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Qiao H, Zienkiewicz J, Liu Y, Hawiger J. Activation of thousands of genes in the lungs and kidneys by sepsis is countered by the selective nuclear blockade. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221102. [PMID: 37638006 PMCID: PMC10450963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The steady rise of sepsis globally has reached almost 49 million cases in 2017, and 11 million sepsis-related deaths. The genomic response to sepsis comprising multi-system stage of raging microbial inflammation has been reported in the whole blood, while effective treatment is lacking besides anti-microbial therapy and supportive measures. Here we show that, astoundingly, 6,237 significantly expressed genes in sepsis are increased or decreased in the lungs, the site of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Moreover, 5,483 significantly expressed genes in sepsis are increased or decreased in the kidneys, the site of acute injury (AKI). This massive genomic response to polymicrobial sepsis is countered by the selective nuclear blockade with the cell-penetrating Nuclear Transport Checkpoint Inhibitor (NTCI). It controlled 3,735 sepsis-induced genes in the lungs and 1,951 sepsis-induced genes in the kidneys. The NTCI also reduced without antimicrobial therapy the bacterial dissemination: 18-fold in the blood, 11-fold in the lungs, and 9-fold in the spleen. This enhancement of bacterial clearance was not significant in the kidneys. Cumulatively, identification of the sepsis-responsive host's genes and their control by the selective nuclear blockade advances a better understanding of the multi-system mechanism of sepsis. Moreover, it spurs much-needed new diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN, United States
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2
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Long CM, Marzi A. Biodefence research two decades on: worth the investment? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e222-e233. [PMID: 34331891 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past 20 years, the notion of bioterror has been a source of considerable fear and panic worldwide. In response to the terror attacks of 2001 in the USA, extensive research funding was awarded to investigate bioterror-related pathogens. The global scientific legacy of this funding has extended into the present day, highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Unsurprisingly, the surge in biodefence-related research and preparedness has been met with considerable apprehension and opposition. Here, we briefly outline the history of modern bioterror threats and biodefence research, describe the scientific legacy of biodefence research by highlighting advances pertaining to specific bacterial and viral pathogens, and summarise the future of biodefence research and its relevance today. We sought to address the sizeable question: have the past 20 years of investment into biodefence research and preparedness been worth it? The legacy of modern biodefence funding includes advancements in biosecurity, biosurveillence, diagnostics, medical countermeasures, and vaccines. In summary, we feel that these advances justify the substantial biodefence funding trend of the past two decades and set a precedent for future funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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3
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How To Prepare for the Unexpected: a Public Health Laboratory Response. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/3/e00183-20. [PMID: 33980686 PMCID: PMC8142518 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00183-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health laboratories (PHLs) continue to face internal and external challenges to their abilities to provide successful, timely responses to public health crises and emerging threats. These laboratories are mandated to maintain the health of their communities by identifying, diagnosing, and warning constituents of potential and real health emergencies. Public health laboratories (PHLs) continue to face internal and external challenges to their abilities to provide successful, timely responses to public health crises and emerging threats. These laboratories are mandated to maintain the health of their communities by identifying, diagnosing, and warning constituents of potential and real health emergencies. Due to the changing characteristics of public health threats and their cross-jurisdictional nature, laboratories are facing increased pressure to ensure that they respond in a consistent and coordinated manner. Here, the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) Emerging Leader Program Cohort 11 members have compiled stories from subject matter experts (SMEs) at PHLs with direct involvement in crises to determine the characteristics of a successful response. Experts examined a diverse selection of emerging threats from across PHLs, including infectious diseases, opioids, natural disasters, and government shutdowns. While no public health crisis will be identical to another, overarching themes were consistent across subjects. Experiences from SMEs that could improve future responses to emerging threats are highlighted.
