macroconidia) and resistance structures (chlamydospores) of Foc race 1 (R1) and tropical race 4 (TR4), with and without soil, to determine the influence of organic matter and soil texture on the action of QACs. A method for inhibiting the action of QACs was standardized and evaluated at 1,200 ppm with a contact time of ≤30 s while evaluating the soil-inoculum and soil-disinfectant interactions. In the soil-inoculum interaction, the efficacy of QACs was 100% in the reproductive and resistance structures of Foc R1 and TR4 without soil. However, in the soil-disinfectant interaction, only QAC4 controlled the pathogen at 100%. The presence of organic matter influenced the biocidal action of the QACs, and fine textures had a greater reducing effect on the concentration. The soil decreased the efficacy of the QACs and, therefore, must be removed from contaminated boots before treatments are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arango-Palacio
- Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, Medellín-Antioquia 050022, Colombia
- Banana Research Center CENIBANANO-AUGURA, Carepa-Antioquia 057850, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa F Izquierdo-García
- Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research, AGROSAVIA. C.I Tibaitatá, Cundinamarca 250047, Colombia
| | - Mónica Betancourt-Vásquez
- Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research, AGROSAVIA. C.I Tibaitatá, Cundinamarca 250047, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Zapata-Henao
- Banana Research Center CENIBANANO-AUGURA, Carepa-Antioquia 057850, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus Medellín, Medellin 050022, Colombia
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20
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Karlsmose AK, Ivanova M, Kragh ML, Kjeldgaard JS, Otani S, Svendsen CA, Papić B, Zdovc I, Tasara T, Stephan R, Heir E, Langsrud S, Møretrø T, Dalgaard P, Fagerlund A, Hansen LT, Aarestrup FM, Leekitcharoenphon P. A novel metagenomic approach uncovers phage genes as markers for increased disinfectant tolerance in mixed Listeria monocytogenes communities. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 119:105582. [PMID: 38467173 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important human pathogen with a high mortality rate. Consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat food is the main mode of transmission to humans. Disinfectant-tolerant L. monocytogenes have emerged, which are believed to have increased persistence potential. Elucidating the mechanisms of L. monocytogenes disinfectant tolerance has been the focus of previous studies using pure cultures. A limitation of such approach is the difficulty to identify strains with reduced susceptibility due to inter-strain variation and the need to screen large numbers of strains and genes. In this study, we applied a novel metagenomic approach to detect genes associated with disinfectant tolerance in mixed L. monocytogenes planktonic communities. Two communities, consisting of 71 and 80 isolates each, were treated with the food industry disinfectants benzalkonium chloride (BC, 1.75 mg/L) or peracetic acid (PAA, 38 mg/L). The communities were subjected to metagenomic sequencing and differences in individual gene abundances between biocide-free control communities and biocide-treated communities were determined. A significant increase in the abundance of Listeria phage-associated genes was observed in both communities after treatment, suggesting that prophage carriage could lead to an increased disinfectant tolerance in mixed L. monocytogenes planktonic communities. In contrast, a significant decrease in the abundance of a high-copy emrC-harbouring plasmid pLmN12-0935 was observed in both communities after treatment. In PAA-treated community, a putative ABC transporter previously found to be necessary for L. monocytogenes resistance to antimicrobial agents and virulence, was among the genes with the highest weight for differentiating treated from control samples. The undertaken metagenomic approach in this study can be applied to identify genes associated with increased tolerance to other antimicrobials in mixed bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete Kirstine Karlsmose
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mirena Ivanova
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Laage Kragh
- Research Group for Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette Sejer Kjeldgaard
- Research Group for Global Capacity Building, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Aaby Svendsen
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paw Dalgaard
- Research Group for Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annette Fagerlund
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen
- Research Group for Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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21
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Kubo M, Eda R, Maehana S, Fuketa H, Shinkai N, Kawamura N, Kitasato H, Hanaki H. Virucidal efficacy of hypochlorous acid water for aqueous phase and atomization against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:601-611. [PMID: 38557574 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through droplets, aerosols, and fomites. Disinfectants such as alcohol, quaternary ammonium salts, and chlorine-releasing agents, including hypochlorous acid, are used to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of ionless hypochlorous acid water (HOCl) in suspension and by spraying to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. The virucidal efficacy of HOCl solution in tests against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose. Although the presence of organic compounds influenced the virucidal efficacy, HOCl treatment for 20 s was significantly effective to inactivate Wuhan and Delta strains in the suspension test. HOCl atomization for several hours significantly reduced the SARS-CoV-2 attached to plastic plates. These results indicate that HOCl solution with elimination containing NaCl and other ions may have high virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. This study provides important information about the virucidal efficacy and use of HOCl solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kubo
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan E-mail:
| | - Ryotaro Eda
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shotaro Maehana
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fuketa
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Norihiro Shinkai
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Naohisa Kawamura
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Infection Control Research Center, The Omura Satoshi Memorial Institution, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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22
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Palau R, Bloomfield SJ, Jenkins C, Greig DR, Jorgensen F, Mather AE. Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A: An underappreciated potential pathogen in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 412:110554. [PMID: 38176093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an underreported cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. Little is known of the diversity of Y. enterocolitica isolated from food and which food commodities contribute to human disease. In this study, Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 37/50 raw chicken, 8/10 pork, 8/10 salmon and 1/10 leafy green samples collected at retail in the UK. Up to 10 presumptive Y. enterocolitica isolates per positive sample underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS) and were compared with publicly available genomes. In total, 207 Y. enterocolitica isolates were analyzed and belonged to 38 sequence types (STs). Up to five STs of Y. enterocolitica were isolated from individual food samples and isolates belonging to the same sample and ST differed by 0-74 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Biotype was predicted for 205 (99 %) genomes that all belonged to biotype 1A, previously described as non-pathogenic. However, around half (51 %) of food samples contained isolates belonging to the same ST as previously isolated from UK human cases. The closest human-derived isolates shared between 17 and 7978 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the food isolates. Extensive food surveillance is required to determine what food sources are responsible for Y. enterocolitica infections and to re-examine the role of biotype 1A as a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaёlle Palau
