1
|
Cieza MYR, Bonsaglia ECR, Rall VLM, dos Santos MV, Silva NCC. Staphylococcal Enterotoxins: Description and Importance in Food. Pathogens 2024; 13:676. [PMID: 39204276 PMCID: PMC11357529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus stands out as one of the most virulent pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus. This characteristic is due to its ability to produce a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and exotoxins, which in turn can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), clinical syndromes such as skin infections, inflammation, pneumonia, and sepsis, in addition to being associated with the development of inflammation in the mammary glands of dairy cattle, which results in chronic mastitis and cell necrosis. SEs are small globular proteins that combine superantigenic and emetic activities; they are resistant to heat, low temperatures, and proteolytic enzymes and are tolerant to a wide pH range. More than 24 SE genes have been well described (SEA-SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SElK, SElL, SElM, SElN, SElO, SElP, SElQ, SElR, SElS, SElT, SElU, SElV, SElW, SElX, SElY, and SElZ), being a part of different SFP outbreaks, clinical cases, and isolated animal strains. In recent years, new genes (sel26, sel27, sel28, sel31, sel32, and sel33) from SEs have been described, as well as two variants (seh-2p and ses-3p) resulting in a total of thirty-three genes from Ses, including the nine variants that are still in the process of genetic and molecular structure evaluation. SEs are encoded by genes that are located in mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, and the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), and housed in the genomic island of S. aureus. Both classical SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) share phylogenetic relationships, structure, function, and sequence homology, which are characteristics for the production of new SEs through recombination processes. Due to the epidemiological importance of SEs, their rapid assessment and detection have been crucial for food security and public health; for this reason, different methods of identification of SEs have been developed, such as liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), molecular methods, and whole-genome sequencing; providing the diagnosis of SEs and a better understanding of the occurrence, spread, and eradication of SEs. This review provides scientific information on the enterotoxins produced by S. aureus, such as structural characteristics, genetic organization, regulatory mechanisms, superantigen activity, mechanisms of action used by SEs at the time of interaction with the immune system, methods of detection of SEs, and recent biocontrol techniques used in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Yuliza Rubio Cieza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Erika Carolina Romão Bonsaglia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (E.C.R.B.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Vera Lucia Mores Rall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (E.C.R.B.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crippa BL, de Matos LG, Souza FN, Silva NCC. Non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM): their role in bovine mastitis and One Health. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:44-56. [PMID: 38584301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are gaining importance in mastitis and public health, and some NAS have been reclassified as mammaliicocci (NASM). Bovine milk production has a major influence on the world economy, being an essential source of income for small, medium and large producers, and bovine mastitis caused by NASM can cause an economic impact. Mastitis generates financial losses due to reduced revenue, increased veterinary costs and expenses associated with animal slaughter. However, it is also a public health issue involving animal health and welfare, human health and the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is an increasingly common infection caused by NASM, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. Despite all these adverse effects that NASM can cause, some studies also point to its protective role against mastitis. Therefore, this review article addresses the negative and positive aspects that NASM can cause in bovine mastitis, the virulence of the disease and resistance factors that make it difficult to treat and, through the One Health approach, presents a holistic view of how mastitis caused by NASM can affect both animal and human health at one and the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lourenço Crippa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Matos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu DL, Li S, Fang R, Ono HK. Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStaphylococcal superantigen (SAg) toxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, which is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired infections in humans and various diseases in animals. Recently, SAg toxins have become a superfamily with 29 types, including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) with emetic activity, SE-like toxins (SEls) that do not induce emesis in primate models or have yet not been tested, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). SEs and SEls can be subdivided into classical types (SEA to SEE) and novel types (SEG to SElY, SE01, SE02, SEl26 and SEl27). The genes of SAg toxins are located in diverse accessory genetic elements and share certain structural and biological properties. SAg toxins are heat-stable proteins that exhibit pyrogenicity, superantigenicity and capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin in humans and animals. They have multiple pathogenicities that can interfere with normal immune function of host, increase the chances of survival and transmission of pathogenic bacteria in host, consequently contribute to the occurrence and development of various infections, persistent infections or food poisoning. This review focuses on the following aspects of SAg toxins: (1) superfamily members of classic and novelty discovered staphylococcal SAgs; (2) diversity of gene locations and molecular structural characteristics; (3) biological characteristics and activities; (4) multi-pathogenicity of SAgs in animal and human diseases, including bovine mastitis, swine sepsis, abscesses and skin edema in pig, arthritis and septicemia in poultry, and nosocomial infections and food-borne diseases in humans.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grispoldi L, Karama M, Armani A, Hadjicharalambous C, Cenci-Goga BT. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in food of animal origin and staphylococcal food poisoning risk assessment from farm to table. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1871428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E584. [PMID: 32927913 PMCID: PMC7551944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the most common cause of foodborne intoxications (staphylococcal food poisoning) and cause a wide range of diseases. With at least six variants staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) stands out as particularly diverse amongst the 25 known staphylococcal enterotoxins. Some variants present unique and even host-specific features. Here, we review the role of SEC in human and animal health with a particular focus on its role as a causative agent for foodborne intoxications. We highlight structural features unique to SEC and its variants, particularly, the emetic and superantigen activity, as well as the roles of SEC in mastitis and in dairy products. Information about the genetic organization as well as regulatory mechanisms including the accessory gene regulator and food-related stressors are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danai Etter
