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Creisher PS, Klein SL. Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007323. [PMID: 38421182 PMCID: PMC11237665 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYViral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant adverse perinatal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and physiologic state, which can influence control of virus replication, severity of disease, and vertical transmission. The placenta is the organ of the maternal-fetal interface and provides defense against microbial infection while supporting the semi-allogeneic fetus via tolerogenic immune responses. Some viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, and rubella virus, can breach these defenses, directly infecting the fetus and having long-lasting consequences. Even without direct placental infection, other viruses, including respiratory viruses like influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still cause placental damage and inflammation. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogens rise during pregnancy and contribute to immunological adaptations, placentation, and placental development and play a pivotal role in creating a tolerogenic environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Animal models, including mice, nonhuman primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, are instrumental for mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy and identification of targetable treatments to improve health outcomes of pregnant individuals and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cadmus S, Akinseye V, Besong M, Olanipekun T, Fadele J, Cadmus E, Ansumana R, Oluwayelu D, Odemuyiwa SO, Tomori O. Dynamics of Mpox infection in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7368. [PMID: 38548826 PMCID: PMC10978922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal outbreaks of Mpox continue in most parts of West and Central Africa. In the past year, Nigeria had the highest number of reported cases. Here, we used the PRISMA guidelines to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence on Mpox in Nigeria to assess the prevalence, transmission pattern, diagnostic approach, and other associated factors useful for mitigating the transmission of the disease. All relevant observational studies in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, AJOL, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar on Mpox in Nigeria were assessed within the last fifty years (1972 to 2022). In all, 92 relevant articles were retrieved, out of which 23 were included in the final qualitative analysis. Notably, most of the cases of Mpox in Nigeria were from the southern part of the country. Our findings showed a progressive spread from the southern to the northern region of the country. We identified the following factors as important in the transmission of Mpox in Nigeria; poverty, lack of basic healthcare facilities, and risk of exposure through unsafe sexual practices. Our findings reiterate the need to strengthen and expand existing efforts as well as establish robust multi-sectoral collaboration to understand the dynamics of Mpox Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Damien Foundation Genomics and Mycobacteria Research and Training Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Victor Akinseye
- Damien Foundation Genomics and Mycobacteria Research and Training Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Augustine University, Ilara-Epe, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Matthias Besong
- Damien Foundation Genomics and Mycobacteria Research and Training Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tobi Olanipekun
- Damien Foundation Genomics and Mycobacteria Research and Training Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - John Fadele
- Damien Foundation Genomics and Mycobacteria Research and Training Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eniola Cadmus
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rashid Ansumana
- School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone
| | - Daniel Oluwayelu
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon O Odemuyiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Mohammed K. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Rubella and Cytomegalovirus Infections Among Pregnant Women in Makkah: Implications for Screening and Vaccination Programs. Cureus 2024; 16:e57269. [PMID: 38686268 PMCID: PMC11057681 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Contracting rubella virus or cytomegalovirus (CMV) while pregnant can lead to severe health issues for both the mother and the unborn child. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these infections in pregnant women and identify associated risk factors. Methods A total of 146 pregnant women consented to participate in this research. Data were collected through a detailed questionnaire and blood samples were obtained from each participant. Blood was drawn into vacutainer tubes, and plasma was separated and stored at -20°C for analysis. We utilized specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) to detect antibodies against rubella and CMV in the plasma samples. Results The study revealed that the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies for rubella and CMV were 68.5% and 97.3%, respectively. No samples tested positive for IgM antibodies for either disease. A significant relationship was found between chronic rubella infection and women aged 26 to 35 years (p < 0.05). A significant association was also observed between chronic CMV infection and women with lower income (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study confirms the widespread presence of chronic rubella and CMV infections among pregnant women in Makkah. The findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic factors on infection rates and underscore the importance of implementing vaccination programs to mitigate the severity of these infections in pregnant women and protect fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Mohammed
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
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Gunasekaran PK, Shanmugasundaram D, Santhanam S, Verma S, Singh K, Dwibedi B, Awasthi S, Singh H, Sangappa M, Mondal N, Sreenivasan P, Saradakutty G, Malik S, Jain M, Viswanathan R, Sapkal G, Tripathi S, Patel B, Jain MK, Naganur SH, Baranwal A, Rohit MK, Deora S, Sharma A, Anantharaj A, Pillai LS, Kumar A, Ramasamy S, Rajendran PP, Singh MP, Ratho RK, Nag V, Gadepalli R, Mishra B, Som TK, Jain A, Devara SM, Vannavada SR, Munivenkatappa A, Abraham AM, Dhodapkar R, Ali S, Biswas D, Pratkeye D, Bavdekar A, Prakash J, Ray J, Murhekar M. Profile of cardiac lesions among laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) infants: a nationwide sentinel surveillance, India, 2016-22. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 16:100268. [PMID: 37662056 PMCID: PMC10474486 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The phenotypical profile of cardiovascular malformations in patients with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is varied. We aimed to describe the profile of cardiac defects among CRS patients detected in the sentinel CRS surveillance in India during 2016-22. Methods Sentinel sites enrolled infants with suspected CRS based on presence of cardiac defects, hearing impairment, eye signs, or maternal history of febrile rash illness. Suspected CRS cases underwent detailed systemic examination, including echocardiography and serological investigation for rubella. Cardiac defects were categorized as 'Simple' or 'Complex' as per the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification. We compared the distribution of cardiac defects among laboratory confirmed CRS cases and seronegative discarded cases. Findings Of the 4578 suspected CRS cases enrolled by 14 sites, 558 (12.2%) were laboratory confirmed. 419 (75.1%) laboratory confirmed cases had structural heart defects (simple defects: n = 273, 65.2%, complex defects: n = 144, 34.4%), with ventricular septal defect (42.7%), atrial septal defect (39.4%), patent ductus arteriosus (36.5%), and tetralogy of Fallot as the commonest defects (4.5%). Laboratory confirmed CRS cases had higher odds of left to right shunt lesions (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.15-2.17). This was mainly on account of a significant association of PDA with CRS (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.42-2.21). Mortality was higher among CRS patients with complex heart defects (HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.26-3.30). Interpretation Three-fourths of the laboratory confirmed CRS cases had structural heart defects. CRS patients with complex cardiac defects had higher mortality. Detecting CRS infection early and providing timely intervention for cardiovascular defects is critical for the management of CRS patients. Funding Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India, through Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Nivedita Mondal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | | | - Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arun Baranwal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj K Rohit
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Akhil Sharma
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Avinash Anantharaj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Amber Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Amita Jain
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Syed Ali
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | | | - Jayant Prakash
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Jaydeb Ray
