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Teneva I, Velikova V, Belkinova D, Moten D, Dzhambazov B. Allelopathic Potential of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin on Green Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1403. [PMID: 36987092 PMCID: PMC10057654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic interactions are widespread in all aquatic habitats, among all groups of aquatic primary biomass producers, including cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are producers of potent toxins called cyanotoxins, whose biological and ecological roles, including their allelopathic influence, are still incompletely understood. The allelopathic potential of the cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYL) on green algae (Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus) was established. Time-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth and motility of the green algae exposed to cyanotoxins were detected. Changes in their morphology (cell shape, granulation of the cytoplasm, and loss of flagella) were also observed. The cyanotoxins MC-LR and CYL were found to affect photosynthesis to varying degrees in the green algae Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus, affecting chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), and the quantum yield of the unregulated energy dissipation Y(NO) in PSII. In the context of ongoing climate change and the associated expectations of the increased frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and released cyanotoxins, our results demonstrated the possible allelopathic role of cyanotoxins on competing autotrophs in the phytoplankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Detelina Belkinova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Fu X, Zheng M, Su J, Xi B, Wei D, Wang X. Spatiotemporal patterns and threshold of chlorophyll-a in Lake Taihu based on microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:49327-49338. [PMID: 36773259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is considered as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass dynamically reflecting the growth of algae. Therefore, determination of Chl-a threshold is of vital importance to the health of aquatic ecosystems and drinking water security. This research is aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of Chl-a and microcystin (MC) concentrations using Geographic Information System (GIS) and identify the Chl-a threshold in Lake Taihu based on available guideline values of MCs. Nearly, the same characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of Chl-a and MCs were observed in Lake Taihu. Overall, the lakewide distributions of Chl-a and MCs were highly variable over time and space. The Chl-a concentration in the winter and spring was relatively low, and gradually increasing in summer and autumn, with the maximum concentration observed in August. But the maximum MCs concentration appeared in October, 2 months lagging behind the Chl-a. The highest annual average Chl-a and MCs concentrations were observed in Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, and Gonghu Bay in northwest of Lake Taihu, following by West Zone and Center Zone. Dongtaihu Bay, East Zone, and South Zone always present good water quality. Referring to the guideline value of MCs, the Chl-a threshold was determined as 10-15 mg·m-3 based on the linear regression correlation between Chl-a and MCs. The establishment of Chl-a threshold is useful for eutrophication control, water quality management, and drinking water utilities in developing water safety plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mingxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Daichun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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3
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Agha R, Gerphagnon M, Schampera C, Rohrlack T, Fastner J, Wolinska J. Fate of hepatotoxin microcystin during infection of cyanobacteria by fungal chytrid parasites. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102288. [PMID: 36195431 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chytrid parasites are increasingly recognized as ubiquitous and potent control agents of phytoplankton, including bloom-forming toxigenic cyanobacteria. In order to explore the fate of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystins (MCs) and assess potential upregulation of their production under parasite attack, a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate short- and long-term variation in extracellular and intracellular MC in the cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii and P. rubescens, both under chytrid infection and in the presence of lysates of previously infected cyanobacteria. MCs release under parasite infection was limited and not different to uninfected cyanobacteria, with extracellular toxin shares never exceeding 10%, substantially below those caused by mechanical lysis induced by a cold-shock. Intracellular MC contents in P. rubescens under infection were not significantly different from uninfected controls, whereas infected P. agardhii showed a 1.5-fold increase in intracellular MC concentrations, but this was detected within the first 48 hours after parasite inoculation and not later, indicating no substantial MC upregulation in cells being infected. The presence of lysates of previously infected cyanobacteria did not elicit higher intracellular MC contents in exposed cyanobacteria, speaking against a putative upregulation of toxin production induced via quorum sensing in response to parasite attack. These results indicate that chytrid epidemics can constitute a bloom decay mechanism that is not accompanied by massive release of toxins into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsy Agha
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mélanie Gerphagnon
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schampera
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rohrlack
- Norwegian University of LifeSciences (NMBU), Department of Environmental Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Section Protection of Drinking Water Resources, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Dreher TW, Foss AJ, Davis EW, Mueller RS. 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin and microcystin producers among diverse Anabaena/Dolichospermum/Aphanizomenon CyanoHABs in Oregon, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 116:102241. [PMID: 35710201 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several genomes of Nostocales ADA clade members from the US Pacific Northwest were recently sequenced. Biosynthetic genes for microcystin, cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a were present in 7 of the 15 Dolichospermum/Anabaena strains and none of the 5 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) strains. Toxin analyses (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) were conducted to quantitate and identify microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) congeners/analogs in samples dominated by Dolichospermum spp. of known genome sequence. MC-LR was the main congener produced by Dolichospermum spp. from Junipers Reservoir, Lake Billy Chinook and Odell Lake, while a congener provisionally identified as [Dha7]MC-HtyR was produced by a Dolichospermum sp. in Detroit Reservoir. A second Dolichospermum sp. from Detroit Reservoir was found to produce 7-epi-CYN, with 7-deoxy-CYN also present, but no CYN. The monitoring history of each of these lakes indicates the capacity for high levels of cyanotoxins during periods when Dolichospermum spp. are the dominant cyanobacteria. The diversity of ADA strains found in the US Pacific NW emphasizes the importance of these cyanobacteria as potentially toxic HAB formers in this temperate climatic region. Our results linking congener and genetic identity add data points that will help guide development of improved tools for predicting congener specificity from cyanotoxin gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA.
| | - Edward W Davis
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Interannual and Spatial Variability of Cyanotoxins in the Prespa Lake Area, Greece. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Prespa Lakes area in Greece—comprised partly of lake Great and lake Lesser Prespa and the Vromolimni pond—has a global importance for biodiversity. Although the waters show regular cyanobacteria blooms, assessments of water quality threats are limited. Samples collected in 2012 revealed scattered and low microcystin (MC) concentrations in Great Prespa (<0.2 μg MC L−1) whereas considerable spatial heterogeneity in both total chlorophyll (2.4–93 µg L−1) and MC concentrations (0.04–52.4 µg MC L−1) was detected in Lesser Prespa. In 2013, there was far less spatial variability of MC concentrations in Lesser Prespa (0.4–1.53 µg L−1), however in 2014, increased concentrations were detected near the lakeshore (25–861 µg MC L−1). In Vromolimni pond the MC concentrations were on average 26.6 (±6.4) µg MC L−1 in 2012, 2.1 (±0.3) µg MC L−1 in 2013 and 12.7 (±12.5) µg MC L−1 in 2014. In 2013, no anatoxins, saxitoxins, nor cylindrospermopsins were detected in Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni waters. Tissue samples from carps, an otter and Dalmatian Pelicans contained 0.4–1.9 µg MC g−1 dry weight. These results indicate that cyanotoxins could be a threat to the ecosystem functions of particularly Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni.
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Polyzois A, Kirilovsky D, Dufat TH, Michel S. Effects of Modification of Light Parameters on the Production of Cryptophycin, Cyanotoxin with Potent Anticancer Activity, in Nostoc sp. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120809. [PMID: 33371249 PMCID: PMC7766261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptophycin-1 is a cyanotoxin produced by filamentous cyanobacteria. It has been evaluated as an anticancer agent with great potential. However, its synthesis provides insufficient yield for industrial use. An alternative solution for metabolite efficient production is to stress cyanobacteria by modifying the environmental conditions of the culture (Nostoc sp. ATCC 53789). Here, we examined the effects of light photoperiod, wavelength, and intensity. In light photoperiod, photoperiods 24:0 and 16:8 (light:dark) were tested while in wavelength, orange-red light was compared with blue. Medium, high, and very high light intensity experiments were performed to test the effect of light stress. For a 10-day period, growth was measured, metabolite concentration was calculated through HPLC, and the related curves were drawn. The differentiation of light wavelength had a major effect on the culture, as orange-red filter contributed to noticeable increase in both growth and doubled the cyanotoxin concentration in comparison to blue light. Remarkably, constant light provides higher cryptophycin yield, but slightly lower growth rate. Lastly, the microorganism prefers medium light intensities for both growth and metabolite expression. The combination of these optimal conditions would contribute to the further exploitation of cryptophycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Polyzois
- Produits Naturels, Analyse et Synthèse, Université de Paris, UMR CNRS 8038 CITCOM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +33-153739803 (S.M.)
