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Thakur A, Sharma K, Jamaldheen SB, Goyal A. Molecular Characterization, Regioselective and Synergistic Action of First Recombinant Type III α-L-arabinofuranosidase of Family 43 Glycoside Hydrolase (PsGH43_12) from Pseudopedobacter saltans. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:443-455. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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2
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Mendez-Encinas MA, Valencia-Rivera DE, Carvajal-Millan E, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Rascón-Chu A, Brown-Bojorquez F. Electrosprayed highly cross-linked arabinoxylan particles: effect of partly fermentation on the inhibition of Caco-2 cells proliferation. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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3
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Schendel RR, Puchbauer AK, Bunzel M. Glycoside Hydrolase Family 51 α-l-Arabinofuranosidases fromClostridium thermocellumandCellvibrio japonicusReleaseO–5-Feruloylated Arabinose. Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-01-16-0011-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Schendel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Puchbauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Snelders J, Olaerts H, Dornez E, Van de Wiele T, Aura AM, Vanhaecke L, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Structural features and feruloylation modulate the fermentability and evolution of antioxidant properties of arabinoxylanoligosaccharides during in vitro fermentation by human gut derived microbiota. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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5
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Bhattacharya A, Pletschke BI. Review of the enzymatic machinery of Halothermothrix orenii with special reference to industrial applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:159-69. [PMID: 24411459 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades the extremes at which life thrives has continued to challenge our understanding of physiology, biochemistry, microbial ecology and evolution. Innovative culturing approaches, environmental genome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing have provided new opportunities for the biotechnological exploration of extremophiles. The whole genome sequencing of H. orenii has provided valuable insights not only into the survival and adaptation strategies of thermohalophiles but has also led to the identification of genes encoding biotechnologically relevant enzymes. The present review focuses on the purified and characterized enzymes from H. orenii including amylases, β-glucosidase, fructokinase, and ribokinase--along with uncharacterized but industrially important enzymes encoded by the genes identified in the genome such as β-galactosidases, mannosidases, pullulanases, chitinases, α-L-arabinofuranosidases and other glycosyl hydrolases of commercial interest. This review highlights the importance of the enzymes and their applications in different sectors and why future research for exploring the enzymatic machinery of H. orenii should focus on the expression, purification, and characterization of the novel proteins in H. orenii and their feasible application to pertinent industrial sectors. H. orenii is an anaerobe; genome sequencing studies have also revealed the presence of enzymes for gluconeogenesis and fermentation to ethanol and acetate, making H. orenii an attractive strain for the conversion of starch into bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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6
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Lee DS, Wi SG, Lee YG, Cho EJ, Chung BY, Bae HJ. Characterization of a New α-l-Arabinofuranosidase from Penicillium sp. LYG 0704, and their Application in Lignocelluloses Degradation. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 49:229-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Canakci S, Kacagan M, Inan K, Belduz AO, Saha BC. Cloning, purification, and characterization of a thermostable α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis AC26Sari. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Hamady ZZR, Farrar MD, Whitehead TR, Holland KT, Lodge JPA, Carding SR. Identification and use of the putative Bacteroides ovatus xylanase promoter for the inducible production of recombinant human proteins. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:3165-3174. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/019109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zaed Z. R. Hamady
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark D. Farrar
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Terence R. Whitehead
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Keith T. Holland
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J. Peter A. Lodge
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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9
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Khandeparker R, Numan MT, Mukherjee B, Satwekar A, Bhosle NB. Purification and characterization of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Arthrobacter sp. MTCC 5214 in solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Wagschal K, Franqui-Espiet D, Lee CC, Kibblewhite-Accinelli RE, Robertson GH, Wong DW. Genetic and biochemical characterization of an α-l-arabinofuranosidase isolated from a compost starter mixture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Numan MT, Bhosle NB. Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases: the potential applications in biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 33:247-60. [PMID: 16385399 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-005-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC3.2.1.55) have received increased attention primarily due to their role in the degradation of lignocelluloses as well as their positive effect on the activity of other enzymes acting on lignocelluloses. As a result, these enzymes are used in many biotechnological applications including wine industry, clarification of fruit juices, digestion enhancement of animal feedstuffs and as a natural improver for bread. Moreover, these enzymes could be used to improve existing technologies and to develop new technologies. The production, mechanisms of action, classification, synergistic role, biochemical properties, substrate specificities, molecular biology and biotechnological applications of these enzymes have been reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondher Th Numan
- National Institute Of Oceanography, 403004 Dona Poula, Goa, India.