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4
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Shtanko O, Reyes AN, Jackson WT, Davey RA. Autophagy-Associated Proteins Control Ebola Virus Internalization Into Host Cells. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S346-S354. [PMID: 29947774 PMCID: PMC6249560 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) enters host cells by macropinocytosis, a poorly understood process. Recent studies have suggested that cell factors involved in autophagy, an evolutionally conserved pathway leading to the lysosomal degradation of protein aggregates and organelles during cellular stress, also have roles in macropinocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy-associated proteins are required for trafficking of EBOV into the cell body. Depleting cells of beclin 1, autophagy-related protein 7, or microtubule-associated protein 1A/B light chain 3B (LC3B) abolished EBOV uptake, owing to a block in vesicle formation at the cell surface. Both LC3B-I and LC3B-II interacted with macropinocytic structures. Our work indicates that, although various forms of LC3B possess an inherent ability to associate with forming macropinosomes, LC3B-II is critical for internalization of macropinocytic vesicles and, therefore, EBOV from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Shtanko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Ann N Reyes
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
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5
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Nanbo A, Ohba Y. Budding of Ebola Virus Particles Requires the Rab11-Dependent Endocytic Recycling Pathway. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S388-S396. [PMID: 30476249 PMCID: PMC6249604 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus-encoded major matrix protein VP40 traffics to the plasma membrane, which leads to the formation of filamentous viral particles and subsequent viral egress. However, the cellular machineries underlying this process are not fully understood. In the present study, we have assessed the role of host endocytic recycling in Ebola virus particle formation. We found that a small GTPase Rab11, which regulates recycling of molecules among the trans-Golgi network, recycling endosomes, and the plasma membrane, was incorporated in Ebola virus-like particles. Although Rab11 predominantly localized in the perinuclear region, it distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm and partly localized in the periphery of the cells transiently expressing VP40. In contrast, Rab11 exhibited a perinuclear distribution when 2 VP40 derivatives that lack ability to traffic to the plasma membrane were expressed. Finally, expression of a dominant-negative form of Rab11 or knockdown of Rab11 inhibited both VP40-induced clusters at the plasma membrane and release of viral-like particles. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Ebola virus exploits host endocytic recycling machinery to facilitate the trafficking of VP40 to the cell surface and the subsequent release of viral-like particles for its establishment of efficient viral egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Equine-Origin Immunoglobulin Fragments Protect Nonhuman Primates from Ebola Virus Disease. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01548-18. [PMID: 30541860 PMCID: PMC6384060 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01548-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EBOV is one of the deadliest viruses to humans. It has been over 40 years since EBOV was first reported, but no cure is available. Research breakthroughs over the past 5 years have shown that MAbs constitute an effective therapy for EBOV infections. However, MAbs are expensive and difficult to produce in large amounts and therefore may only play a limited role during an epidemic. A cheaper alternative is required, especially since EBOV is endemic in several third world countries with limited medical resources. Here, we used a standard protocol to produce large amounts of antiserum F(ab′)2 fragments from horses vaccinated with an EBOV vaccine, and we tested the protectiveness in monkeys. We showed that F(ab′)2 was effective in 100% of monkeys even after the animals were visibly ill with EBOV disease. Thus, F(ab′)2 could be a very good option for large-scale treatments of patients and should be advanced to clinical testing. Ebola virus (EBOV) infections result in aggressive hemorrhagic fever in humans, with fatality rates reaching 90% and with no licensed specific therapeutics to treat ill patients. Advances over the past 5 years have firmly established monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based products as the most promising therapeutics for treating EBOV infections, but production is costly and quantities are limited; therefore, MAbs are not the best candidates for mass use in the case of an epidemic. To address this need, we generated EBOV-specific polyclonal F(ab′)2 fragments from horses hyperimmunized with an EBOV vaccine. The F(ab′)2 was found to potently neutralize West African and Central African EBOV in vitro. Treatment of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with seven doses of 100 mg/kg F(ab′)2 beginning 3 or 5 days postinfection (dpi) resulted in a 100% survival rate. Notably, NHPs for which treatment was initiated at 5 dpi were already highly viremic, with observable signs of EBOV disease, which demonstrated that F(ab′)2 was still effective as a therapeutic agent even in symptomatic subjects. These results show that F(ab′)2 should be advanced for clinical testing in preparation for future EBOV outbreaks and epidemics. IMPORTANCE EBOV is one of the deadliest viruses to humans. It has been over 40 years since EBOV was first reported, but no cure is available. Research breakthroughs over the past 5 years have shown that MAbs constitute an effective therapy for EBOV infections. However, MAbs are expensive and difficult to produce in large amounts and therefore may only play a limited role during an epidemic. A cheaper alternative is required, especially since EBOV is endemic in several third world countries with limited medical resources. Here, we used a standard protocol to produce large amounts of antiserum F(ab′)2 fragments from horses vaccinated with an EBOV vaccine, and we tested the protectiveness in monkeys. We showed that F(ab′)2 was effective in 100% of monkeys even after the animals were visibly ill with EBOV disease. Thus, F(ab′)2 could be a very good option for large-scale treatments of patients and should be advanced to clinical testing.
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7
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Nanbo A, Kawaoka Y. Molecular Mechanism of Externalization of Phosphatidylserine on the Surface of Ebola Virus Particles. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:115-120. [PMID: 30615471 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped filamentous virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates with up to 90% fatality. Accumulating evidence indicates that various viruses, including EBOV, exploit the host apoptotic clearance machinery to enhance their entry into host cells by externalizing phosphatidylserine (PS) in the viral envelope. PS is typically distributed in the inner layer of the plasma membrane (PM) in normal cells. Progeny EBOV virions bud from the PM of infected cells, suggesting that PS is likely flipped to the outer leaflet of the envelope of Ebola virions. Currently, the intracellular dynamics of PS during EBOV infection are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent progress in determining the molecular mechanism of externalization of PS in the envelope of EBOV particles. We also discuss future directions and how viral apoptotic mimicry could be targeted for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- 1 Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- 2 Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,3 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Generation of therapeutic antisera for emerging viral infections. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:42. [PMID: 30323953 PMCID: PMC6173733 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus outbreak has highlighted the therapeutic potential of antisera and renewed interest in this treatment approach. While human convalescent sera may not be readily available in the early stages of an outbreak, antisera of animal origin can be produced in a short time frame. Here, we compared adjuvanted virus-like particles (VLP) with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), both expressing the Ebola virus antigens. The neutralizing antibody titers of rabbits immunized with adjuvanted VLPs were similar to those immunized with the replication-competent VSV, indicating that presentation of the antigen in its native conformation rather than de novo antigen expression is essential for production of functional antibodies. This approach also yielded high-titer antisera against Nipah virus glycoproteins, illustrating that it is transferable to other virus families. Multiple-step immunoglobulin G purification using a two-step 20–40% ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by protein A affinity chromatography resulted in 90% recovery of functionality and sustained in vivo stability. Adjuvanted VLP-based immunization strategies are thus a promising approach for the rapid generation of therapeutic antisera against emerging infections. Passive immunity through the transfer of anti-serum represents the earliest clinical application of antibodies and is still widely used to this day in the form of anti-venoms. Veronika von Messling and colleagues at the Paul Ehrlich Institute investigate the potential of generating neutralizing anti-serum to the emerging viruses Ebola and Nipah. The authors compare different vaccination platforms in mice and rabbits and find that following multiple vaccine challenges, neutralizing antibody titers equivalent to that seen in convalescent patients could be obtained. Purification of the IgG fraction and processing into F(ab’)2 fragments has the potential to significantly reduce xeno-responses yet the authors find that neutralizing capacity is largely retained albeit at the cost of a shorter in vivo half-life. These findings offer the hope of rapidly generating large quantities of neutralizing anti-serum that could be used in a viral outbreak scenario.