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (12BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Thi-hanh Dufat
- Produits Naturels, Analyse et Synthèse, Université de Paris, UMR CNRS 8038 CITCOM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Produits Naturels, Analyse et Synthèse, Université de Paris, UMR CNRS 8038 CITCOM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +33-153739803 (S.M.)
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7
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Nowruzi B, Porzani SJ. Toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria belonging to several species of the order Nostocales: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:510-548. [PMID: 33289164 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are well recognised as producers of a wide range of natural compounds that are in turn recognised as toxins that have potential and useful applications in the future as pharmaceutical agents. The order Nostocales, which is largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognised as a source of toxin producers including Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Fischerella, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Cylindrospermopsis, Scytonema, Raphidiopsis, Cuspidothrix, Nodularia, Stigonema, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum and Desmonostoc species. The toxin compounds (i.e., microcystins, nodularin, anatoxins, ambiguines, fischerindoles and welwitindolinones) and metabolites are about to have a destructive effect on both inland and aquatic environment aspects. The present review gives an overview of the various toxins that are extracted by the order Nostocales. The current research suggests that these compounds that are produced by cyanobacterial species have promising future considerations as potentially harmful algae and as promising leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Massey IY, Al osman M, Yang F. An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: their occurrence and influencing factors. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1843060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muwaffak Al osman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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9
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Myer MH, Urquhart E, Schaeffer BA, Johnston JM. Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Forecasting High-Risk Freshwater Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Florida. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2020; 8:581091. [PMID: 33365316 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.581091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the occurrence of more frequent and widespread toxic cyanobacteria events, the ability to predict freshwater cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) is of critical importance for the management of drinking and recreational waters. Lake system specific geographic variation of cyanoHABs has been reported, but regional and state level variation is infrequently examined. A spatio-temporal modeling approach can be applied, via the computationally efficient Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), to high-risk cyanoHAB exceedance rates to explore spatio-temporal variations across statewide geographic scales. We explore the potential for using satellite-derived data and environmental determinants to develop a short-term forecasting tool for cyanobacteria presence at varying space-time domains for the state of Florida. Weekly cyanobacteria abundance data were obtained using Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Color Imagery (OLCI), for a period of May 2016-June 2019. Time and space varying covariates include surface water temperature, ambient temperature, precipitation, and lake geomorphology. The hierarchical Bayesian spatio-temporal modeling approach in R-INLA represents a potential forecasting tool useful for water managers and associated public health applications for predicting near future high-risk cyanoHAB occurrence given the spatio-temporal characteristics of these events in the recent past. This method is robust to missing data and unbalanced sampling between waterbodies, both common issues in water quality datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Myer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Urquhart
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Blake A Schaeffer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Exposure Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - John M Johnston
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Exposure Measurement and Modeling, Athens, GA, United States
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10
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Myer MH, Urquhart E, Schaeffer BA, Johnston JM. Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Forecasting High-Risk Freshwater Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Florida. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2020; 8:581091. [PMID: 33365316 PMCID: PMC7751622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to the occurrence of more frequent and widespread toxic cyanobacteria events, the ability to predict freshwater cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) is of critical importance for the management of drinking and recreational waters. Lake system specific geographic variation of cyanoHABs has been reported, but regional and state level variation is infrequently examined. A spatio-temporal modeling approach can be applied, via the computationally efficient Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), to high-risk cyanoHAB exceedance rates to explore spatio-temporal variations across statewide geographic scales. We explore the potential for using satellite-derived data and environmental determinants to develop a short-term forecasting tool for cyanobacteria presence at varying space-time domains for the state of Florida. Weekly cyanobacteria abundance data were obtained using Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Color Imagery (OLCI), for a period of May 2016-June 2019. Time and space varying covariates include surface water temperature, ambient temperature, precipitation, and lake geomorphology. The hierarchical Bayesian spatio-temporal modeling approach in R-INLA represents a potential forecasting tool useful for water managers and associated public health applications for predicting near future high-risk cyanoHAB occurrence given the spatio-temporal characteristics of these events in the recent past. This method is robust to missing data and unbalanced sampling between waterbodies, both common issues in water quality datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Myer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Urquhart
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Blake A. Schaeffer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Exposure Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - John M. Johnston
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Exposure Measurement and Modeling, Athens, GA, United States
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Tamele IJ, Vasconcelos V. Microcystin Incidence in the Drinking Water of Mozambique: Challenges for Public Health Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E368. [PMID: 32498435 PMCID: PMC7354522 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyanotoxins produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria, which constitute a threat to public health due to their negative effects on humans, such as gastroenteritis and related diseases, including death. In Mozambique, where only 50% of the people have access to safe drinking water, this hepatotoxin is not monitored, and consequently, the population may be exposed to MCs. The few studies done in Maputo and Gaza provinces indicated the occurrence of MC-LR, -YR, and -RR at a concentration ranging from 6.83 to 7.78 µg·L-1, which are very high, around 7 times above than the maximum limit (1 µg·L-1) recommended by WHO. The potential MCs-producing in the studied sites are mainly Microcystis species. These data from Mozambique and from surrounding countries (South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania) evidence the need to implement an operational monitoring program of MCs in order to reduce or avoid the possible cases of intoxications since the drinking water quality control tests recommended by the Ministry of Health do not include an MC test. To date, no data of water poisoning episodes recorded were associated with MCs presence in the water. However, this might be underestimated due to a lack of monitoring facilities and/or a lack of public health staff trained for recognizing symptoms of MCs intoxication since the presence of high MCs concentration was reported in Maputo and Gaza provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Natumi R, Janssen EML. Cyanopeptide Co-Production Dynamics beyond Mirocystins and Effects of Growth Stages and Nutrient Availability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6063-6072. [PMID: 32302105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intensified cyanobacterial bloom events are of increasing global concern because of adverse effects associated with the release of bioactive compounds, including toxic cyanopeptides. Cyanobacteria can produce a variety of cyanopeptides, yet our knowledge about their abundance and co-production remains limited. We applied a suspect-screening approach, including 700 structurally known cyanopeptides, and identified 11 cyanopeptides in Microcystis aeruginosa and 17 in Dolichospermum flos-aquae. Total cyanopeptide concentrations ranged from high nmol to μmol gdry-1 with slightly higher cell quotas in the mid-exponential growth phase. Relative cyanopeptide profiles were unchanged throughout the growth cycle. We demonstrate that quantification based on microcystin-LR equivalents can introduce an error of up to 6-fold and recommend a class-equivalent approach instead. In M. aeruginosa, rarely studied cyclamides dominated (>80%) over cyanopeptolins and microcystins. While all nutrient reductions caused less growth, only lowering phosphorous and micronutrients reduced cyanopeptide production by M. aeruginosa. Similar trends were observed for D. flos-aquae and only lowering nitrogen decreased cyanopeptide production while the relative abundance of individual cyanopeptides remained stable. The synchronized production of other cyanopeptides along with microcystins emphasizes the need to make them available as reference standards to encourage more studies on their occurrence in blooms, persistence, and potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiane Natumi
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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13
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Griffith AW, Gobler CJ. Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101590. [PMID: 32057338 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater ecosystems are warming, acidifying, and deoxygenating as a consequence of climate change. In parallel, the impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on these ecosystems are intensifying. Many eutrophic habitats that host recurring HABs already experience thermal extremes, low dissolved oxygen, and low pH, making these locations potential sentinel sites for conditions that will become more common in larger-scale systems as climate change accelerates. While studies of the effects of HABs or individual climate change stressors on aquatic organisms have been relatively common, studies assessing their combined impacts have been rare. Those doing so have reported strong species- and strain-specific interactions between HAB species and climate change co-stressors yielding outcomes for aquatic organisms that could not have been predicted based on investigations of these factors individually. This review provides an ecological and physiological framework for considering HABs as a climate change co-stressor and considers the consequences of their combined occurrence for coastal ecosystems. This review also highlights critical gaps in our understanding of HABs as a climate change co-stressor that must be addressed in order to develop management plans that adequately protect fisheries, aquaculture, aquatic ecosystems, and human health. Ultimately, incorporating HAB species into experiments and monitoring programs where the effects of multiple climate change stressors are considered will provide a more ecologically relevant perspective of the structure and function of marine ecosystems in future, climate-altered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Griffith
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States.