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Bloomfield
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Jenkins
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greig
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alison E Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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23
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Obe T, Kiess AS, Nannapaneni R. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Salmonella: Contributions to Survival and Persistence in Processing Environments. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38396546 PMCID: PMC10886206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a top bacterial pathogen implicated in several food-borne outbreaks, despite the use of antimicrobials and sanitizers during production and processing. While these chemicals have been effective, Salmonella has shown the ability to survive and persist in poultry processing environments. This can be credited to its microbial ability to adapt and develop/acquire tolerance and/or resistance to different antimicrobial agents including oxidizers, acids (organic and inorganic), phenols, and surfactants. Moreover, there are several factors in processing environments that can limit the efficacy of these antimicrobials, thus allowing survival and persistence. This mini-review examines the antimicrobial activity of common disinfectants/sanitizers used in poultry processing environments and the ability of Salmonella to respond with innate or acquired tolerance and survive exposure to persists in such environments. Instead of relying on a single antimicrobial agent, the right combination of different disinfectants needs to be developed to target multiple pathways within Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA;
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24
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Li ZM, Lee C, Kannan K. An exposure assessment of 27 quaternary ammonium compounds in pet dogs and cats from New York State, USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108446. [PMID: 38252984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylammonium (BACs), dialkyldimethylammonium (DDACs), and alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs) are quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) used widely as biocides, disinfectants, and sanitizers. Owing to their toxicity, human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Pet animals are sentinels of human exposure to several indoor environmental chemicals. For the first time, we measured 7 BACs, 6 DDACs, 6 ATMACs, and 8 metabolites of BACs in urine and feces of pet dogs and cats from New York State, USA. We found widespread occurrence of QACs in feces, with median concentration of ∑All (sum concentration of all 27 QAC analytes) at 9680 and 1260 ng/g dry weight (dw) in dog and cat feces, respectively. BACs were the most abundant compounds among the four types of QACs, accounting for 64 % and 57 % of ∑All in dog and cat feces, respectively, followed by DDACs (33 % and 34 %, respectively), ATMACs (4 % and 9 %, respectively), and BAC metabolites (0.2 % and 0.3 %, respectively). However, in urine, only ω-carboxylic acid metabolites of BACs were found at median concentrations at 2.08 and 0.28 ng/mL in dogs and cats, respectively. Samples collected from animal shelters contained elevated levels of QACs than those from homes of pet owners. A significant positive correlation was found among the four types of QACs analyzed, which suggested usage of these chemicals in combination as mixtures. Based on the concentrations measured in feces, and through a reverse dosimetry approach, the median cumulative daily intakes (CDIs) of QACs were estimated to be 49.4 and 4.75 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day for dogs and cats, respectively. This study provides first evidence that pet dogs and cats are exposed to QACs at significant levels that warrant further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States
| | - Conner Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
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25
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Barros AC, Narciso DAC, Melo LF, Pereira A. Influence of Dead Cells Killed by Industrial Biocides (BAC and DBNPA) on Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:140. [PMID: 38391526 PMCID: PMC10885908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial biocides aim to keep water systems microbiologically controlled and to minimize biofouling. However, the resulting dead cells are usually not removed from the water streams and can influence the growth of the remaining live cells in planktonic and sessile states. This study aims to understand the effect of dead Pseudomonas fluorescens cells killed by industrial biocides-benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA)-on biofilm formation. Additionally, the effect of different dead/live cell ratios (50.00% and 99.99%) was studied. The inoculum was recirculated in a Parallel Plate Flow Cell (PPFC). The overall results indicate that dead cells greatly affect biofilm properties. Inoculum with DBNPA-dead cells led to more active (higher ATP content and metabolic activity) and thicker biofilm layers in comparison to BAC-dead cells, which seems to be linked to the mechanism of action by which the cells were killed. Furthermore, higher dead cell ratios (99.99%) in the inoculum led to more active (higher culturability, metabolic activity and ATP content) and cohesive/compact and uniformly distributed biofilms in comparison with the 50.00% dead cell ratio. The design of future disinfection strategies must consider the contribution of dead cells to the biofilm build-up, as they might negatively affect water system operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Barros
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo A C Narciso
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- CERENA-Centro Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F Melo
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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26
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Cheng Y, Liu C, Lv Z, Liang Y, Xie Y, Wang C, Wan S, Leng X, Hu M, Zheng G. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) in Dust from Homes and Various Microenvironments in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38276914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite their ubiquitous use, information regarding the presence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in various microenvironments remains scarce and only a small subset of QACs has been monitored using targeted chemical analysis. In this study, a total of 111 dust samples were collected from homes and various public settings in South China during the COVID-19 pandemic and were analyzed for traditional and emerging QACs using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The total traditional QAC concentrations in residential dust (∑traditional QAC, sum of 18 traditional QACs) ranged from 13.8 to 150 μg/g with a median concentration of 42.2 μg/g. Twenty-eight emerging QACs were identified in these samples, and the composition of ∑emerging QAC (sum of emerging QACs) to ∑QAC (sum of traditional and emerging QACs) ranged from 19 to 42% across various microenvironments, indicating the widespread existence of emerging QACs in indoor environments. Additionally, dust samples from cinemas exhibited higher ∑QAC concentrations compared to homes (medians 65.9 μg/g vs 58.3 μg/g, respectively), indicating heavier emission sources of QACs in these places. Interestingly, significantly higher ∑QAC concentrations were observed in dust from the rooms with carpets than those without (medians 65.6 μg/g vs 32.6 μg/g, p < 0.05, respectively). Overall, this study sheds light on the ubiquitous occurrence of QACs in indoor environments in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhong Lv
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuge Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yichun Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinrui Leng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guomao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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27