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9
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Wong G, He S, Siragam V, Bi Y, Mbikay M, Chretien M, Qiu X. Antiviral activity of quercetin-3-β-O-D-glucoside against Zika virus infection. Virol Sin 2018; 32:545-547. [PMID: 28884445 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Q3G is a natural derivative of quercetin and is already widely used in various foods and drinks. Our results clearly demonstrated that Q3G exerts antiviral activity against ZIKV in both tissue culture and knockout mice, and that post-exposure in vivo treatment with Q3G could have a beneficial effect. In the future, Q3G should be tested in human cell lines (such as Huh-7, HeLa, or K048, a fetal brain neural stem cell line) to provide further data supporting its potential efficacy in humans; in addition, live viral loads or viremia should be tested in treated animals to supplement the survival results observed in this study. Although the treatment regimens will need to be further optimized (i.e., dosage, frequency of treatment, and administration routes), our results support the results of Q3G efficacy studies in nonhuman primates against ZIKV infection. Further studies will also be needed to investigate the mechanism of Q3G antiviral action, in order to obtain valuable insights into the design of novel targets for antiviral therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2, Canada.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 511700, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Vinayakumar Siragam
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 511700, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Majambu Mbikay
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Michel Chretien
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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10
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Filovirus – Auslöser von hämorrhagischem Fieber. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:894-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. Small animal models against filoviruses using mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and ferrets have been developed with the goal of screening candidate vaccines and antivirals, before testing in the gold standard NHP models. In this review, we summarize the different animal models used to understand filovirus pathogenesis, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to filovirus disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Siragam
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen Guangzhou 518020, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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Nanbo A, Maruyama J, Imai M, Ujie M, Fujioka Y, Nishide S, Takada A, Ohba Y, Kawaoka Y. Ebola virus requires a host scramblase for externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of viral particles. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006848. [PMID: 29338048 PMCID: PMC5786336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors for phosphatidylserine contribute to the entry of Ebola virus (EBOV) particles, indicating that the presence of phosphatidylserine in the envelope of EBOV is important for the internalization of EBOV particles. Phosphatidylserine is typically distributed in the inner layer of the plasma membrane in normal cells. Progeny virions bud from the plasma membrane of infected cells, suggesting that phosphatidylserine is likely flipped to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in infected cells for EBOV virions to acquire it. Currently, the intracellular dynamics of phosphatidylserine during EBOV infection are poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of XK-related protein (Xkr) 8, which is a scramblase responsible for exposure of phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells, to understand its significance in phosphatidylserine-dependent entry of EBOV. We found that Xkr8 and transiently expressed EBOV glycoprotein GP often co-localized in intracellular vesicles and the plasma membrane. We also found that co-expression of GP and viral major matrix protein VP40 promoted incorporation of Xkr8 into ebolavirus-like particles (VLPs) and exposure of phosphatidylserine on their surface, although only a limited amount of phosphatidylserine was exposed on the surface of the cells expressing GP and/or VP40. Downregulating Xkr8 or blocking caspase-mediated Xkr8 activation did not affect VLP production, but they reduced the amount of phosphatidylserine on the VLPs and their uptake in recipient cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that Xkr8 is trafficked to budding sites via GP-containing vesicles, is incorporated into VLPs, and then promote the entry of the released EBOV to cells in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Although Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate, there are no approved therapeutics. The viral entry process is one of the targets for antiviral development. Previous studies suggest that binding of phosphatidylserine, a component of the viral envelop, to the receptors promotes the entry of Ebola virus. Ebola virus is released from the surface membrane of infected cells. However, phosphatidylserine normally distributes in the inner layer of the cell surface membrane, suggesting that phosphatidylserine is likely flipped to the outer leaflet of the membrane in infected cells for Ebola virus to acquire it. Because the mechanism by which phosphatidylserine changes its orientation in Ebola virus-infected cells is poorly understood, we studied and identified a cellular enzyme, XK-related protein 8 (Xkr8), as a responsible factor involved in this process. We demonstrated that the Ebola virus glycoprotein promoted the incorporation of Xkr8 in viral particles, which flips phosphatidylserine on their surface, enhancing their entry to cells. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Ebola virus infection, which may be exploited for the development of therapeutics against Ebola virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail: (AN); (YK)
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Ujie
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Nishide
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (AN); (YK)
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Antibodies from a Human Survivor Define Sites of Vulnerability for Broad Protection against Ebolaviruses. Cell 2017; 169:878-890.e15. [PMID: 28525755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have shown promise for treatment of lethal Ebola virus (EBOV) infections, but their species-specific recognition of the viral glycoprotein (GP) has limited their use against other divergent ebolaviruses associated with human disease. Here, we mined the human immune response to natural EBOV infection and identified mAbs with exceptionally potent pan-ebolavirus neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against three virulent ebolaviruses. These mAbs recognize an inter-protomer epitope in the GP fusion loop, a critical and conserved element of the viral membrane fusion machinery, and neutralize viral entry by targeting a proteolytically primed, fusion-competent GP intermediate (GPCL) generated in host cell endosomes. Only a few somatic hypermutations are required for broad antiviral activity, and germline-approximating variants display enhanced GPCL recognition, suggesting that such antibodies could be elicited more efficiently with suitably optimized GP immunogens. Our findings inform the development of both broadly effective immunotherapeutics and vaccines against filoviruses.