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR – National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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Gavhi F, De Voux A, Kuonza L, Motaze NV. Evaluation of the rubella surveillance system in South Africa, 2016-2018: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287170. [PMID: 37352228 PMCID: PMC10289429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella is a leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. We conducted this study to evaluate the rubella surveillance system in South Africa from 2016 to 2018. The rubella surveillance system had not been evaluated since its inception; therefore, a formal evaluation is necessary to assess key attributes and to ascertain the extent to which the system achieves its objectives. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the usefulness, simplicity, positive predictive value, timeliness, and data quality of the rubella surveillance system from 2016 to 2018. We reviewed retrospective rubella surveillance data and conducted a survey with key stakeholders of the system. We compiled a summary report from the survey and calculated the annualized detection rate of rubella and non-rubella febrile rash, positive predictive value, the proportion of complete records, and timeliness between the surveillance steps. We compared our results with recommended performance indicators from the 2015 revised World Health Organization African regional guidelines for measles and rubella surveillance. RESULTS The rubella surveillance system was useful but weak in terms of simplicity. The annualized detection rate of rubella febrile rash was 1.5 per 100,000 populations in 2016, 4.4 in 2017, and 2.1 in 2018. The positive predictive value was 29.1% in 2016, 40.9% in 2017, and 32.9% in 2018. The system did not meet the timeliness goal in the health facility component but met this goal in the laboratory component. The system had poor data quality, particularly in the health facility component. CONCLUSIONS The rubella surveillance system was useful, although it was not simple to use and had low PPV, poor timeliness, and poor data quality. Efforts should be made to improve the system's simplicity, PPV, timeliness, and data quality at the facility level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fhatuwani Gavhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Alex De Voux
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lazarus Kuonza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nkengafac Villyen Motaze
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North-West, South Africa
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Beltrami S, Rizzo S, Schiuma G, Speltri G, Di Luca D, Rizzo R, Bortolotti D. Gestational Viral Infections: Role of Host Immune System. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1637. [PMID: 37512810 PMCID: PMC10383666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections in pregnancy are major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Infections can develop in the neonate transplacentally, perinatally, or postnatally (from breast milk or other sources) and lead to different clinical manifestations, depending on the viral agent and the gestational age at exposure. Viewing the peculiar tolerogenic status which characterizes pregnancy, viruses could exploit this peculiar immunological status to spread or affect the maternal immune system, adopting several evasion strategies. In fact, both DNA and RNA virus might have a deep impact on both innate and acquired immune systems. For this reason, investigating the interaction with these pathogens and the host's immune system during pregnancy is crucial not only for the development of most effective therapies and diagnosis but mostly for prevention. In this review, we will analyze some of the most important DNA and RNA viruses related to gestational infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Speltri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Shi X, Liu X, Sun Y. The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates. Viruses 2023; 15:1385. [PMID: 37376684 DOI: 10.3390/v15061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is one of the most common etiologies of hearing loss. Hearing loss associated with viral infection can be unilateral or bilateral, mild or severe, sudden or progressive, and permanent or recoverable. Many viruses cause hearing loss in adults and children; however, the pathogenesis of hearing loss caused by viral infection is not fully understood. This review describes cytomegalovirus, the most common virus causing hearing loss, and other reported hearing loss-related viruses. We hope to provide a detailed description of pathogenic characteristics and research progress on pathology, hearing phenotypes, possible associated mechanisms, treatment, and prevention measures. This review aims to provide diagnostic and treatment assistance to clinical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Capra D, DosSantos MF, Sanz CK, Acosta Filha LG, Nunes P, Heringer M, Ximenes-da-Silva A, Pessoa L, de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar J, da Fonseca ACC, Mendes CB, da Rocha LS, Devalle S, Niemeyer Soares Filho P, Moura-Neto V. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of hearing impairment related to neonatal infection diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1162554. [PMID: 37125179 PMCID: PMC10140533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1162554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner ear, the organ of equilibrium and hearing, has an extraordinarily complex and intricate arrangement. It contains highly specialized structures meticulously tailored to permit auditory processing. However, hearing also relies on both peripheral and central pathways responsible for the neuronal transmission of auditory information from the cochlea to the corresponding cortical regions. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of all components forming the auditory system is key to better comprehending the pathophysiology of each disease that causes hearing impairment. In this narrative review, the authors focus on the pathophysiology as well as on cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to hearing loss in different neonatal infectious diseases. To accomplish this objective, the morphology and function of the main structures responsible for auditory processing and the immune response leading to hearing loss were explored. Altogether, this information permits the proper understanding of each infectious disease discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Capra
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular (LMC), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos F. DosSantos
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular (LMC), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia (PPGO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Propriedades Mecânicas e Biologia Celular (PropBio), Departamento de Prótese e Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina K. Sanz
- Laboratório de Propriedades Mecânicas e Biologia Celular (PropBio), Departamento de Prótese e Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lionete Gall Acosta Filha
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular (LMC), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Propriedades Mecânicas e Biologia Celular (PropBio), Departamento de Prótese e Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Nunes
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoela Heringer
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Pessoa
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular (LMC), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sylvie Devalle
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Niemeyer Soares Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular (LMC), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nagieva FG, Barkova EP, Stroeva AD, Ammur YI, Sidorov AV, Kharchenko OS, Bukhtoyarov GN, Svitich OA, Zverev VV. Biological properties of domestic strain vRub-Ant of rubella virus. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Rubella is a mild infectious disease affecting mainly children and is caused by the rubella virus, part of the Matonoviridae family, genus Rubivirus. Rubella causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and is the main cause of developmental abnormalities, especially blindness and deafness.
There is no specific treatment for rubella and CRS. In order to avoid possible complications from rubella infection, a live attenuated rubella vaccine based on the foreign strain of Wistar RA 27/3 rubella virus is used. However, the actual, more effective and preferred vaccine strain the rubella virus for the Russian Federation is considered to be a viral strain of rubella circulating on its territory.
The aim of the study was to study the biological properties of the developed domestic cold-adapted strain vRub-Ant circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. Following cell cultures were used in the study human embryo lung diploid cell strain LECH-3, transferable cell line from embryonic kidney cells of green monkeys Vero CCL-81 and Vero ECC, human mesenchymal stem cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cell cultures were grown on a DMEM/F12 nutrient medium with the addition of 5% fetal bovine serum. Swabs from the pharynx and nasal passages from a child with rubella were used as clinical virus-containing material. Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies m(anti-ID)Ab were used to assess the expression level of alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors (/ and IFN-R)Ab, imitating the biological effects of alpha/beta and gamma interferons (/ and IFN) of humans. The cultural, virological, immunochemical and serological research methods were applied in the study.
Results. Attenuation of the vRub-Ant clinical isolate of rubella virus was carried out for 20 consecutive passages on LECH-3 diploid cells at a reduced temperature of 30C. The main biological markers of attenuation were determined to be ts and ca phenotypes. The avirulence of the attenuated viral strain (att-phenotype) was assessed by the level of expression of / and IFN-R. A lower level of / and IFN-R expression was found on the membranes of human PBMC induced by the vaccine strain vRub-Ant in comparison with the parent wild variant of the rubella virus. This trait,the att phenotype, is characteristic of attenuated viral strains. It has been shown that the vaccine strain vRub-Ant has lost neurotropism and was unable to bind to the membrane receptors of the brain (MRB) of guinea pig embryos, unlike its parent rubella virus strain. The high immunogenicity of the domestic cold-adapted strain vRub-Ant was confirmed by high titers of neutralizing rubella antibodies observed in guinea pigs immunized subcutaneously with one vaccination dose of the virus.
Conclusion. A domestic attenuated vaccine strain vRub-Ant of the rubella virus that has the main biological markers of attenuation (ts-ca and att phenotypes) has been developed. The vaccine strain vRub-Ant induces a high levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs following the immunization with a single vaccination dose of the vaccine. The viral strain vRub-Ant has lost its tropism to the MRB of guinea pig embryos, unlike its parent variant.
