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Nasir AM, Adam MR, Mohamad Kamal SNEA, Jaafar J, Othman MHD, Ismail AF, Aziz F, Yusof N, Bilad MR, Mohamud R, A Rahman M, Wan Salleh WN. A review of the potential of conventional and advanced membrane technology in the removal of pathogens from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 286:120454. [PMID: 35035270 PMCID: PMC8741333 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of pathogenic contaminated water has claimed the lives of many people. Hence, this scenario has emphasized the urgent need for research methods to avoid, treat and eliminate harmful pathogens in wastewater. Therefore, effective water treatment has become a matter of utmost importance. Membrane technology offers purer, cleaner, and pathogen-free water through the water separation method via a permeable membrane. Advanced membrane technology such as nanocomposite membrane, membrane distillation, membrane bioreactor, and photocatalytic membrane reactor can offer synergistic effects in removing pathogen through the integration of additional functionality and filtration in a single chamber. This paper also comprehensively discussed the application, challenges, and future perspective of the advanced membrane technology as a promising alternative in battling pathogenic microbial contaminants, which will also be beneficial and valuable in managing pandemics in the future as well as protecting human health and the environment. In addition, the potential of membrane technology in battling the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atikah Mohd Nasir
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridhwan Adam
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Aziz
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Yusof
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika (UNDIKMA), Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mukhlis A Rahman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhayati Wan Salleh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Sorption Membranes and Filter for Water Purification and Disinfection in Outdoor Conditions. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to develop a simple, cheap, light, highly efficient sorption membrane and filtering device for the purification of naturally polluted water with application in outdoor conditions. Sorption membranes have been prepared from cellulose pulp using paper and pulp technology. The sorbents were introduced into paper pulp as a filler (as activated carbon) or were chemically grafted to cellulose fibers. The absorption ability of such membranes assembled in a filter device has been investigated. The removal of weighted small mechanical particles, microorganisms, dissolved organic contaminants and colloids, and the undesirable ion impurities by the filter was investigated. Using a 10 × 10 cm filter, purification and disinfection of 18 liters of natural polluted water from a lake was done. Purification of dirty water occurs with gravity from a tank (bucket).
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High flux water purification using aluminium hydroxide hydrate gels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17437. [PMID: 29234081 PMCID: PMC5727224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filtration of aqueous liquids has wide implications, for example for provision of clean drinking water. Nevertheless, many people still lack access to safe water and suffer from preventable water-borne microbial diseases. This study reports a new ultrafiltration-range separation technology using a gelatinous layer of aluminium hydroxide polyhydrate as a secondary membrane on a retaining fabric that enables simple and cost-effective production of filtered water. Properties include at least 4-fold higher flux rates than currently available membranes, pressure-resistance, impenetrability to filtered particles, easy cleaning by backwashing and simple, cost-effective replacement by gel injection. Depending on the substrate, filtration is achieved through a packed bed of 1–2 nm hydrate gel globules, partly by mechanical straining with a size exclusion of approx. 10 nm and partly by physical adsorption. As a result, filtration of water (e.g. turbid river water) contaminated with colloids and microorganisms, including viruses, yields clear water that is free of measurable particles or detectable microorganisms. However, small water-soluble molecules (salts, sugars, proteins) remain in the filtrate. The findings demonstrate the potential for wide applicability of hydrate gels in high-flux and low-cost water purification devices.