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Gajewska J, Wiśniewski P, Zadernowska A. Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090734. [PMID: 32899905 PMCID: PMC7559265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coagulase-positive staphylococci are considered to be the main factor responsible for food poisoning, an increasing role for the coagulase-negative staphylococci in the production of enterotoxins has been observed in recent years. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of genes responsible for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), enterotoxin-like toxins (SEI) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food from bars and restaurants. One hundred and eighteen CoNS strains were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to five superantigenic toxin genes, including five different types of classical enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tsst-1) as well as to supertoxin-like genes. PCR-positive isolates were then tested using immunoenzymatic methods (SET-RPLA, Vidas SET 2) for toxin expression. Out of 118 CoNS strains, the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins was confirmed in 72% of them. The most frequently found enterotoxin-like genotype was ser, selu. Two of the tested strains had up to ten different enterotoxin genes in the genome at the same time. Although no production of enterotoxins was detected in the CoNS, which means that their possible role in the epidemiology of food-borne diseases is minimal, the data demonstrated that the toxigenic capacity of the CoNS should not be ignored, and that this group of microorganisms should be continuously monitored in food.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suzuki Y, Ono HK, Shimojima Y, Kubota H, Kato R, Kakuda T, Hirose S, Hu DL, Nakane A, Takai S, Sadamasu K. A novel staphylococcal enterotoxin SE02 involved in a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak that occurred in Tokyo in 2004. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103588. [PMID: 32950172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are extracellular proteins, produced mainly by Staphylococcus aureus, which cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) when ingested. Here, a novel SE was identified from two strains, which were identified as the causative microbes of the SFP outbreak that occurred in Tokyo in 2004. Both strains harbored the SEA gene, but its production was lower than that of other SEA-producing SFP isolates. Whole-genome sequencing analysis demonstrated that both strains harbored a SE-like gene besides sea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence deduced from the SE-like gene belonged to the SEB group. Therefore, this gene was presumed to be a novel SE gene and termed "SE02." The stability of SE02 against heating and proteolytic digestions was a little different from that of SEA. SE02 has both superantigenic and emetic bioactivities. Namely, SE02 activated mouse splenocytes and exhibited emetic activity in the common marmoset. SE02 mRNA was highly expressed in both isolates during the exponential phase of cultivation. In addition, SE02 protein was produced at 20 °C and 25 °C, which reflects the actual situation of SFP. SE02 appears to be a novel emetic toxin that was likely the causative toxin in combination with SEA in the SFP outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yukako Shimojima
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Rei Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan; Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vaiyapuri M, Joseph TC, Rao BM, Lalitha KV, Prasad MM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Seafood: Prevalence, Laboratory Detection, Clonal Nature, and Control in Seafood Chain. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3341-3351. [PMID: 31769517 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a versatile pathogen bearing multiple virulence determinants, is increasingly being detected in various food-producing animals, including fish. In addition, it is a potential food poisoning agent. MRSA is not an inherent microbiota of fish; its presence is attributed to pre- or postharvest contamination through fish handlers, water, ice, and processing equipment. Several reviews have been written on MRSA in clinical as well as the food animal-producing sector, but information specific to MRSA in seafood is scant. This review puts forth insights on MRSA detection in seafood, antibiotic resistance, diversity of clones in seafood, and possible control measures in seafood production chain. Emphasis has been given on assessing the variations in the protocols employed for isolation and identification in different food matrices and lay the foundation for researchers to develop optimized procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugadas Vaiyapuri
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
| | | | | | | | - Mothadaka Mukteswar Prasad
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Ono HK, Hirose S, Narita K, Sugiyama M, Asano K, Hu DL, Nakane A. Histamine release from intestinal mast cells induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) evokes vomiting reflex in common marmoset. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007803. [PMID: 31112582 PMCID: PMC6546250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are known as causative agents of emetic food poisoning. We previously demonstrated that SEA binds with submucosal mast cells and evokes mast cell degranulation in a small emetic house musk shrew model. Notably, primates have been recognized as the standard model for emetic assays and analysis of SE emetic activity. However, the mechanism involved in SEA-induced vomiting in primates has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we established common marmosets as an emetic animal model. Common marmosets were administered classical SEs, including SEA, SEB and SEC, and exhibited multiple vomiting responses. However, a non-emetic staphylococcal superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, did not induce emesis in these monkeys. These results indicated that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for assessing the emesis-inducing activity of SEs. Furthermore, histological analysis uncovered that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells and induced mast cell degranulation. Additionally, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacological results showed that SEA-induced histamine release plays a critical role in the vomiting response in common marmosets. The present results suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine also plays an important role in the transmission of emetic stimulation on the afferent vagus nerve or central nervous system. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract and that histamine contributes to the SEA-induced vomiting reflex via the serotonergic nerve and/or other vagus nerve. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a bacterial toxin that has been recognized as a leading causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning since 1930. The primary symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning are nausea and emesis, which develop up to 1–6 h after ingestion of the causative foods contaminated by the bacteria. In the present study, we established the common marmoset as an emetic animal model and investigated the mechanisms of SEA-induced emesis in the primate model. Common marmosets that received SEA showed multiple emetic responses. We observed that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and induced mast cell degranulation. Furthermore, SEA promoted histamine release from mast cells. We also demonstrated that histamine plays an important role in the SEA-induced emetic response in common marmosets. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and that the stimulation is transmitted from intestine to the brain via nerves, causing emesis. Our study provides a novel insight into functions of submucosal mast cells in the digestive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Immunochemical assay with monoclonal antibodies for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin H. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:741-750. [PMID: 29567245 PMCID: PMC9322225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins cause food poisoning of various degrees of severity. For milk and meat products, there is a high probability of contamination with staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH). In this regard specific and sensitive methods are required to be developed for its detection and monitoring. In this work, the gene seh was expressed and a preparation of recombinant toxin was obtained. Using hybridoma technology, a panel of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to SEH was produced. The antibodies were characterized and shown to have no cross-reactivity towards the main staphylococcal enterotoxins (A, B, C1, D, E, G and I). Based on these mAbs, a method for specific and quantitative detection of SEH was developed in the format of sandwich enzyme immunoassay (linear range, 0.2–3 ng/ml). All the mAbs produced revealed SEH by immunoblotting. Immunochemical analysis of the culture fluids of staphylococcal isolates obtained from the milk of mastitis-infected cows by immunoblotting and sandwich enzyme immunoassay demonstrated the conformity of these methods. Using the developed method, the toxin was revealed in blood serum and liquid food products practically to 100%. From non-liquid foods, it was shown to be extracted to a maximum with a buffer of pH 4.0–4.5.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fisher EL, Otto M, Cheung GYC. Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 29662470 PMCID: PMC5890119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are a superfamily of secreted virulence factors that share structural and functional similarities and possess potent superantigenic activity causing disruptions in adaptive immunity. The enterotoxins can be separated into two groups; the classical (SEA-SEE) and the newer (SEG-SElY and counting) enterotoxin groups. Many members from both these groups contribute to the pathogenesis of several serious human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and sepsis-related infections. Additionally, many members demonstrate emetic activity and are frequently responsible for food poisoning outbreaks. Due to their robust tolerance to denaturing, the enterotoxins retain activity in food contaminated previously with S. aureus. The genes encoding the enterotoxins are found mostly on a variety of different mobile genetic elements. Therefore, the presence of enterotoxins can vary widely among different S. aureus isolates. Additionally, the enterotoxins are regulated by multiple, and often overlapping, regulatory pathways, which are influenced by environmental factors. In this review, we also will focus on the newer enterotoxins (SEG-SElY), which matter for the role of S. aureus as an enteropathogen, and summarize our current knowledge on their prevalence in recent food poisoning outbreaks. Finally, we will review the current literature regarding the key elements that govern the complex regulation of enterotoxins, the molecular mechanisms underlying their enterotoxigenic, superantigenic, and immunomodulatory functions, and discuss how these activities may collectively contribute to the overall manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leke A, Goudjil S, Mullie C, Grognet S, Biendo M. PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and exfoliative toxin genes in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains from raw human breast milk. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
15
|
Zhao Y, Zhu A, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J, Liu J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SEll) secretion from Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:539-46. [PMID: 27187155 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) produces a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) proteins, which are the most causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning. In contrast to classical SEs (SEA to SEE), the relationship between the novel SEs/SEls (SEG to SElX) and staphylococcal food poisoning is not elucidated. This study is aimed to establish a system to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SElI) for analysis of staphylococcal food poisoning. METHODS AND RESULTS SElI was characterized in a Staph. aureus clinical isolate associated with food poisoning; there was an amino acid substitution Thr145Ala compared to previously identified SEI from Staph. aureus 04-02981. Subsequently, SElI was expressed, purified, and the poly- and monoclonal antibodies against it were prepared. Using these antibodies, a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detected and measured SElI secretion from the Staph. aureus clinical isolate in LB medium, milk and bloodstream was developed. CONCLUSIONS The ELISA system has been successfully applied for analysing SElI secretion in vivo and in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The highly sensitive ELISA should make it attractive for quantifying SElI in food hygiene supervision and clinical diagnosis in near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - A Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - C Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Kingston J, Batra HV. Development of IgY based sandwich ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin G (SEG), an egc toxin. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:136-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
The four-component aureocin A70 as a promising agent for food biopreservation. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are unique bacterial toxins that cause gastrointestinal toxicity as well as superantigenic activity. Since systemic administration of SEs induces superantigenic activity leading to toxic shock syndrome that may mimic enterotoxic activity of SEs such as vomiting and diarrhea, oral administration of SEs in the monkey feeding assay is considered as a standard method to evaluate emetic activity of SEs. This chapter summarizes and discusses practical considerations of the monkey feeding assay used in studies characterizing classical and newly identified SEs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schubert J, Podkowik M, Bystroń J, Bania J. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins in microbial broth and milk by Staphylococcus aureus strains harboring seh gene. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 235:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Ahanotu E, Alvelo-Ceron D, Ravita T, Gaunt E. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B as a Biological Weapon: Recognition, Management, and Surveillance of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600601100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ed Gaunt
- Constella Health Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chang Y, Gao H, Zhu Z, Ye S, Yang Y, Shen X, Zhang D, Song Q. High Prevalence and Properties of Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus ST5 Strains of Food Sources in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:386-90. [PMID: 27214594 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus with the ability of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) production is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne outbreaks worldwide. In our study, 336 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 3476 food samples during 2010-2014. A total of 86 S. aureus isolates were proved to be enterotoxin-producing strains with PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the 86 isolates, 20 STs were identified using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and 20 isolates were typed as sequence type 5 (ST5), which was the most prevalent ST using MLST. There were six SE profiles and high carrier rates of sec (50%) and sed (75%) genes in the 20 S. aureus ST5 isolates. Additionally, 8 antibiotic resistance patterns were observed, and 10 multidrug-resistant isolates (50%) and 4 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were identified. Our findings illustrate high prevalence of S. aureus ST5 isolates from food sources and diversity in SE profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns. These results indicate that great difference in the ability of obtaining SE production and antimicrobial resistance may exist between different genetic lineages of S. aureus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzi Chang