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Abstract
Under a traditional paradigm, only those with the expected background knowledge consume academic literature. The lay press, as well as government and non-government agencies, play a complementary role of extracting findings of high interest or importance and translating them for general viewing. The need for accurate reporting and public advising is paramount when attempting to tackle epidemic outbreaks through behavior change. Yet, public trust in media outlets is at a historic low. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model for media reporting on public health emergencies was established in 2005 and has subsequently been used to analyze media reporting on outbreaks of influenza and measles as well as smoking habits and medication compliance. However, no media analysis had yet been performed on the 2013–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. This study compared the EVD information relayed by lay press sources with general review articles in the academic literature through a mixed-methods analysis. These findings suggest that comprehensive review articles could not serve as a source to clarify and contextualize the uncertainties around the EVD outbreak, perhaps due to adherence to technical accuracy at the expense of clarity within the context of outbreak conditions. This finding does not imply inferiority of the academic literature, nor does it draw direct causation between confusion in review articles and public misunderstanding. Given the erosion of the barriers siloing academia, combined with the demands of today’s fast-paced media environment, contemporary researchers should realize that no study is outside the public forum and to therefore consider shifting the paradigm to take personal responsibility in the process of accurately translating their scientific words into public policy actions to best serve as a source of clarity.
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15
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Cooper CL, Martins KA, Stronsky SM, Langan DP, Steffens J, Van Tongeren S, Bavari S. T-cell-dependent mechanisms promote Ebola VLP-induced antibody responses, but are dispensable for vaccine-mediated protection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e46. [PMID: 28588288 PMCID: PMC5520308 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Humoral responses are essential for the protective efficacy of most Ebola virus (EBOV) candidate vaccines; however, the in vivo development of protective anti-EBOV B-cell responses is poorly defined. Here, by using the virus-like particle (VLP) as a model antigen, we demonstrate that humoral responses are generated through follicular B-cell and T-cell-dependent mechanisms in a mouse model of EBOV infection. In addition, we show that the inclusion of the clinical-grade dsRNA adjuvant known as poly-ICLC in VLP vaccinations both augments and sustains germinal center B-cell reactions, antigen-specific B-cell frequencies and anti-EBOV serum titers. Finally, we used mice that were deficient in either B-cells or T-cell-dependent antibody production to distinguish the contributing roles of EBOV humoral responses. We demonstrate that while anti-EBOV antibody responses promote protection, VLP-vaccinated mice can survive EBOV infection in the absence of detectable anti-EBOV antibodies. Moreover, we found that adjuvant signaling could circumvent the complete requirement for B-cell immunity in protection against EBOV. Collectively, these studies may prove valuable for the characterization and future development of additional EBOV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Karen A Martins
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sabrina M Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David P Langan
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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16
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Mendoza EJ, Racine T, Kobinger GP. The ongoing evolution of antibody-based treatments for Ebola virus infection. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:435-450. [PMID: 28357917 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa was the deadliest in history, prompting the evaluation of various drug candidates, including antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). Prior to 2014, only convalescent blood products from EHF survivors had been administered to newly infected individuals as a form of treatment. However, during the recent outbreak, monoclonal antibody cocktails such as ZMapp, ZMAb and MB-003 were either tested in a human clinical safety and efficacy trial or provided to some based on compassionate grounds. This review aims to discuss the evolution of antibody-based treatments for EHF, their clinical trial efficacy and the development of new antibody-based therapies currently advancing in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelissa J Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases & Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Trina Racine
- Zoonotic Diseases & Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D'immunologie, Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V4G2, Canada
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17
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Massaquoi MBF, Kennedy SB, Tegli JK, Bolay FK, Kateh FN. Fostering collaboration on post-Ebola clinical research in Liberia. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2017; 4:e239. [PMID: 27013310 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moses B F Massaquoi
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Liberia-US Joint Clinical Research Partnership Program, Sinkor, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia; Incident Management System, Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Congo Town, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Stephen B Kennedy
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Liberia-US Joint Clinical Research Partnership Program, Sinkor, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia; Incident Management System, Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Congo Town, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia.