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Culture-independent and culture-dependent analyses of the bacterial community in the phycosphere of cyanobloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20416. [PMID: 31892695 PMCID: PMC6938486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal and scanning electron microscopic observations have previously shown the strong bacterial association of Microcystis aeruginosa cells on their surfaces. DNA-based analyses of the associated bacterial communities were carried out using two M. aeruginosa strains grown in the laboratory and eight newly collected cyanobacterial bloom samples. M. aeruginosa was the most predominant species (66–100%) within the phylum Cyanobacteria. Rhizobium, Hydrogenophaga and Brevundimonas species were commonly found, and Flavobacterium species were present in all the cyanobacterial bloom samples. In total, 396 colonies from various samples were screened, revealing that most culturable bacteria belonged to the class Alphaproteobacteria (19%) including Rhizobium, Brevundimonas, and Porphyrobacter species. The genetic variation among the M. aeruginosa strains and different habitat conditions may have led to the presence of distinct bacterial populations among the tested samples. Among all the tested seven culturable isolates, Rhizobium sp. MK23 showed the best growth-promotion effect on the axenic M. aeruginosa strains. H2O2 was observed to be produced during the growth of M. aeruginosa PCC7806 under light conditions, this strain was more resistant to H2O2 when associated with Rhizobium sp. MK23. Our data suggested that Rhizobium species along with other associated bacteria might help the growth of M. aeruginosa by decomposing H2O2 under the aerobic growing conditions.
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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Legrand B, Miras Y, Beauger A, Dussauze M, Latour D. Akinetes and ancient DNA reveal toxic cyanobacterial recurrences and their potential for resurrection in a 6700-year-old core from a eutrophic lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1369-1380. [PMID: 31412470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the recurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and to determine the survival capabilities of the resistance cells through time, a sedimentary core spanning 6700 years was drilled in the eutrophic Lake Aydat. A multiproxy approach (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, pollen and non-pollen palynomorph analyses), was used initially to determine the sedimentation model and the land uses around the lake. Comparison with the akinete count revealed that Nostocales cyanobacteria have been present in Lake Aydat over a six thousand year period. This long-term cyanobacterial recurrence also highlights the past presence of both the anaC and mcyB genes, involved in anatoxin-a and microcystin biosynthesis, respectively, throughout the core. The first appearance of cyanobacteria seems to be linked to the natural damming of the river, while the large increase in akinete density around 1800 cal.yr BP can be correlated with the intensification of human activities (woodland clearance, crop planting, grazing, etc.) in the catchment area of the lake, and marks the beginning of a long period of eutrophication. This first investigation into the viability and germination potential of cyanobacteria over thousands of years reveals the ability of intact akinetes to undergo cell divisions even after 1800 years of sedimentation, which is 10 times longer than previously observed. This exceptional cellular resistance, coupled with the long-term eutrophic conditions of this lake, could partly explain the past and current recurrences of cyanobacterial proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Legrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France; ATHOS Environnement, 112 avenue du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yannick Miras
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1, rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France; GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Beauger
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Dussauze
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
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Omidi A, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Desmodesmus subspicatus co-cultured with microcystin producing (PCC 7806) and the non-producing (PCC 7005) strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:834-842. [PMID: 31352571 PMCID: PMC6732120 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly studied cyanotoxins, their significance to the producing organisms remains unclear. MCs are known as endotoxins, but they can be found in the surrounding environment due to cell lysis, designated as extracellular MCs. In the present study, the interactions between MC producing and the non-producing strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, PCC 7806 and PCC 7005, respectively, and a green alga, Desmodesmus subspicatus, were studied to better understand the probable ecological importance of MCs at the collapse phase of cyanobacterial blooms. We applied a dialysis co-cultivation system where M. aeruginosa was grown inside dialysis tubing for one month. Then, D. subspicatus was added to the culture system on the outside of the membrane. Consequently, the growth of D. subspicatus and MC contents were measured over a 14-day co-exposure period. The results showed that Microcystis negatively affected the green alga as the growth of D. subspicatus was significantly inhibited in co-cultivation with both the MC-producing and -deficient strains. However, the inhibitory effect of the MC-producing strain was greater and observed earlier compared to the MC-deficient strain. Thus, MCs might be considered as an assistant factor that, in combination with other secondary metabolites of Microcystis, reinforce the ability to outcompete co-existing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- University of Helsinki, Aquatic Ecotoxicology in an Urban Environment, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
- Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E7 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- University of Helsinki, Aquatic Ecotoxicology in an Urban Environment, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
- Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus E7 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kaur S, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Srivastava V, Ahluwalia AS, Mishra Y. Biochemical and proteomic analysis reveals oxidative stress tolerance strategies of Scenedesmus abundans against allelochemicals released by Microcystis aeruginosa. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Sawtell RW, Anderson R, Tokars R, Lekki JD, Shuchman RA, Bosse KR, Sayers MJ. Real Time HABs Mapping Using NASA Glenn Hyperspectral Imager. JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH 2019; 45:596-608. [PMID: 32905527 PMCID: PMC7473400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hyperspectral imaging system (HSI) developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center was used from 2015-2017 to collect high spatial resolution data over Lake Erie and the Ohio River. Paired with a vicarious correction approach implemented by the Michigan Tech Research Institute, radiance data collected by the HSI system can be converted to high quality reflectance data which can be used to generate near-real time (within 24 hours) products for the monitoring of harmful algal blooms using existing algorithms. The vicarious correction method relies on imaging a spectrally constant target to normalize HSI data for atmospheric and instrument calibration signals. A large asphalt parking lot near the Western Basin of Lake Erie was spectrally characterized and was determined to be a suitable correction target. Due to the HSI deployment aboard an aircraft, it is able to provide unique insights into water quality conditions not offered by space-based solutions. Aircraft can operate under cloud cover and flight paths can be chosen and changed on-demand, allowing for far more flexibility than space-based platforms. The HSI is also able to collect data at a high spatial resolution (~1 m), allowing for the monitoring of small water bodies, the ability to detect small patches of surface scum, and the capability to monitor the proximity of blooms to targets of interest such as water intakes. With this new rapid turnaround time, airborne data can serve as a complementary monitoring tool to existing satellite platforms, targeting critical areas and responding to bloom events on-demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid W. Sawtell
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105 USA
| | - Robert Anderson
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH, 44135 USA
| | - Roger Tokars
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH, 44135 USA
| | - John D. Lekki
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH, 44135 USA
| | - Robert A. Shuchman
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105 USA
| | - Karl R. Bosse
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105 USA
| | - Michael J. Sayers
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105 USA
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20
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Li X, Jia P, Dai R. Evaluation of changes in Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production by urea via transcriptomic surveys. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:181-187. [PMID: 30469064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), is well known to produce microcystins (MCs) and induce the formation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in aquatic environments, but the effects that urea fertilizer has on cyanobacterial growth and toxin production from a molecular biology perspective remain poorly understood. We evaluated changes in the growth and toxicity of M. aeruginosa cultured under different conditions of nitrogen (N) starvation (NN), low nitrogen (LN), and high nitrogen (HN). Cell density and chlorophyll-a concentrations decreased in cyanobacteria exposed to N starvation and increased following the addition of urea, whereas MCs content increased to a peak and then decreased after urea addition. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that most genes encoding MCs and genes involved in N metabolic pathways were upregulated under N starvation and LN conditions, whereas these genes were downregulated under HN conditions. Our results offer important insights into the exploring N in controlling the formation of HABs and toxin production based on both physiological and molecular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruihua Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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21