- 1 Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital , Ningbo, China
| | - Hong Gao
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- 3 Xiangshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Ningbo, China
| | - Shuo Ye
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanbin Yang
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| | - Xuanyi Shen
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| | - Qifa Song
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alba P, Feltrin F, Cordaro G, Porrero MC, Kraushaar B, Argudín MA, Nykäsenoja S, Monaco M, Stegger M, Aarestrup FM, Butaye P, Franco A, Battisti A. Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type (CC)1 in European Farmed Animals: High Genetic Relatedness of Isolates from Italian Cattle Herds and Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137143. [PMID: 26322785 PMCID: PMC4556339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Sequence Type (ST)1, Clonal Complex(CC)1, SCCmec V is one of the major Livestock-Associated (LA-) lineages in pig farming industry in Italy and is associated with pigs in other European countries. Recently, it has been increasingly detected in Italian dairy cattle herds. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences between ST1 MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from cattle and pig herds in Italy and Europe and human isolates. Sixty-tree animal isolates from different holdings and 20 human isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing, SCCmec typing, and by micro-array analysis for several virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and strain/host-specific marker genes. Three major PFGE clusters were detected. The bovine isolates shared a high (≥90% to 100%) similarity with human isolates and carried the same SCCmec type IVa. They often showed genetic features typical of human adaptation or present in human-associated CC1: Immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes sak and scn, or sea; sat and aphA3-mediated aminoglycoside resistance. Contrary, typical markers of porcine origin in Italy and Spain, like erm(A) mediated macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB, and of vga(A)-mediated pleuromutilin resistance were always absent in human and bovine isolates. Most of ST(CC)1 MRSA from dairy cattle were multidrug-resistant and contained virulence and immunomodulatory genes associated with full capability of colonizing humans. As such, these strains may represent a greater human hazard than the porcine strains. The zoonotic capacity of CC1 LA-MRSA from livestock must be taken seriously and measures should be implemented at farm-level to prevent spill-over.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Cordaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - María Angeles Argudín
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR-CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme Laboratoire de Référence MRSA—Staphylocoques, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Monica Monaco
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Stegger
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR-CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, Belgium
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biosciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and poultry diseases, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Staphylococcal Emetic Toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7034-40. [PMID: 26231643 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01873-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus have superantigenic and emetic activities, which cause toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning, respectively. Our previous study demonstrated that the sequence of SET has a low level of similarity to the sequences of other SEs and exhibits atypical bioactivities. Hence, we further explored whether there is an additional SET-related gene in S. aureus strains. One SET-like gene was found in the genome of S. aureus isolates that originated from a case of food poisoning, a human nasal swab, and a case of bovine mastitis. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SET-like gene showed 32% identity with the amino acid sequence of SET. The SET-like gene product was designated SElY. In the food poisoning and nasal swab isolates, mRNA encoding SElY was highly expressed in the early log phase of cultivation, whereas a high level of expression of this mRNA was found in the bovine mastitis isolate at the early stationary phase. To estimate whether SElY has both superantigenic and emetic activities, recombinant SElY was prepared. Cell proliferation and cytokine production were examined to assess the superantigenic activity of SElY. SElY exhibited superantigenic activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not in mouse splenocytes. In addition, SElY exhibited emetic activity in house musk shrews after intraperitoneal and oral administration. However, the stability of SElY against heating and pepsin and trypsin digestion was different from that of SET and SEA. From these results, we identified SElY to be a novel staphylococcal emetic toxin.
Collapse
|
24
|
Detection of a New cfr-Like Gene, cfr(B), in Enterococcus faecium Isolates Recovered from Human Specimens in the United States as Part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6256-61. [PMID: 26248384 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01473-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates (MICs, 8 μg/ml) from unique patients of a medical center in New Orleans were included in this study. Isolates were initially investigated for the presence of mutations in the V domain of 23S rRNA genes and L3, L4, and L22 ribosomal proteins, as well as cfr. Isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (just one band difference), and one representative strain was submitted to whole-genome sequencing. Gene location was also determined by hybridization, and cfr genes were cloned and expressed in a Staphylococcus aureus background. The two isolates had one out of six 23S rRNA alleles mutated (G2576T), had wild-type L3, L4, and L22 sequences, and were positive for a cfr-like gene. The sequence of the protein encoded by the cfr-like gene was most similar (99.7%) to that found in Peptoclostridium difficile, which shared only 74.9% amino acid identity with the proteins encoded by genes previously identified in staphylococci and non-faecium enterococci and was, therefore, denominated Cfr(B). When expressed in S. aureus, the protein conferred a resistance profile similar to that of Cfr. Two copies of cfr(B) were chromosomally located and embedded in a Tn6218 similar to the cfr-carrying transposon described in P. difficile. This study reports the first detection of cfr genes in E. faecium clinical isolates in the United States and characterization of a new cfr variant, cfr(B). cfr(B) has been observed in mobile genetic elements in E. faecium and P. difficile, suggesting potential for dissemination. However, further analysis is necessary to access the resistance levels conferred by cfr(B) when expressed in enterococci.