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Du C, Woolcott S, Wahba AS, Hamry SR, Odette WL, Thibodeaux CJ, Marchand P, Mauzeroll J. Evaluation of Quatsome Morphology, Composition, and Stability for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1623-1632. [PMID: 38194503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm infections are a major cause of food poisoning and hospital-acquired infections. Quaternary ammonium compounds are a group of effective disinfectants widely used in industry and households, yet their efficacy is lessened when used as antibiofilm agents compared to that against planktonic bacteria. It is therefore necessary to identify alternative formulations of quaternary ammonium compounds to achieve an effective biofilm dispersal. Quaternary ammonium amphiphiles can form vesicular structures termed "quatsomes" in the presence of cholesterol. In addition to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties, quatsomes can also be used for the delivery of other types of antibiotics or biomarkers. In this study, quatsomes were prepared from binary mixtures of cholesterol and mono- or dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compounds; then, the integrity and stability of their vesicular structure were assessed and related to monomer chain number and chain length. The quatsomes were used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, showing effective antibiofilm abilities comparable to those of their monomers. A systematic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantifying quatsome vesicle components was also developed and used to establish the significance of cholesterol in the quatsome self-assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Du
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sascha Woolcott
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Sally R Hamry
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - William L Odette
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Patrick Marchand
- Sani-Marc Group, 42 Rue De L'Artisan, Victoriaville, Quebec G6P 7E3, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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28
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Kläui A, Bütikofer U, Naskova J, Wagner E, Marti E. Fresh produce as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes: A case study of Switzerland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167671. [PMID: 37813266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transferred to humans through food and fresh produce can be an ideal vector as it is often consumed raw or minimally processed. The production environment of fresh produce and the agricultural practices and regulations can vary substantially worldwide, and consequently, the contamination sources of AMR. In this study, 75 imported and 75 non-imported fresh produce samples purchased from Swiss retailers were tested for the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Moreover, the plasmidome of 4 selected samples was sequenced to have an insight on the diversity of mobile resistome. In total, 91 ARB were isolated from fresh produce, mainly cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (n = 64) and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (n = 13). All P. aeruginosa, as well as 16 Enterobacterales' isolates were multidrug-resistant. No differences between imported and Swiss fresh produce were found regarding the number of ARB. In 95 % of samples at least one ARG was detected, being the most frequent sul1, blaTEM, and ermB. Abundance of sul1 and intI1 correlated strongly with the total amount of ARGs, suggesting they could be good indicators for AMR in fresh produce. Furthermore, sul1 correlated with the fecal marker yccT, indicating that fecal contamination could be one of the sources of AMR. The gene sulI was significantly higher in most imported samples, suggesting higher anthropogenic contamination in the food production chain of imported produce. The analyses of the plasmidome of coriander and carrot samples revealed the presence of several ARGs as well as genes conferring resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants in mobile genetic elements. Overall, this study demonstrated that fresh produce contributes to the dissemination of ARGs and ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kläui
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Bütikofer
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javorka Naskova
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Wagner
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisabet Marti
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Alfei S. Shifting from Ammonium to Phosphonium Salts: A Promising Strategy to Develop Next-Generation Weapons against Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:80. [PMID: 38258091 PMCID: PMC10819902 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since they are difficult and sometimes impossible to treat, infections sustained by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, emerging especially in nosocomial environments, are an increasing global public health concern, translating into high mortality and healthcare costs. In addition to having acquired intrinsic abilities to resist available antibiotic treatments, MDR bacteria can transmit genetic material encoding for resistance to non-mutated bacteria, thus strongly decreasing the number of available effective antibiotics. Moreover, several pathogens develop resistance by forming biofilms (BFs), a safe and antibiotic-resistant home for microorganisms. BFs are made of well-organized bacterial communities, encased and protected in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix, which impedes antibiotics' ability to reach bacteria, thus causing them to lose efficacy. By adhering to living or abiotic surfaces in healthcare settings, especially in intensive care units where immunocompromised older patients with several comorbidities are hospitalized BFs cause the onset of difficult-to-eradicate infections. In this context, recent studies have demonstrated that quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), acting as membrane disruptors and initially with a low tendency to develop resistance, have demonstrated anti-BF potentialities. However, a paucity of innovation in this space has driven the emergence of QAC resistance. More recently, quaternary phosphonium salts (QPSs), including tri-phenyl alkyl phosphonium derivatives, achievable by easy one-step reactions and well known as intermediates of the Wittig reaction, have shown promising anti-BF effects in vitro. Here, after an overview of pathogen resistance, BFs, and QACs, we have reviewed the QPSs developed and assayed to this end, so far. Finally, the synthetic strategies used to prepare QPSs have also been provided and discussed to spur the synthesis of novel compounds of this class. We think that the extension of the knowledge about these materials by this review could be a successful approach to finding effective weapons for treating chronic infections and device-associated diseases sustained by BF-producing MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
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30
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Sobhy NM, Quinonez-Munoz A, Aboubakr HA, Youssef CRB, Ojeda-Barría G, Mendoza-Fernández J, Goyal SM. In vitro virucidal activity of a commercial disinfectant against viruses of domestic animals and poultry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1276031. [PMID: 38239742 PMCID: PMC10794601 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases in animals are a cause of concern for animal welfare and economics of animal production. One way to disrupt the cycle of infection is by combating viruses in the environment and prohibiting them from being transmitted to a new host. Viral contamination of the environment can be reduced using well-tested and efficacious disinfectants. Duplalim is a commercially available disinfectant consisting of 12% glutaraldehyde and 10% quaternary ammonium compounds. We evaluated this disinfectant for its efficacy against several viruses in poultry (n = 3), pigs (n = 5), dogs (n = 2), and cattle (n = 4). In suspension tests, 1:100 dilution of Duplalim was found to inactivate more than 99% of these 14 viruses in 15 min or less. The titers of a majority of these viruses decreased by ≥99.99% in <60 min of contact time. In conclusion, the ingredient combination in Duplalim is very effective in inactivating common viruses of domestic animals and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M. Sobhy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Angie Quinonez-Munoz