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12
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Farrar MD, Whitehead TR, Lan J, Dilger P, Thorpe R, Holland KT, Carding SR. Engineering of the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides ovatus to produce and secrete biologically active murine interleukin-2 in response to xylan. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:1191-7. [PMID: 15836489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to engineer a gut commensal bacterium, Bacteroidesovatus, to produce and secrete a biologically active cytokine in a regulated manner as a basis for novel immunotherapies for chronic gut disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacteroides ovatus was engineered to produce murine interleukin-2 (MuIL2) intracellularly in response to xylan in culture media by inserting the MuIL2 gene into the xylanase operon of the organism. A second strain was engineered to secrete MuIL2 by adding Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin secretion signal sequence to the protein. The recombinant strains produced MuIL2 only in the presence of xylan as determined by ELISA of cell lysates and culture supernatants. The IL2-dependent cell line CTLL-2 was used to demonstrate that MuIL2 produced by both B. ovatus strains was biologically active. This activity could be blocked by an anti-IL2 neutralizing antibody. The xylan-inducible nature of this system was demonstrated by RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Bacteroides ovatus was successfully engineered to produce and secrete biologically active MuIL2 in a xylan-inducible manner. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The production and secretion of a biologically active mammalian protein by a member of the gut microflora could lead to the development of new long-term immunotherapies for inflammatory gut diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Farrar
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Panagiotou G, Topakas E, Economou L, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P. Induction, purification, and characterization of two extracellular α-L-arabinofuranosidases from Fusarium oxysporum. Can J Microbiol 2003; 49:639-44. [PMID: 14663498 DOI: 10.1139/w03-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of L-arabinose as sole carbon source, Fusarium oxysporum produces two α-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) named ABF1 and ABF2, with molecular masses of 200 and 180 kDa, respectively. The two F. oxysporum proteins have been purified to homogeneity. The purified enzymes are composed of three equal subunits and are neutral proteins with pIs of 6.0 and 7.3 for ABF1 and ABF2, respectively. With p-nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPA) as the substrate, ABF1 and ABF2 exhibited Km values of 0.39 and 0.28 mmol·L–1, respectively, and Vmax values of 1.6 and 4.6 µmol·min–1·(mg of protein)–1, respectively, and displayed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 50–60 °C. ABFs released arabinose only from sugar beet arabinan and not from wheat soluble and insoluble arabinoxylans. The enzymes were not active on substrates containing ferulic acid ester linked to C-5 and C-2 linkages of pNPA showing that phenolic substituents of pNPA sterically hindered the action of ABFs.Key words: α-L-arabinofuranosidase, enzyme purification, enzyme induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Panagiotou
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
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14
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Shofiqur Rahman AK, Kawamura S, Hatsu M, Hoq MM, Takamizawa K. Physicochemical properties of a novel alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Can J Microbiol 2001; 47:767-72. [PMID: 11575504 DOI: 10.1139/w01-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The zygomycete fungus Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1, cultured on L(+)arabinose as a sole carbon source, produced extracellular alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase. The enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of this monomeric enzyme was 88 kDa. The native enzyme had a pI of 4.2 and displayed a pH optimum and stability of 4.0 and 7.0-10.0, respectively. The temperature optimum was 65 degrees C, and it was stable up to 70 degrees C. The Km and Vmax for p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside were 0.59 mM and 387 micromol x min(-1) x mg(-1) protein, respectively. Activity was not stimulated by metal cofactors. The N-terminal amino acid sequence did not show any similarity to other arabinofuranosidases. Higher hydrolytic activity was recorded with pnitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, arabinotriose, and sugar beet arabinan; lower hydrolytic activity was recorded with oat-spelt xylan and arabinogalactan, indicating specificity for the low molecular mass L(+)-arabinose containing oligosaccharides with furanoside configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shofiqur Rahman
- Department of Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Interest in the alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases has increased in recent years because of their application in the conversion of various hemicellulosic substrates to fermentable sugars for subsequent production of fuel alcohol. Xylanases, in conjunction with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases and other accessory enzymes, act synergistically to degrade xylan to component sugars. The induction of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase production, physico-chemical characteristics, substrate specificity, and molecular biology of the enzyme are described. The current state of research and development of the arabinofuranosidases and their role in biotechnology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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16