Collapse
|
25
|
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production genes from patient samples using an automated extraction platform and multiplex real-time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:461-467. [PMID: 26134133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To minimize specimen volume, handling and testing time, we have developed two TaqMan(®) multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins A-E and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin production genes directly from clinical patient stool specimens utilizing a novel lysis extraction process in parallel with the Roche MagNA Pure Compact. These assays are specific, sensitive and reliable for the detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin encoding genes and the tst1 gene from known toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Specificity was determined by testing a total of 47 microorganism strains, including 8 previously characterized staphylococcal enterotoxin producing strains against each rtPCR target. Sensitivity for these assays range from 1 to 25 cfu per rtPCR reaction for cultured isolates and 8-20 cfu per rtPCR for the clinical stool matrix.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kang H, Deng H, Shen M, He X, Xia Y, Li Y, Liang Z, Wang H, Huang J. Superantigenicity analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxins SElK and SElQ in a mouse model. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are superantigenic toxins secreted byStaphylococcus aureusthat is involved in causing food poisoning and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hui Deng
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Menglu Shen
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xianzhi He
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yihe Xia
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zhixuan Liang
- Tianjin Center of Animal Disease Preventive and Control
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Tianjin Center of Animal Disease Preventive and Control
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
- School of Life Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Current Issues in Foodborne Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
28
|
Liu Y, Chen W, Ali T, Alkasir R, Yin J, Liu G, Han B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin H induced apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3552-67. [PMID: 25533519 PMCID: PMC4280547 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are powerful superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). They can cause food poisoning and toxic shock. However, their impact on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is still unknown. In this study, the distribution of SE genes was evaluated in 116 S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis, and the most prevalent genes were seh (36.2%), followed by sei (12.1%), seg (11.2%), ser (4.3%), sec (3.4%), sea (2.6%) and sed (1.7%). To better understand the effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) on bMECs, the seh gene was cloned and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET28a, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin H (rSEH) was expressed and purified as soluble protein. Bioactivity analysis showed that rSEH possessed the activity of stimulating lymphocytes proliferation. The XTT assay showed that 100 μg/mL of rSEH produced the cytotoxic effect on bMECs, and fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed that a certain dose of rSEH is effective at inducing bMECs apoptosis in vitro. This indicates that SEs can directly lead to cellular apoptosis of bMECs in bovine mastitis associated with S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tariq Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rashad Alkasir
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinhua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kwon KH, Hwang SY, Park YK, Yoon JW, Kim S, Hong J. A Quantitative Real-Time Immuno-PCR Assay for Detection of S
taphylococcus Aureus
Enterotoxin H. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Young Kyung Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Sangphil Kim
- Food Safety Department; Health Care Business; Seoul 150-705 South Korea
| | - Joonbae Hong
- Food Microbiology Team; Test & Research Department; Consumer Safety Center; Korea Consumer Agency; Seoul 137-700 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hait J, Tallent S, Melka D, Keys C, Bennett R. Prevalence of enterotoxins and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from a bakery involved in a second staphylococcal food poisoning occurrence. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:866-75. [PMID: 24917203 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study objective was to characterize and analyse the distribution of enterotoxins and genes encoding enterotoxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from the 601 environment and ingredient samples obtained during multiple inspections of a bakery implicated in two separate staphylococcal food poisoning incidents. METHODS AND RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus isolates were evaluated using serological assays for identification of classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA-SEE and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of newly described SE and SE-like enterotoxin genes seg-seu. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis identified thirteen pattern types. During these investigations, a total of 585 environmental swabs and 16 raw ingredient samples were collected by investigators, 85 of which were confirmed to contain Staph. aureus; of those isolates, 95·3% (81/85) harboured enterotoxin genes and 4·7% (4/85) carried newly described SE and SE-like enterotoxin genes in the absence of classical enterotoxins. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrates the prevalence and diversity of classical SEs and the probable underestimated impact of nonclassical SE and SE-like enterotoxins role in domestic staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Given the abundance of SEs and SE-like toxins, these findings illustrate the utilization of PCR for enterotoxin gene identification and its significance in outbreak investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hait
- Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Principato M, Qian BF. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the etiopathogenesis of mucosal autoimmunity within the gastrointestinal tract. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1471-89. [PMID: 24776983 PMCID: PMC4052247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the products of Staphylococcus aureus and are recognized as the causative agents of classical food poisoning in humans following the consumption of contaminated food. While illness evoked by ingestion of the SE or its producer organism in tainted food are often self-limited, our current understanding regarding the evolution of S. aureus provokes the utmost concern. The organism and its associated toxins, has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states including infections of the skin, heart, sinuses, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, toxic shock, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The intricate relationship between the various subsets of immunocompetent T cells and accessory cells and the ingested material found within the gastrointestinal tract present daunting challenges to the maintenance of immunologic homeostasis. Dysregulation of the intricate balances within this environment has the potential for extreme consequences within the host, some of which are long-lived. The focus of this review is to evaluate the relevance of staphylococcal enterotoxin in the context of mucosal immunity, and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Principato
