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Yim JJ, Singh SP, Xia A, Kashfi-Sadabad R, Tholen M, Huland DM, Zarabanda D, Cao Z, Solis-Pazmino P, Bogyo M, Valdez TA. Short-Wave Infrared Fluorescence Chemical Sensor for Detection of Otitis Media. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3411-3419. [PMID: 33175516 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) or middle ear infection is one of the most common diseases in young children around the world. The diagnosis of OM is currently performed using an otoscope to detect middle ear fluid and inflammatory changes manifested in the tympanic membrane. However, conventional otoscopy cannot visualize across the tympanic membrane or sample middle ear fluid. This can lead to low diagnostic certainty and overdiagnoses of OM. To improve the diagnosis of OM, we have developed a short-wave infrared (SWIR) otoscope in combination with a protease-cleavable biosensor, 6QC-ICG, which can facilitate the detection of inflammatory proteases in the middle ear with an increase in contrast. 6QC-ICG is a fluorescently quenched probe, which is activated in the presence of cysteine cathepsin proteases that are up-regulated in inflammatory immune cells. Using a preclinical model and custom-built SWIR otomicroscope in this proof-of-concept study, we successfully demonstrated the feasibility of robustly distinguishing inflamed ears from controls (p = 0.0006). The inflamed ears showed an overall signal-to-background ratio of 2.0 with a mean fluorescence of 81 ± 17 AU, while the control ear exhibited a mean fluorescence of 41 ± 11 AU. We envision that these fluorescently quenched probes in conjunction with SWIR imaging tools have the potential to be used as an alternate/adjunct tool for objective diagnosis of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Yim
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raana Kashfi-Sadabad
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Martina Tholen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David M. Huland
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David Zarabanda
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Paola Solis-Pazmino
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tulio A. Valdez
- Department of Otolaryngology−Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression in Otitis Media. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:364-370. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lv Z, Guo M, Li C, Shao Y, Zhao X, Zhang W. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is involved in inflammation response in pathogen challenged Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:839-846. [PMID: 30797067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine and plays critical roles in inflammatory and immune responses in vertebrates. However, its functional role in inflammation has not been well studied in invertebrates. In the present study, we cloned and characterized MIF gene from Apostichopus japonicus by RNA-seq and RACE approaches (designated as AjMIF). A 1047 bp fragment representing the full-length cDNA of AjMIF was obtained, including a 5' UTR of 100 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 366 bp encoding a polypeptide of 121 amino acids residues with the molecular weight of 13.43 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.63 and a 3' UTR of 580 bp. SMART analysis showed that AjMIF has conserved MIF domain (2-117aa) similar to its mammalian counterparts. The amino terminal proline residue (P2) and invariant lysine residue (K33) which are critical active sites of tautomerase activity in mammalian MIF were also detected. Phylogenic analysis and multiple alignments have shown that AjMIF shared higher degree of structural conservation and sequence identities with other counterparts from invertebrates and vertebrates. For Vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber, the peak expression of AjMIF mRNAs in coelomocytes were detected at 6 h (23.5-fold) and remained at high levels until 24 h (4.01-fold), and returned to normal level at 48 h in comparison with that of the control group. Similarly, a significant increase in the relative mRNA levels of AjMIF was also found in 10 μg mL-1 LPS-exposed primary cultured coelomocytes. Functional analysis indicated that recombinant AjMIF incubation could promote inflammatory response related genes of Ajp105, AjVEGF, AjMMP1 and AjHMGB3 expression by 1.35-fold, 1.36-fold, 1.83-fold and 1.27-fold increase, respectively, which was consistent with the findings in vertebrate MIFs. All these results collectively suggested that AjMIF had a similar function to MIFs in higher animals and might serve as a candidate cytokine in inflammatory regulation in sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Lv
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
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Kariya S, Okano M, Zhao P, Maeda Y, Kataoka Y, Higaki T, Noda Y, Makihara S, Nishizaki K. NLRP3 inflammasome expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:1061-1065. [PMID: 30676848 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1515499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical molecule mediating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses. However, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in otitis media has not been fully examined. AIMS/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to assess the expression of NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain and a pyrin domain), and caspase-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice received a transtympanic injection of either lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection. Concentrations of IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Temporal bones were processed for histologic examination and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide significantly upregulated levels of IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the middle ear as compared with the control mice. The proteins of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were observed in infiltrating inflammatory cells induced by lipopolysaccharide in the middle ear cavity. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Lipopolysaccharide induces NLRP3 inflammasome components in the middle ear. The NLRP3 inflammasome may play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. Modulation of inflammasome-mediated inflammation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Kataoka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaya Higaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Makihara