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hamada A. Aboubakr
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Christiana R. B. Youssef
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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Strizzi S, Cappelletti G, Biasin M, Artasensi A, Fumagalli L, Casiraghi A. Evaluation of in vitro SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by a new quaternary ammonium compound: Bromiphen bromide. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300424. [PMID: 37828623 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which unpredictably exploded in late December of 2019 has stressed the importance of being able to control potential pathogens with the aim of limiting their spread. Although vaccines are well known as a powerful tool for ensuring public health and controlling the pandemic, disinfection and hygiene habits remain crucial to prevent infection from spreading and maintain the barrier, especially when the microorganism can persist and survive on textiles, surfaces, and medical devices. During the coronavirus disease pandemic, around half of the disinfectants authorized by the US Environmental Protection Agency contained quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs); their effectiveness had not been proven. Herein, the in vitro SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by p-bromodomiphen bromide, namely bromiphen (BRO), a new, potent, and fast-acting QAC is reported. This study demonstrates that BRO, with a dose as low as 0.02%, can completely inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in just 30 s. Its virucidal activity was 10- and 100-fold more robust compared to other commercially available QACs, namely domiphen bromide and benzalkonium chloride. The critical micellar concentration and the molecular lipophilicity potential surface area support the relevance of the lipophilic nature of these molecules for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Artasensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Flanjak L, Lypirou L, Sakkas V, Roslev P. Ecotoxicity and rapid degradation of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) subjected to combined vacuum UV and UV-C treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140584. [PMID: 37925031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in a palette of commercially available disinfectants, sanitizers, and biocides. QACs are widely used because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties but the ubiquitous uses have resulted in frequent detection in aquatic and terrestrial matrices including domestic wastewater, surface waters, urban soils and sediments. An increased domestic QACs consumption has increased the environmental occurrence, and investigation of mitigation methods and effects on non-target organisms are in demand. In this study, we examined the potential ecotoxicity of six QACs and investigated the effect of combined vacuum UV (185 nm) and UV-C (254 nm) irradiation (VUV/UVC) on degradation and mitigation of ecotoxicity of QACs. The study showed that combined VUV/UVC irradiation facilitated rapid degradation of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The estimated half-lives varied between 2 and 7 min, and degradation was affected by the initial QAC concentrations, the UV fluence, and the water matrix. The potential ecotoxicity of QACs and VUV/UVC treated QACs was examined using a battery of test organisms that included the luminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Escherichiacoli and Enterococcus faecalis, the freshwater microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphia magna. The potential for trophic transfer of QACs was investigated in a simplified aquatic food web. Test organisms from different trophic levels were included to assess adverse effects of bioactive compounds in VUV/UVC treated samples including transformation products. The study showed that several QACs were highly toxic to aquatic test organisms with EC50 and/or EC20 values < 1 μM. VUV/UVC treatment of QACs resulted in substantial photolysis of the parent compounds and comprehensive mitigation of the ecotoxicity potential. VUV/UVC represent an attractive oxidation technology for abatement QACs in contaminated water because the process does not require addition of catalysts or precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Flanjak
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Loukia Lypirou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Peter Roslev
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Zhao D, Zhang Y, Jin Z, Bai R, Wang J, Wu L, He Y. Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride Effectively Reduce Spore Germination of Ginger Soft Rot Pathogens: Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:8. [PMID: 38248918 PMCID: PMC10816859 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginger soft rot is a serious soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, resulting in reduced crop yields. The application of common chemical fungicides is considered to be an effective method of sterilization, and therefore, they pose a serious threat to the environment and human health due to their high toxicity. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) are two popular quaternary ammonium salts with a wide range of fungicidal effects. In this study, we investigated the fungicidal effects of BAC and BEC on soft rot disease of ginger as alternatives to common chemical fungicides. Two soft rot pathogens of ginger were successfully isolated from diseased ginger by using the spread plate method and sequenced as F. solani and F. oxysporum using the high-throughput fungal sequencing method. We investigated the fungicidal effects of BAC and BEC on F. solani and F. oxysporum, and we explored the antifungal mechanisms. Almost complete inactivation of spores of F. solani and F. oxysporum was observed at 100 mg/L fungicide concentration. Only a small amount of spore regrowth was observed after the inactivation treatment of spores of F. solani and F. oxysporum in soil, which proved that BAC and BEC have the potential to be used as an alternative to common chemical fungicides for soil disinfection of diseased ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruxiao Bai
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Hiep NT, Nguyen MK, Nhut HT, Hung NTQ, Manh NC, Lin C, Chang SW, Um MJ, Nguyen DD. A review on sterilization methods of environmental decontamination to prevent the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus): A new challenge towards eco-friendly solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166021. [PMID: 37543323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic is currently wreaking havoc on the planet. SARS-CoV-2, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, is the current term for this outbreak. Reports about this novel coronavirus have been presented since the pandemic's breakout, and they have demonstrated that it transmits rapidly from person to person, primarily by droplets in the air. Findings have illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces from hours to days. Therefore, it is essential to find practical solutions to reduce the virus's impact on human health and the environment. This work evaluated common sterilization methods that can decontaminate the environment and items. The goal is that healthcare facilities, disease prevention organizations, and local communities can overcome the new challenge of finding eco-friendly solutions. Further, a foundation of information encompassing various sterilization procedures and highlighting their limits to choose the most appropriate method to stop disease-causing viruses in the new context has been presented. The findings of this crucial investigation contribute to gaining insight into the comprehensive sterilization approaches against the coronavirus for human health protection and sustainable environmental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Trung Hiep
- Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Huynh Tan Nhut
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Tri Quang Hung
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Cong Manh
- Department of Aquatic and Atmospheric Environment Research, Research Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Myoung Jin Um
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam.