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Yanai T, Sato M. Purification and characterization of a novel alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Pichia capsulata X91. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1181-8. [PMID: 10923788 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An intracellular alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Pichia capsulata X91 was purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract by ammonium sulfate treatment, Concanavalin A-Sepharose, ion-exchange chromatography with DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose, arabinose-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 250 kDa by native-PAGE. The enzyme molecule was suggested to be a tetramer with a subunit molecular mass of 72 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had an isoelectric point at 5.1, and was most active at pH 6.0 and at around 50 degrees C. The alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase was active at ethanol concentrations of wine. The enzyme was inhibited by Cu2+, Hg2+, and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The enzyme hydrolyzed beet arabinan and arabinogalactan, and efficiently released monoterpenols from an aroma precursor extracted from Muscat grape juice. A considerable amount of monoterpenols was produced in the Muscat wine coupled with the enzyme addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yanai
- Mercian Corporation, Wine & Spirits Research Institute, Fujisawa, Japan
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17
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Luonteri E, Kroon PA, Tenkanen M, Teleman A, Williamson G. Activity of an Aspergillus terreus alpha-arabinofuranosidase on phenolic-substituted oligosaccharides. J Biotechnol 1999; 67:41-8. [PMID: 9987847 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of phenolic substitutions on the activity of an alpha-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus terreus was investigated using feruloylated oligosaccharides isolated from plant cell walls, equivalent oligosaccharides obtained through treatment with specific ferulic acid esterases, and a synthetic lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC). Feruloyl substituents limited the hydrolysis of arabinoxylan and arabinan oligosaccharides but only if the feruloyl group was esterified to the terminal non-reducing arabinose. Somewhat surprisingly, the LCC-model compound, in which the arabinose residue is substituted with a bulky dilignol group, was degraded by the enzyme. This indicated that the enzyme is able to approach this linkage from the xylose side.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Luonteri
- Biochemistry Department, Norwich Research Park, UK.
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18
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Renner MJ, Breznak JA. Purification and properties of ArfI, an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Cytophaga xylanolytica. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:43-52. [PMID: 9435061 PMCID: PMC124670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.43-52.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1997] [Accepted: 10/15/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinofuranohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.55]; referred to below as ArfI) from Cytophaga xylanolytica XM3 was purified 85-fold by anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction column chromatography. The native enzyme had a pI of 6.1 and an apparent molecular mass of 160 to 210 kDa, and it appeared to be a trimer or tetramer consisting of 56-kDa subunits. With p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside as the substrate, the enzyme exhibited a K(m) of 0.504 mM and a Vmax of 319 mumol.min-1.mg of protein-1, and it had optimum activity at pH 5.8 and 45 degrees C. ArfI was relatively stable over a pH range of 4 to 10 and at temperatures up to 45 degrees C, and it retained nearly full activity when stored at 4 degrees C for periods as long as 24 months. The enzyme also released arabinose from 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, as well as from rye, wheat, corn cob, and oat spelt arabinoxylans and sugar beet arabinan, but not from arabinogalactan. ArfI showed no hydrolytic activity toward a range of p-nitrophenyl- or 4-methylumbelliferyl-glycosides other than arabinoside, for which it was entirely specific for the alpha-L-furanoside configuration. ArfI interacted synergistically with three partially purified endoxylanase fractions from C. xylanolytica in hydrolyzing rye arabinoxylan. However, cell fractionation studies revealed that ArfI was largely, if not entirely, cytoplasmic, so its activity in vivo is probably most relevant to hydrolysis of arabinose-containing oligosaccharides small enough to pass through the cytoplasmic membrane. Antibodies prepared against purified ArfI also cross-reacted with arabinofuranosidases from other freshwater and marine strains of C. xylanolytica, as well as with some proteins that did not possess arabinofuranosidase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase to be purified and characterized from any gliding bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Renner
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1101, USA
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19