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kagawa Rosai Hospital, Marugame, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Kariya S, Okano M, Aoji K, Nakashima T, Kasai N, Onoda T, Nishizaki K, Schachern PA, Cureoglu S, Paparella MM. Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Paranasal Sinus Mucocele. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240501900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the immunologic aspects and the pathogenesis of the paranasal sinus mucocele. Methods The fluids of paranasal sinus mucoceles were obtained from 12 subjects. The concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor a, and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the levels of endotoxin were detected with kinetic Turbidimetric Assay. Results MIF and endotoxin were detected in the fluid of all samples, whereas interleukin-1β and RANTES were detected in 1 and 3 subjects out of 12 samples. Tumor necrosis factor a was not detected in any of the samples. A significant positive correlation between the levels of MIF and the period with symptoms such as pain, swelling of face, and visual disturbance was observed. Conclusion These findings suggest that MIF and endotoxin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of paranasal sinus mucocele. MIF may be an important factor causing the development and exacerbation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
- Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Aoji
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakashima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norio Kasai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoo Onoda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tsuyama Central Hospital, Tsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Patricia A. Schachern
- Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sebahattin Cureoglu
- Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael M. Paparella
- International Hearing Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Ear Head and Neck Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Ishihara H, Kariya S, Okano M, Zhao P, Maeda Y, Nishizaki K. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the inner ear and middle ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136:1011-6. [PMID: 27181906 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1179786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Significant expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor (CD74) was observed in both the middle ear and inner ear in experimental otitis media in mice. Modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its signaling pathway might be useful in the management of inner ear inflammation due to otitis media. OBJECTIVES Inner ear dysfunction secondary to otitis media has been reported. However, the specific mechanisms involved are not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the middle ear and inner ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. METHOD BALB/c mice received a transtympanic injection of either lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and temporal bones were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, histologic examination, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PCR examination revealed that the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice showed a significant up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in both the middle ear and inner ear as compared with the PBS-injected control mice. The immunohistochemical study showed positive reactions for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in infiltrating inflammatory cells, middle ear mucosa, and inner ear in the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ishihara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Deficiency Causes Prolonged Hearing Loss After Acoustic Overstimulation. Otol Neurotol 2016; 36:1103-8. [PMID: 25853607 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays an important role in noise-induced hearing loss. BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an essential factor in axis formation and neural development. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is expressed in the inner ear, but its function remains to be elucidated. METHODS Macrophage migration inhibitory factor-deficient mice (MIF(-/-) mice) were used in this study. Wild-type and MIF(-/-) mice received noise exposure composed of octave band noise. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were examined before (control) and at 0, 12, and 24 hours and 2 weeks after the intense noise exposure. Morphological findings of cochlear hair cells were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining and TUNEL assay were also performed. RESULTS In both the wild-type and MIF(-/-) mice, acoustic overstimulation induced significant hearing loss compared with the control level. Two weeks after the intense noise exposure, the MIF(-/-) mice had an increased hearing threshold compared with the wild-type mice. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the outer hair cells in the MIF(-/-) mice were affected 2 weeks after noise exposure compared with the wild-type mice. TUNEL-positive cells were identified in the organ of Corti of the MIF(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The MIF(-/-) mice had prolonged hearing loss and significant loss of cochlear hair cells after intense noise exposure. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may play an important role in recovery from acoustic trauma. Management of macrophage migration inhibitory factor may be a novel therapeutic option for noise-induced hearing loss.