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Bi-Feng Qian
- Commissioner's Fellowship Program, Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tang J, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhao Y, Tang C, Yue H, Li J, Wang Q, Shi H. Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food markets. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
34
|
Vieira-da-Motta O, Eckhardt-de-Pontes LA, Petrucci MP, dos Santos IP, da Cunha ICN, Morato RG. Microbiota and anthropic interference on antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from Brazilian Maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:1321-6. [PMID: 24688529 PMCID: PMC3958205 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the study of Brazilian wild mammal fauna and the conditions that foster the preservation of endangered species, such as Brazilian Maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), in wild life are of extreme importance. In order to study the resistance profile of microbiota bacterial colonizing Brazilian Maned-wolf, this work investigated samples from eight male captive and free roaming animals originating from different Brazilian geographical regions. Samples for microbiological purposes were collected with swabs and kept in appropriate transport medium. Using routine microbiological techniques, the isolated bacteria were tested toward antimicrobial drugs by the agar disk diffusion method. Results showed that all samples from wild animals were sensitive toward all drugs tested. Conversely, the resistance profile of bacteria isolated from captive animals varied among strains and animal body site location. Escherichia coli samples from prepuce, anus and ear showed multi-resistance toward at least four drugs, especially against erythromycin and tetracycline, followed by Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains isolated from anus and ear. Among Gram-positive bacteria, strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci showed multi-resistance mainly toward erythromycin and amoxicillin. The work discusses these findings and suggests that profile of multi-resistance bacteria from captive subjects may be attributed to direct contact with human or through lifestyle factors such as feeding, predation or contact of animals with urban animals such as birds, rodents, and insects from surrounding environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Melissa Paes Petrucci
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Israel Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Reprodução e Melhoramento Genético Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel Candia Nunes da Cunha
- Laboratório de Reprodução e Melhoramento Genético Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mechanisms of staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced emesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:95-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
36
|
Nazari R, Godarzi H, Rahimi Baghi F, Moeinrad M. Enterotoxin gene profiles among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2014; 15:409-12. [PMID: 27175141 PMCID: PMC4789223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Milk is considered a nutritious food because it contains several important nutrients including proteins and vitamins. Conversely, it can be a vehicle for several pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of genes encoding the nine Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and enterotoxin gene profiles in S. aureus isolates derived from raw bovine milk. A total of 52 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 246 milk samples of 246 dairy cows from eight different farms in Qom, Iran. On the basis of cultural and biochemical properties as well as by amplification of the 23S rRNA specific to S. aureus, all isolates could be identified as S. aureus. Of the 52 isolates studied, 80.7% were positive for one or more genes encoding the enterotoxins, and 12 different genotypes were identified. The gene encoding for enterotoxin A (Sea) was the most frequent (16 isolates, 30.7%), followed by Seb (14 isolates, 26.9%) and Sed (8 isolates, 15.37%). Among the genes encoding the other enterotoxins, Seg and Seh were the most frequently observed (8 isolates each, 15.38%), followed by Sej (6 isolates, 11.5%) and Sei (1 isolates, 3.84%). With the recent identification of new SEs, the frequency of enterotoxigenic strains has increased, suggesting that the pathogenic potential of Staphylococci may be higher than previously thought. These results of enterotoxin genes positivity of milk-derived Staphylococci constitute a potential risk for consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nazari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - H Godarzi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - F Rahimi Baghi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - M Moeinrad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sasaki T, Terano Y, Shibata T, Kawamoto H, Kuzuguchi T, Kohyama E, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Gemba M. Establishment of Highly Specific and Quantitative Immunoassay Systems for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, B, and C Using Newly-Developed Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:589-97. [PMID: 16034201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) activities remain after boiling or treating with proteases. The main symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, are caused by the ingestion of SEs. Among SEs, SEA has been reported to be the major and most toxic protein. A highly specific and simple assay system is required to diagnose staphylococcal food poisoning. Therefore, the development of a suitable assay system is strongly anticipated. In this study, we have established a highly specific and sensitive avidin-biotin sandwich ELISA (ABS-ELISA) system for SEA, SEB, and SEC1 using newly-developed monoclonal antibodies. The linearity of these systems obtained was in the range of 0.78-25 ng/ml for each SE, and furthermore, the lower concentrations of SEs could also be detected. The recoveries of SEs from murine serum, skim milk solution, and raw milk were found to be over 90%, suggesting that our systems could detect SEs without any interventions, such as these from milk or serum proteins. We were also able to quantify SEs in 22 specimens of culture supernatants of S. aureus isolated in past occurrences. Our established system should be very useful not only in the clinical field but also in various fields of investigation because of its quantifi-cation and simplicity in detecting SEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Sasaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Characterization of colonizing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical wards' patients in a Nigerian university hospital. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68721. [PMID: 23935883 PMCID: PMC3720814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to developed countries, only limited data on the prevalence, resistance and clonal structure of Staphylococcus aureus are available for African countries. Since S. aureus carriage is a risk factor for postoperative wound infection, patients who had been hospitalized in surgical wards in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital were screened for S. aureus carriage. All S. aureus isolates were genotyped (spa, agr) and assigned to multilocus sequence types (MLST). Species affiliation, methicillin-resistance, and the possession of pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAg), exfoliative toxins (ETs) and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) were analyzed. Of 192 patients screened, the S. aureus carrier rate was 31.8 % (n = 61). Of these isolates, 7 (11.5%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). The isolates comprised 24 spa types. The most frequent spa types were t064, t084, t311, and t1931, while the most prevalent MLST clonal complexes were CC5 and CC15. The most frequent PTSAg genes detected were seg/sei (41.0%) followed by seb (29.5%), sea (19.7%), seh (14.7%) and sec (11.5). The difference between the possession of classical and newly described PTSAg genes was not significant (63.9% versus 59.0% respectively; P = 0.602). PVL encoding genes were found in 39.3% isolates. All MRSA isolates were PVL negative, SCCmec types I and VI in MLST CC 5 and CC 30, respectively. Typing of the accessory gene regulator (agr) showed the following distribution: agr group 1 (n = 20), group II (n = 17), group III (n = 14) and group IV (n = 10). Compared to European data, enterotoxin gene seb and PVL-encoding genes were more prevalent in Nigerian methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates, which may therefore act as potential reservoir for PVL and PTSAg genes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Emetic potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3627-31. [PMID: 23876808 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a common causative agent of food poisoning. Recently, many new SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported, although the role of SEls in food poisoning remains unclear. In this study, the emetic potentials of SElK, SElL, SElM, SElN, SElO, SElP, and SElQ were assessed using a monkey-feeding assay. All the SEls that were tested induced emetic reactions in monkeys at a dose of 100 μg/kg, although the numbers of affected monkeys were significantly smaller than the numbers that were affected after consuming SEA or SEB. This result suggests that these new SEs may play some role in staphylococcal food poisoning.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hait J, Tallent S, Melka D, Keys C, Bennett R. Staphylococcus aureus
Outbreak Investigation of an Illinois Bakery. J Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hait
- Food and Drug Administration; 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park MD 20740
| | - Sandra Tallent
- Food and Drug Administration; 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park MD 20740
| | - David Melka
- Food and Drug Administration; 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park MD 20740
| | - Christine Keys
- Food and Drug Administration; 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park MD 20740
| | - Reginald Bennett
- Food and Drug Administration; 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park MD 20740
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Šťástková Z, Karpíšková R, Gelbíčová T, Vaňáč V, Tůma Š, Světlíková B. Detection of enterotoxigenic genes inStaphylococcus aureusisolated from bulk tank cow’s milk samples in the Czech Republic. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.41.2012.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Electro-activated aqueous solutions: Theory and application in the food industry and biotechnology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Lis E, Podkowik M, Bystroń J, Stefaniak T, Bania J. Temporal expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin h in comparison with accessory gene regulator-dependent and -independent enterotoxins. J Food Prot 2012; 75:238-44. [PMID: 22289583 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) H was determined in 22 Staphylococcus aureus isolates bearing the seh gene. Samples of supernatants were taken at four time points corresponding to exponential phase (optical density at 600 nm [OD(600)] 0.3 to 0.6), late exponential phase (OD(600) 2 to 4), early stationary phase (OD(600) 4 to 6), and late stationary phase (OD(600) 7 to 12). In four isolates, SEH was detectable at a very low level at the first time point. In 18 isolates, the earliest SEH production was detected in the late exponential phase. For all isolates, there was an increase of SEH concentration with time. Western blot analysis revealed that SEH production, similar to SEA, started in the early exponential phase (OD(600) ∼ 0.5). Isolates with high SEH productivity, as measured by ELISA, demonstrated a higher seh transcription as well. sec transcription was induced in the stationary phase. An induction in the sea transcript was observed during mid- to late exponential phase. Expression profile of seh was similar to that of sea. We showed that the seh expression profile is similar to that of Agr-independent sea and not to that of Agr-dependent sec genes. SEH can be effectively expressed at low bacterial counts, meaning that even in an environment not favorable for S. aureus growth, seh-bearing strains can pose a risk for food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Lis
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim NH, Yun AR, Rhee MS. Prevalence and classification of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from refrigerated ready-to-eat foods (sushi, kimbab and California rolls) in Korea. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1456-64. [PMID: 21972801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the presence of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat (RTE) Korean foods and determine the distribution of genes related to various types of toxin production. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 3293 commercial RTE refrigerated foods (sushi, n = 1882; kimbab, n = 975; California rolls, n = 436) were collected from Korean grocery stores, department stores and convenience stores between January 2006 and June 2007. Of these, 197 (5.98%) RTE samples were contaminated with coagulase-positive Staph. aureus, that is, 61 (6.26%) kimbab, 110 (5.84%) sushi and 26 (5.96%) California rolls. Multiplex PCR determined the presence of 12 toxigenic genes: sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, tst-1, eta and etb. Approximately half (49.75%) of the Staph. aureus isolates had toxigenic properties, and most of the toxigenic isolates possessed genes coding for the simultaneous production of two or more types of toxin. The most frequent toxigenic types found in Korean RTE foods were as follows: seg = sei > sea > tst-1 > etb > seh > eta > sec > sej. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a comprehensive analysis of toxigenic S. aureus isolates from Korean RTE foods and their toxigenicity types. This emphasizes the potential risk of various types of toxigenic Staph. aureus in refrigerated RTE food products, which should be better managed to establish safer food chains in global food markets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This result may contribute to an extended database on Staph. aureus food contamination and mitigate the lack of available information on microbiological hazards in Southeast Asian Nations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tang JN, Tang C, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu J, Liu L, Yue H. Surveillance study of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from goats of different slaughterhouses in Sichuan, China. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