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Prakash R, Bhavana K, Kumar C, Bharti B, Kumar V. Importance of TORCH Profile in Hearing Impaired Paediatric Population Planned for Cochlear Implant: A Study From an Eastern India Tertiary Care Centre. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:6455-6461. [PMID: 36742769 PMCID: PMC9895161 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TORCH group of infections are one of the most common causes of bilateral profound hearing loss in a developing country like ours. Seroprevalance is quite high in eastern part of our country. Screening for TORCH infections in children's with profound hearing loss has significant prognostic, planning and policy forming implications. To evaluate the seroprevalance of TORCH infections in prospective cochlear implant children and its significance. Ours is a retrospective study conducted from 2017 to 2018 on 50 children with bilateral profound hearing loss attending the Department of ENT at AIIMS, Patna. Thorough clinical and audiological assessment of the patients was done using objective tests like OAE (otoacoustic emission), ABR (auditory brainstem response) and subjective tests like BOA(behavioural audiometry) and PTA (puretone audiometry) wherever feasible. Blood samples were collected and serotesting was done using ELISA for Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) (TORCH). We found that IgM was negative for all patients. Seroprevalance for IgG was 16.3% for toxoplasma, 74.4% for rubella, 69.8% for CMV and 20.9% for HSV. All the children had bilateral severe to profound loss on ABR and bilateral REFER on OAE. As prevalence of TORCH infection is quite common in India and is an established risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss with multisystem involvement screening for the same will help in early identification and in decision making for cochlear implantation thus improving the prognosis and also aid in policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Prakash
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar India 801507
| | - Kranti Bhavana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar India 801507
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Audiologist & Speech Language Pathologist, Founder & Clinical Director Speech & Hearing Care Pvt. Ltd, Patna, India
| | - Bhartendu Bharti
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar India 801507
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11
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Zhang Y, Gabere M, Taylor MA, Simoes CC, Dumbauld C, Barro O, Tesfay MZ, Graham AL, Ferdous KU, Savenka AV, Chamcheu JC, Washam CL, Alkam D, Gies A, Byrum SD, Conti M, Post SR, Kelly T, Borad MJ, Cannon MJ, Basnakian A, Nagalo BM. Repurposing live attenuated trivalent MMR vaccine as cost-effective cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1042250. [PMID: 36457491 PMCID: PMC9706410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1042250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that oncolytic viruses wield their therapeutic capability by priming an inflammatory state within the tumor and activating the tumor immune microenvironment, resulting in a multifaceted antitumor immune response. Vaccine-derived viruses, such as measles and mumps, have demonstrated promising potential for treating human cancer in animal models and clinical trials. However, the extensive cost of manufacturing current oncolytic viral products makes them far out of reach for most patients. Here by analyzing the impact of intratumoral (IT) administrations of the trivalent live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses (MMR) vaccine, we unveil the cellular and molecular basis of MMR-induced anti-cancer activity. Strikingly, we found that IT delivery of low doses of MMR correlates with tumor control and improved survival in murine hepatocellular cancer and colorectal cancer models via increased tumor infiltration of CD8+ granzyme B+ T-cells and decreased macrophages. Moreover, our data indicate that MMR activates key cellular effectors of the host's innate and adaptive antitumor immunity, culminating in an immunologically coordinated cancer cell death. These findings warrant further work on the potential for MMR to be repurposed as safe and cost-effective cancer immunotherapy to impact cancer patients globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Musa Gabere
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mika A. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Camila C. Simoes
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Chelsae Dumbauld
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Oumar Barro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mulu Z. Tesfay
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Alicia L. Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Khandoker Usran Ferdous
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Charity L. Washam
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Duah Alkam
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Allen Gies
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stephanie D. Byrum
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Matteo Conti
- Public Health Department, AUSL Imola, Imola, Italy
| | - Steven R. Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Martin J. Cannon
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Alexei Basnakian
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Bolni M. Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
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12
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Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179799. [PMID: 36077193 PMCID: PMC9456041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is one of the primary defense systems against various pathogens. Although rubella virus (RuV) infection is known to cause dysfunction of various organs and systems, including the central nervous system, little is known about how human neural cells evoke protective immunity against RuV infection, leading to controlling RuV replication. Using cultured human neural cells experimentally infected with RuV RA27/3 strain, we characterized the type I IFN immune response against the virus. RuV infected cultured human neural cell lines and induced IFN-β production, leading to the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and the increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), one of the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, is required for the RuV-triggered IFN-β mRNA induction in U373MG cells. We also showed that upregulation of RuV-triggered ISGs was attenuated by blocking IFN-α/β receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2) using an IFNAR2-specific neutralizing antibody or by repressing mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) expression using MAVS-targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Furthermore, treating RuV-infected cells with BX-795, a TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/I kappa B kinase ε (IKKε) inhibitor, robustly reduced STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of ISGs, enhancing viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Overall, our findings suggest that the RuV-triggered type I IFN-mediated antiviral response is essential in controlling RuV gene expression and viral replication in human neural cells.
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13
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Cheong EZK, Quek JP, Xin L, Li C, Chan JY, Liew CW, Mu Y, Zheng J, Luo D. Crystal structure of the Rubella virus protease reveals a unique papain-like protease fold. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102250. [PMID: 35835220 PMCID: PMC9271420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella, a viral disease characterized by a red skin rash, is well controlled because of an effective vaccine, but outbreaks are still occurring in the absence of available antiviral treatments. The Rubella virus (RUBV) papain-like protease (RubPro) is crucial for RUBV replication, cleaving the nonstructural polyprotein p200 into two multifunctional proteins, p150 and p90. This protease could represent a potential drug target, but structural and mechanistic details important for the inhibition of this enzyme are unclear. Here, we report a novel crystal structure of RubPro at a resolution of 1.64 Å. The RubPro adopts a unique papain-like protease fold, with a similar catalytic core to that of proteases from Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and foot-and-mouth disease virus while having a distinctive N-terminal fingers domain. RubPro has well-conserved sequence motifs that are also found in its newly discovered Rubivirus relatives. In addition, we show that the RubPro construct has protease activity in trans against a construct of RUBV protease-helicase and fluorogenic peptides. A protease-helicase construct, exogenously expressed in Escherichia coli, was also cleaved at the p150-p90 cleavage junction, demonstrating protease activity of the protease-helicase protein. We also demonstrate that RubPro possesses deubiquitylation activity, suggesting a potential role of RubPro in modulating the host's innate immune responses. We anticipate that these structural and functional insights of RubPro will advance our current understanding of its function and help facilitate more structure-based research into the RUBV replication machinery, in hopes of developing antiviral therapeutics against RUBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Ze Ken Cheong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Ping Quek
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liu Xin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yi Chan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Wai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Understanding the Immune System in Fetal Protection and Maternal Infections during Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7567708. [PMID: 35785037 PMCID: PMC9249541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7567708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal-maternal immune system determines the fate of pregnancy. The trophoblast cells not only give an active response against external stimuli but are also involved in secreting most of the cytokines. These cells have an essential function in fetal acceptance or fetal rejection. Other immune cells also play a pivotal role in carrying out a successful pregnancy. The disruption in this mechanism may lead to harmful effects on pregnancy. The placenta serves as an immune barrier in fetus protection against invading pathogens. Once the infections prevail, they may localize in placental and fetal tissues, and the presence of inflammation due to cytokines may have detrimental effects on pregnancy. Moreover, some pathogens are responsible for congenital fetal anomalies and affect almost all organs of the developing fetus. This review article is designed to address the bacterial and viral infections that threaten pregnancy and their possible outcomes. Moreover, training of the fetal immune system against the exposure of infections and the role of CD49a + NK cells in embryonic development will also be highlighted.
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15
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Hong H, Malfeld S, Smit S, Makhathini L, Fortuin M, Motsamai T, Tselana D, Manamela MJ, Motaze NV, Ntshoe G, Kamupira M, Khosa-Lesola E, Mokoena S, Buthelezi T, Maseti E, Suchard M. A retrospective 5-year review of rubella in South Africa prior to the introduction of a rubella-containing vaccine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265870. [PMID: 35512030 PMCID: PMC9071131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
South Africa has yet to introduce a rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into its Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Here we evaluated the incidence of laboratory-confirmed rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases over the years 2015 to 2019, to document the epidemiology of rubella and CRS within South Africa prior to a RCV introduction. This retrospective study evaluated the number of laboratory-confirmed rubella cases reported through the national febrile rash surveillance system. A positive test for rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was considered a confirmed rubella case. For CRS cases, we reported laboratory-confirmed CRS cases collected from 28 sentinel-sites from all nine provinces of South Africa. From 2015-2019, 19 773 serum samples were tested for rubella IgM antibodies, 6 643 (33.6%) were confirmed rubella cases. Rubella was seasonal, with peaks in spring (September to November). Case numbers were similar between males (n = 3 239; 50.1%) and females (n = 3 232; 49.9%). The highest burden of cases occurred in 2017 (n = 2 526; 38%). The median age was 5 years (IQR: 3-7 years). Importantly, of females with rubella, 5.0% (161 of 3 232) of the cases were among women of reproductive age (15-44 years). A total of 62 CRS cases were reported, the mortality rate was 12.9% (n = 8), and the most common birth defect was congenital heart disease. In conclusion, rubella is endemic in South Africa. Children below the age of 10 years were the most affected, however, rubella was also reported among women of reproductive age. The baseline data represented here provides insight into the burden of rubella and CRS in South Africa prior to the introduction of a RCV, and can enable planning of RCV introduction into the South African EPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hong
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Malfeld
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sheilagh Smit
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lillian Makhathini
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mirriam Fortuin
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tshepo Motsamai
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dipolelo Tselana
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Morubula Jack Manamela
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nkengafac Villyen Motaze
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Genevie Ntshoe
- Outbreak Response Unit, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Thulasizwe Buthelezi
- Child, Youth and School Health, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Maseti