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Christophoridis C, Zervou SK, Manolidi K, Katsiapi M, Moustaka-Gouni M, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17877. [PMID: 30552354 PMCID: PMC6294760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria occur in Greek surface water bodies. However, studies on the occurrence of cyanotoxins (CTs) are often limited to mainly microcystins (MCs), with use of screening methods, such as ELISA, that are not conclusive of the chemical structure of the CT variants and can be subject to false positive results. A multi-lake survey in Greece (14 lakes) was conducted in water and biomass, targeted to a wide range of multi-class CTs including MCs, nodularin-R (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a) and saxitoxins (STXs), using multi-class/variant LC-MS/MS analytical workflows, achieving sensitive detection, definitive identification and accurate quantitation. A wide variety of CTs (CYN, ANA-a, STX, neoSTX, dmMC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, dm3MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), were detected, with MCs being the most commonly occurring. In biomass, MC-RR was the most abundant toxin, reaching 754 ng mg−1 dw, followed by MC-LR (458 ng mg−1 dw). CYN and ANA-a were detected for the first time in the biomass of Greek lakes at low concentrations and STXs in lakes Trichonis, Vistonis and Petron. The abundance and diversity of CTs were also evaluated in relation to recreational health risks, in a case study with a proven history of MCs (Lake Kastoria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Katsiapi
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaka-Gouni
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.,Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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22
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Dreher TW, Collart LP, Mueller RS, Halsey KH, Bildfell RJ, Schreder P, Sobhakumari A, Ferry R. Anabaena/Dolichospermum as the source of lethal microcystin levels responsible for a large cattle toxicosis event. Toxicon X 2018; 1:100003. [PMID: 32831346 PMCID: PMC7286090 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2018.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two 14-month old steers died during a period of four days (19-23 June 2017) after drinking from Junipers Reservoir (southeastern Oregon, USA) during a cyanobacterial bloom. Clinical and histopathological findings were consistent with acute liver disease, and microcystin-LR was present at 3000 μg/L in a reservoir water sample and at 7100 μg/L in the rumen contents of one of the mortalities. Serum biochemistry and histological examination indicated severe liver damage consistent with microcystin toxicosis. Microscopic observation of reservoir water samples, limited to frozen or poorly stored and partially degraded samples, indicated the presence of abundant Anabaena/Dolichospermum, but the presence of other toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis could not be excluded. Metagenomic analysis showed the presence in these samples of a single cyanobacterium whose cpcBA, rpoB and rbcL genes indicated membership in the Anabaena/Dolichospermum genus. The sequence of a complete mcy gene cluster with homology to previously identified Anabaena mcy genes was recovered. These results emphasize the capacity for Anabaena/Dolichospermum blooms to produce lethal levels of microcystin, posing a danger to public health and livestock. Further, our findings indicate that such occurrences can occur outside the far-northern latitudes in which microcystin-producing Anabaena have typically been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lindsay P Collart
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Robert J Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peter Schreder
- Oregon State University Extension Service, Lakeview, OR 97630, USA
| | - Arya Sobhakumari
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Davis, CA 96617, USA
| | - Rodney Ferry
- Lakeview Animal Hospital, Lakeview, OR 97630, USA
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Tokodi N, Drobac D, Lazić G, Petrović T, Marinović Z, Lujić J, Malešević TP, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Screening of cyanobacterial cultures originating from different environments for cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins. Toxicon 2018; 154:1-6. [PMID: 30243795 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eighty cultures from the Novi Sad Cyanobacterial Culture Collection (NSCCC) were screened for toxicity with Artemia salina bioassay and for common cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins/nodularin (MCs/NOD) and saxitoxin (STX), with ELISA assays. The results show that 22.5% (11) of the investigated cyanobacterial cultures in exponential phase exhibited toxicity in the A. salina bioassay and 38.7% (31) produced MCs/NOD and/or STX. However, the findings in the two methods applied were contradictory. Therefore, A. salina bioassay was repeated on 28 cultures in stationary growth phase, which were positive in ELISA assays but not in the initial A. salina bioassay. Seven more cultures exhibited cell-bound toxicity, and only one extracellular toxicity. The observed difference in the toxicity indicates that cyanobacterial growth phase could affect the screening results. The findings also varied depending on the environment from which the cultures originated. In the initial screening via bioassay, 11.8% (6 cultures out of 51) from terrestrial and 17.2% (5 out of 29) from aquatic environment showed cell-bound toxicity. Furthermore, based on the ELISA assay, 31.4% (16) of the cultures from terrestrial ecosystems were positive for the presence of the investigated cyanotoxins, and 51.7% (15) from aquatic ecosystems. Based on all results, more frequent toxin production was observed in cultures originating from aquatic environments. Furthermore, the group of terrestrial cultures that originated from biological loess crusts were basically non-toxic. The discrepancies in the results by two different methods indicates that the use of several complementary methods would help to improve the assessment of cyanobacterial toxicity and cyanotoxin analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Damjana Drobac
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gospava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marinović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Department for biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Åbo Akademi University, Department for biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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25
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Beyond Eutrophication: Vancouver Lake, WA, USA as a Model System for Assessing Multiple, Interacting Biotic and Abiotic Drivers of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Peng G, Martin RM, Dearth SP, Sun X, Boyer GL, Campagna SR, Lin S, Wilhelm SW. Seasonally Relevant Cool Temperatures Interact with N Chemistry to Increase Microcystins Produced in Lab Cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29522323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms are regularly formed by Microcystis spp., which are well-known producers of the hepatotoxin microcystin. The environmental factors that regulate microcystin synthesis remain unclear. We used reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), metabolomics, and toxin profiling (both by LC-MS) to measure the response of Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 to nitrogen (N) concentration, N chemistry (nitrate versus urea), and a range of seasonally relevant temperatures. Growth rates at lower temperatures were slower but resulted in increased cellular microcystin content (quota), and at these lower temperatures, N concentration had no effect on toxin production. In contrast, at warmer temperatures, reduction in N concentration increased toxin production, especially when urea was supplied as the nitrogen source. Our culture results demonstrate how temperature may lead to physiological responses ranging from slow growing yet very toxic cells at cool temperatures, to faster growing but less-toxic cells at warmer temperatures. This response represents a key interaction in bloom dynamics. Capturing this phenomenon as a temperature-driven toxin phenotype incorporated into models might improve the ability to predict microcystin biosynthesis during cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | | | | | | | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Biochemistry , State University of New York , Syracuse , New York 13210 , United States
| | | | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
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27
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The Impact of Warming and Nutrients on Algae Production and Microcystins in Seston from the Iconic Lake Lesser Prespa, Greece. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040144. [PMID: 29614827 PMCID: PMC5923310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Lesser Prespa and its adjacent pond, Vromolimni in Greece, is a shallow freshwater system and a highly protected area hosting an exceptional biodiversity. The occurrence of microcystins (MCs) producing cyanobacterial blooms in these waters during recent years can be harmful to the wildlife. We tested the hypothesis that both cyanobacterial biomass and MCs are strongly influenced by nutrients (eutrophication) and warming (climate change). Lake and pond water was collected from two sites in each water body in 2013 and incubated at three temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C) with or without additional nutrients (nitrogen +N, phosphorus +P and both +N and +P). Based on both biovolume and chlorophyll-a concentrations, cyanobacteria in water from Lesser Prespa were promoted primarily by combined N and P additions and to a lesser extent by N alone. Warming seemed to yield more cyanobacteria biomass in these treatments. In water from Vromolimni, both N alone and N+P additions increased cyanobacteria and a warming effect was hardly discernible. MC concentrations were strongly increased by N and N+P additions in water from all four sites, which also promoted the more toxic variant MC-LR. Hence, both water bodies seem particularly vulnerable to further N-loading enhancing MC related risks.