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Kariya S, Okano M, Maeda Y, Hirai H, Higaki T, Noyama Y, Haruna T, Nishihira J, Nishizaki K. Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in age-related hearing loss. Neuroscience 2014; 279:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zhang J, Xu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Ma W, Zhang Z. Blocking macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity alleviates mouse acute otitis media in vivo. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:101-8. [PMID: 25108100 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in mouse acute otitis media (AOM), we hypothesize that blocking MIF activity will relieve mouse AOM. A mouse AOM model was constructed by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the middle ear of C57BL/6 mice through the tympanic membrane (TM). MIF levels were measured by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA after LPS application. Normal or AOM mice were given PBS or ISO-1 (MIF antagonist) every day for 10 days and the hearing levels were determined by measuring auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold. After the ABR test finished, H&E staining was conducted and the inflammation was also measured by detecting interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels with RT-PCR and ELISA. TLR-4 expression was determined by western blotting and NF-κB activation was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Compared with the normal control, MIF levels in the middle ear of LPS-induced AOM mice were significant increased. The ABR results showed that mean ABR thresholds in ISO-1 treated AOM mice were significantly reduced compared with PBS treated AOM mice since day 7, indicating that ISO-1 treatment potentially improved the hearing levels of AOM mice. H&E staining showed that ISO-1 treatment could reduce the mucosal thickness of AOM mice. In ISO-1 treated mice, TLR-4 expression and levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and VEGF were significantly lower compared with PBS treated AOM mice. ISO-1 treatment also significantly inhibited NF-κB activation in AOM mice compared with PBS treated AOM mice. These results suggested that blocking the activity of MIF by ISO-1 could reduce the inflammation in AOM mice in which process TLR-4 and NF-κB were involved. The reduction in MIF activity is conducive to alleviate mouse AOM, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qingyin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weijun Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hirai H, Kariya S, Okano M, Fukushima K, Kataoka Y, Maeda Y, Nishizaki K. Expression of toll-like receptors in chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:674-6. [PMID: 23380629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases, especially in young children. Multiple factors affect the onset or development of otitis media. Human toll-like receptors recognize associated patterns and play a critical role in innate immune mechanisms. Toll-like receptors are considered to be important factors for clearance of infection and resolution of inflammation in otitis media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histological expression of toll-like receptor 2, which recognizes many kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and toll-like receptor 4, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide on Gram-negative bacteria, in tissue samples from patients with chronic otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma. METHODS Human middle ear tissue samples from 12 patients with chronic otitis media (n=7) and acquired middle ear cholesteatoma (n=5) were examined. Normal control middle ear samples without any inflammation were also included (n=7). The expressions of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in middle ear tissues were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Only one normal control middle ear sample showed weak expression of toll-like receptor 2, and toll-like receptor 4 was not observed in all control samples. On the other hand, both toll-like receptors 2 and 4 were markedly expressed in chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. There was a significant difference between chronic otitis media and normal controls in the expressions of both toll-like receptors. Significant up-regulation of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 was observed in cholesteatoma as compared with control samples. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 were strongly expressed in chronic otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma. These findings suggest that toll-like receptors may play a principal role in human chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Hirai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Yang Y, Tang LQ, Wei W. Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:14-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kariya S, Okano M, Higaki T, Makihara S, Haruna T, Eguchi M, Nishizaki K. Neutralizing antibody against granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits inflammatory response in experimental otitis media. Laryngoscope 2012; 123:1514-8. [PMID: 23172593 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is important in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disease. We hypothesized that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plays a pivotal role in middle ear inflammation and that neutralization of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor would inhibit neutrophil migration into the middle ear and production of inflammatory mediators. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS We used transtympanic administration of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of gram-negative bacteria, into mice to induce an experimental otitis media. Control mice received injection of phosphate-buffered saline into the middle ear cavity. Mice were systemically treated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody or control immunoglobulin G via intraperitoneal injection 2 hours before transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline. Middle ear effusions were collected. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic examination of the middle ear was also performed. RESULTS Transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide upregulated levels of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β, TNF-α, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in the middle ear. Concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were significantly decreased in mice injected with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the middle ear cavity induced by lipopolysaccharide was also significantly reduced by neutralization of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS Systemic injection of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody inhibits the middle ear inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Our findings suggest that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor may offer a novel therapeutic target for the management of intractable otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Eguchi M, Kariya S, Okano M, Higaki T, Makihara S, Fujiwara T, Nagata K, Hirai H, Narumiya S, Nakamura M, Nishizaki K. Lipopolysaccharide induces proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in experimental otitis media through the prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP)-dependent pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:260-9. [PMID: 21166666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is one of the most common and intractable ear diseases, and is the major cause of hearing loss, especially in children. Multiple factors affect the onset or development of otitis media. Prostaglandin D₂ is the major prostanoid involved in infection and allergy. However, the role of prostaglandin D₂ and prostaglandin D2 receptors on the pathogenesis of otitis media remains to be determined. Recent studies show that D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells (CRTH2) are major prostaglandin D₂ receptors. In this study, homozygous DP single gene-deficient (DP⁻(/)⁻) mice, CRTH2 single gene-deficient (CRTH2⁻(/)⁻) mice and DP/CRTH2 double gene-deficient (DP⁻(/)⁻ CRTH2⁻(/)⁻) mice were used to investigate the role of prostaglandin D₂ and its receptors in otitis media. We demonstrate that prostaglandin D₂ is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of Gram-negative bacteria, and that transtympanic injection of prostaglandin D₂ up-regulates macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the middle ear. We also show that middle ear inflammatory reactions, including infiltration of inflammatory cells and expression of MIP-2, IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS, are reduced significantly in DP⁻(/)⁻ mice and DP⁻(/)⁻ CRTH2⁻(/)⁻ mice. CRTH2⁻(/)⁻ mice display inflammatory reactions similar to wild-type mice. These findings indicate that prostaglandin D₂ may play significant roles in LPS-induced experimental otitis media via DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Jung J, Ferrell RE, Tekely K, Szatkiewicz JP, Ray A, Weeks DE. Otitis media: a genome-wide linkage scan with evidence of susceptibility loci within the 17q12 and 10q22.3 regions. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:85. [PMID: 19728873 PMCID: PMC2751750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Otitis media (OM) is a common worldwide pediatric health care problem that is known to be influenced by genetics. The objective of our study was to use linkage analysis to map possible OM susceptibility genes. Methods Using a stringent diagnostic model in which only those who underwent tympanostomy tube insertion at least once for recurrent/persistent OM are considered affected, we have carried out a genome-wide linkage scan using the 10K Affymetrix SNP panel. We genotyped 403 Caucasian families containing 1,431 genotyped individuals and 377 genotyped affected sib pairs, and 26 African American families containing 75 genotyped individuals and 27 genotyped affected sib pairs. After careful quality control, non-parametric linkage analysis was carried out using 8,802 SNPs. Results In the Caucasian-only data set, our most significant linkage peak is on chromosome 17q12 at rs226088 with a p-value of 0.00007. Other peaks of potential interest are on 10q22.3 (0.00181 at rs1878001), 7q33 (0.00105 at rs958408), 6p25.1 (0.00261 at rs554653), and 4p15.2 (0.00301 at rs2133507). In the combined Caucasian and African American dataset, the 10q22.3 peak becomes more significant, with a minimal p-value of 0.00026 at rs719871. Family-based association testing reveals signals near previously implicated genes: 513 kb from SFTPA2 (10q22.3), 48 kb from IFNG (12q14), and 870 kb from TNF (6p21.3). Conclusion Our scan does not provide evidence for linkage in the previously reported regions of 10q26.3 and 19q13.43. Our best-supported linkage regions may contain susceptibility genes that influence the risk for recurrent/persistent OM. Plausible candidates in 17q12 include AP2B1, CCL5, and a cluster of other CCL genes, and in 10q22.3, SFTPA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha L Casselbrant
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Pelikan Z. Role of nasal allergy in chronic secretory otitis media. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2009; 9:107-13. [PMID: 19210899 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-009-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nasal allergy seems to be one of the important causes of chronic secretory otitis media (SOM) in children and adults. Chronic SOM is unequivocally related to disturbed function of the eustachian tube, which facilitates communication of the middle ear with the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and indirectly with paranasal sinuses. The most serious consequences of chronic SOM are decreased elasticity of the tympanic membrane and hearing impairment. Allergic reactions in the nasal mucosa leading to release of various mediators result in development of three types of nasal response characterized predominantly by nasal obstruction. Eustachian tube functions can be affected directly by the mediators released in the nasal mucosa or indirectly by the nasal obstruction. Nasal challenges with allergens performed by rhinomanometry, combined with tympanometry and eventually audiometry, may be a useful diagnostic supplement for this disorder.