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35
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Cheng Y, Mousavi ZE, Pennone V, Hurley D, Butler F. Association between the Presence of Resistance Genes and Sanitiser Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Recovered from Different Food-Processing Facilities. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2989. [PMID: 38138133 PMCID: PMC10746039 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanitisers are widely used in cleaning food-processing facilities, but their continued use may cause an increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Several genes have been attributed to the increased sanitiser resistance ability of L. monocytogenes. This study determined the presence of sanitiser resistance genes in Irish-sourced L. monocytogenes isolates and explored the association with phenotypic sanitiser resistance. The presence of three genes associated with sanitiser resistance and a three-gene cassette (mdrL, qacH, emrE, bcrABC) were determined in 150 L. monocytogenes isolates collected from Irish food-processing facilities. A total of 23 isolates contained bcrABC, 42 isolates contained qacH, one isolate contained emrE, and all isolates contained mdrL. Additionally, 47 isolates were selected and grouped according to the number and type of resistance genes, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these isolates for benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was determined experimentally using the broth microdilution method. The BAC resistance of the strain carrying the bcrABC gene cassette was significantly higher than that of strains lacking the gene cassette, and the BAC resistance of the strain carrying the qacH gene was significantly higher than that of strains lacking the qacH gene (p < 0.05). Isolates harbouring both the qacH and bcrABC genes did not show higher BAC resistance. With respect to environmental factors, there was no significant difference in MIC values for isolates recovered from different processing facilities. In summary, this investigation highlights the prevalence of specific sanitiser resistance genes in L. monocytogenes isolates from Irish food-processing settings. While certain genes correlated with increased resistance to benzalkonium chloride, the combination of multiple genes did not necessarily amplify this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
| | - Zeinabossadat Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Pennone
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Hurley
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Francis Butler
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
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36
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Sahu S, Srinivasan H, Jadhav SE, Sharma VK, Debnath A. Aspirin-Induced Ordering and Faster Dynamics of a Cationic Bilayer for Drug Encapsulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16432-16443. [PMID: 37948158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The lipid dynamics and phase play decisive roles in drug encapsulation and delivery to the intracellular target. Thus, understanding the dynamic and structural alterations of membranes induced by drugs is essential for targeted delivery. To this end, united-atom molecular dynamics simulations of a model bilayer, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), are performed in the absence and presence of the usual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), aspirin, at 298, 310, and 345 K. At 298 and 310 K, the bilayers are in the interdigitated two-dimensional square phases, which become rugged in the presence of aspirin, as evident from height fluctuations. At 345 K, the bilayer is in the fluid phase in both the absence and presence of aspirin. Aspirin is preferentially located near the oppositely charged headgroup and creates void space, which leads to an increase in the interdigitation and order parameters. Although the center of mass of lipids experiences structural arrest, they reach the diffusive regime faster and have higher lateral diffusion constants in the presence of aspirin. Results are found to be consistent with recent quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies that reveal that aspirin acts as a plasticizer and enhances lateral diffusion of lipids in both ordered and fluid phases. Different relaxation time scales of the bonds along the alkyl tails of DODAB due to the multitude of lipid motions become faster upon the addition of aspirin. Our results show that aspirin insertion is most favorable at physiological temperature. Thus, the ordered, more stable, and faster DODAB bilayer can be a potential drug carrier for the protected encapsulation of aspirin, followed by targeted and controlled drug release with antibacterial activity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapika Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Harish Srinivasan
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sankalp E Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Veerendra K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ananya Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India
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Xu G, Yang P, Zhang Y, Sun L, Hu X, Zhang W, Tu Y, Tian Y, Li A, Xie X, Gu X. Porous pillararene-based polymer as adsorbent and solid disinfectant for water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140056. [PMID: 37696480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Pillararene polymers have been widely used as excellent adsorbents for water treatment, but pillararene polymers with ultra-high specific surface area and versatility are still rarely reported. Herein, a quaternary ammonium salt modified pillar [5] arene polymer, QPBP [5], with specific surface area of 1844 m2 g-1 was successfully synthesized. Since QPBP [5] has abundant different adsorption sites, it exhibits excellent performance for the simultaneously removal of organic pollutants with different charges from water. The selected three model pollutants, Rhodamine B (RhB, positively charged), Sulfamethazine (SMT, electrically neutral) and Fulvic acid (FA, negatively charged), could be rapidly and efficiently removed from water by QPBP [5] within 10 min, which are much faster than them by most of the reported adsorbents. RhB and SMT are mainly adsorbed through hydrophobic interactions with the QPBP [5] surface, while FA is mainly removed through ion exchange. In addition, QPBP [5] also showed excellent reusability and adsorption performance for the environmentally relevant concentration of pollutants. Furthermore, the quaternary ammonium groups on QPBP [5] makes it a solid disinfectant with excellent antibacterial properties. In conclusion, QPBP [5] is a promising multifunctional adsorbent for the treatment of complex pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Pingping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuansong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang City of Jiangxi Province, 330300, PR China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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KADOTA C, MIYAOKA Y, KABIR MH, HAKIM H, HASAN MA, SHOHAM D, MURAKAMI H, TAKEHARA K. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide in liquid state and in gaseous state as virucidal agent against avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1040-1046. [PMID: 37648459 PMCID: PMC10600528 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in liquid (ClO2 gas dissolved liquid) and gaseous state against avian influenza virus (AIV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was evaluated. To evaluate the effect of ClO2 in liquid state, suspension tests (10 ppm) and carrier tests in dropping / wiping techniques (100 ppm) were performed. In the suspension test, virus titers were reduced below the detection limit within 15 sec after treatment, in spite of the presence of an accompanying organic matter. In the carrier test by dropping technique, AIV and IBV were reduced to below the detection limit in 1 and 3 min, respectively. Following wiping technique, no virus was detected in the wiping sheets after 30 sec of reaction. Both viruses adhering to the carriers were also reduced by 3 logs, thereby indicating that they were effectively inactivated. In addition, the effect of ClO2 gas against IBV in aerosols was evaluated. After the exposure of sprayed IBV to ClO2 gas for a few seconds, 94.2% reduction of the virus titer was observed, as compared to the pre-treatment control. Altogether, hence, ClO2 has an evident potential to be an effective disinfectant for the prevention and control of AIV and IBV infections on poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisaki KADOTA
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Yu MIYAOKA
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Humayun KABIR
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hakimullah HAKIM
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Amirul HASAN
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dany SHOHAM
- Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Harumi MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki TAKEHARA
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of
Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Y, Li B, Guo X, Wang H, Cheng L. Applications of quaternary ammonium compounds in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases: State-of-the-art and future directions. J Dent 2023; 137:104678. [PMID: 37634613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art developments of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. By discussing the structural diversity and the potential killing mechanism, we try to offer some insights for the future research of QACs. DATA, SOURCES & STUDY SELECTION A literature search was conducted in electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus). Publications that involved the applications of QACs, especially those related to the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, are included. RESULTS We have reviewed the relevant research on QACs over the past two decades. The research results indicate that the current applications are mainly focused on dental material modification and direct pharmacological interventions. Concurrently, challenges such as potential risks to normal tissues and impediments in drug resistance and microbial persistence present certain application constraints. The latest studies have encompassed the exploration of smart materials and nanoparticle formulations. CONCLUSIONS The killing mechanism may possess a threshold related to charge density. However, the exact process remains enigmatic. The structural diversity and the exploration of intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations provide directions in development of novel QACs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The intricate oral anatomy, combined with the multifaceted oral microbiome, necessitates specialized materials for the targeted prevention and treatment of oral pathologies. QACs represent a cohort of compounds distinguished by potent anti-infective and anti-tumor attributes. Innovations in intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations amplify their potential in significantly advancing the prevention and therapeutic interventions for oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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40
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Copes WE, Ojiambo PS. A Systematic Review and Quantitative Synthesis of the Efficacy of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Disinfesting Nonfungal Plant Pathogens. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3176-3187. [PMID: 36890133 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2751-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This quantitative review and systematic analysis of the effectiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in disinfesting nonfungal plant pathogens in agricultural and horticultural cropping systems is a complementary follow-up to a previous study that evaluated the efficacy of QACs against fungal plant pathogens. In the present study, a meta-analysis involving 67 studies was conducted to assess the overall efficacy of QACs against plant pathogenic bacteria, oomycetes, and viruses and to identify factors associated with observed differences in product efficacy. Across all studies, QACs resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in either disease intensity or propagule viability with a mean Hedges' g ([Formula: see text]) of 1.75, indicating that overall QAC treatments were moderately effective against nonfungal pathogens. Significant differences in product efficacy were observed between organism types (P = 0.0001), with QAC interventions resulting in higher efficacy (P = 0.0002) against oomycetes ([Formula: see text] = 4.20) than against viruses ([Formula: see text] = 1.42) and bacteria ([Formula: see text] = 1.07), which were not different (P = 0.2689) from each other. As a result, bacterium and virus types were combined into a composite set (BacVir). QAC intervention against BacVir resulted in significant differences in efficacy within categorical moderator subgroups for genus (P = 0.0133), target material (P = 0.0001), and QAC product generation (P = 0.0281). QAC intervention against oomycetes resulted in significant differences in efficacy only for genus (P < 0.0001). For the BacVir composite, five random effect (RE) meta-regression models were significant (P = 0.05), where models with dose and time, dose and genus, time and genus, dose and target, and time and target accounted for 62, 61, 52, 83, and 88%, respectively, of the variance in true effect sizes (R2) associated with [Formula: see text]. For oomycetes, three RE meta-regression models were significant (P = 0.05), where models with dose and time, dose and genus, and time and genus accounted for 64, 86, and 90%, respectively, of R2 associated with [Formula: see text]. These results show that while QACs are moderately effective against nonfungal plant pathogens, the observed variability in their efficacy due to dose of active ingredient and contact time of these products can be influenced by organism type, genus within organism type, the target being treated, and the generation of QAC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren E Copes
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poplarville, MS 39470
| | - Peter S Ojiambo
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Geraldes C, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveira M. Biocides in the Hospital Environment: Application and Tolerance Development. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:456-476. [PMID: 37643289 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections are a rising problem with consequences for patients, hospitals, and health care workers. Biocides can be employed to prevent these infections, contributing to eliminate or reduce microorganisms' concentrations at the hospital environment. These antimicrobials belong to several groups, each with distinct characteristics that need to be taken into account in their selection for specific applications. Moreover, their activity is influenced by many factors, such as compound concentration and the presence of organic matter. This article aims to review some of the chemical biocides available for hospital infection control, as well as the main factors that influence their efficacy and promote susceptibility decreases, with the purpose to contribute for reducing misusage and consequently for preventing the development of resistance to these antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Geraldes
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Animal Health, Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Department of Animal Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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Pereira AP, Antunes P, Bierge P, Willems RJL, Corander J, Coque TM, Pich OQ, Peixe L, Freitas AR, Novais C. Unraveling Enterococcus susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds: genes, phenotypes, and the impact of environmental conditions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0232423. [PMID: 37737589 PMCID: PMC10581157 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02324-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been extensively used in the community, healthcare facilities, and food chain, in concentrations between 20 and 30,000 mg/L. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are ubiquitous in these settings and are recognized as nosocomial pathogens worldwide, but QACs' activity against strains from diverse epidemiological and genomic backgrounds remained largely unexplored. We evaluated the role of Enterococcus isolates from different sources, years, and clonal lineages as hosts of QACs tolerance genes and their susceptibility to QACs in optimal, single-stress and cross-stress growth conditions. Only 1% of the Enterococcus isolates included in this study and 0.5% of publicly available Enterococcus genomes carried qacA/B, qacC, qacG, qacJ, qacZ, qrg, bcrABC or oqxAB genes, shared with >60 species of Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, or Spirochaetota. These genes were generally found within close proximity of antibiotics and/or metals resistance genes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of benzalkonium chloride (BC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride ranged between 0.5 and 4 mg/L (microdilution: 37°C/20 h/pH = 7/aerobiosis) for 210 E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates (two isolates carrying qacZ). Modified growth conditions (e.g., 22°C/pH = 5) increased MICBC/MBCBC (maximum of eightfold and MBCBC = 16 mg/L) and changed bacterial growth kinetics under BC toward later stationary phases in both species, including in isolates without QACs tolerance genes. In conclusion, Enterococcus are susceptible to in-use QACs concentrations and rarely carry QACs tolerance genes. However, their potential gene exchange with different microbiota, the decreased susceptibility to QACs under specific environmental conditions, and the presence of subinhibitory QACs concentrations in various settings may contribute to the selection of particular strains and, thus, require a One Health strategy to maintain QACs effectiveness. IMPORTANCE Despite the increasing use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), the susceptibility of pathogens to these antimicrobials remains largely unknown. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are susceptible to in-use QACs concentrations and are not main hosts of QACs tolerance genes but participate in gene transfer pathways with diverse bacterial taxa exposed to these biocides. Moreover, QACs tolerance genes often share the same genetic contexts with antibiotics and/or metals resistance genes, raising concerns about potential co-selection events. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed increased tolerance to benzalkonium chloride under specific environmental conditions (22°C, pH = 5), suggesting that strains might be selected in settings where they occur along with subinhibitory QACs concentrations. Transcriptomic studies investigating the cellular mechanisms of Enterococcus adaptation to QACs tolerance, along with longitudinal metadata analysis of tolerant populations dynamics under the influence of diverse environmental factors, are essential and should be prioritized within a One Health strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Bierge
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rob J. L. Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa M. Coque
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Q. Pich