- Child, Youth and School Health, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Melinda Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Rubella is an acute illness caused by rubella virus and characterised by fever and rash. Although rubella is a clinically mild illness, primary rubella virus infection in early pregnancy can result in congenital rubella syndrome, which has serious medical and public health consequences. WHO estimates that approximately 100 000 congenital rubella syndrome cases occur per year. Rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. 25-50% of people infected with rubella virus are asymptomatic. Clinical disease often results in mild, self-limited illness characterised by fever, a generalised erythematous maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy. Complications include arthralgia, arthritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and encephalitis. Common presenting signs and symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome include cataracts, sensorineural hearing impairment, congenital heart disease, jaundice, purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, and microcephaly. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome can be prevented by rubella-containing vaccines, which are commonly administered in combination with measles vaccine. Although global rubella vaccine coverage reached only 70% in 2020 global rubella eradiation remains an ambitious but achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Winter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - William J Moss
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Forrester JV, Mölzer C, Kuffova L. Immune Privilege Furnishes a Niche for Latent Infection. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:869046. [PMID: 38983514 PMCID: PMC11182092 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.869046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The microenvironment of the CNS (eye and brain) is fertile ground for infection if the barriers are breached. The result of pathogen invasion is often devastating destruction of tissues. In the eye, inflammation is broadly classified either as "infectious" (i.e. caused by infection) or "non-infectious". However, increasingly, forms of intraocular inflammation (IOI), which clinically appear to be "non-infectious" turn out to be initiated by infectious agents, suggesting that pathogens have been retained in latent or persistent form within ocular tissues and have reactivated to cause overt disease. A similar pathogenesis applies to latent infections in the brain. Not all CNS tissues provide an equally protective niche while different pathogens escape detection using different strategies. This review summarises how immune privilege (IP) in the CNS may be permissive for latent infection and allow the eye and the brain to act as a reservoir of pathogens which often remain undetected for the lifetime of the host but in states of immune deficiency may be activated to cause sight- and life-threatening inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Ocular Immunology Group, Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Mölzer
- Ocular Immunology Group, Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Ocular Immunology Group, Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
The chikungunya virus has spread globally with a remarkably high attack rate. Infection causes arthralgic sequelae that can last for years. Nevertheless, there are no specific drugs or vaccines to contain the virus. Understanding the biology of the virus, such as its replication cycle, is a powerful tool to identify new drugs and comprehend virus-host interactions. Even though the chikungunya virus has been known for a long time (first described in 1952), many aspects of the replication cycle remain unclear. Furthermore, part of the cycle is based on observations of other alphaviruses. In this study, we used electron and scanning microscopy, as well as biological assays, to analyze and investigate the stages of the chikungunya virus replication cycle. Based on our data, we found other infection cellular activities than those usually described for the chikungunya virus replication cycle, i.e. we show particles enveloping intracellularly without budding in a membrane-delimited morphogenesis area; and we also observed virion release by membrane protrusions. Our work provides novel details regarding the biology of chikungunya virus and fills gaps in our knowledge of its replication cycle. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of virus-host interactions and support the development of antivirals. IMPORTANCE The understanding of virus biology is essential to containing virus dissemination, and exploring the virus replication cycle is a powerful tool to do this. There are many points in the biology of the chikungunya virus that need to be clarified, especially regarding its replication cycle. Our incomplete understanding of chikungunya virus infection stages is based on studies with other alphaviruses. We systematized the chikungunya virus replication cycle using microscopic imaging in the order of infection stages: entry, replication, protein synthesis, assembly/morphogenesis, and release. The imaging evidence shows novel points in the replication cycle of enveloping without budding, as well as particle release by cell membrane protrusion.
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19
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Colman S, Vernelen K, China B, Van den Bossche D, Cornelissen L, Delforge ML, Reynders M, Berth M, Depypere M, Van Gasse N, Vijgen S, Van Acker J, Boel A, Padalko E. Pitfalls of rubella serology while on the brink of elimination: evaluation of national data, Belgium, 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 34018485 PMCID: PMC8138961 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.20.2000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundIn Belgium, rubella serology is frequently requested in women of childbearing age, despite high vaccination coverage and a near-absence of congenital rubella cases. Different test kits are available and should be standardised by an international standard preparation.AimTo analyse and compare rubella serology practices in Belgian laboratories.MethodsAs part of the mandatory External Quality Assessment programme for rubella serology in Belgium, the national public health institute, Sciensano, sent a voluntary questionnaire concerning anti-rubella IgM/IgG analyses in women aged 15 to 45 years in 2017 to 130 laboratories.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 83.8% (109/130). The majority of 169,494 IgG analyses were performed on Roche (55%), Abbott (17%) and Diasorin (13%) analysers. Not all laboratories used the proposed international cut-off of 10 IU/mL. Assumed median seroprevalence ranged from 76.3% with Liaison (Diasorin) to 96.3% with Modular (Roche). Despite very low rubella incidence in Belgium, 93 laboratories performed 85,957 IgM analyses, with 748 positive and 394 grey zone results. The National Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps and Rubella virus and the National Reference Centre for Congenital infections did not confirm any positive rubella cases in 2017.ConclusionThis retrospective analysis shows that rubella serology results may differ considerably according to the assay used. It is therefore important to use the same test when comparing results or performing follow-up testing. The number of anti-rubella IgM analyses was very high. Incorrect use of IgM for screening women of childbearing age can lead to unwarranted anxiety and overuse of confirmation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Colman
- Clinical Laboratory of Microbiology, OLVZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Kris Vernelen
- Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard China
- Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van den Bossche
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Luce Delforge
- University Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke Reynders
- General Hospital Sint-Jan Bruges, Bruges, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Berth
- General Hospital AZ Alma, Eeklo, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melissa Depypere
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Natasja Van Gasse
- Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Vijgen
- General Hospital Jessa, Hasselt, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jos Van Acker
- General Hospital AZ Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Boel
- Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Clinical Laboratory of Microbiology, OLVZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Experts Committee EQA Infectious serology, Quality of Laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Abstract
Congenital hearing loss is the most common birth defect, estimated to affect 2-3 in every 1000 births. Currently there is no cure for hearing loss. Treatment options are limited to hearing aids for mild and moderate cases, and cochlear implants for severe and profound hearing loss. Here we provide a literature overview of the environmental and genetic causes of congenital hearing loss, common animal models and methods used for hearing research, as well as recent advances towards developing therapies to treat congenital deafness. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Martin L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
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21
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Dror AA, Kassis-Karayanni N, Oved A, Daoud A, Eisenbach N, Mizrachi M, Rayan D, Francis S, Layous E, Gutkovich YE, Taiber S, Srouji S, Chordekar S, Goldenstein S, Ziv Y, Ronen O, Gruber M, Avraham KB, Sela E. Auditory Performance in Recovered SARS-COV-2 Patients. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:666-670. [PMID: 33967243 PMCID: PMC8115428 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While COVID-19 symptoms impact rhinology (anosmia) and laryngology (airways), two major disciplines of the otolaryngology armamentarium, the virus has seemed to spare the auditory system. A recent study, however, reported changes in otoacoustic emission (OAE) signals measured in SARS-COV-2 positive patients. We sought to assess the effect of COVID-19 infection on auditory performance in a cohort of recovered SARS-COV-2 patients and controls. To avoid a potential bias of previous audiological dysfunction not related to SARS-COV-2 infection, the study encompasses patients with normal auditory history. We hypothesized that if SARS-COV-2 infection predisposes to hearing loss, we would observe subtle and early audiometric deficits in our cohort in the form of subclinical auditory changes. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS The Institutional Review Board approved the study and we recruited participants who had been positive for SARS-COV-2 infection, according to an Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test on two nasopharyngeal swabs. The patients included in this study were asymptomatic for the SARS-COV-2 infection and were evaluated following recovery, confirmed by repeated swab testing. The control group comprised healthy individuals matched for age and sex, and with a normal auditory and otologic history. INTERVENTIONS The eligibility to participate in this study included a normal audiogram, no previous auditory symptoms, normal otoscopy examination with an intact tympanic membrane, and bilateral tympanometry type A. None of our volunteers reported any new auditory symptoms following SARS-COV-2 infection. Ototacoustic emissions (OAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements were used to evaluate the auditory function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES OAE and ABR measurements. RESULTS We have found no significant differences between recovered asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 patients and controls in any of transitory evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), or ABR responses. CONCLUSIONS There is no cochlear dysfunction represented by ABR, TEOAE, and DPOAE responses in recovered COVID-19 asymptomatic patients. Retrocochlear function was also preserved as evident by the ABR responses. A long-term evaluation of a larger cohort of SARS-COV-2 patients will help to identify a possible contribution of SARS-COV-2 infection to recently published anecdotal auditory symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiel A. Dror
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Najla Kassis-Karayanni
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Adi Oved
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Amani Daoud
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Netanel Eisenbach
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Matti Mizrachi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Doaa Rayan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Shawky Francis
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Eli Layous
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Yoni Evgeni Gutkovich
- Motion Sickness and Human Performance Laboratory, The Israel Naval Medical Institute, Haifa
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Shahar Taiber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry
| | - Samer Srouji
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Shai Chordekar
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
- Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
- Speech & Hearing Center, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sonia Goldenstein
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Yael Ziv
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Ohad Ronen
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | - Maayan Gruber
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
| | | | - Eyal Sela
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya
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22
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Abstract
Rubella virus (RUBV), a rubivirus, is an airborne human pathogen that generally causes mild measles-like symptoms in children or adults. However, RUBV infection of pregnant women can result in miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a collection of long-term birth defects including incomplete organ development and mental retardation. Worldwide vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the number of RUBV infections, but RUBV continues to be a problem in countries with low vaccination coverage. Further, the recent discovery of pathogenic rubiviruses in other mammals emphasizes the spillover potential of rubella-related viruses to humans. In the last decade, our understanding of RUBV has been significantly increased by virological, biochemical, and structural studies, providing a platform to begin understanding the life cycle of RUBV at the molecular level. This review concentrates on recent work on RUBV, focusing on the virion, its structural components, and its entry, fusion, and assembly mechanisms. Important features of RUBV are compared with those of viruses from other families. We also use comparative genomics, manual curation, and protein homology modeling to highlight distinct features of RUBV that are evolutionarily conserved in the non-human rubiviruses. Since rubella-like viruses may potentially have higher pathogenicity and transmissibility to humans, we also propose a framework for utilizing RUBV as a model to study its more pathogenic cousins.