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Metreveli G, Wågberg L, Emmoth E, Belák S, Strømme M, Mihranyan A. A size-exclusion nanocellulose filter paper for virus removal. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1546-50, 1524. [PMID: 24687994 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This is the first time a 100% natural, unmodified nanofibrous polymer-based membrane is demonstrated capable of removing viruses solely based on the size-exclusion principle, with a log10 reduction value (LRV) ≥ 6.3 as limited by the assay lower detection limit and the feed virus titre, thereby matching the performance of industrial synthetic polymer virus removal filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Metreveli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7036 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Linus Wågberg
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials Department of Engineering Sciences Box 534, Uppsala University 75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eva Emmoth
- Unit of Virology Immunobiology and Parasitology The National Veterinary Institute (SVA) 751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- Unit of Virology Immunobiology and Parasitology The National Veterinary Institute (SVA) 751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials Department of Engineering Sciences Box 534, Uppsala University 75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Division of Materials Science Luleå University of Technology 971 87 Luleå Sweden
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials Department of Engineering Sciences Box 534, Uppsala University 75121 Uppsala Sweden
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Marichal-Gallardo PA, Álvarez MM. State-of-the-art in downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies: Process trends in design and validation. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:899-916. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zirkler D, Lang F, Kaupenjohann M. “Lost in filtration”—The separation of soil colloids from larger particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hwang KY, Kwon SH, Jung SO, Lim HK, Jung WJ, Park CS, Kim JH, Suh KY, Huh N. Miniaturized bead-beating device to automate full DNA sample preparation processes for gram-positive bacteria. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3649-3655. [PMID: 21918771 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a miniaturized bead-beating device to automate nucleic acids extraction from Gram-positive bacteria for molecular diagnostics. The microfluidic device was fabricated by sandwiching a monolithic flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane between two glass wafers (i.e., glass-PDMS-glass), which acted as an actuator for bead collision via its pneumatic vibration without additional lysis equipment. The Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, were captured on surface-modified glass beads from 1 mL of initial sample solution and in situ lyzed by bead-beating operation. Then, 10 μL or 20 μL of bacterial DNA solution was eluted and amplified successfully by real-time PCR. It was found that liquid volume fraction played a crucial role in determining the cell lysis efficiency in a confined chamber by facilitating membrane deflection and bead motion. The miniaturized bead-beating operation disrupted most of S. aureus within 3 min, which turned out to be as efficient as the conventional benchtop vortexing machine or the enzyme-based lysis technique. The effective cell concentration was significantly enhanced with the reduction of initial sample volume by 50 or 100 times. Combination of such analyte enrichment and in situ bead-beating lysis provided an excellent PCR detection sensitivity amounting to ca. 46 CFU even for the Gram-positive bacteria. The proposed bead-beating microdevice is potentially useful as a nucleic acid extraction method toward a PCR-based sample-to-answer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Youn Hwang
- Bio Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
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Liu HF, Ma J, Winter C, Bayer R. Recovery and purification process development for monoclonal antibody production. MAbs 2010; 2:480-99. [PMID: 20647768 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.5.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently in development, and many companies have multiple antibodies in their pipelines. Current methodology used in recovery processes for these molecules are reviewed here. Basic unit operations such as harvest, Protein A affinity chromatography, and additional polishing steps are surveyed. Alternative processes such as flocculation, precipitation, and membrane chromatography are discussed. We also cover platform approaches to purification methods development, use of high throughput screening methods, and offer a view on future developments in purification methodology as applied to mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui F Liu
- Oceanside Process Research & Development, Genentech, Inc., Oceanside, CA, USA.
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Gerba CP, Hou K, Sobsey MD. Microbial removal and inactivation from water by filters containing magnesium peroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10934528809375391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Gerba
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | | | - Mark D. Sobsey
- c Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC, 27514
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Balasubramanian AK, Soni KA, Beskok A, Pillai SD. A microfluidic device for continuous capture and concentration of microorganisms from potable water. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1315-21. [PMID: 17896016 DOI: 10.1039/b706559k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device based on electrophoretic transport and electrostatic trapping of charged particles has been developed for continuous capture and concentration of microorganisms from water. Reclaimed and bottled water samples at pH values ranging from 5.2-6.5 were seeded with bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas) and viruses (MS-2 and Echovirus). Negative control and capture experiments were performed simultaneously using two identical devices. Culture based methods were utilized to characterize the capture efficiency as a function of the species type, time, flow rate, and applied electric field. Based on differences between the capture and negative control data, capture efficiencies of 90% to 99% are reported for E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and MS-2, while the capture efficiency for Echovirus was between 70% and 80%. Overall, the device exhibits a 16.67 fold sample volume reduction within an hour at 6 mL h(-1) flow rate, resulting in a concentration factor of 14.2 at 85.2% capture efficiency. The device can function either as a filter or a sample concentrator without using any chemical additives. It can function as an integral component of a continuous, microbial capture and concentration system from large volumes of potable water.