| | - Jemee K Tegli
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Liberia-US Joint Clinical Research Partnership Program, Sinkor, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Fatorma K Bolay
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Liberia-US Joint Clinical Research Partnership Program, Sinkor, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia; Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Margibi County, Liberia
| | - Francis N Kateh
- Incident Management System, Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Congo Town, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia; Ministry of Health, Congo Town, Montserrado County, Monrovia, Liberia
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18
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Qiu X, Audet J, Lv M, He S, Wong G, Wei H, Luo L, Fernando L, Kroeker A, Fausther Bovendo H, Bello A, Li F, Ye P, Jacobs M, Ippolito G, Saphire EO, Bi S, Shen B, Gao GF, Zeitlin L, Feng J, Zhang B, Kobinger GP. Two-mAb cocktail protects macaques against the Makona variant of Ebola virus. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:329ra33. [PMID: 26962157 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 2014-2015 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa highlighted the urgent need for specific therapeutic interventions for infected patients. The human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail ZMapp, previously shown to be efficacious in EBOV (variant Kikwit) lethally infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) when administration was initiated up to 5 days, was used in some patients during the outbreak. We show that a two-antibody cocktail, MIL77E, is fully protective in NHPs when administered at 50 mg/kg 3 days after challenge with a lethal dose of EBOV variant Makona, the virus responsible for the ongoing 2014-2015 outbreak, whereas a similar formulation of ZMapp protected two of three NHPs. The chimeric MIL77E mAb cocktail is produced in engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells and is based on mAbs c13C6 and c2G4 from ZMapp. The use of only two antibodies in MIL77E opens the door to a pan-ebolavirus cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Qiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ming Lv
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shihua He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Haiyan Wei
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada. Institute of Infectious Disease, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450012, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lisa Fernando
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Hugues Fausther Bovendo
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd., No. 99, Kechuang 14th Street, Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Pei Ye
- Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd., No. 99, Kechuang 14th Street, Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Royal Free London NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani," Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shengli Bi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Beijing Mabworks Biotech Co. Ltd., No. 99, Kechuang 14th Street, Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 101111, China.
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA.
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19
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Warfield KL, Warren TK, Qiu X, Wells J, Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Van Tongeren SA, Shurtleff AC, Agans KN, Wong G, Callahan MV, Geisbert TW, Klose B, Ramstedt U, Treston AM. Assessment of the potential for host-targeted iminosugars UV-4 and UV-5 activity against filovirus infections in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2016; 138:22-31. [PMID: 27908828 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iminosugars are host-directed antivirals with broad-spectrum activity. The iminosugar, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ or Miglustat®), is used in humans for treatment of Gaucher's disease and has mild antiviral properties. More potent analogs of NB-DNJ have been generated and have demonstrated activity against a variety of viruses including flaviviruses, influenza, herpesviruses and filoviruses. In the current study, a panel of analogs based on NB-DNJ was analyzed for activity against Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg viruses (MARV). The antiviral activity of NB-DNJ (UV-1), UV-2, UV-3, UV-4 and UV-5 against both EBOV and MARV was demonstrated in Vero cells. Subsequent studies to examine the activity of UV-4 and UV-5 using rodent models of EBOV and MARV were performed. In vivo efficacy studies provided inconsistent data following treatment with iminosugars using filovirus mouse models. A tolerability study in nonhuman primates demonstrated that UV-4 could be administered at much higher dose levels than rodents. Since UV-4 was active in vitro, had been demonstrated to be active against influenza and dengue in vivo, and was being tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial, a small proof-of-concept nonhuman primate trial was performed to determine whether this antiviral candidate could provide clinical benefit to EBOV-infected individuals. Administration of UV-4B did not provide a clinical or survival benefit to macaques infected with EBOV-Makona; however, dosing of animals was not optimal in this study. Efficacy may be improved by thrice daily dosing (e.g. by nasogastric tube feeding) to match the efficacious dosing regimens demonstrated against dengue and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Jay Wells
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Chad E Mire
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
| | - Kelly S Stuthman
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nicole L Garza
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sean A Van Tongeren
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Amy C Shurtleff
- United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Krystle N Agans
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Michael V Callahan
- Unither Virology LLC, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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20
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Miller JL, Spiro SG, Dowall SD, Taylor I, Rule A, Alonzi DS, Sayce AC, Wright E, Bentley EM, Thom R, Hall G, Dwek RA, Hewson R, Zitzmann N. Minimal In Vivo Efficacy of Iminosugars in a Lethal Ebola Virus Guinea Pig Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167018. [PMID: 27880800 PMCID: PMC5120828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral properties of iminosugars have been reported previously in vitro and in small animal models against Ebola virus (EBOV); however, their effects have not been tested in larger animal models such as guinea pigs. We tested the iminosugars N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) and N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1deoxynojirimycin (MON-DNJ) for safety in uninfected animals, and for antiviral efficacy in animals infected with a lethal dose of guinea pig adapted EBOV. 1850 mg/kg/day NB-DNJ and 120 mg/kg/day MON-DNJ administered intravenously, three times daily, caused no adverse effects and were well tolerated. A pilot study treating infected animals three times within an 8 hour period was promising with 1 of 4 infected NB-DNJ treated animals surviving and the remaining three showing improved clinical signs. MON-DNJ showed no protective effects when EBOV-infected guinea pigs were treated. On histopathological examination, animals treated with NB-DNJ had reduced lesion severity in liver and spleen. However, a second study, in which NB-DNJ was administered at equally-spaced 8 hour intervals, could not confirm drug-associated benefits. Neither was any antiviral effect of iminosugars detected in an EBOV glycoprotein pseudotyped virus assay. Overall, this study provides evidence that NB-DNJ and MON-DNJ do not protect guinea pigs from a lethal EBOV-infection at the dose levels and regimens tested. However, the one surviving animal and signs of improvements in three animals of the NB-DNJ treated cohort could indicate that NB-DNJ at these levels may have a marginal beneficial effect. Future work could be focused on the development of more potent iminosugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Miller