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23
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Gordon-Lipkin E, Hoon A, Pardo CA. Prenatal cytomegalovirus, rubella, and Zika virus infections associated with developmental disabilities: past, present, and future. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:135-143. [PMID: 33084055 PMCID: PMC7785600 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal infections have long been recognized as important, preventable causes of developmental disabilities. The list of pathogens that are recognized to have deleterious effects on fetal brain development continues to grow, most recently with the association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and microcephaly. To answer clinical questions in real time about the impact of a novel infection on developmental disabilities, an historical framework is key. The lessons learned from three historically important pathogens: rubella, cytomegalovirus, and ZIKV, and how these lessons are useful to approach emerging congenital infections are discussed in this review. Congenital infections are preventable causes of developmental disabilities and several public health approaches may be used to prevent prenatal infection. When they cannot be prevented, the sequelae of prenatal infection may be treatable. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The list of prenatal infections associated with developmental disabilities continues to increase. Lessons learned from rubella, cytomegalovirus, and Zika virus have implications for new pathogens. Severity of illness in the mother does not correlate with severity of sequelae in the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Gordon-Lipkin
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Hoon
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Karimi-Boroujeni M, Zahedi-Amiri A, Coombs KM. Embryonic Origins of Virus-Induced Hearing Loss: Overview of Molecular Etiology. Viruses 2021; 13:71. [PMID: 33419104 PMCID: PMC7825458 DOI: 10.3390/v13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss, one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions, affects around half a billion people worldwide, including 34 million children. The World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of disabling hearing loss will increase to over 900 million people by 2050. Many cases of congenital hearing loss are triggered by viral infections during different stages of pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viruses induce hearing loss are not sufficiently explored, especially cases that are of embryonic origins. The present review first describes the cellular and molecular characteristics of the auditory system development at early stages of embryogenesis. These developmental hallmarks, which initiate upon axial specification of the otic placode as the primary root of the inner ear morphogenesis, involve the stage-specific regulation of several molecules and pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt. Different RNA and DNA viruses contributing to congenital and acquired hearing loss are then discussed in terms of their potential effects on the expression of molecules that control the formation of the auditory and vestibular compartments following otic vesicle differentiation. Among these viruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus appear to have the most effect upon initial molecular determinants of inner ear development. Moreover, of the molecules governing the inner ear development at initial stages, SOX2, FGFR3, and CDKN1B are more affected by viruses causing either congenital or acquired hearing loss. Abnormalities in the function or expression of these molecules influence processes like cochlear development and production of inner ear hair and supporting cells. Nevertheless, because most of such virus-host interactions were studied in unrelated tissues, further validations are needed to confirm whether these viruses can mediate the same effects in physiologically relevant models simulating otic vesicle specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi-Boroujeni
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Ali Zahedi-Amiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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25
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Klimczak LJ, Randall TA, Saini N, Li JL, Gordenin DA. Similarity between mutation spectra in hypermutated genomes of rubella virus and in SARS-CoV-2 genomes accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237689. [PMID: 33006981 PMCID: PMC7531822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes of tens of thousands of SARS-CoV2 isolates have been sequenced across the world and the total number of changes (predominantly single base substitutions) in these isolates exceeds ten thousand. We compared the mutational spectrum in the new SARS-CoV-2 mutation dataset with the previously published mutation spectrum in hypermutated genomes of rubella-another positive single stranded (ss) RNA virus. Each of the rubella virus isolates arose by accumulation of hundreds of mutations during propagation in a single subject, while SARS-CoV-2 mutation spectrum represents a collection events in multiple virus isolates from individuals across the world. We found a clear similarity between the spectra of single base substitutions in rubella and in SARS-CoV-2, with C to U as well as A to G and U to C being the most prominent in plus strand genomic RNA of each virus. Of those, U to C changes universally showed preference for loops versus stems in predicted RNA secondary structure. Similarly, to what was previously reported for rubella virus, C to U changes showed enrichment in the uCn motif, which suggested a subclass of APOBEC cytidine deaminase being a source of these substitutions. We also found enrichment of several other trinucleotide-centered mutation motifs only in SARS-CoV-2-likely indicative of a mutation process characteristic to this virus. Altogether, the results of this analysis suggest that the mutation mechanisms that lead to hypermutation of the rubella vaccine virus in a rare pathological condition may also operate in the background of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses currently propagating in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek J. Klimczak
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Thomas A. Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Natalie Saini
- Mechanisms of Genome Dynamics Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Dmitry A. Gordenin
- Mechanisms of Genome Dynamics Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
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26
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Klimczak LJ, Randall TA, Saini N, Li JL, Gordenin DA. Similarity between mutation spectra in hypermutated genomes of rubella virus and in SARS-CoV-2 genomes accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.03.234005. [PMID: 32793907 PMCID: PMC7418721 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.03.234005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genomes of tens of thousands of SARS-CoV2 isolates have been sequenced across the world and the total number of changes (predominantly single base substitutions) in these isolates exceeds ten thousand. We compared the mutational spectrum in the new SARS-CoV-2 mutation dataset with the previously published mutation spectrum in hypermutated genomes of rubella - another positive single stranded (ss) RNA virus. Each of the rubella isolates arose by accumulation of hundreds of mutations during propagation in a single subject, while SARS-CoV-2 mutation spectrum represents a collection events in multiple virus isolates from individuals across the world. We found a clear similarity between the spectra of single base substitutions in rubella and in SARS-CoV-2, with C to U as well as A to G and U to C being the most prominent in plus strand genomic RNA of each virus. Of those, U to C changes universally showed preference for loops versus stems in predicted RNA secondary structure. Similarly, to what was previously reported for rubella, C to U changes showed enrichment in the uCn motif, which suggested a subclass of APOBEC cytidine deaminase being a source of these substitutions. We also found enrichment of several other trinucleotide-centered mutation motifs only in SARS-CoV-2 - likely indicative of a mutation process characteristic to this virus. Altogether, the results of this analysis suggest that the mutation mechanisms that lead to hypermutation of the rubella vaccine virus in a rare pathological condition may also operate in the background of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses currently propagating in the human population.