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Abstract
Viruses in water are usually present in concentrations too low for detection by direct analysis. Virological investigation of water samples is always a multi-stage process involving concentration of viruses present followed by an appropriate detection procedure. There are several approaches to detection of viruses. Part or all of the concentrate may be inoculated into cell cultures to detect infectious cytopathogenic virus, and if this is done in a quantitative fashion the virus can be enumerated, the count being reported as plaque-forming units, the tissue culture infectious dose, or most probable number units. The virus may be isolated and identified from the cell cultures. Viruses that multiply without producing an identifiable cytopathic effect in culture may sometimes be detected by immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence staining. The concentrate may also be analyzed by molecular biological procedures (usually polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time-PCR). The problem then is that such techniques do not usually detect the infectious virus, and novel approaches have been made recently to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wyn-Jones
- Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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Madaeni S. Non-biological colloids as a model for biological colloids in membrane filtration Nichtbiologische Kolloide als Modell für biologische Kolloide bei der Membranfiltration Colloïdes non-biologiques comme modèles de colloïdes biologiques en filtration membranaire Coloides no biológicos como modelos para coloides biológicos en filtración membrana. FILTR SEPARAT 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-1882(01)80497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Charlton H, Relton J, Slater N. Filter Life After Cell Death: Impact of Viable, Non-Viable Apoptotic and Necrotic Mammalian Cells on Depth Filter Blinding. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2000. [DOI: 10.1205/096030800532879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Higuchi A, Yoshimura T, Kato K, Hara M, Higuchi M, Minoura N, Hirasaki T, Sato T, Ishikawa G, Nakano H, Satoh S, Manabe SI. Sieving study of chromatin and histone-DNA complex by porous hollow fiber membranes. J Memb Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(96)00270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iijima H, Sogawa K, Kamide K. Thermodynamics of Formation of Porous Polymeric Membrane by Phase Separation Method VI. Supermolecular Structure and Virus Separability of Porous Regenerated Cellulose Membrane Prepared by Phase Separation Method. Polym J 1996. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.28.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Malchesky PS, Zborowski M, Hou KC. Extracorporeal techniques of endotoxin removal: a review of the art and science. ADVANCES IN RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 1995; 2:60-9. [PMID: 7614338 DOI: 10.1016/s1073-4449(12)80072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of sepsis in the United States has risen in the past few years, and mortality from sepsis has risen over the past several decades. These increases have occurred despite the progress made in antibiotic therapy. The high mortality rate may not be related to the bacteria themselves but rather to the host's response. Of particular concern is the bacterial release of endotoxins, the development of endotoxic shock, and the resulting multiorgan failure, which has a high fatality rate and is the leading cause of death in patients admitted to intensive care units. Removing or neutralizing endotoxins are the two major therapeutic approaches to treating sepsis. To date, pharmacological methods have not been successful. Extracorporeal techniques are based on filtration, sorption, or both. Results with hemofiltration have not been definitive, in part because endotoxin levels have not been measured. Sorption devices, based on polymyxin B and anion exchange matrices, do remove endotoxins. Clinical studies in Japan on septic shock or multiorgan failure with polymyxin-B-bound fibers in direct hemoperfusion continue to suggest the utility of extracorporeal techniques for endotoxin removal. Continued effort is required and warranted to assess the clinical efficacy of these techniques.
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Charge modified depth filter — Technology and its evolution. FILTR SEPARAT 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0015-1882(92)80251-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hou KC, Zaniewski R. The effect of hydrophobic interaction on endotoxin adsorption by polymeric affinity matrix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:149-54. [PMID: 1991129 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90195-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin, a major pyrogen of concern to the biological industry, is a lipopolysaccharide containing a highly hydrophobic region, lipid A, in its structure. The effect of hydrophobic interaction on endotoxin adsorption from an aqueous solution was studied by covalently bonding aminoalkyl groups with varying hydrocarbon lengths to a cellulose and acrylic composite matrix. The amount of endotoxin adsorbed on the matrix increased with the increasing length of alkyl groups, demonstrating the contribution of hydrophobic interaction between endotoxin and the solid matrix. Both the hydrophobic and the charge interaction prove to be effective for endotoxin adsorption, and a synergistic effect from the dual chemical forces is achievable under specified conditions. The effect of solvent, pH and salts on endotoxin adsorption provides further evidence for the importance of hydrophobic force as a means of removing endotoxin from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hou