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Saha BC, Bothast RJ. Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from a color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:216-20. [PMID: 9435077 PMCID: PMC124696 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.216-220.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1997] [Accepted: 10/29/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (NRRL Y-12974) produced alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-AFase) when grown in liquid culture on oat spelt xylan. An extracellular alpha-L-AFase was purified 215-fold to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate treatment, DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose column chromatography, gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A-0.5m column, arabinan-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography, and SP-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 210,000 and was composed of two equal subunits. It had a half-life of 8 h at 75 degrees C, displayed optimal activity at 75 degrees C and pH 4.0 to 4.5, and had a specific activity of 21.48 mumol min-1. mg-1 of protein against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (pNP alpha AF). The purified alpha-L-AFase readily hydrolyzed arabinan and debranched arabinan and released arabinose from arabinoxylans but was inactive against arabinogalactan. The K(m) values of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of pNP alpha AF, arabinan, and debranched arabinan at 75 degrees C and pH 4.5 were 0.26 mM, 2.14 mg/ml, and 3.25 mg/ml, respectively. The alpha-L-AFase activity was not inhibited at all by L-arabinose (1.2 M). The enzyme did not require a metal ion for activity, and its activity was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate (0.2 mM), EDTA (10 mM), or dithiothreitol (10 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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20
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Vincent P, Shareck F, Dupont C, Morosoli R, Kluepfel D. New alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase produced by Streptomyces lividans: cloning and DNA sequence of the abfB gene and characterization of the enzyme. Biochem J 1997; 322 ( Pt 3):845-52. [PMID: 9148759 PMCID: PMC1218265 DOI: 10.1042/bj3220845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A fully secreted alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase was cloned from the homologous expression system of Streptomyces lividans. The gene, located upstream adjacent to the previously described xylanase A gene, was sequenced. It is divergently transcribed from the xlnA gene and the two genes are separated by an intercistronic region of 391nt which contains a palindromic AT-rich sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein shows that the enzyme contains a distinct catalytic domain which is linked to a specific xylan-binding domain by a linker region. The purified enzyme has a specific arabinofuranose-debranching activity on xylan from Gramineae, acts synergistically with the S. lividans xylanases and binds specifically to xylan. From small arabinoxylo-oligosides, it liberates arabinose and, after prolonged incubation, the purified enzyme exhibits some xylanolytic activity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vincent
- Centre de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Qué, H7N4Z3, Canada
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Purification and characterization of extracellular β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase from the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. Carbohydr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The development of new analytical techniques and the commercial availability of new substrates have led to the purification and characterization of a large number of xylan-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the introduction of recombinant DNA technology has resulted in the selection of xylanolytic enzymes that are more suitable for industrial applications. For a successful integration of xylanases in industrial processes, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of enzyme action is, however, required. This review gives an overview of various xylanolytic enzyme systems from bacteria and fungi that have been described recently in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sunna
- Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Department of Technical Microbiology, Germany
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23
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Beldman G, Schols H, Pitson S, Searle-van Leeuwen M, Voragen A. Arabinans and arabinan degrading enzymes. ADVANCES IN MACROMOLECULAR CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5261(97)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Schwarz WH, Bronnenmeier K, Krause B, Lottspeich F, Staudenbauer WL. Debranching of arabinoxylan: properties of the thermoactive recombinant alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Clostridium stercorarium (ArfB). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:856-60. [PMID: 7576552 DOI: 10.1007/bf02431919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene arfB encoding alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase B of the cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium stercorarium was expressed in Escherichia coli from a 2.2-kb EcoRI DNA fragment. The recombinant gene product ArfB was purified by fast-performance liquid chromatography. It has a tetrameric structure with a monomeric relative molecular mass of 5200. The optima for temperature and pH are 70 degrees C and 5.0 respectively. The enzyme appears to have no metal cofactor requirement and is sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents. It hydrolyzes aryl and alkyl alpha-L-arabinofuranosides and cleaves arabinosyl side-chains from arabinoxylan (oat-spelt xylan) and from xylooligosaccharides produced by recombinant endoxylanase XynA from the same organism. The identify of the N-terminal amino acid sequences indicates that ArfB corresponds to the major alpha-arabinosidase activity present in the culture supernatant of C. stercorarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Schwarz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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25