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NZ); (JLM)
| | - Simon G. Spiro
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Taylor
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Rule
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Sayce
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thom
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Research Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NZ); (JLM)
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21
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Mwangi W, de Figueiredo P, Criscitiello MF. One Health: Addressing Global Challenges at the Nexus of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005731. [PMID: 27631500 PMCID: PMC5025119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WM); (PdF); (MFC)
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WM); (PdF); (MFC)
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WM); (PdF); (MFC)
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22
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Prophylactic Efficacy of Quercetin 3-β-O-d-Glucoside against Ebola Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5182-8. [PMID: 27297486 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00307-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola outbreaks occur on a frequent basis, with the 2014-2015 outbreak in West Africa being the largest one ever recorded. This outbreak has resulted in over 11,000 deaths in four African countries and has received international attention and intervention. Although there are currently no approved therapies or vaccines, many promising candidates are undergoing clinical trials, and several have had success in promoting recovery from Ebola. However, these prophylactics and therapeutics have been designed and tested only against the same species of Ebola virus as the one causing the current outbreak. Future outbreaks involving other species would require reformulation and possibly redevelopment. Therefore, a broad-spectrum alternative is highly desirable. We have found that a flavonoid derivative called quercetin 3-β-O-d-glucoside (Q3G) has the ability to protect mice from Ebola even when given as little as 30 min prior to infection. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that this compound targets the early steps of viral entry. Most promisingly, antiviral activity against two distinct species of Ebola virus was seen. This study serves as a proof of principle that Q3G has potential as a prophylactic against Ebola virus infection.
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23
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Braid LR, Hu WG, Davies JE, Nagata LP. Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1026-35. [PMID: 27334491 PMCID: PMC4954456 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being exploited as gene delivery vectors for various disease and injury therapies. We provide proof-of-concept that engineered MSCs can provide a useful, effective platform for protection against infectious disease. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen affecting humans and equines and can be used in bio-warfare. No licensed vaccine or antiviral agent currently exists to combat VEEV infection in humans. Direct antibody administration (passive immunity) is an effective, but short-lived, method of providing immediate protection against a pathogen. We compared the protective efficacy of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs; a rich source of MSCs), engineered with a transgene encoding a humanized VEEV-neutralizing antibody (anti-VEEV), to the purified antibody. In athymic mice, the anti-VEEV antibody had a half-life of 3.7 days, limiting protection to 2 or 3 days after administration. In contrast, engineered HUCPVCs generated protective anti-VEEV serum titers for 21-38 days after a single intramuscular injection. At 109 days after transplantation, 10% of the mice still had circulating anti-VEEV antibody. The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal dose of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection. The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-dose prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE Direct injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important strategy to immediately protect the recipient from a pathogen. This strategy is critical during natural outbreaks or after the intentional release of bio-weapons. Vaccines require weeks to become effective, which is not practical for first responders immediately deployed to an infected region. However, mAb recipients often require booster shots to maintain protection, which is expensive and impractical once the first responders have been deployed. The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular dose of engineered cells. Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-dose regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genotype
- Half-Life
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Phenotype
- Protein Stability
- Transfection
- Umbilical Cord/cytology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wei-Gang Hu
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Tissue Regeneration Therapeutics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Les P Nagata
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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25
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Abstract
The Ebolavirus genus includes five member species, all of which pose a threat to global public health. These viruses cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, and are considered category A pathogens due to the risk of their use as a bioweapon. The potential for an outbreak, either as a result of a natural emergence, deliberate release, or imported case underscores the need for protective vaccines. Recent progress in advancing vaccines for use against the strain of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) responsible for the West African Ebola outbreak offers reasons for optimism against EBOV, and demonstrates that protection against other Ebolavirus species is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kozak
- a Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- a Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Canada.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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26
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Treatment with hyperimmune equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments completely protects rodents from Ebola virus infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24179. [PMID: 27067649 PMCID: PMC4828711 DOI: 10.1038/srep24179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent successes with monoclonal antibody cocktails ZMapp(TM) and MIL77 against Ebola virus (EBOV) infections have reignited interest in antibody-based therapeutics. Since the production process for monoclonal antibodies can be prolonged and costly, alternative treatments should be investigated. We produced purified equine antisera from horses hyperimmunized with EBOV virus-like particles, and tested the post-exposure efficacy of the antisera in a mouse model of infection. BALB/c mice were given up to 2 mg of purified equine antisera per animal, at 30 minutes, 1 or 2 days post-infection (dpi), in which all animals survived. To decrease the possibility of serum sickness, the equine antisera was digested with pepsin to generate F(ab')2 fragments, with in vitro neutralizing activity comparable to whole immunoglobulin. Full protection was achieved with when treatment was initiated at 1 dpi, but the suboptimal protection observed with the 30 minute and 2 dpi groups demonstrate that in addition to virus neutralization, other Fc-dependent antibody mechanisms may also contribute to survival. Guinea pigs given 20 mg of antisera or F(ab')2 at or starting at 1 or 2 dpi were also fully protected from EBOV infection. These results justify future efficacy studies for purified equine products in NHPs.