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28
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Bui T, Dao TS, Vo TG, Lürling M. Warming Affects Growth Rates and Microcystin Production in Tropical Bloom-Forming Microcystis Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E123. [PMID: 29538312 PMCID: PMC5869411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming climate is predicted to promote cyanobacterial blooms but the toxicity of cyanobacteria under global warming is less well studied. We tested the hypothesis that raising temperature may lead to increased growth rates but to decreased microcystin (MC) production in tropical Microcystis strains. To this end, six Microcystis strains were isolated from different water bodies in Southern Vietnam. They were grown in triplicate at 27 °C (low), 31 °C (medium), 35 °C (high) and 37 °C (extreme). Chlorophyll-a-, particle- and MC concentrations as well as dry-weights were determined. All strains yielded higher biomass in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and dry-weight at 31 °C compared to 27 °C and then either stabilised, slightly increased or declined with higher temperature. Five strains easily grew at 37 °C but one could not survive at 37 °C. When temperature was increased from 27 °C to 37 °C total MC concentration decreased by 35% in strains with MC-LR as the dominant variant and by 94% in strains with MC-RR. MC quota expressed per particle, per unit chlorophyll-a and per unit dry-weight significantly declined with higher temperatures. This study shows that warming can prompt the growth of some tropical Microcystis strains but that these strains become less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Bui
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Hochiminh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Truong-Giang Vo
- National Breeding Center for Southern Marine Aquaculture, 167 Thuy Van Street, Vung Tau Town, Ba Ria 790000, Vung Tau Province, Vietnam.
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Wiltsie D, Schnetzer A, Green J, Vander Borgh M, Fensin E. Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E92. [PMID: 29495289 PMCID: PMC5848192 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eutrophication of waterways has led to a rise in cyanobacterial, harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) worldwide. The deterioration of water quality due to excess algal biomass in lakes has been well documented (e.g., water clarity, hypoxic conditions), but health risks associated with cyanotoxins remain largely unexplored in the absence of toxin information. This study is the first to document the presence of dissolved microcystin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and β-N-methylamino-l-alanine in Jordan Lake, a major drinking water reservoir in North Carolina. Saxitoxin presence was not confirmed. Multiple toxins were detected at 86% of the tested sites and during 44% of the sampling events between 2014 and 2016. Although concentrations were low, continued exposure of organisms to multiple toxins raises some concerns. A combination of discrete sampling and in-situ tracking (Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking [SPATT]) revealed that microcystin and anatoxin were the most pervasive year-round. Between 2011 and 2016, summer and fall blooms were dominated by the same cyanobacterial genera, all of which are suggested producers of single or multiple cyanotoxins. The study's findings provide further evidence of the ubiquitous nature of cyanotoxins, and the challenges involved in linking CyanoHAB dynamics to specific environmental forcing factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wiltsie
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jason Green
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
| | - Mark Vander Borgh
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA.
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30
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Kosiba J, Krztoń W, Wilk-Woźniak E. Effect of Microcystins on Proto- and Metazooplankton Is More Evident in Artificial Than in Natural Waterbodies. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:293-302. [PMID: 28866755 PMCID: PMC5742606 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms prolongs the impact of cyanobacteria on aquatic fauna, potentially altering trophic relationships. We hypothesized that any effect of dissolved microcystins (toxins produced by cyanobacteria) on plankton assemblages would be more evident in artificial reservoirs and ponds than in natural ones. The concentrations of dissolved microcystins in the waters we studied ranged widely from 0.07 to 0.81 μg/L. We showed that the artificial ponds were subjected to more frequent and longer-lasting harmful algal blooms. The plankton occurring in them were exposed to significantly higher concentrations of dissolved microcystins than those in natural oxbow lakes. Using a general linear model (GLM) regression, our study identified a significant relationship between dissolved microcystins and both the density and biomass of particular zooplankton groups (ciliates, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods). The density, biomass, and richness of the animal plankton were significantly lower in the artificial ponds than in the natural oxbow lakes. The impact of microcystins and the length of time that they remained in the water caused structural homogenization of the plankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosiba
- Department of Freshwater Biology, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
| | - W Krztoń
- Department of Freshwater Biology, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Wilk-Woźniak
- Department of Freshwater Biology, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland.
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31
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Walls JT, Wyatt KH, Doll JC, Rubenstein EM, Rober AR. Hot and toxic: Temperature regulates microcystin release from cyanobacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:786-795. [PMID: 28826116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating toxin release by cyanobacteria are poorly understood despite the threat cyanotoxins pose to water quality and human health globally. To determine the potential for temperature to regulate microcystin release by toxin-producing cyanobacteria, we evaluated seasonal patterns of water temperature, cyanobacteria biomass, and extracellular microcystin concentration in a eutrophic freshwater lake dominated by Planktothrix agardhii. We replicated seasonal variation in water temperature in a concurrent laboratory incubation experiment designed to evaluate cause-effect relationships between temperature and toxin release. Lake temperature ranged from 3 to 27°C and cyanobacteria biomass increased with warming up to 18°C, but declined rapidly thereafter with further increases in temperature. Extracellular microcystin concentration was tightly coupled with temperature and was most elevated between 20 and 25°C, which was concurrent with the decline in cyanobacteria biomass. A similar trend was observed in laboratory incubations where productivity-specific microcystin release was most elevated between 20 and 25°C and then declined sharply at 30°C. We applied generalized linear mixed modeling to evaluate the strength of water temperature as a predictor of cyanobacteria abundance and microcystin release, and determined that warming≥20°C would result in a 36% increase in microcystin release when Chlorophyll a was ≤50μgl-1. These results show a temperature threshold for toxin release in P. agardhii, which demonstrates a potential to use water temperature to forecast bloom severity in eutrophic lakes where blooms can persist year-round with varying degrees of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Walls
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Kevin H Wyatt
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Jason C Doll
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Eric M Rubenstein
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Allison R Rober
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA.
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32
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Lezcano MÁ, Quesada A, El-Shehawy R. Seasonal dynamics of microcystin-degrading bacteria and toxic cyanobacterial blooms: Interaction and influence of abiotic factors. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 71:19-28. [PMID: 29306393 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Massive proliferations of cyanobacteria coexist and have different interactions with other microorganisms, including microcystin (MC)-degrading bacteria. Despite their relevance in the environment for the removal of MCs, this bacterial community has been scarcely studied. The influence of physicochemical factors and the seasonal dynamics of toxic cyanobacteria on the relative abundance and seasonal dynamics of the MC-degrading bacterial community with mlr genes (mlr+) were investigated during a two-year study at a water reservoir in central Spain. The capacity of the total bacterial community on the degradation of MCs during the whole period of study was also evaluated. The results showed that the relative abundance of mlr+ bacteria started to increase after the increase in the relative abundance of toxic cyanobacteria and MC concentrations in the water, indicating a related seasonal dynamic and an important interaction between the two communities. The correspondence of several peaks of mlr+ bacteria with decreases in the relative abundance of toxic cyanobacteria and vice versa may also suggest a possible antagonistic relationship that deserves an in-depth study. The lack of a significant relationship between the physicochemical factors and the temporal shifts of both MC producers and degraders also supports the notion that the interaction of the two communities is an important driver of their seasonal dynamics in nature. Regarding the capacity of the total bacterial community for the degradation of MCs, this capacity was only observed during the toxic cyanobacterial bloom episodes, highlighting the importance of the pre-exposure to MCs in the reservoir for triggering the MC biodegradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Lezcano
- IMDEA Water Institute, Av. Punto Com, 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain; Departamento de Biología, C. Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Spain.
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, C. Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Spain.
| | - Rehab El-Shehawy
- IMDEA Water Institute, Av. Punto Com, 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain.