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Kariya S, Okano M, Fukushima K, Nomiya S, Kataoka Y, Nomiya R, Akagi H, Nishizaki K. Expression of inflammatory mediators in the otitis media induced by Helicobacter pylori antigen in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:134-40. [PMID: 18727622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that is recognized as one of the key factors in gastric diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Recent studies have shown relationships between H. pylori and extra-digestive diseases, and the presence of H. pylori in the middle ear and upper respiratory tract has been reported. However, the role of H. pylori in middle ear disease remains unclear. The present study demonstrated that H. pylori whole-cell protein directly induces macrophage migration inhibitory factor, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in middle ear epithelium in mice, and severe proliferation of inflammatory cells was observed in middle ear cavity inoculated with H. pylori whole-cell protein. In addition, trans-tympanic injection of macrophage migration inhibitory factor up-regulated expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 in the middle ear. These findings indicate that H. pylori infection causes immunological inflammation in middle ear epithelium, and H. pylori may play a significant role in otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Kariya S, Schachern PA, Cureoglu S, Tsuprun V, Okano M, Nishizaki K, Juhn SK. Up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induced by endotoxin in experimental otitis media with effusion in mice. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:750-5. [PMID: 18568516 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701714228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Injection of endotoxin into the middle ear causes production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in an experimental mouse model of otitis media with effusion (OME). Down-regulation of MIF may become a new approach for the management of OME. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of MIF in OME. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were divided into two groups and their middle ears were injected with either endotoxin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice were sacrificed at 6 h, 12 h, or 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after injection and concentrations of MIF, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Concentrations of MIF in the endotoxin group at 1 day and 3 days were significantly higher than in the PBS control group. Concentrations of IL-1beta in the endotoxin group at 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 3 days were significantly higher than in controls. Concentrations of TNF-alpha in the endotoxin group at 1 day and 3 days were significantly higher than in controls. Concentration of MIF in the endotoxin group was positively correlated with that of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha.