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27
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Lever RA, Whitty CJM. Ebola virus disease: emergence, outbreak and future directions. Br Med Bull 2016; 117:95-106. [PMID: 26872858 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The West African Ebola crisis of 2013-15 is the largest outbreak since Ebola was first identified; Ebola has high case fatality. SOURCES OF DATA Pubmed with terms 'Ebola' and 'EVD' from January 1976 to June 2015. Public domain material. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The emergence of Ebola virus, virology, clinical features and the major elements of the 2014 outbreak and the public health response. Ebola is only transmitted by direct contact with infected individuals (including dead bodies) and their body fluids. Methods of control in hospitals and burials, and protection of healthcare workers are well established if difficult to achieve. AREAS OF CONTENTION There remains uncertainty surrounding specific public health interventions and novel therapies (including vaccines). How best to reduce transmission in the community during major outbreaks remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The potential of vaccine and therapeutic candidates in the event of another outbreak on this scale. . SEARCH STRATEGY We searched all entries on the MedLine database/PubMed from 1976-2015 with the MeSH terms 'ebola', 'EVD', 'haemorrhagic fever'. We also reviewed publically available information via institutional websites from Governmental, NGOs and news organizations pertaining to the above search terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lever
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 2B Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher J M Whitty
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 2B Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
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28
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Mendoza EJ, Qiu X, Kobinger GP. Progression of Ebola Therapeutics During the 2014–2015 Outbreak. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Frei JC, Nyakatura EK, Zak SE, Bakken RR, Chandran K, Dye JM, Lai JR. Bispecific Antibody Affords Complete Post-Exposure Protection of Mice from Both Ebola (Zaire) and Sudan Viruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19193. [PMID: 26758505 PMCID: PMC4725817 DOI: 10.1038/srep19193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg) cause severe hemorrhagic fever. There are five species of ebolavirus; among these, the Ebola (Zaire) and Sudan viruses (EBOV and SUDV, respectively) are highly pathogenic and have both caused recurring, large outbreaks. However, the EBOV and SUDV glycoprotein (GP) sequences are 45% divergent and thus antigenically distinct. Few antibodies with cross-neutralizing properties have been described to date. We used antibody engineering to develop novel bispecific antibodies (Bis-mAbs) that are cross-reactive toward base epitopes on GP from EBOV and SUDV. These Bis-mAbs exhibit potent neutralization against EBOV and SUDV GP pseudotyped viruses as well as authentic pathogens, and confer a high degree (in one case 100%) post-exposure protection of mice from both viruses. Our studies show that a single agent that targets the GP base epitopes is sufficient for protection in mice; such agents could be included in panfilovirus therapeutic antibody cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Samantha E Zak
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Russell R Bakken
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
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30
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Wojda TR, Valenza PL, Cornejo K, McGinley T, Galwankar SC, Kelkar D, Sharpe RP, Papadimos TJ, Stawicki SP. The Ebola Outbreak of 2014-2015: From Coordinated Multilateral Action to Effective Disease Containment, Vaccine Development, and Beyond. J Glob Infect Dis 2016; 7:127-38. [PMID: 26752867 PMCID: PMC4693303 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.170495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 exacted a terrible toll on major countries of West Africa. Latest estimates from the World Health Organization indicate that over 11,000 lives were lost to the deadly virus since the first documented case was officially recorded. However, significant progress in the fight against Ebola was made thanks to a combination of globally-supported containment efforts, dissemination of key information to the public, the use of modern information technology resources to better track the spread of the outbreak, as well as more effective use of active surveillance, targeted travel restrictions, and quarantine procedures. This article will outline the progress made by the global public health community toward containing and eventually extinguishing this latest outbreak of Ebola. Economic consequences of the outbreak will be discussed. The authors will emphasize policies and procedures thought to be effective in containing the outbreak. In addition, we will outline selected episodes that threatened inter-continental spread of the disease. The emerging topic of post-Ebola syndrome will also be presented. Finally, we will touch on some of the diagnostic (e.g., point-of-care [POC] testing) and therapeutic (e.g., new vaccines and pharmaceuticals) developments in the fight against Ebola, and how these developments may help the global public health community fight future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Wojda
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pamela L Valenza
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kristine Cornejo
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas McGinley
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sagar C Galwankar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dhanashree Kelkar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Richard P Sharpe
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas J Papadimos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanislaw P Stawicki
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
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31
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Abstract