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luisa Peixe
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL., Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - from the ESCMID Study Group on Food- and Water-borne Infections (EFWISG)
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL., Gandra, Portugal
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Shu M, Ding D, Asihaer Y, Xu Z, Dou Y, Guo L, Dan M, Wang Y, Hu Y. Determination of 25 quaternary ammonium compounds in sludge by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1435-1444. [PMID: 37204629 PMCID: PMC10197025 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the pandemic of COVID-19, the application of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), which can be used in SARS-CoV-2 disinfection products, has increased substantially. QACs cumulated in sewer system are ultimately deposited and enriched in sludge. QACs in the environment can adversely affect human health and the environment. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established for the simultaneous determination of 25 QACs in sludge samples. Ultrasonic extraction and filtration of the samples was performed using a 50 mM hydrochloric acid-methanol solution. The samples were separated by liquid chromatography and detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix effects of the sludge on the 25 QACs ranged from - 25.5% to 7.2%. All substances showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100 ng/mL, with all determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 9.0 ng/g for alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATMAC), 3.0 ng/g for benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), and 3.0 ng/g for dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The spiked recovery rates were in the range of 74-107%, while the relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8-20.6%. Considering its sensitivity, accuracy, and easy operation, the proposed method in this study was used to determine 22 sludge samples collected from a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the concentrations of ΣATMACs, ΣBACs, and ΣDADMACs were 19.684, 3.199, and 8.344 μg/g, respectively. The main components included ATMAC-C16, ATMAC-C18, ATMAC-C20, ATMAC-C22, BAC-C12, and DADMAC-C18:C18, with concentrations exceeding 1.0 μg/g. The concentration relationships of different components in the congeners showed that some components were of similar origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushui Shu
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Yeerlin Asihaer
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhizhen Xu
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Yan Dou
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Mo Dan
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China.
| | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Jennings J, Ašćerić D, Semeraro EF, Lohner K, Malanovic N, Pabst G. Combinatorial Screening of Cationic Lipidoids Reveals How Molecular Conformation Affects Membrane-Targeting Antimicrobial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40178-40190. [PMID: 37602460 PMCID: PMC10472336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The search for next-generation antibacterial compounds that overcome the development of resistance can be facilitated by identifying how to target the cell membrane of bacteria. Understanding the key molecular features that enable interactions with lipids and lead to membrane disruption is therefore crucial. Here, we employ a library of lipid-like compounds (lipidoids) comprising modular structures with tunable hydrophobic and hydrophilic architecture to shed light on how the chemical functionality and molecular shape of synthetic amphiphilic compounds determine their activity against bacterial membranes. Synthesized from combinations of 8 different polyamines as headgroups and 13 acrylates as tails, 104 different lipidoids are tested for activity against a model Gram-positive bacterial strain (Bacillus subtilis). Results from the combinatorial screening assay show that lipidoids with the most potent antimicrobial properties (down to 2 μM) have intermediate tail hydrophobicity (i.e., c log P values between 3 and 4) and lower headgroup charge density (i.e., longer spacers between charged amines). However, the most important factor appeared to be the ability of a lipidoid to self-assemble into an inverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phase, as observed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. The lipidoids active at lowest concentrations, which induced the most significant membrane damage during propidium iodide (PI) permeabilization assays, were those that aggregated into highly curved inverse hexagonal liquid crystal phases. These observations suggest that the introduction of strong curvature stress into the membrane is one way to maximize membrane disruption and lipidoid antimicrobial activity. Lipidoids that demonstrated the ability to furnish this phase consisted of either (i) branched or linear headgroups with shorter linear tails or (ii) cyclic headgroups with 4 bulky nonlinear tails. On the contrary, lipidoids previously observed to adopt disc-like conformations that pack into bicontinuous cubic phases were significantly less effective against B. subtilis. The discovery of these structure-property relationships demonstrates that it is not simply a balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties that govern membrane-active antibacterial activity, but also their intrinsic curvature and collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jennings
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dunja Ašćerić
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Enrico Federico Semeraro
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nermina Malanovic
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Pabst
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Rath S, Maiti D, Modi M, Pal P, Munan S, Mohanty B, Bhatia A, Bhowal R, Priyadarshini R, Samanta A, Munshi P, Sen S. Metal-free synthesis and study of glycine betaine derivatives in water for antimicrobial and anticancer applications. iScience 2023; 26:107285. [PMID: 37575199 PMCID: PMC10415718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable synthesis of interesting glycine betaine derivatives from cyclic 3°-amines viz. N-methyl morpholine (NMM), N-methyl piperidine (NMP), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) with numerous aryl diazoacetates 1 in water and under blue LED is reported. Generally, 3°-amines and metal carbenoids (from diazoacetates with transition metal catalysts) provide C-H insertion at the α-position of the amines. Computational comparison of the metal carbenoid with the singlet carbene (metal free and generated under blue LED) realized the difference in reactivity. Next, experimental results corroborated the preliminary findings. The products were isolated either by precipitation of the solid or gel-like final products from the aqueous reaction mixture without any chromatographic purification. The reaction mechanism was realized by control experiments. These compounds exhibit selective bactericidal properties against Gram-positive S. aureus, induce lipid droplets (LDs) formation in HePG2 cells and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of their halogenated analogs reveal interesting Hal … Hal contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Rath
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Malvika Modi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Parul Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Subrata Munan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Biswajit Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Anjani Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Rohit Bhowal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Richa Priyadarshini
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Parthapratim Munshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Chithera, Dadri, UP 201310, India
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Ji QY, Wang W, Yan H, Qu H, Liu Y, Qian Y, Gu R. The Effect of Different Organic Acids and Their Combination on the Cell Barrier and Biofilm of Escherichia coli. Foods 2023; 12:3011. [PMID: 37628010 PMCID: PMC10453431 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids are natural antimicrobial compounds commonly used in the food industry. In this study, acetic, lactic, butyric, citric, and malic acid at minimum inhibitory concentrations and their combinations at optimal inhibition concentrations were used to treat E. coli, and the effects on the cell barrier and biofilm of E. coli were evaluated. Acetic acid showed the highest membrane-damaging effect, while citric acid and malic acid could specifically damage the cell wall of E. coli, leading to alkaline phosphatase leakage. The RT-qPCR results showed that organic acids upregulated the membrane-protein-related genes of E. coli, and the combination of organic acids had a wider range of effects than single organic acid treatment. Moreover, organic acids inhibited the formation of E. coli biofilm and cellular activity within the biofilm. This study showed that the combination of organic acids plays a synergistic inhibitory role mainly through multiple destructive effects on the cell barrier and exhibited synergistic anti-biofilm effects. The three-three combination of acetic, lactic acid, and a third organic acid (butyric, citric, or malic) can play a better synergistic antibacterial effect than the two-pair combination of acetic and lactic acid. These findings have implications for the usage, development, and optimization of organic acid combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruixia Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (Q.-Y.J.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (H.Q.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.)