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33
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Lv L, Zhang X, Qiao J. Flocculation of low algae concentration water using polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride coupled with polysilicate aluminum ferrite. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:83-90. [PMID: 28271736 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1296028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The combined application of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and polysilicate aluminum ferrite (PSFA) was investigated to treat low algae density water samples, in which Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the dominant species. coagulation performance of M. aeruginosa was studied with regard to algal removal, Algal density was evaluated by determining the change in the optical density of the algal culture suspension at 680 nm and chlorophyll a. The dissolved organic matter, cellular morphology, viability, and recovery of M. aeruginosa cells after flocculation and sedimentation were also included. In addition, the effects of pH and addition order of PSFA and PDADMAC on algal removal were investigated. The removal efficiency of algae coagulated using combined PDADMAC and PSFA was improved by 34.5% and 19.3%, respectively. The organic matter removal was also enhanced. The optimum pH range for algal removal is 7.0-10.0, and the preferable addition sequence is the simultaneous addition of PDADMAC and PSFA. Scanning electron microscopy observation indicated that the combined usage of PDADMAC and PSFA caused no damage to the algal cell. Moreover, the experiment on algal recovery demonstrated that PDADMAC has bacteriostatic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lv
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Junlian Qiao
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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34
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Gaget V, Humpage AR, Huang Q, Monis P, Brookes JD. Benthic cyanobacteria: A source of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin in Australian drinking water reservoirs. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:454-464. [PMID: 28787682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria represent a health hazard worldwide due to their production of a range of highly potent toxins in diverse aquatic environments. While planktonic species have been the subject of many investigations in terms of risk assessment, little is known about benthic forms and their impact on water quality or human and animal health. This study aimed to purify isolates from environmental benthic biofilms sampled from three different drinking water reservoirs and to assess their toxin production by using the following methods: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Microscopic observation of the isolates allowed the identification of various filamentous cyanobacterial genera: Anabaena (benthic form), Calothrix and Nostoc from the Nostocales and Geitlerinema, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Oxynema, Phormidium and Pseudanabaena representing non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria. The Phormidium ambiguum strain AWQC-PHO021 was found to produce 739 ng/mg of dry weight (d/w) of cylindrospermopsin and 107 ng/mg (d/w) of deoxy-cylindrospermopsin. The Nostoc linckia strain AWQC-NOS001 produced 400 ng/mg (d/w) of a microcystin analogue. This is the first report of hepatotoxin production by benthic cyanobacteria in temperate Australian drinking water reservoirs. These findings indicate that water quality monitoring programs need to consider benthic cyanobacteria as a potential source of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gaget
- Water Research Centre, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Andrew R Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australia Water Corporation, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Qiong Huang
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australia Water Corporation, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Monis
- Water Research Centre, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australia Water Corporation, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Justin D Brookes
- Water Research Centre, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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35
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Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090271. [PMID: 28869578 PMCID: PMC5618204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Akinetes are resistant cells which have the ability to persist in sediment for several decades. We have investigated the temporal distribution of akinetes of two species, Dolichospermum macrosporum and Dolichospermum flos-aquae, in a sediment core sampled in Lake Aydat (France), which covers 220 years. The upper part, from 1907 to 2016, the number of akinetes fluctuated but stayed at high concentrations, especially for D. macrosporum in surface sediment (with the maximal value close to 6.10⁵ akinetes g DW-1 of sediment), suggesting a recurrence of blooms of this species which was probably closely related to anthropic eutrophication since the 1960s. Before 1907, the abundance of akinetes of both species was very low, suggesting only a modest presence of these cyanobacteria. In addition, the percentage of intact akinetes was different for each species, suggesting different ecological processes in the water column. This percentage also decreased with depth, revealing a reduction in germination potential over time. In addition, biosynthetic genes of anatoxin-a (anaC) and microcystin (mcyA) were detected. First results show a high occurrence of mcyA all down the core. In contrast, anaC gene was mostly detected in the surface sediment (since the 1980s), revealing a potentially more recent occurrence of this cyanotoxin in Lake Aydat which may be associated with the recurrence of blooms of D. macrosporum and thus with anthropic activities.
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36
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Melina Celeste CM, Lorena R, Jorge Oswaldo A, Sandro G, Daniela S, Dario A, Leda G. Mathematical modeling of Microcystis aeruginosa growth and [D-Leu 1] microcystin-LR production in culture media at different temperatures. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:13-25. [PMID: 28755715 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature (26°C, 28°C, 30°C and 35°C) on the growth of native CAAT-3-2005 Microcystis aeruginosa and the production of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were examined through laboratory studies. Kinetic parameters such as specific growth rate (μ), lag phase duration (LPD) and maximum population density (MPD) were determined by fitting the modified Gompertz equation to the M. aeruginosa strain cell count (cellsmL-1). A 4.8-fold increase in μ values and a 10.8-fold decrease in the LPD values were found for M. aeruginosa growth when the temperature changed from 15°C to 35°C. The activation energy of the specific growth rate (Eμ) and of the adaptation rate (E1/LPD) were significantly correlated (R2=0.86). The cardinal temperatures estimated by the modified Ratkowsky model were minimum temperature=8.58±2.34°C, maximum temperature=45.04±1.35°C and optimum temperature=33.39±0.55°C. Maximum MC-LR production decreased 9.5-fold when the temperature was increased from 26°C to 35°C. The maximum production values were obtained at 26°C and the maximum depletion rate of intracellular MC-LR was observed at 30-35°C. The MC-LR cell quota was higher at 26 and 28°C (83 and 80fgcell-1, respectively) and the MC-LR Chl-a quota was similar at all the different temperatures (0.5-1.5fgng-1). The Gompertz equation and dynamic model were found to be the most appropriate approaches to calculate M. aeruginosa growth and production of MC-LR, respectively. Given that toxin production decreased with increasing temperatures but growth increased, this study demonstrates that growth and toxin production processes are uncoupled in M. aeruginosa. These data and models may be useful to predict M. aeruginosa bloom formation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crettaz Minaglia Melina Celeste
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina
| | - Rosso Lorena
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina
| | - Aranda Jorge Oswaldo
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina
| | - Goñi Sandro
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET), La Plata, 47 y 116, 1900, Argentina
| | - Sedan Daniela
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrinolo Dario
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina
| | - Giannuzzi Leda
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, 48 y 115, 1900, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA-CONICET), La Plata, 47 y 116, 1900, Argentina.
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37
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Omidi A, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Still challenging: the ecological function of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin – What we know so far. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1326059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
- Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Saarbrücken, Germany
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38
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Tatters AO, Howard MDA, Nagoda C, Busse L, Gellene AG, Caron DA. Multiple Stressors at the Land-Sea Interface: Cyanotoxins at the Land-Sea Interface in the Southern California Bight. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E95. [PMID: 28282935 PMCID: PMC5371850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems have received considerable attention in recent years, but their occurrence and potential importance at the land-sea interface has not been widely recognized. Here we present the results of a survey of discrete samples conducted in more than fifty brackish water sites along the coastline of southern California. Our objectives were to characterize cyanobacterial community composition and determine if specific groups of cyanotoxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, nodularins, and saxitoxins) were present. We report the identification of numerous potentially harmful taxa and the co-occurrence of multiple toxins, previously undocumented, at several locations. Our findings reveal a potential health concern based on the range of organisms present and the widespread prevalence of recognized toxic compounds. Our results raise concerns for recreation, harvesting of finfish and shellfish, and wildlife and desalination operations, highlighting the need for assessments and implementation of monitoring programs. Such programs appear to be particularly necessary in regions susceptible to urban influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery O Tatters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - Meredith D A Howard
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Carey Nagoda
- San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2375 Northside Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92108, USA.
| | - Lilian Busse
- German Federal Environmental Agency, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany.