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27
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Ong SWX, Vasoo S, Sadarangani SP, Cui L, Marimuthu K, Lim PL, Kong JW, Wong JCC, Puong KY, Chan KP. Vaccine-associated Rubella - a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:224-227. [PMID: 32530771 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1765623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the clinical characteristics of two adult patients, presenting with a typical erythematous rash consistent with rubella disease after MMR vaccination. Both patients had an uncomplicated clinical course and recovered uneventfully. One patient was confirmed to have vaccine-associated rubella via sequencing of virus isolated in viral culture. The other patient had a pharyngeal swab positive for rubella virus PCR, with sequencing matching the vaccine strain. There are few reports of clinical disease from rubella vaccine-strains in the literature. Previous authors have reported severe disseminated vaccine-associated rubella in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients. Further study is required to ascertain the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of this condition; as well as investigate the extent of horizontal transmission to guide infection control recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wei Xiang Ong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore
| | - Shawn Vasoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sapna P Sadarangani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Lin Cui
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Poh Lian Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases , Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jing Wen Kong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,Hougang Polyclinic, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics , Singapore
| | - Judith Chui Ching Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency , Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Kim Yoong Puong
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
| | - Kwai Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore.,Academic Clinical Programme for Pathology, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
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28
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Claus C, Jung M, Hübschen JM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models: A Peephole into Virus Infections during Early Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32110999 PMCID: PMC7140399 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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29
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Lee JK, Oh SJ, Park H, Shin OS. Recent Updates on Research Models and Tools to Study Virus-Host Interactions at the Placenta. Viruses 2019; 12:E5. [PMID: 31861492 PMCID: PMC7020004 DOI: 10.3390/v12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a unique mixed organ, composed of both maternal and fetal tissues, that is formed only during pregnancy and serves as the key physiological and immunological barrier preventing maternal-fetal transmission of pathogens. Several viruses can circumvent this physical barrier and enter the fetal compartment, resulting in miscarriage, preterm birth, and birth defects, including microcephaly. The mechanisms underlying viral strategies to evade the protective role of placenta are poorly understood. Here, we reviewed the role of trophoblasts and Hofbauer cells in the placenta and have highlighted characteristics of vertical and perinatal infections caused by a wide range of viruses. Moreover, we explored current progress and future opportunities in cellular targets, pathogenesis, and underlying biological mechanisms of congenital viral infections, as well as novel research models and tools to study the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308 Korea; (J.K.L.); (S.-J.O.)
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308 Korea; (J.K.L.); (S.-J.O.)
| | - Hosun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308 Korea; (J.K.L.); (S.-J.O.)
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30
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Sung CYW, Seleme MC, Payne S, Jonjic S, Hirose K, Britt W. Virus-induced cochlear inflammation in newborn mice alters auditory function. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128878. [PMID: 31484824 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a known cause of sensorineural hearing loss in infants with congenital HCMV (cCMV) infections, mechanisms that contribute to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in infants with cCMV infection are not well defined. Using a murine model of CMV infection during auditory development, we have shown that peripheral infection of newborn mice with murine CMV (MCMV) results in focal infection of the cochlea and virus-induced cochlear inflammation. Approximately 50%-60% of infected mice exhibited increased auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds across a range of sound frequencies. Histological analyses of the cochlea in MCMV-infected mice with elevated ABR thresholds revealed preservation of hair cell (HC) number and morphology in the organ of Corti. In contrast, the number of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), synapses, and neurites connecting the cochlear HC and SGN nerve terminals were decreased. Decreasing cochlear inflammation by corticosteroid treatment of MCMV-infected mice resulted in preservation of SGN and improved auditory function. These findings show that virus-induced cochlear inflammation during early auditory development, rather than direct virus-mediated damage, could contribute to histopathology in the cochlea and altered auditory function without significant loss of HCs in the sensory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria C Seleme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shelby Payne
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Britt
- Department of Microbiology and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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George S, Viswanathan R, Sapkal GN. Molecular aspects of the teratogenesis of rubella virus. Biol Res 2019; 52:47. [PMID: 31455418 PMCID: PMC6712747 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji George
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
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Ahmed MAA, Mohamedain A, Ali AA, Adam I. Seroprevelence of rubella among children suspected of having measles in Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan. Sudan J Paediatr 2019; 19:14-18. [PMID: 31384083 DOI: 10.24911/sjp.106-1548830177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While generally mild in children, rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, foetal death or congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella vaccination is not yet available as a part of routine immunisation in Sudan, and the burden of infection is unknown. Using the clinical case definition adopted by the World Health Organisation, a total of 123 children suspected of having of measles were enrolled in this study during January-December 2017 in Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan. Those cases whose sera were negative for measles IgM antibodies were tested for rubella IgM antibody. A confirmed rubella case was a person who tested positive for rubella IgM. Sera were analysed for IgM specific antibodies against measles virus and rubella virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among the total 123 children suspected to have measles, 92 (74.8%) children were positive for measles IgM antibodies. Of the 31 children who had measles IgM antibodies negative, 20 (16.3%) children were seropositive for rubella IgM antibodies. Implementation of a surveillance system will provide the improved estimates of rubella virus and estimated the burden of congenital rubella syndrome. Such information is necessary and it is an important step for future policy decisions for vaccine delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Mohamedain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ishag Adam
- Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Wang Y, Li S, Ma N, Zhang Q, Wang H, Cui J, Wang S. The association of ToRCH infection and congenital malformations: A prospective study in China. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 240:336-340. [PMID: 31382146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ToRCH infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus) have long been known to be associated with bad obstetric outcomes. Little information is available about the impact of ToRCH infection on reproduction in china nearly for ten years. We designed a prospective study among 1863 pregnant women to investigate the association of ToRCH infection and congenital malformations. STUDY DESIGN All participants had set up a maternal health Handbook and were managed through the maternal and child health care system. They underwent regular pregnancy check-up, including physical measurements (weight, abdominal circumference and blood pressure), laboratory examinations (blood, urine) and ultrasound scan. ToRCH IgM antibodies were tested by chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS 102 participants were infected with ToRCH and the total infection rate was 6.06% (102/1683). CMV infection rate (3.15%, 53/1683) was the highest. The positive rate of ToRCH IgM antibodies increased significantly in participant with upper respiratory tract infection (14.6%, 32/219) or with adverse pregnancy history (4.8%, 70/1464). Among 85 ToRCH infected participants, adverse pregnancy outcome were observed in 57 cases which included abortions (31.8%, 27/85), premature births (8.2%, 7/85), congenital malformations (12.9%, 11/85), and stillbirths (9.4%, 8/85). Furthermore, congenital malformations was much higher than that in those without ToRCH infection (1.1%, 17/1598) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION ToRCH infection was a significant risk factor of severe damage to the fetus, especially congenital malformations. ToRCH screening for pregnant women can reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy and prevent birth defects in china.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Quanhua Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
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Long actin-based cellular protrusions as novel evidence of the cytopathic effect induced in immune cells infected by the ectromelia virus. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 43:363-370. [PMID: 30799983 PMCID: PMC6384431 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.81352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection on actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Using scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy analysis we observed the presence of long actin-based cellular extensions, formed by both types of immune cells at later stages of infection with ECTV. Such extensions contained straight tubulin filaments and numerous punctuate mitochondria. Moreover, these long cellular projections extended to a certain length and formed convex structures termed “cytoplasmic packets”. These structures contained numerous viral particles and presumably were sites of progeny virions’ release via budding. Further, discrete mitochondria and separated tubulin filaments that formed a scaffold for accumulated mitochondria were visible within cytoplasmic packets. ECTV-induced long actin-based protrusions resemble “cytoplasmic corridors” and probably participate in virus dissemination. Our data demonstrate the incredible capacity for adaptation of ECTV to its natural host immune cells, in which it can survive, replicate and induce effective mechanisms for viral spread and dissemination.
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Adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with acute Rubella infections in Mwanza city, Tanzania. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 78:72-77. [PMID: 30391418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with acute Rubella infections in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Women were screened for Rubella IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). IgM seropositive pregnant women were followed up until the end of the pregnancy to determine Congenital Rubella Syndrome, congenital infections and other pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS The median age of 685 enrolled pregnant women was 23 (IQR: 19-27) years. A total of 629(91.8%) were Rubella IgG seropositive while 61 (8.9%) were IgM seropositive. The IgM seropositivity was found to decrease significantly from first trimester to third trimester, p<0.001. Forty six (83.6%) of 55 Rubella IgM seropositive women had adverse pregnancy outcomes and 6 (10.9%) delivered neonates with CRS, making the overall incidence of CRS to be 6/685 (0.87%). First trimester IgM seropositive women had significantly higher adverse pregnancy outcomes than those in second/third trimesters (70.4% vs. 35.7, p=0.01). CONCLUSION There is one case of CRS in every 100 pregnancies necessitating additional strategies to reach a goal of elimination of CRS in developing countries.