- Division of Life Science, Cuno Incorporated, Meriden, CT 06450
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Staude E, Düputell D, Malejka F, Wyszynski D. DETERMINATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANES BASED ON POLYSULFONE DERIVATIVES BY ELECTROKINETIC MEASUREMENTS*. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/01932699108913115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marks DH, Medina F, Lee S, Blackmon A, Schuschereba ST. Removal of bacteria from blood by charcoal hemoperfusion. BIOMATERIALS, ARTIFICIAL CELLS, AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 1988; 16:135-40. [PMID: 3052639 DOI: 10.3109/10731198809132564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
E. coli bacteria were successfully removed from contaminated RBC/plasma by using a special matrix of micro-encapsulated albumin activated charcoal (ACAC). Efficacy of removing the bacteria was directly related to the amount of time the contaminated blood was in contact with the charcoal. The data indicated that the bacteria adhered to the ACAC, but that the charcoal was not bactericidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Marks
- Division of Blood Research, Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, CA 94129-6800
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Sawada Y, Fujii R, Igami I, Kawai A, Kamiki T, Niwa M. Endotoxin removal from water using microporous polyethylene chopped fibres as a new adsorbent. J Hyg (Lond) 1986; 97:103-14. [PMID: 3734438 PMCID: PMC2082864 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400064391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new adsorbent, microporous polyethylene chopped fibre, was produced from a high density polyethylene. This can adsorb lipopolysaccharides (LPS) linearly up to 2 h, and showed the highest capacity to adsorb LPS when compared with two other polyethylene-based adsorbents and a polystyrene-based adsorbent. More than twice as much orange II and 4-nitroquinoline N oxide were adsorbed in the new adsorbent as was LPS. The adsorption isotherm of the new adsorbent for LPS was of Ln type, the correlation between adsorption and concentration of solute was proportional; whereas orange II and 4-nitroquinoline N oxide were of L type (greater adsorption than Ln type); tetrachloroethylene adsorption was of S type, less than Ln type. Adsorption of LPS to the new adsorbent increased when temperature rose, whereas adsorption of orange II and 4-nitroquinoline N oxide decreased. These data suggest that the binding of LPS to the new adsorbent is a hydrophobic interaction, whereas the binding of both orange II and 4-nitroquinoline N oxide is not. The new adsorbent has a greater potential for the removal of endotoxin from tap water than other commercially available adsorbents such as charcoal and Amberlite XAD-2.
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Lee SM, Gustafson ME, Pickle DJ, Flickinger MC, Muschik GM, Morgan AC. Large-scale purification of a murine antimelanoma monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(86)90025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sawada Y, Fujii R, Igami I, Kawai A, Kamiki T, Niwa M. Removal of endotoxin from water by microfiltration through a microporous polyethylene hollow-fiber membrane. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:813-20. [PMID: 3518630 PMCID: PMC238966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.4.813-820.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microporous polyethylene hollow-fiber membrane has a unique microfibrile structure throughout its depth and has been found to possess the functions of filtration and adsorption of endotoxin in water. The membrane has a maximum pore diameter of approximately 0.04 micron, a diameter which is within the range of microfiltration. Approximately 10 and 20% of the endotoxin in tap water and subterranean water, respectively, was smaller than 0.025 micron. Endotoxin in these water sources was efficiently removed by the microporous polyethylene hollow-fiber membrane. Escherichia coli O113 culture broth contained 26.4% of endotoxin smaller than 0.025 micron which was also removed. Endotoxin was leaked into the filtrate only when endotoxin samples were successively passed through the membrane. These results indicate that endotoxin smaller than the pore size of the membrane was adsorbed and then leaked into the filtrate because of a reduction in binding sites. Dissociation of 3H-labeled endotoxin from the membrane was performed, resulting in the removal of endotoxin associated with the membrane by alcoholic alkali at 78% efficiency.
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Abstract
The effects of positively charged nylon and depth (cellulose-diatomaceous earth) filters on endotoxin removal from various solutions were evaluated. The charged filter media removed significant amounts of Escherichia coli and natural endotoxin from tap water, distilled water, sugars, and NaCl solutions; no significant removal of endotoxin was observed with negatively charged filter media. The extent of removal was influenced by pH, the presence of salts, and organic matter. Such media may be useful for the control of endotoxins in raw-product water or solutions used to prepare parenteral drug products or in other fluids where endotoxin control is desired.