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Morales P, Madarro A, Flors A, Sendra J, Pérez-González J. Purification and characterization of a xylanase and an arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus polymyxa. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00062-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Gilead S, Shoham Y. Purification and characterization of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:170-4. [PMID: 7887599 PMCID: PMC167272 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.1.170-174.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6 produced an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase when grown in the presence of L-arabinose, sugar beet arabinan, or oat spelt xylan. At the end of a fermentation, about 40% of the activity was extracellular, and enzyme activity in the cell-free supernatant could reach 25 U/ml. The enzymatic activity in the supernatant was concentrated against polyethylene glycol 20000, and the enzyme was purified eightfold by anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. The molecular weight of T-6 alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase was 256,000, and it consisted of four identical subunits as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The native enzyme had a pI of 6.5 and was most active at 70 degrees C and at pH 5.5 to 6.0. Its thermostability at pH 7.0 was characterized by half-lives of 53, 15, and 1 h at 60, 65, and 70 degrees C, respectively. Kinetic experiments at 60 degrees C with p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside as a substrate gave a Vmax, a Km, and an activation energy of 749 U/mg, 0.42 mM, and 16.6 kcal/mol, (ca. 69.5 kJ/mol), respectively. The enzyme had no apparent requirement for cofactors, and its activity was strongly inhibited by 1 mM Hg2+. T-6 alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase released L-arabinose from arabinan and had low activity on oat spelt xylan. The enzyme acted cooperatively with T-6 xylanase in hydrolyzing oat spelt xylan, and L-arabinose, xylose, and xylobiose were detected as the end reaction products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilead
- Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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27
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Manin C, Shareek F, Morosoli R, Kluepfel D. Purification and characterization of an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Streptomyces lividans 66 and DNA sequence of the gene (abfA). Biochem J 1994; 302 ( Pt 2):443-9. [PMID: 8092996 PMCID: PMC1137248 DOI: 10.1042/bj3020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding an alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (abfA) was homologously cloned in Streptomyces lividans and its DNA sequence was determined. The enzyme was purified from the cytoplasm of the hyperproducing clone S. lividans IAF116. Its M(r) was estimated by gel filtration and found to be approx. 380,000. Since SDS/PAGE indicated a native protein of M(r) 69,000, it can be concluded that the native protein consists of several subunits of that size. The pI value was 4.6. The kinetic constants determined with p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside as substrate were a Vmax of 180 units/mg of protein and a Km of 0.6 mM. The specific activity of the purified enzyme on this substrate was 153 units/mg of protein. Optimal enzyme activity was obtained at 60 degrees C and pH 6.0. The enzyme cleaved p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, but had no activity on a variety of other p-nitrophenyl glycosides, except on p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside. The enzyme showed no activity on oat-spelts (Avena sativa) xylan or arabinogalactan, but acted on beet (Beta) arabinan or arabinoxylan. Hydrolysis occurred on arabino-oligoxylosides obtained from oat-splets xylan after digestion with xylanases. Since S. lividans normally does not secrete arabinofuranosidase, this enzyme may play a role in the assimilation of arabinose moieties from arabinose-containing xylo-oligosaccharides generated by beta-xylosidases or xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manin
- Centre de recherche en microbiologie appliquée, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval-des-Rapides
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28
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Akin DE, Borneman WS, Rigsby LL, Martin SA. p-Coumaroyl and feruloyl arabinoxylans from plant cell walls as substrates for ruminal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:644-7. [PMID: 8434931 PMCID: PMC202162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.2.644-647.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of the ruminal bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49 was limited by ester-linked feruloyl and p-coumaroyl groups. The limitation of growth on phenolic acid-carbohydrate complexes varied with individual bacteria and appeared to be influenced by ability to hydrolyze carbohydrate linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Akin
- Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30613
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29
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Srivastava KC. Properties of thermostable hemicellulolytic enzymes from Thermomonospora strain 29 grown in solid state fermentation on coffee processing solid waste. Biotechnol Adv 1993; 11:441-65. [PMID: 14545668 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(93)90013-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During decaffeination of Coffee Processing Plant Solid Wastes (CPSW) by actinomycetes, Thermomonospora, Strain 29 exhibited high titers of cellulase and xylanase. This organism, originally isolated on soybean seed coat was grown in solid state fermentation on CPSW supplemented with mineral salts. Enzymes recovered were arabinosidase, xylanase, and beta-D-xylosidase. Higher activity of the former two enzymes was in the extracellular broth, whereas the beta-D-xylosidase activity was highest in the cell fraction. The enzymes were characterized after precipitation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4), dialysis, and gel filtration. Production of all three enzymes was inhibited by monomeric sugars and sugar alcohols but not by arabinoxylan, xylans, or xylan containing water insoluble carbohydrates. The optimum pH for the activity was 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 for beta-xylosidase, xylanase and arabinosidase (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-L-arabinosidase) respectively. These enzymes were stable in the pH range of 6.5 to 8.0. All three enzymes were thermostable up to 80 degrees C. At 55 degrees C, arabinosidase had the longest half life of 120 h. However, at 40 degrees C, xylanase had the longest half life (504 h). At either temperature, beta-D-xylosidase had the shortest half life. The molecular weights (kDa), and Kms (mM) were estimated to be 95, 0.27; 45, 12.4; and 106, 0.67 for arbinosidase, xylanase, and beta-xylosidase respectively. Step wise addition of the three enzymes showed higher saccharification of lignocellulosics.
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30
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Borneman WS, Ljungdahl LG, Hartley RD, Akin DE. Purification and partial characterization of two feruloyl esterases from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix strain MC-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3762-6. [PMID: 1482195 PMCID: PMC183171 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.11.3762-3766.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two extracellular feruloyl esterases (FAE-I and FAE-II) produced by the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix strain MC-2 which cleave ferulic acid from O-(5-O-[(E)-feruloyl]-alpha-L- arabinofuranosyl)-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (FAXX) were purified. The molecular masses of FAE-I and FAE-II were 69 and 24 kDa, respectively, under both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. Apparent Km and maximum rate of hydrolysis with FAXX were 31.9 microM and 2.9 mumol min-1 mg-1 for FAE-I and 9.6 microM and 11.4 mumol min-1 mg-1 for FAE-II. FAE-II was specific for FAXX, but FAE-I hydrolyzed FAXX and PAXX, the equivalent p-coumaroyl ester, at a maximum rate of metabolism ratio of 3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Borneman
- Biotechnology Section, Merck & Co., Inc., Elkton, Virginia 22827
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31
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Weaver J, Whitehead TR, Cotta MA, Valentine PC, Salyers AA. Genetic analysis of a locus on the Bacteroides ovatus chromosome which contains xylan utilization genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2764-70. [PMID: 1444385 PMCID: PMC183005 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2764-2770.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides ovatus, a gram-negative obligate anaerobe found in the human colon, can utilize xylan as a sole source of carbohydrate. Previously, a 3.8-kbp segment of B. ovatus chromosomal DNA, which contained genes encoding a xylanase (xylI) and a bifunctional xylosidase-arabinosidase (xsa), was cloned, and expression of the two genes was studied in Escherichia coli (T. Whitehead and R. Hespell, J. Bacteriol. 172:2408-2412, 1990). In the present study, we have used segments of the cloned region to construct insertional disruptions in the B. ovatus chromosomal locus containing these two genes. Analysis of these insertional mutants demonstrated that (i) xylI and xsa are probably part of the same operon, with xylI upstream of xsa, (ii) the true B. ovatus promoter was not cloned on the 3.5-kbp DNA fragment which expressed xylanase and xylosidase in E. coli, (iii) there is at least one gene upstream of xylI which could encode an arabinosidase, and (iv) xylosidase rather than xylanase may be a rate-limiting step in xylan utilization. Insertional mutations in the xylI-xsa locus reduced the rate of growth on xylan, but the concentration of residual sugars at the end of growth was the same as that with the wild type. Thus, a slower rate of growth on xylan was not accompanied by less extensive digestion of xylan. Mutants in which xylI had been disrupted still expressed some xylanase activity. This second activity was associated with membranes and produced xylose from xylan, whereas the xylI gene product partitioned primarily with the soluble fraction and produced xylobiose from xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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