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Molefe PF, Masamba P, Oyinloye BE, Mbatha LS, Meyer M, Kappo AP. Molecular Application of Aptamers in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Communicable Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040093. [PMID: 30274155 PMCID: PMC6315466 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and infectious diseases such as Ebola, HIV, tuberculosis, Zika, hepatitis, measles and human schistosomiasis are serious global health hazards. The increasing annual morbidities and mortalities of these diseases have been blamed on drug resistance and the inefficacy of available diagnostic tools, particularly those which are immunologically-based. Antibody-based tools rely solely on antibody production for diagnosis and for this reason they are the major cause of diagnostic delays. Unfortunately, the control of these diseases depends on early detection and administration of effective treatment therefore any diagnostic delay is a huge challenge to curbing these diseases. Hence, there is a need for alternative diagnostic tools, discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. Studies have demonstrated that aptamers could potentially offer one of the best solutions to these problems. Aptamers are short sequences of either DNA or RNA molecules, which are identified in vitro through a SELEX process. They are sensitive and bind specifically to target molecules. Their promising features suggest they may serve as better diagnostic agents and can be used as drug carriers for therapeutic purposes. In this article, we review the applications of aptamers in the theranostics of cancer and some infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philisiwe Fortunate Molefe
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla Masamba
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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Kräter M, Sapudom J, Bilz NC, Pompe T, Guck J, Claus C. Alterations in Cell Mechanics by Actin Cytoskeletal Changes Correlate with Strain-Specific Rubella Virus Phenotypes for Cell Migration and Induction of Apoptosis. Cells 2018; 7:E136. [PMID: 30217036 PMCID: PMC6162683 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton is central for key cellular functions, and as such is a marker for diseased and infected cell states. Here we analyzed infection with rubella virus (RV) strains with respect to phenotypes in cellular mechanical properties, cell movement, and viral cytopathogenicity. Real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC), as a high-throughput platform for the assessment of cell mechanics, revealed a correlation of an increase in cortical filamentous-actin (F-actin) with a higher cellular stiffness. The additional reduction of stress fibers noted for only some RV strains as the most severe actin rearrangement lowered cell stiffness. Furthermore, a reduced collective and single cell migration speed in a wound healing assay was detected in addition to severe changes in cell morphology. The latter was followed by activation of caspase 3/7 as a sign for induction of apoptosis. Our study emphasizes RT-DC technology as a sensitive means to characterize viral cell populations and to implicate alterations of cell mechanical properties with cell functions. These interdependent events are not only promising options to elucidate viral spread and to understand viral pathologies within the infected host. They also contribute to any diseased cell state, as exemplified by RV as a representative agent for cytoskeletal alterations involved in a cytopathological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kräter
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Clinic of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Rubella virus infections and immune status among pregnant women before the introduction of rubella vaccine in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 76:14-22. [PMID: 30165188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella and its associated congenital anomalies have been greatly reduced in most developed countries through use of the rubella vaccine. However, the magnitude of the problem is underestimated and there are no well-established rubella/congenital rubella syndrome prevention and control strategies in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rubella virus infections among pregnant women and their immune status before the introduction of rubella vaccine in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in Dessie, Felege-Hiwot, and University of Gondar referral hospitals, from December 2015 to February 2017. After obtaining written informed consent, socio-demographic data, reproductive history, clinical manifestations, and the possible risk factors for rubella virus infections were collected using a structured questionnaire. The laboratory analysis of rubella-specific antibodies was done using an enzyme-linked immunoassay method on venous blood samples. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the strength of association between the dependent variables and covariates. RESULTS A total of 600 pregnant women were included in the study. Their mean age was 26.4±5years (range 16-40 years). The overall seroprevalence of rubella infection was 89%. Of the total study participants, 9.5% were positive for rubella-specific IgM antibody, which indicates acute/recent rubella virus infection. In contrast, 79.5% of them had protective levels of rubella-specific IgG antibody and were immune as a result of previous wild-type rubella infection. However, 11% of the pregnant women were negative for both rubella-specific antibodies; these women represent the susceptible group. CONCLUSIONS A large number of pregnant women had acute/recent rubella virus infections at the time of data collection, indicating that the virus is endemic in the study area. More than a tenth of pregnant women were found to be susceptible to acquiring the infection in future pregnancies, with the possible risk of rubella-associated congenital anomalies. Hence screening of all women of child-bearing age before conception and during pregnancy might reduce the devastating effects of the virus on the developing fetus.
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McLean E, Bhattarai R, Hughes BW, Mahalingam K, Bagasra O. Computational identification of mutually homologous Zika virus miRNAs that target microcephaly genes. Libyan J Med 2018; 12:1304505. [PMID: 28385119 PMCID: PMC5418939 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2017.1304505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with a variety of neuropathologies, including microcephaly. We hypothesize that ZIKV genes activate host microRNAs (miRNAs) causing dysfunctional development of human fetal brains. Objectives/methods A bioinformatics search for miRNA genome-wide binding sites in the prototypic ZIKV (strain MR766) was undertaken to hunt for miRNAs with significant similarities with MCPH genetic sequences responsible for inducing MCHP in human fetal brains. Results Six ZIKV miRNAs were found to share mutual homology with 12 MCPH genetic sequences responsible for inducing MCPH. Noteworthy was miR-1304, which expressed 100% identity to six different MCPH genes. Conclusions We suggest that following infection of fetal neurons ZIKV may modulate the action of various miRNAs, and miR-1304 in particular, resulting in microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen McLean
- a Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology , Claflin University , SC , USA
| | - Roshan Bhattarai
- a Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology , Claflin University , SC , USA
| | - Brandon W Hughes
- a Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology , Claflin University , SC , USA
| | - Kuhanandha Mahalingam
- b Information Technology and Department of Computer Science & Mathematics , Claflin University , Orangeburg , SC , USA
| | - Omar Bagasra
- a Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology , Claflin University , SC , USA
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Wang C, Zhu Z, Xu Q, Fang X, Liu X, Xiong P, Song L, Xu W, Xu A. Progress towards rubella elimination after implementation of rubella immunization for over 20 years in Shandong province, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17982. [PMID: 29269776 PMCID: PMC5740145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella vaccine has been included in the immunization program in Shandong province of China since 1995. Here we observed the rubella vaccine coverage, epidemiology, serosurvey, and virological surveillance data, in order to identify the challenges impeding the progress towards to its elimination following the implementation of rubella immunization over a 21-year period in Shandong province. We first noted that the annual increase in vaccination coverage resulted in decreased rate of rubella incidence, which was maintained at a low level. Second, the average age of rubella patients had shifted to the 15-29-year age group, making this group the main population affected by the rubella virus (RV). Third, more than 90% of the study population were immune to rubella. However, the positive rate of rubella IgG in some cities was relatively lower indicating that an insufficient proportion of individuals had been vaccinated. Finally, the transmission of the genotype 1E RV was gradually interrupted due to the implementation of rubella vaccination. Unfortunately, the endemicity of the imported genotype 2B RV was established due to the pockets with unvaccinated people. Therefore, comprehensive vaccination coverage of the population, combined with high quality monitoring of rubella, is necessary to achieve the rubella elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiang Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
- Medical school, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Schwarz ER. Consequences of perinatal infections with rubella, measles, and mumps. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Charlton CL, Lai FY, Dover DC. How to determine protective immunity in the post-vaccine era. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:903-6. [PMID: 26811063 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1128600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to determine an individual's susceptibility to infection relies heavily on the assay used, and the ability to correlate results of the assay to a clinical interpretation. Current rubella immunity screening methods identify total rubella IgG antibodies circulating in the serum, however both humoral and cell mediated immune responses have been shown to contribute to protection from infection. Therefore, antibody screening assays may under-estimate immunity in some populations. In fact, waning antibody titers over time in a large prenatal population were recently documented in North America, and the trend has been echoed in other countries that have achieved elimination through universal rubella vaccination. Despite decreasing antibody titers, the number of acute rubella cases has not increased in these populations, suggesting that the lower antibody levels may still be protective. Based on the changing epidemiology in universally vaccinated populations, it may be time to reassess the level of antibody that indicates immunity to rubella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Charlton
- a Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab) , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada.,b Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Florence Y Lai
- c Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Douglas C Dover
- d Surveillance and Assessment, Alberta Ministry of Health , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