46
|
Oh SK, Koo M, Lee N, Kim HJ, Oh SW, Choi SY. Distribution of newly described enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
47
|
Aydin A, Sudagidan M, Muratoglu K. Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxin genes and genetic-relatedness of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:99-106. [PMID: 21652103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen and it has the ability to produce a number of extracellular toxins. We analyzed 1070 food samples obtained from retail markets and dairy farms in the Marmara Region of Turkey for the presence of S. aureus. Out of 147 isolates, 92 (62.6%) were enterotoxigenic. PCR was used to investigate the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu), exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb) and the toxic-shock syndrome toxin gene (tst). The PCR results showed that 53.3% of the isolates contained staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) toxin genes (seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu) which were more frequent than classical enterotoxin genes (sea to see). Furthermore, seo, sei, sem, seg, seu and sec were found in 37.0, 32.7, 30.4, 29.3, 29.3 and 27.2% of the isolates, respectively. The tst gene was detected and confirmed by DNA sequencing in 9 isolates. The presence of eta and etb were not found in the isolates. Enterotoxigenic capabilities of isolates with SEA-SEE were investigated by ELISA. Enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates produced one to three enterotoxins, with the most frequently produced types being enterotoxin A and C. There was a correlation of 72.1% between production of a specific toxin and the presence of the respective genes. PFGE analysis was used to identify genetic-relatedness of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates and the results revealed that 13 groups of isolates from different or the same origin that contained the same genes showed 100% homology with indistinguishable band patterns. The other enterotoxigenic isolates showed related band patterns with 72-86% homology in sea-, 61-90% homology in sec-, 80-96% homology in seh-, and 69-96% homology in sep-positive isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine enterotoxins and related gene contents of S. aureus food isolates in the Marmara Region of Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hwang SY, Park YK, Koo HC, Park YH. spa typing and enterotoxin gene profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine raw milk in Korea. J Vet Sci 2011; 11:125-31. [PMID: 20458153 PMCID: PMC2873812 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis, which triggers significant economic losses in dairy herds worldwide. In this study, S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows suffering from mastitis in Korea were investigated by spa typing and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiling. Forty-four S. aureus strains were isolated from 26 farms in five provinces. All isolates grouped into five clusters and two singletons based on 14 spa types. Cluster 1 and 2 isolates comprised 38.6% and 36.4% of total isolates, respectively, which were distributed in more than four provinces. SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected in 34 (77.3%) isolates and the most frequently detected SE gene profile was seg, sei, selm, seln, and selo genes (16 isolates, 36.3%), which was comparable to one of the genomic islands, Type I nuSabeta. This is a first report of spa types and the prevalence of the recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes among S. aureus isolates from bovine raw milk in Korea. Two predominant spa groups were distributed widely and recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected frequently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
The systemic and pulmonary immune response to staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1898-912. [PMID: 22069664 PMCID: PMC3153275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to environmental cues the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus synthesizes and releases proteinaceous enterotoxins. These enterotoxins are natural etiologic entities of severe food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, and acute diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are currently listed as Category B Bioterrorism Agents by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. They are associated with respiratory illnesses, and may contribute to exacerbation of pulmonary disease. This likely stems from the ability of Staphylococcal enterotoxins to elicit powerful episodes of T cell stimulation resulting in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system and potential mechanisms of disease initiation and progression.
Collapse
|
50
|
Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR. Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1751-73. [PMID: 22069659 PMCID: PMC3153270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs; SEA to SEE, SEG to SEI, SER to SET) with demonstrated emetic activity, and staphylococcal-like (SEl) proteins, which are not emetic in a primate model (SElL and SElQ) or have yet to be tested (SElJ, SElK, SElM to SElP, SElU, SElU2 and SElV). SEs and SEls have been traditionally subdivided into classical (SEA to SEE) and new (SEG to SElU2) types. All possess superantigenic activity and are encoded by accessory genetic elements, including plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, vSa genomic islands, or by genes located next to the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) implicated in methicillin resistance. SEs are a major cause of food poisoning, which typically occurs after ingestion of different foods, particularly processed meat and dairy products, contaminated with S. aureus by improper handling and subsequent storage at elevated temperatures. Symptoms are of rapid onset and include nausea and violent vomiting, with or without diarrhea. The illness is usually self-limiting and only occasionally it is severe enough to warrant hospitalization. SEA is the most common cause of staphylococcal food poisoning worldwide, but the involvement of other classical SEs has been also demonstrated. Of the new SE/SEls, only SEH have clearly been associated with food poisoning. However, genes encoding novel SEs as well as SEls with untested emetic activity are widely represented in S. aureus, and their role in pathogenesis may be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Argudín
- Department of Functional Biology (Section of Microbiology) and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|