| | - Alyssa G Gellene
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
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Lehman PW, Kurobe T, Lesmeister S, Baxa D, Tung A, Teh SJ. Impacts of the 2014 severe drought on the Microcystis bloom in San Francisco Estuary. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:94-108. [PMID: 28366405 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased frequency and intensity of drought with climate change may cause an increase in the magnitude and toxicity of freshwater cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CHABs), including Microcystis blooms, in San Francisco Estuary, California. As the fourth driest year on record in San Francisco Estuary, the 2014 drought provided an opportunity to directly test the impact of severe drought on cyanobacteria blooms in SFE. A field sampling program was conducted between July and December 2014 to sample a suite of physical, chemical, and biological variables at 10 stations in the freshwater and brackish reaches of the estuary. The 2014 Microcystis bloom had the highest biomass and toxin concentration, earliest initiation, and the longest duration, since the blooms began in 1999. Median chlorophyll a concentration increased by 9 and 12 times over previous dry and wet years, respectively. Total microcystin concentration also exceeded that in previous dry and wet years by a factor of 11 and 65, respectively. Cell abundance determined by quantitative PCR indicated the bloom contained multiple potentially toxic cyanobacteria species, toxic Microcystis and relatively high total cyanobacteria abundance. The bloom was associated with extreme nutrient concentrations, including a 20-year high in soluble reactive phosphorus concentration and low to below detection levels of ammonium. Stable isotope analysis suggested the bloom varied with both inorganic and organic nutrient concentration, and used ammonium as the primary nitrogen source. Water temperature was a primary controlling factor for the bloom and was positively correlated with the increase in both total and toxic Microcystis abundance. In addition, the early initiation and persistence of warm water temperature coincided with the increased intensity and duration of the Microcystis bloom from the usual 3 to 4 months to 8 months. Long residence time was also a primary factor controlling the magnitude and persistence of the bloom, and was created by a 66% to 85% reduction in both the water inflow and diversion of water for agriculture during the summer. We concluded that severe drought conditions can lead to a significant increase in the abundance of Microcystis and other cyanobacteria, as well as their associated toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Lehman
- Interagency Ecological Program, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2109 Arch Airport Road, Stockton, CA, 95206, USA.
| | - T Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., Vet Med 3B, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S Lesmeister
- Division of Environmental Services, California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Blvd., West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA
| | - D Baxa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., Vet Med 3B, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - A Tung
- Division of Environmental Services, California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Blvd., West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA
| | - S J Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., Vet Med 3B, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Lürling M, van Oosterhout F, Faassen E. Eutrophication and Warming Boost Cyanobacterial Biomass and Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020064. [PMID: 28208670 PMCID: PMC5331443 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication and warming are key drivers of cyanobacterial blooms, but their combined effects on microcystin (MC) concentrations are less studied. We tested the hypothesis that warming promotes cyanobacterial abundance in a natural plankton community and that eutrophication enhances cyanobacterial biomass and MC concentrations. We incubated natural seston from a eutrophic pond under normal, high, and extreme temperatures (i.e., 20, 25, and 30 °C) with and without additional nutrients added (eutrophication) mimicking a pulse as could be expected from projected summer storms under climate change. Eutrophication increased algal- and cyanobacterial biomass by 26 and 8 times, respectively, and led to 24 times higher MC concentrations. This effect was augmented with higher temperatures leading to 45 times higher MC concentrations at 25 °C, with 11 times more cyanobacterial chlorophyll-a and 25 times more eukaryote algal chlorophyll-a. At 30 °C, MC concentrations were 42 times higher, with cyanobacterial chlorophyll-a being 17 times and eukaryote algal chlorophyll-a being 24 times higher. In contrast, warming alone did not yield more cyanobacteria or MCs, because the in situ community had already depleted the available nutrient pool. MC per potential MC producing cell declined at higher temperatures under nutrient enrichments, which was confirmed by a controlled experiment with two laboratory strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. Nevertheless, MC concentrations were much higher at the increased temperature and nutrient treatment than under warming alone due to strongly promoted biomass, lifting N-imitation and promotion of potential MC producers like Microcystis. This study exemplifies the vulnerability of eutrophic urban waters to predicted future summer climate change effects that might aggravate cyanobacterial nuisance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank van Oosterhout
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth Faassen
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen Resesarch, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xie L, Rediske RR, Gillett ND, O'Keefe JP, Scull B, Xue Q. The impact of environmental parameters on microcystin production in dialysis bag experiments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38722. [PMID: 27934931 PMCID: PMC5146672 DOI: 10.1038/srep38722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand what environmental parameters may regulate microcystin (MC) production and congener type. To determine if environmental conditions in two hydraulically connected lakes can influence MC production and congener ratios, we incubated dialysis bags containing phytoplankton from mesotrophic/eutrophic Muskegon Lake into hypereutrophic Bear Lake (Michigan, USA) and vice versa. Strong cyanobacteria growth was observed in all dialysis bags with Bear Lake phytoplankton in July and August. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides, Microcystis wesenbergii, Limnothrix redekei. MC concentrations were correlated with M. wesenbergii and A. aphanizomenoides biovolume. MC concentrations in bags incubated in the Muskegon Lake with Bear Lake water were significantly higher than the other bags. The higher light intensity and total nitrogen concentration may have caused the increase of MC production. The MC-LR/MC-RR ratios varied with sample origin but not with lake of incubation, indicating that physical environmental factors (water temperature and turbidity) were not the reasons for different toxin production ratios. Differences in total phosphorus concentrations might be one reason for the dissimilarity of the MC-LR/MC-RR ratio between the two lakes. The higher light intensity and NO3-N concentration in Muskegon Lake are two factors contributing to an increase of MC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Bejing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.,Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Nadia D Gillett
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - James P O'Keefe
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Brian Scull
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Bejing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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43
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Sychrová E, Priebojová J, Smutná M, Nováková K, Kohoutek J, Hilscherová K. Characterization of total retinoid-like activity of compounds produced by three common phytoplankton species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 60:157-166. [PMID: 28073559 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton can produce various bioactive metabolites, which may affect other organisms in the aquatic environment. This study provides the first information on the total retinoid-like activity associated with both intracellular and extracellular metabolites produced by selected phytoplankton species that could play a role in teratogenic effects and developmental disruption in exposed organisms. The studied species included a coccoid cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), a filamentous cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon gracile) and a green alga (Desmodesmus quadricauda), all of which commonly occur in freshwater bodies in Europe. Methanolic extracts from cellular material and extracellular exudates were prepared from cultures cultivated in two light-intensity variants with five replicates for each species. The retinoid-like activity was evaluated by in vitro assays along with chemical analyses of two potent retinoic acids (all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cis-RA). The mean total retinoid-like activity of metabolites produced by the three studied species representing different phytoplankton taxonomic groups ranged from 705 to 5572ng ATRA equivalent/g dry matter corresponding to 0.064-0.234ng ATRA/106 cells. Retinoid-like activity was found in the cellular extracts of all species, while only the extracellular exudates of cyanobacteria exhibited detectable activity (41-1081ng ATRA/L). The greatest extracellular as well as total (extra- and intra- cellular together) retinoid-like activity was detected for Microcystis aeruginosa. The two potent retinoic acids studied were more frequently detected in cellular extracts than in extracellular exudates of all species. Their contribution to observed in vitro effects was relatively low for all tested samples (<10%), indicating a substantial contribution of other retinoid-like compounds to the overall activity. The results indicate possible influence of light intensity and cell density on the production of metabolites with retinoid-like activity and the cyanotoxin microcystin by the studied species. The recalculation of the results per dry weight, water volume, per 106 cells and biovolume enables a direct comparison of the retinoid-like activity distribution between extracts and exudates and the use of the data for risk assessment in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Sychrová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Priebojová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marie Smutná
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Nováková
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czechia.