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Devakumar D, Bamford A, Ferreira MU, Broad J, Rosch RE, Groce N, Breuer J, Cardoso MA, Copp AJ, Alexandre P, Rodrigues LC, Abubakar I. Infectious causes of microcephaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 18:e1-e13. [PMID: 28844634 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly is an important sign of neurological malformation and a predictor of future disability. The 2015-16 outbreak of Zika virus and congenital Zika infection brought the world's attention to links between Zika infection and microcephaly. However, Zika virus is only one of the infectious causes of microcephaly and, although the contexts in which they occur vary greatly, all are of concern. In this Review, we summarise important aspects of major congenital infections that can cause microcephaly, and describe the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, pathogenesis, management, and long-term consequences of these infections. We include infections that cause substantial impairment: cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, rubella virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Zika virus. We highlight potential issues with classification of microcephaly and show how some infants affected by congenital infection might be missed or incorrectly diagnosed. Although Zika virus has brought the attention of the world to the problem of microcephaly, prevention of all infectious causes of microcephaly and appropriately managing its consequences remain important global public health priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delan Devakumar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alasdair Bamford
- Infectious Diseases Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Broad
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard E Rosch
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nora Groce
- Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marly A Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Alexandre
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura C Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract
The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host-graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This Review discusses recent evidence that supports the idea that immunological responses at the receptive maternal-fetal interface are not simply suppressed but are instead highly dynamic. We discuss the crucial role of trophoblast cells in shaping not only the way in which immune cells respond to the invading blastocyst but also how they collectively react to external stimuli. We also discuss the role of the microbiota in promoting a tolerogenic maternal immune system and highlight how subclinical viral infections can disrupt this status quo, leading to pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ayesha B Alvero
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE IN RUBELLA RETINOPATHY: Correlation With Photoreceptor Structure and Function. Retina 2017; 37:124-134. [PMID: 28005720 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To illustrate altered fundus autofluorescence in rubella retinopathy and to investigate their relationships with photoreceptor structure and function using multimodal imaging. METHODS The authors report four cases of rubella retinopathy aged 8, 33, 42, and 50 years. All patients had dilated clinical fundus examination; wide-field color photography; blue, green, and near-infrared autofluorescence imaging and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Two patients also underwent microperimetry and adaptive optics imaging. En face optical coherence tomography, cone mosaic, and microperimetry were coregistered with autofluorescence images. The authors explored the structure-function correlation. RESULTS All four patients had a "salt-and-pepper" appearance on dilated fundus examination and wide-field color photography. There were variable-sized patches of hypoautofluorescence on both blue and near-infrared excitation in all four patients. Wave-guiding cones were visible and retinal sensitivity was intact over these regions. There was no correlation between hypoautofluorescence and regions of attenuated ellipsoid and interdigitation zones. Hyperautofluorescent lesions were also noted and some of these were pseudo-vitelliform lesions. CONCLUSION Patchy hypoautofluorescence on near-infrared excitation can be a feature of rubella retinopathy. This may be due to abnormal melanin production or loss of melanin within retinal pigment epithelium cells harboring persistent rubella virus infection. Preservation of the ellipsoid zone, wave-guiding cones, and retinal sensitivity within hypoautofluorescent lesions suggest that these retinal pigment epithelium changes have only mild impact on photoreceptor cell function.
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Korver AMH, Smith RJH, Van Camp G, Schleiss MR, Bitner-Glindzicz MAK, Lustig LR, Usami SI, Boudewyns AN. Congenital hearing loss. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:16094. [PMID: 28079113 PMCID: PMC5675031 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hearing loss (hearing loss that is present at birth) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in children. In the majority of developed countries, neonatal hearing screening programmes enable early detection; early intervention will prevent delays in speech and language development and has long-lasting beneficial effects on social and emotional development and quality of life. A diagnosis of hearing loss is usually followed by a search for an underlying aetiology. Congenital hearing loss might be attributed to environmental and prenatal factors, which prevail in low-income settings; congenital infections, particularly cytomegalovirus infection, are also a common risk factor for hearing loss. Genetic causes probably account for the majority of cases in developed countries; mutations can affect any component of the hearing pathway, in particular, inner ear homeostasis (endolymph production and maintenance) and mechano-electrical transduction (the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into electrochemical activity). Once the underlying cause of hearing loss is established, it might direct therapeutic decision making and guide prevention and (genetic) counselling. Management options include specific antimicrobial therapies, surgical treatment of craniofacial abnormalities and implantable or non-implantable hearing devices. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms that underlie hearing loss and increased awareness of recent advances in genetic testing will promote the development of new treatment and screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M H Korver
- Department of Pediatrics, St Antonius Hospital, PO BOX 2500, 3430 EM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories and the Genetics PhD Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria A K Bitner-Glindzicz
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lawrence R Lustig
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - An N Boudewyns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Antiviral activity of hemolymph of Podalia against rubella virus. Cytotechnology 2016; 69:31-37. [PMID: 27896559 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many active principles produced by animals, plants and microorganisms have been employed in the development of new drugs for the treatment of human diseases. Among animals known to produce pharmacologically active molecules that interfere in human cell physiology. Rubella virus (genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae) is a single stranded RNA virus of positive genome polarity. Rubella virus infection of susceptible women during the first trimester of pregnancy often results in long-term virus persistence in the fetus causing multiple organ abnormalities. Potent antiviral activity against rubella virus (RV) has been observed in the hemolymph of Podalia sp. (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae). This study evaluated the effect of hemolymph on RV infected Statens Serum Institute Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells. Results of cell viability and cell proliferation assays indicated that hemolymph was not toxic to cultured SIRC cells. Viral binding assay, antiviral assay, PCR, real-time PCR, and transmission electron microscopy were used to demonstrate that hemolymph in post-treatment could inhibit the production of infectious RV particles. Specifically, hemolymph was found to inhibit RV adsorption to the SIRC cells.
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Pejcic I, Rankovic Janevski M, Knezevic A, Jevtovic D, Stanojevic M. Rubella immune status of neonates - a window towards seroprevalence among childbearing women. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:838. [PMID: 27542838 PMCID: PMC4992224 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When contracted in pregnancy, rubella may cause serious chronic infection of the fetus and development of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Despite widespread application of rubella vaccination, periodical outbreaks are still being reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine rubella seroprevalence and antibody levels in neonates in Serbia as a proxy of maternal serostatus. METHODS ELISA based serological testing for rubella was done in 599 neonates treated at the Institute of Neonatology in Belgrade, from January 2010 to December 2011. All individuals with rubella IgG concentration ≥10 IU/ml were considered seropositive for rubella. RESULTS The mean age of enrolled neonates was 18 ± 6 days. The overall seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies among the tested neonates was 540/599(90.2 %, 95 % CI: 87.5-92.3). Seropositivity rate among sera of the neonates enrolled in 2010 was significantly higher than those collected in 2011 (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in average maternal age, gestational age or frequency of receiving blood products among the two study years. Significant high seropositivity rate was observed among neonates from mother aged >30 as compared to those from mothers aged <20 years (p = 0.02). Significant difference was also found between average IgG titers in the two study years (79 IU/mL in 2010 vs. 46 IU/mL in 2011, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION We report on high rubella seroprevalence among newborns in Serbia, as a proxy of rubella serostatus of childbearing aged women. Notably, declining trend of rubella antibodies toward diminishing titers suggest the importance of sustained rubella serosurvey and antenatal screening at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Djordje Jevtovic
- University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases University Hospital, Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:163-74. [PMID: 26607813 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus usually causes a mild infection in humans but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination programs have significantly decreased primary rubella virus infection and CRS; however, vaccinated individuals usually have lower levels of rubella virus IgG than those with natural infections. Rubella virus IgG is quantified with enzyme immunoassays that have been calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and report results in international units per milliliter. It is recognized that the results reported by these assays are not standardized. This investigation into the reasons for the lack of standardization found that the current WHO international standard (RUB-1-94) fails by three key metrological principles. The standard is not a pure analyte but is composed of pooled human immunoglobulin. It was not calibrated by certified reference methods; rather, superseded tests were used. Finally, no measurement uncertainty estimations have been provided. There is an analytical and clinical consequence to the lack of standardization of rubella virus IgG assays, which leads to misinterpretation of results. The current approach to standardization of rubella virus IgG assays has not achieved the desired results. A new approach is required.
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