The past year has marked the most devastating Ebola outbreak the world has ever witnessed, with over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths. Ebola virus (EBOV) has now been around for almost 50 years. In this review, we discuss past and present outbreaks of EBOV and how those variants evolved over time. We explore and discuss selective pressures that drive the evolution of different Ebola variants, and how they may modify the efficacy of therapeutic treatments and vaccines currently being developed. Finally, given the unprecedented size and spread of the outbreak, as well as the extended period of replication in human hosts, specific attention is given to the 2014-2015 West African outbreak variant (Makona).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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32
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The lipid moiety of brincidofovir is required for in vitro antiviral activity against Ebola virus. Antiviral Res 2015; 125:71-8. [PMID: 26526586 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brincidofovir (BCV) is the 3-hexadecyloxy-1-propanol (HDP) lipid conjugate of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate cidofovir (CDV). BCV has established broad-spectrum activity against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses; however, its activity against RNA viruses has been less thoroughly evaluated. Here, we report that BCV inhibited infection of Ebola virus in multiple human cell lines. Unlike the mechanism of action for BCV against cytomegalovirus and other dsDNA viruses, phosphorylation of CDV to the diphosphate form appeared unnecessary. Instead, antiviral activity required the lipid moiety and in vitro activity against EBOV was observed for several HDP-nucleotide conjugates.
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33
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Hawiger J, Veach RA, Zienkiewicz J. New paradigms in sepsis: from prevention to protection of failing microcirculation. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1743-56. [PMID: 26190521 PMCID: PMC5014149 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, also known as septicemia, is one of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide. The rising tide of sepsis due to bacterial, fungal and viral infections cannot be stemmed by current antimicrobial therapies and supportive measures. New paradigms for the mechanism and resolution of sepsis and consequences for sepsis survivors are emerging. Consistent with Benjamin Franklin's dictum 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure', sepsis can be prevented by vaccinations against pneumococci and meningococci. Recently, the NIH NHLBI Panel redefined sepsis as 'severe endothelial dysfunction syndrome in response to intravascular and extravascular infections causing reversible or irreversible injury to the microcirculation responsible for multiple organ failure'. Microvascular endothelial injury underlies sepsis-associated hypotension, edema, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury. Microbial genome products trigger 'genome wars' in sepsis that reprogram the human genome and culminate in a 'genomic storm' in blood and vascular cells. Sepsis can be averted experimentally by endothelial cytoprotection through targeting nuclear signaling that mediates inflammation and deranged metabolism. Endothelial 'rheostats' (e.g. inhibitors of NF-κB, A20 protein, CRADD/RAIDD protein and microRNAs) regulate endothelial signaling. Physiologic 'extinguishers' (e.g. suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) can be replenished through intracellular protein therapy. Lipid mediators (e.g. resolvin D1) hasten sepsis resolution. As sepsis cases rose from 387 330 in 1996 to 1.1 million in 2011, and are estimated to reach 2 million by 2020 in the US, mortality due to sepsis approaches that of heart attacks and exceeds deaths from stroke. More preventive vaccines and therapeutic measures are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hawiger
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R A Veach
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Zienkiewicz
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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34
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Prognostic Analysis of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004113. [PMID: 26398207 PMCID: PMC4580459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. However, factors affecting the survival of the disease remain unclear. Here, we investigated the prognostic factors of Ebola virus disease (EVD) through various statistical models. Methodology/Principal Findings Sixty three laboratory-confirmed EVD patients with relatively complete clinical profiles were included in the study. All the patients were recruited at Jui Government Hospital, Sierra Leone between October 1st, 2014 and January 18th, 2015. We first investigated whether a single clinical presentation would be correlated with the survival of EVD. Log-rank test demonstrated that patients with viral load higher than 106 copies/ml presented significantly shorter survival time than those whose viral load were lower than 106 copies/ml (P = 0.005). Also, using Pearson chi-square test, we identified that chest pain, coma, and viral load (>106 copies/ml) were significantly associated with poor survival of EVD patients. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of multiple variables on the survival of EVD by Cox proportional hazards model. Interestingly, results revealed that patient’s age, symptom of confusion, and viral load were the significantly associated with the survival of EVD cases (P = 0.017, P = 0.002, and P = 0.027, respectively). Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that age, chest pain, coma, confusion and viral load are associated with the prognosis of EVD, in which viral load could be one of the most important factors for the survival of the disease. The current outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. Factors affecting the survival of the disease remain unclear. Here, we investigated the prognostic factors of EBV from 63 cases with relatively complete clinical profiles in Sierra Leone. Using different statistical models, we found that age, chest pain, coma, confusion and viral load were associated with the prognosis of EVD, in which viral load could be one of the most important factors for the survival of the disease.
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