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Rose JB, Singh SN, Gerba CP, Kelley LM. Comparison of microporous filters for concentration of viruses from wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47:989-92. [PMID: 6742838 PMCID: PMC240036 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.5.989-992.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1-MDS Virosorb filter and the 50S and 30S Zeta-plus filters, all with a net positive charge, were compared with the negatively charged Filterite filter for concentration of naturally occurring coliphages and animal viruses from sewage effluent. When Filterite filters were used, the effluent was adjusted to pH 3.5 and AlCl3 was added before filtration to facilitate virus adsorption. No adjustment was required with the positively charged filters. Sets of each filter type were eluted with 3% beef extract (pH 9.5) or eluted with 0.05 M glycine (pH 11.5). A maximum volume of 19 liters could be passed through 142-mm diameter Filterite filters before clogging, whereas only 11, 11, and 15 liters could be passed through the 1-MDS, 50S, and 30S filters, respectively. For equal volumes passed through the filters, coliphage recoveries were 14, 15, 18, and 37% in primary effluent and 40, 97, 50, and 46% in secondary effluent for the Filterite , 1-MDS, 50S, and 30S filters, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the recovery of animal viruses among the filters from secondary effluent, whereas in the Filterite and 50S filters, higher numbers of viruses from primary effluent were recovered than in the 1-MDS and 30S filters in two of three collections. Glycine was found to be a less-efficient eluent than beef extract in the recovery of naturally occurring viruses.
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Gerba CP. Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1984; 30:133-68. [PMID: 6099689 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hirsh DC, Martin LD. Detection of Salmonella spp. in milk by using Felix-O1 bacteriophage and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46:1243-5. [PMID: 6360047 PMCID: PMC239551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.5.1243-1245.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A method is described whereby the presence of less than five salmonellae was detected per milliliter of milk within 24 h of sample collection. Salmonellae were removed from milk by means of electropositive large-pore filters. Eluates from the filters were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. by Felix-O1 bacteriophage and high-pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. The method gave only a positive response when salmonellae were present in the milk. Of the serotypes and strains of Salmonella spp. tested, Salmonella dublin (10 strains), Salmonella typhimurium (5 strains), Salmonella anatum, Salmonella krefeld, and Salmonella saint-paul gave positive responses. One strain of Salmonella agona (three strains tested) and three strains of Salmonella enteritidis (seven strains tested) were not detectable by the method described herein.
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O'Toole DK. A toluidine blue-membrane filter method for the quantitative staining of bacteria. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1983; 58:291-8. [PMID: 6200962 DOI: 10.3109/10520298309066801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A method for measuring the uptake of toluidine blue by bacteria on membrane filters was developed. Bacteria were filtered out of solution onto a cellulose acetate filter and stained on the filter at 50 C with toluidine blue in citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 4.0. The filter was destained in ethanol, placed on a glass slide and subsequently made transparent in a 1,4-dioxan and cyclohexanone mixture. The absorbance of the stained bacteria on the slide was measured in a spectrophotometer at 590 nm. The uptake of dye by cells of Streptococcus cremoris and Escherichia coli could be explained using the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Cell concentrations of both these organisms can be determined with this technique.
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Hirsh DC, Martin LD. Rapid detection of Salmonella spp. by using Felix-O1 bacteriophage and high-performance liquid chromatography. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:260-4. [PMID: 6337550 PMCID: PMC242263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.1.260-264.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A method is described whereby the presence of Salmonella spp. can be detected within 8 to 24 h of sample collection. The method depends upon the interaction of Salmonella spp. with the Salmonella-specific Felix-O1 bacteriophage. This interaction results in an increase in concentration of the bacteriophage which is detected by high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques.
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Goyal SM, Gerba CP. Simple method for concentration of bacteria from large volumes of tap water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:912-6. [PMID: 7004354 PMCID: PMC291689 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.5.912-916.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane adsorption-elution techniques have made it possible to concentrate and detect small numbers of viruses in large volumes of water and wastewater, but no such methods are available for quantitative recovery of bacteria. A number of waterborne disease outbreaks of "unknown etiology" in the United States are suspected to have been caused by pathogens present in numbers too small to be detected by currently available methodology. The present study reports on the use of positively charged depth filters for the concentration and detection of bacteria in large volumes of tap water. In this method, dechlorinated tap water was passed, under positive pressure, through positively charged filter media (Zetaplus, 05S). More than 90% of seeded bacteria adsorbed to these filters at ambient pH levels. Adsorbed bacteria were eluted by passing a small volume of Trypticase soy broth in the direction opposite of the influent flow. By this method, Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar B organisms in 20 liters of tap water were concentrated in a final volume of 50 ml, with an average recovery efficiency of greater than or equal to 30%.
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