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Yabe R, Higo R, Sugita K, Iwamori M. Gel chromatographic characterization of proteins in mucous and serous middle ear effusions of patients with otitis media in comparison to serum proteins. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 265:293-8. [PMID: 17891410 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear cavity that is associated with middle ear effusions (MEEs), which are frequently mucous and serous for pediatric and adult patients exhibiting low and high responsiveness to medical treatment, respectively. To assess the pathological outcomes in mucous and serous MEEs, their protein compositions were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting in comparison with those in the same patients' sera. A mucin, which is immunochemically identical with nasal mucin, was a characteristic consituent of mucous MEEs (n = 25), being present at the concentration of 59.4 mg/ml and comprising about 60% of the total proteins, but it was not detected in serous MEEs (n = 30) or sera. Serum proteins with molecular weights of less than 260 kDa were detected in serous and mucous MEEs, in which albumin was the major protein. Albumin, IgM and alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and lysozyme, IgA and IgG in MEEs were present at lower and higher concentrations than in sera, respectively. The ratios of IgA, IgG, IgM and alpha1-acid glycoprotein to albumin in mucous MEEs were 4-, 3-, 1.4- and 1.0-times higher than those in the respective pediatric sera, and those in serous MEEs were 1.7-, 1.7-, 0.6- and 0.3-times higher than those in adult sera. Also, the concentrations of lysozyme in mucous and serous MEEs were 19 and 3 microg/ml, but those in pediatric and adult sera were negligible. These results indicate that the contents of these proteins, in comparison to albumin, might be useful criteria for assessing the inflammation level in MEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yabe
- Yabe ENT Clinic, 1-6-13 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan
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Kariya S, Okano M, Hattori H, Sugata Y, Matsumoto R, Fukushima K, Schachern PA, Cureoglu S, Paparella MM, Nishizaki K. Th1/Th2 and Regulatory Cytokines in Adults With Otitis Media With Effusion. Otol Neurotol 2006; 27:1089-93. [PMID: 16988618 DOI: 10.1097/01.mao.0000224087.93096.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media with effusion is one of the most common and intractable ear diseases. However, the role of Th1, Th2, and immunoregulatory cytokines on the pathogenesis of the disease in adult patients remains to be determined. The aim of this study is to disclose the cytokine expression in middle ear effusions (MEEs) in adults and to compare the profile on the basis of the presence of allergic rhinitis and the type of effusions. STUDY DESIGN A prospective controlled clinical study. PATIENTS MEEs were collected from 80 adult subjects. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-gamma in MEEs were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-gamma in MEEs were detected in 60 (75.0%), 33 (41.3%), 42 (52.5%), 14 (17.5%), 80 (100%), and 66 (82.5%) samples, respectively. Among these cytokines, only the concentration of IL-4 in the allergic rhinitis-positive group was significantly higher than that in the allergic rhinitis-negative group. On the other hand, IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-gamma were detected, regardless of the presence of allergic rhinitis, and the concentration of these cytokines correlated with each other. The correlation between the concentration of IL-4 and IL-5 was also detected. In addition, both the incidence rate and the concentration of IL-10 in MEEs were significantly higher in the mucoid type compared with those in the serous type effusions. CONCLUSION Regardless of allergic status, IL-12 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion by affecting the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. In addition, IL-4 may have some impact on the immunologic condition in adults with allergic rhinitis. IL-10 potentially affects the viscosity of MEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Abstract
Cytokines are essential effector molecules of innate immunity that initiate and coordinate the cellular and humoral responses aimed, for example, at the eradication of microbial pathogens. Discovered in the late 1960s as a product of activated T cells, the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been discovered recently to carry out important functions as a mediator of the innate immune system. Constitutively expressed by a broad spectrum of cells and tissues, including monocytes and macrophages, MIF is rapidly released after exposure to microbial products and pro-inflammatory mediators, and in response to stress. After it is released, MIF induces pro-inflammatory biological responses that act as a regulator of immune responses. MIF activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1)/ERK2–mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, inhibits the activity of JUN activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) — a co-activator of the activator protein 1 (AP1) — upregulates the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 to promote the recognition of endotoxin-expressing bacterial pathogens, sustains pro-inflammatory function by inhibiting p53-dependent apoptosis of macrophages and counter-regulates the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids on immune cells. As a pro-inflammatory mediator, MIF has been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and several other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Given its crucial role as a regulator of innate and acquired immunity, pharmacological or immunological modulation of MIF activity might offer new treatment opportunities for the management of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
For more than a quarter of a century, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been a mysterious cytokine. In recent years, MIF has assumed an important role as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity. MIF is an integral component of the host antimicrobial alarm system and stress response that promotes the pro-inflammatory functions of immune cells. A rapidly increasing amount of literature indicates that MIF is implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that MIF-directed therapies might offer new treatment opportunities for human diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Calandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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