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Ndlela LL, Oberholster PJ, Van Wyk JH, Cheng PH. An overview of cyanobacterial bloom occurrences and research in Africa over the last decade. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 60:11-26. [PMID: 28073554 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are a current cause for concern globally, with vital water sources experiencing frequent and increasingly toxic blooms in the past decade. These increases are resultant of both anthropogenic and natural factors, with climate change being the central concern. Of the more affected parts of the world, Africa has been considered particularly vulnerable due to its historical predisposition and lag in social economic development. This review collectively assesses the available information on cyanobacterial blooms in Africa as well as any visible trends associated with reported occurrences over the last decade. Of the 54 countries in Africa, only 21 have notable research information in the area of cyanobacterial blooms within the last decade, although there is substantial reason to attribute these blooms as some of the major water quality threats in Africa collectively. The collected information suggests that civil wars, disease outbreaks and inadequate infrastructure are at the core of Africa's delayed advancement. This is even more so in the area of cyanobacteria related research, with 11 out of 21 countries having recorded toxicity and physicochemical parameters related to cyanobacterial blooms. Compared to the rest of the continent, peripheral countries are at the forefront of research related to cyanobacteria, with countries such as Angola having sufficient rainfall, but poor water quality with limited information on bloom occurrences. An assessment of the reported blooms found nitrogen concentrations to be higher in the water column of more toxic blooms, validating recent global studies and indicating that phosphorous is not the only factor to be monitored in bloom mitigation. Blooms occurred at low TN: TP ratios and at temperatures above 12°C. Nitrogen was linked to toxicity and temperature also had a positive effect on bloom occurrence and toxicity. Microcystis was the most ubiquitous of the cyanobacterial strains reported in Africa and the one most frequently toxic. Cylindrospermopsis was reported more in the dry, north and western parts of the continent countries as opposed to the rest of the continent, whilst Anabaena was more frequent on the south eastern regions. In light of the entire continent, the inadequacy in reported blooms and advances in this area of research require critical intervention and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ndlela
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 11 Jan Celliers Road, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa.
| | - P J Oberholster
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 11 Jan Celliers Road, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - J H Van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - P H Cheng
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 11 Jan Celliers Road, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
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Giannuzzi L, Krock B, Minaglia MCC, Rosso L, Houghton C, Sedan D, Malanga G, Espinosa M, Andrinolo D, Hernando M. Growth, toxin production, active oxygen species and catalase activity of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) exposed to temperature stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 189:22-30. [PMID: 27449270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis are known for their potential ability to synthesize toxins, mainly microcystins (MCs). In order to evaluate the effects of temperature on chlorophyll a (Chl a), growth, physiological responses and toxin production of a native Microcystis aeruginosa, we exposed the cells to low (23°C) and high (29°C) temperature in addition to a 26°C control treatment. Exponential growth rate was significantly higher at 29°C compared to 23°C and control, reaching 0.43, 0.32 and 0.33day(-)(1) respectively. In addition, there was a delay of the start of exponential growth at 23°C. However, the intracellular concentration of Chl a decreased significantly due to temperature change. A significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in coincidence with the activation of enzymatic antioxidant catalase (CAT) during the first two days of exposure to 23° and 29°C in comparison to the control experiment, decreasing thereafter to nearly initial values. Five MCs were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. In the experiments, the highest MC concentration, 205fg [Leu(1)] MC-LR.cell(-1) expressed as MC-LR equivalent was measured in the beginning of the experiment and subsequently declined to 160fg.cell(-1) on day 2 and 70fg.cell(-1) on day 4 in cells exposed to 29°C. The same trend was observed for all other MCs except for the least abundant MC-LR which showed a continuous increase during exposure time. Our results suggest a high ability of M. aeruginosa to perceive ROS and to rapidly initiate antioxidant defenses with a differential response on MC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Giannuzzi
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Melina Celeste Crettaz Minaglia
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Rosso
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Daniela Sedan
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Malanga
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBIMOL-FisicoQuímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Espinosa
- Gerencia de Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Hernando
- Depto. Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina.
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Harris JM, Vinobaba P, Kularatne RKA, Ellawala Kankanamge C. Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in Batticaloa Lagoon. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 47:211-218. [PMID: 27593288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The necessity to understand the relationship between cyanobacterial species abundance and water quality variations in coastal lagoons is crucial to develop strategies to prevent further cyanobacterial proliferation. This paper evaluates the relationship between water quality variations on the distribution of cyanobacteria during a 12-month period in Batticaloa Lagoon (Sri Lanka) using Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlations. Drastic variations in pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total phosphorus (TP) levels were reported, but not turbidity and NO3(-). This brackish waterbody is hypereutrophic (TP levels>0.1mg/L). The cyanobacterial community contained 13 genera and 22 species. NO3(-), TP and turbidity levels positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance during all seasons indicating that nutrient (largely phosphorus) and sediment entry control is highly crucial along with periodic monitoring of cyanobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ranil Kavindra Asela Kularatne
- MAS Capital (Private) Limited, 10th Floor, Aitken Spence Tower II, 315, Vauxhall Street, Colombo 2, Sri Lanka; MAS Active Trading (Pvt) Limited, No. 231, D.M. Colombage Mawatha, Nawala, Sri Lanka
| | - Champika Ellawala Kankanamge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka
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47
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Local food web management increases resilience and buffers against global change effects on freshwaters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29542. [PMID: 27386957 PMCID: PMC4937379 DOI: 10.1038/srep29542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for ecological research is to identify ways to improve resilience to climate-induced changes in order to secure the ecosystem functions of natural systems, as well as ecosystem services for human welfare. With respect to aquatic ecosystems, interactions between climate warming and the elevated runoff of humic substances (brownification) may strongly affect ecosystem functions and services. However, we hitherto lack the adaptive management tools needed to counteract such global-scale effects on freshwater ecosystems. Here we show, both experimentally and using monitoring data, that predicted climatic warming and brownification will reduce freshwater quality by exacerbating cyanobacterial growth and toxin levels. Furthermore, in a model based on long-term data from a natural system, we demonstrate that food web management has the potential to increase the resilience of freshwater systems against the growth of harmful cyanobacteria, and thereby that local efforts offer an opportunity to secure our water resources against some of the negative impacts of climate warming and brownification. This allows for novel policy action at a local scale to counteract effects of global-scale environmental change, thereby providing a buffer period and a safer operating space until climate mitigation strategies are effectively established.
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Liyanage HM, Arachchi DNM, Abeysekara T, Guneratne L. Toxicology of freshwater cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:137-168. [PMID: 27229761 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1193923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical contaminants in drinking water have been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans after prolonged exposure. Cyanobacteria are one of the most potent and diverse groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes. One key component of cyanobacterial success in the environment is the production of potent toxins as secondary metabolites, which have been responsible for numerous adverse health impacts in humans. Anthropogenic activities have led to the increase of eutrophication in freshwater bodies' worldwide, causing cyanobacterial blooms to become more frequent. The present article will discuss about harmful cyanobacteria and their toxicology with special references to microcystin, nodularin, and cylindrospermopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Liyanage
- a National Institute of Fundamental Studies , Kandy , Sri Lanka
| | | | - T Abeysekara
- b Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Teaching Hospital , Kandy , Sri Lanka
| | - L Guneratne
- c Renal Care & Research Centre, District Hospital , Girandurukotte , Sri Lanka
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Li X, Dreher TW, Li R. An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:54-68. [PMID: 28073482 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The new genus name Dolichospermum, for most of the planktonic former members of the genus Anabaena, is one of the most ubiquitous bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera. Its dominance and persistence have increased in recent years, due to eutrophication from anthropogenic activities and global climate change. Blooms of Dolichospermum species, with their production of secondary metabolites that commonly include toxins, present a worldwide threat to environmental and public health. In this review, recent advances of the genus Dolichospermum are summarized, including taxonomy, genetics, bloom occurrence, and production of toxin and taste-and-odor compounds. The recent and continuing acquisition of genome sequences is ushering in new methods for monitoring and understanding the factors regulating bloom dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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50
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Salvador D, Churro C, Valério E. Evaluating the influence of light intensity in mcyA gene expression and microcystin production in toxic strains of Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis aeruginosa. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 123:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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