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Bonsaglia ECR, Calvo GH, Sordelli DO, Silva NCC, Rall VLM, Casas A, Buzzola F. The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on Staphylococcus spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1244. [PMID: 37627664 PMCID: PMC10451822 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of bacteria to low concentrations of biocides can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, which may lead to bacterial adaptive responses and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The emergence of antibacterial resistance not only poses a significant concern to the dairy industry but also adds to the complexity and cost of mastitis treatment. This study was aimed to evaluate how selective stress induced by benzalkonium chloride (BC) promotes antibiotic non-susceptibility in Staphylococcus spp. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in both resistant and susceptible strains. The study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC using the broth microdilution method for different Staphylococcus strains. The experiments involved pairing strains carrying the qacA/qacC resistance genes with susceptible strains and exposing them to subinhibitory concentrations of BC for 72 h. The recovered isolates were tested for MIC BC and subjected to disc diffusion tests to assess changes in susceptibility patterns. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations of BC could select strains with reduced susceptibility and antibiotic resistance, particularly in the presence of S. pasteuri. The results of PDI mediated by toluidine blue (100 µM) followed by 60 min irradiation (total light dose of 2.5 J/cm2) were highly effective, showing complete inactivation for some bacterial strains and a reduction of up to 5 logs in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C. R. Bonsaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Gustavo H. Calvo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Daniel O. Sordelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Nathalia C. C. Silva
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vera L. M. Rall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina;
| | - Fernanda Buzzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
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Himanshu, Mukherjee R, Vidic J, Leal E, da Costa AC, Prudencio CR, Raj VS, Chang CM, Pandey RP. Nanobiotics and the One Health Approach: Boosting the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance at the Nanoscale. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1182. [PMID: 37627247 PMCID: PMC10452580 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it poses a significant threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed significantly and others factors including gene mutation, bacteria living in biofilms, and enzymatic degradation/hydrolyses help in the emergence and spread of AMR, which may lead to significant economic consequences such as reduced productivity and increased health care costs. Nanotechnology offers a promising platform for addressing this challenge. Nanoparticles have unique properties that make them highly effective in combating bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth and survival of multi-drug-resistant bacteria in three areas of health: human, animal, and environmental. To conduct an economic evaluation of surveillance in this context, it is crucial to obtain an understanding of the connections to be addressed by several nations by implementing national action policies based on the One Health strategy. This review provides an overview of the progress made thus far and presents potential future directions to optimize the impact of nanobiotics on AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (H.); (R.M.)
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (H.); (R.M.)
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Elcio Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 351, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil
| | - V. Samuel Raj
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
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49
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Odžak R, Crnčević D, Sabljić A, Krce L, Paladin A, Primožič I, Šprung M. Further Study of the Polar Group's Influence on the Antibacterial Activity of the 3-Substituted Quinuclidine Salts with Long Alkyl Chains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1231. [PMID: 37627651 PMCID: PMC10451673 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are among the most potent antimicrobial agents increasingly used by humans as disinfectants, antiseptics, surfactants, and biological dyes. As reports of bacterial co- and cross-resistance to QACs and their toxicity have emerged in recent years, new attempts are being made to develop soft QACs by introducing hydrolyzable groups that allow their controlled degradation. However, the development of such compounds has been hindered by the structural features that affect the bioactivity of QACs, one of them being polarity of the substituent near the quaternary center. To further investigate the influence of the polar group on the bioactivity of QACs, we synthesized 3-aminoquinuclidine salts for comparison with their structural analogues, 3-acetamidoquinuclidines. We found that the less polar amino-substituted compounds exhibited improved antibacterial activity over their more polar amide analogues. In addition to their better minimum inhibitory concentrations, the candidates were excellent at suppressing Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and killing bacteria almost immediately, as shown by the flow cytometry measurements. In addition, two candidates, namely QNH2-C14 and QNH2-C16, effectively suppressed bacterial growth even at concentrations below the MIC. QNH2-C14 was particularly effective at subinhibitory concentrations, inhibiting bacterial growth for up to 6 h. In addition, we found that the compounds targeted the bacterial membrane, leading to its perforation and subsequent cell death. Their low toxicity to human cells and low potential to develop bacterial resistance suggest that these compounds could serve as a basis for the development of new QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Antonela Paladin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
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50
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Riveira-Muñoz E, Garcia-Vidal E, Bañó-Polo M, León R, Blanc V, Clotet B, Ballana E. Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Mouthwashes Show Virucidal Activity against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Viruses 2023; 15:1433. [PMID: 37515121 PMCID: PMC10383790 DOI: 10.3390/v15071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is particularly susceptible to viral infections that are self-recovering in most cases. However, complications may appear in severe cases and/or immunocompromised subjects. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-containing mouthwashes are able to decrease the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by disrupting the integrity of the viral envelope. Here, we show that CPC, as the active ingredient contained in commercialized, exerts significant antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, such as HSV-1, but not against non-enveloped viruses, such as HPV. CPC-containing mouthwashes have been used as antiseptics for decades, and thus, they can represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Edurne Garcia-Vidal
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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